- Email: [email protected]
01391 Fuel composition containing refinery sludge
07
Alternative
energy sources (others, including development,
economics)
Wind Energy 99101304
Possibilities of AIJ: two Polish cases
Varming, S. et al. Greenhouse Gas Mitigation, Proc. Technol. Act. Implemented Jointly 1997 (Pub. 1998) 529-534. Edited by Riemer, P. W. F. et al., Elsevier, Oxford, UK. Two different types of activities implemented jointly (AIJ) projects are simulated within this paper. Both of which are based on actual proposed projects in Poland. The first project is the establishment of a wind farm and the second project is on fuel conversion from coal to biomass. In the first step, the basic economy is calculated to derive the return on investment (ROI) without COz-crediting in both cases. The ROI of the two projects is around 6-7%. In a second step, selling COz-credits is considered as a way of improving project economy and several ways of crediting is considered. In the calculations the considerations are expressed as discount factors of O%, 5% and 15%. It was shown that AIJ projects may be appropriate for private investors demanding an ROI of 15% and a maximum price of COzreduction of 15 USD per ton of COz. However, the author believes that if the regulatory framework becomes too complicated the opportunities will be wasted.
Others, including Development, Economics Aerodynamic 99101385 wave to wire
conversion
of ocean power from
Curran, R. er al. Energy Convers. Manage., 1998, 39, (16-18), 1919-1929. The action of the ocean’s waves can be converted into a vertical motion by submerging an opening in the base of a chamber into the sea. The entrained water forces an oscillating airflow through the top of the chamber which vents to atmosphere via an air turbine. An electric generator completes the conversion chain. This paper presents a design methodology that focuses on the aerodynamic stage which couples the oscillating water column (OWC) and the Wells air turbine. The maximization of the plant’s annual performance within the wave regime emphasizing the turbine’s most influential design variables is considered.
99101389 Electric power generation at the ebb tide Jwo-Hwu, Y. Electric Power systems Research, 1998, 48, (I), 31-35. A method to generate electric power from buoyancy and weight at the ebb tide is proposed. The proposed method can be applied anywhere which has changing water levels, this includes coastal areas, dams and the upper reservoirs of pumped-storage plants. The principal contribution of this research is that the power generation capacity in the off-peak period can be shifted to the peak period. In addition, the capital cost of the proposed method is lower than the traditional tidal power plant because a barrage is not required.
Energy efficiency and increased use of renewable energy sources
99101390
Knutsson, G. Greenhouse Gas Mitigation, Proc. Technol. Act. Implemented Jointly, 1997 (Pub. 1998), 119-129. Edited by Riemer, P. W. F. et al., Elsevier, Oxford, UK. During autumn 1992 and spring 1993, the Swedish government initiated a programme aimed at improving energy systems through energy efficiency measures. Additionally, the use of renewable energy sources in the Baltic States and in Eastern European countries were increased. The main activities involved reducing emissions from oil- or coal-fired energy production plants which are hazardous to the climate and environment. These activities, aimed at climate and environmental improvements, has a direct reference to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. This paper discusses Sweden’s advantage, the technology and experience involved in the programme and the potential for co-operation in the Baltic States and Eastern Europe. NUTEK’s (Swedish National Board for Industrial and Technological Development) handling of the general direction of the programme is also discussed. 99101391 Fuel composition containing refinery sludge Scalliet, R. M. and Ruth, R. R. U.S. US 5,788,721 (Cl. 44-281; ClOLI132). 4 Aug 1998, Appl. 924,828, 4 Aug 1992, 3 pp. Comprising less than -lo%-by-wt. water, greater than -35%-by-wt. solids and from -30 to -70%-by-wt. of a combustible non-aqueous, generally water insoluble liquid, the fuel composition has a minimum heat value of at least 7000 BTU per lb and a viscosity such that it is pumpable at ambient temperature. The composition can be derived conveniently, for example, from a waste stream such as refinery sludge containing a liquid, nonaqueous fraction, a solids fraction and an aqueous fraction.
99101392
Design of a 110 MWth circulating fluldized-bed 99101386 (ZWS) boiler for waste fuels (packing materials, material retained on screens, rejects, wood waste, sewage sludge and screenings) in Lenzing, Austria Resenauer, G. et al. VGB Tech. Ver. Grosskraftwerksbetr., [Tagungsber.] VGB-TB, 1997, (VGB-TB loo), A9, 1-16. (In German) Various combustible solid wastes such as packaging materials, wood waste from construction, sewage sludge etc., can be co-fired with coal in a fluidized-bed boiler with auxiliary fuel oil- and gas-fired burners. By using a combination of waste separation and preparation, ash handling, wastewater handling and dry-, wet- and catalytic-flue gas purification systems existing environmental limits can be met.
Development of National Guidelines for the use of 99101387 hazardous and non-hazardous wastes In cement kilns In Canada
Campbell, D. and Mirza, R. Combust. Can. ‘96 Conf.: Future Changing Role Combust. Can. Efjic. Environ., 1996, Paper 27/l-Paper 27113. In April 1993 a study to develop national guidelines for the use of hazardous and nonhazardous wastes as supplementary fuels in cement kilns was commissioned by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME). Proctor & Redfern Limited undertook the study under the direction of the Wastes as Fuels Working Group which consists of provincial and federal regulators and industry representatives. The study culminated in the preparation of the guidelines for presentation to the Hazardous Waste Task Group of the CCME. This paper describes the CCME Working Group process, the draft guidelines development process for cement kilns using wastes as fuels in Canada and presents the rationale for the proposed emission limits, monitoring requirements and operating standards.
Devolatllization of pulverized refuse-derived fuel 99101388 Namba, K. et al. Nippon Kikai Gakkai Ronbunshu, B-hen, 1998,64, (621), 1499-1505. (In Japanese) An attempt was made to burn pulverized refuse-derived fuel (RDF) from municipal solid waste (MSW) for thermally recycling waste resources. RDF has a large content of volatile matter in weight in proximate analysis, which under devolatilization contributes significantly to the combustion behaviour of RDF. For both RDF and its constituent materials, the devolatilization properties were observed by the thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) to obtain fundamental data of RDF combustion. The thermogravimetric (TG/DTA) analyser was used to measure weight loss and by temperature difference of the selected sample components. The data of TG/DTA were obtained by changing the heating rates under the atmospheric condition of both nitrogen gas and air.
140
Fuel and Energy Abatmcta
March 1999
Matching tidal current plants to local flow condi-
tions Bryden, I. G. et al. Energy, 1998, 23, (9) 699-709. In this paper, an outline is given of a methodology which may be used to optimize the development of a tidal current resource. The size and potential of the European tidal current energy resource is indicated and a brief description of a potential technology option is given. The overlying principles of resource conversion are discussed and a methodology required to achieve optimal exploitation is presented. Aspects of the methodology are outlined using examples drawn from tidal current studies in the European Union (EU).
99101393 Renewable energy sources and requirements needed to substitute one million tons of CO2 atmospheric emissions in Europe Mangin, A. et al. Greenhouse Gas Mitigation, Proc. Technol. Act. Implemented Jointly, 1997, 513-521. Edited by Riemer, P. W. F. et al., Elsevier, Oxford, UK. This paper investigates the energy balance needed for the transformation of COz waste and hydrogen into methanol, with the substitution of fossil fuel by renewable energy sources in Europe. A base line case of the substitution of a 1 M tons of COz has been adopted in order to compare the requirements of different renewable energy technologies. This annual level of substitution is transformed into an equivalent energy requirement to produce methanol that can be utilized as a fuel or as transport vector for Hz and COz oceanic disposal. The concept is applied to the European Union which has a highly developed industrial infrastructure. An estimate is made of the generating infrastructure necessary to stabilize emissions by 1 M tons COz and compares them to presently available energy sources. The study includes wave, wind, hydroelectric/tidal and solar energy sources and uses engineering characteristics of the different technologies. 99101394 Research and advances of refuse derived fuel (RDF) technique Guo, X. et al. Meitan Zhuanhua, 1998, 21, (3) 38-41. (In Chinese) The utilization of municipal solid wastes (MSW) as an energy resource, as a new kind of technique which crosses the field of environment protection and energy, is stirring interest in the public authorities of the world. Incineration is a useful technique for MSW, but, since existing the problems of pollution and corrosion caused by incinerating MSW directly, the cost of utilizing MSW as energy is much higher. Against this background refusederived fuel (RDF) has been developed as an alternative energy source and is being developed for application in industry.
Alternative
energy sources (others, including development,
economics)
Wind Energy 99101304
Possibilities of AIJ: two Polish cases
Varming, S. et al. Greenhouse Gas Mitigation, Proc. Technol. Act. Implemented Jointly 1997 (Pub. 1998) 529-534. Edited by Riemer, P. W. F. et al., Elsevier, Oxford, UK. Two different types of activities implemented jointly (AIJ) projects are simulated within this paper. Both of which are based on actual proposed projects in Poland. The first project is the establishment of a wind farm and the second project is on fuel conversion from coal to biomass. In the first step, the basic economy is calculated to derive the return on investment (ROI) without COz-crediting in both cases. The ROI of the two projects is around 6-7%. In a second step, selling COz-credits is considered as a way of improving project economy and several ways of crediting is considered. In the calculations the considerations are expressed as discount factors of O%, 5% and 15%. It was shown that AIJ projects may be appropriate for private investors demanding an ROI of 15% and a maximum price of COzreduction of 15 USD per ton of COz. However, the author believes that if the regulatory framework becomes too complicated the opportunities will be wasted.
Others, including Development, Economics Aerodynamic 99101385 wave to wire
conversion
of ocean power from
Curran, R. er al. Energy Convers. Manage., 1998, 39, (16-18), 1919-1929. The action of the ocean’s waves can be converted into a vertical motion by submerging an opening in the base of a chamber into the sea. The entrained water forces an oscillating airflow through the top of the chamber which vents to atmosphere via an air turbine. An electric generator completes the conversion chain. This paper presents a design methodology that focuses on the aerodynamic stage which couples the oscillating water column (OWC) and the Wells air turbine. The maximization of the plant’s annual performance within the wave regime emphasizing the turbine’s most influential design variables is considered.
99101389 Electric power generation at the ebb tide Jwo-Hwu, Y. Electric Power systems Research, 1998, 48, (I), 31-35. A method to generate electric power from buoyancy and weight at the ebb tide is proposed. The proposed method can be applied anywhere which has changing water levels, this includes coastal areas, dams and the upper reservoirs of pumped-storage plants. The principal contribution of this research is that the power generation capacity in the off-peak period can be shifted to the peak period. In addition, the capital cost of the proposed method is lower than the traditional tidal power plant because a barrage is not required.
Energy efficiency and increased use of renewable energy sources
99101390
Knutsson, G. Greenhouse Gas Mitigation, Proc. Technol. Act. Implemented Jointly, 1997 (Pub. 1998), 119-129. Edited by Riemer, P. W. F. et al., Elsevier, Oxford, UK. During autumn 1992 and spring 1993, the Swedish government initiated a programme aimed at improving energy systems through energy efficiency measures. Additionally, the use of renewable energy sources in the Baltic States and in Eastern European countries were increased. The main activities involved reducing emissions from oil- or coal-fired energy production plants which are hazardous to the climate and environment. These activities, aimed at climate and environmental improvements, has a direct reference to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. This paper discusses Sweden’s advantage, the technology and experience involved in the programme and the potential for co-operation in the Baltic States and Eastern Europe. NUTEK’s (Swedish National Board for Industrial and Technological Development) handling of the general direction of the programme is also discussed. 99101391 Fuel composition containing refinery sludge Scalliet, R. M. and Ruth, R. R. U.S. US 5,788,721 (Cl. 44-281; ClOLI132). 4 Aug 1998, Appl. 924,828, 4 Aug 1992, 3 pp. Comprising less than -lo%-by-wt. water, greater than -35%-by-wt. solids and from -30 to -70%-by-wt. of a combustible non-aqueous, generally water insoluble liquid, the fuel composition has a minimum heat value of at least 7000 BTU per lb and a viscosity such that it is pumpable at ambient temperature. The composition can be derived conveniently, for example, from a waste stream such as refinery sludge containing a liquid, nonaqueous fraction, a solids fraction and an aqueous fraction.
99101392
Design of a 110 MWth circulating fluldized-bed 99101386 (ZWS) boiler for waste fuels (packing materials, material retained on screens, rejects, wood waste, sewage sludge and screenings) in Lenzing, Austria Resenauer, G. et al. VGB Tech. Ver. Grosskraftwerksbetr., [Tagungsber.] VGB-TB, 1997, (VGB-TB loo), A9, 1-16. (In German) Various combustible solid wastes such as packaging materials, wood waste from construction, sewage sludge etc., can be co-fired with coal in a fluidized-bed boiler with auxiliary fuel oil- and gas-fired burners. By using a combination of waste separation and preparation, ash handling, wastewater handling and dry-, wet- and catalytic-flue gas purification systems existing environmental limits can be met.
Development of National Guidelines for the use of 99101387 hazardous and non-hazardous wastes In cement kilns In Canada
Campbell, D. and Mirza, R. Combust. Can. ‘96 Conf.: Future Changing Role Combust. Can. Efjic. Environ., 1996, Paper 27/l-Paper 27113. In April 1993 a study to develop national guidelines for the use of hazardous and nonhazardous wastes as supplementary fuels in cement kilns was commissioned by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME). Proctor & Redfern Limited undertook the study under the direction of the Wastes as Fuels Working Group which consists of provincial and federal regulators and industry representatives. The study culminated in the preparation of the guidelines for presentation to the Hazardous Waste Task Group of the CCME. This paper describes the CCME Working Group process, the draft guidelines development process for cement kilns using wastes as fuels in Canada and presents the rationale for the proposed emission limits, monitoring requirements and operating standards.
Devolatllization of pulverized refuse-derived fuel 99101388 Namba, K. et al. Nippon Kikai Gakkai Ronbunshu, B-hen, 1998,64, (621), 1499-1505. (In Japanese) An attempt was made to burn pulverized refuse-derived fuel (RDF) from municipal solid waste (MSW) for thermally recycling waste resources. RDF has a large content of volatile matter in weight in proximate analysis, which under devolatilization contributes significantly to the combustion behaviour of RDF. For both RDF and its constituent materials, the devolatilization properties were observed by the thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) to obtain fundamental data of RDF combustion. The thermogravimetric (TG/DTA) analyser was used to measure weight loss and by temperature difference of the selected sample components. The data of TG/DTA were obtained by changing the heating rates under the atmospheric condition of both nitrogen gas and air.
140
Fuel and Energy Abatmcta
March 1999
Matching tidal current plants to local flow condi-
tions Bryden, I. G. et al. Energy, 1998, 23, (9) 699-709. In this paper, an outline is given of a methodology which may be used to optimize the development of a tidal current resource. The size and potential of the European tidal current energy resource is indicated and a brief description of a potential technology option is given. The overlying principles of resource conversion are discussed and a methodology required to achieve optimal exploitation is presented. Aspects of the methodology are outlined using examples drawn from tidal current studies in the European Union (EU).
99101393 Renewable energy sources and requirements needed to substitute one million tons of CO2 atmospheric emissions in Europe Mangin, A. et al. Greenhouse Gas Mitigation, Proc. Technol. Act. Implemented Jointly, 1997, 513-521. Edited by Riemer, P. W. F. et al., Elsevier, Oxford, UK. This paper investigates the energy balance needed for the transformation of COz waste and hydrogen into methanol, with the substitution of fossil fuel by renewable energy sources in Europe. A base line case of the substitution of a 1 M tons of COz has been adopted in order to compare the requirements of different renewable energy technologies. This annual level of substitution is transformed into an equivalent energy requirement to produce methanol that can be utilized as a fuel or as transport vector for Hz and COz oceanic disposal. The concept is applied to the European Union which has a highly developed industrial infrastructure. An estimate is made of the generating infrastructure necessary to stabilize emissions by 1 M tons COz and compares them to presently available energy sources. The study includes wave, wind, hydroelectric/tidal and solar energy sources and uses engineering characteristics of the different technologies. 99101394 Research and advances of refuse derived fuel (RDF) technique Guo, X. et al. Meitan Zhuanhua, 1998, 21, (3) 38-41. (In Chinese) The utilization of municipal solid wastes (MSW) as an energy resource, as a new kind of technique which crosses the field of environment protection and energy, is stirring interest in the public authorities of the world. Incineration is a useful technique for MSW, but, since existing the problems of pollution and corrosion caused by incinerating MSW directly, the cost of utilizing MSW as energy is much higher. Against this background refusederived fuel (RDF) has been developed as an alternative energy source and is being developed for application in industry.