Abstracts of Papers to be Presented at the 68th Annual Meeting of the Poultry Science Association, Inc

Abstracts of Papers to be Presented at the 68th Annual Meeting of the Poultry Science Association, Inc. (Listed alphabetically according t o t h e s u r n a m e of t h e senior a u t h o r o r t h e chairman or m o d e r a t o r of a s y m p o s i u m or panel discussion)

A HAEMATOLOGICAL STUDY OF FIVE BREEDS OF CHICKEN AS INFLUENCED BY IRAQI ENVIRONMENT Phys AThurs 11:45 Usama S. Abdulla and Khalid A. Al-Soudi, Animal Production Department, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad, Abu-Ghraib, Baghdad, Iraq

RADIOIMMUNOASSAY PROGESTERONE

OF

CHICKEN

PLASMA

Phys AThurs 10:30 R. B. Abdullah, R. P. Gildersleeve and D. G. Satterlee, Poultry Science Department, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 A rapid plasma progesterone radioimmunoassay was developed using commercially available antiserum. Plasma samples were prepared by a single 2,2,4trimethylpentane solvent extraction to remove progestins. Ninety percent of 3 H-progesterone was consistently partitioned into the 2,2,4-trimethylpentane extract. The progesterone antiserum was found to cross react with ll(3-OH-progesterone, 17a-OH-progesterone and 11-deoxycorticosterone at levels of 31, 17 and 10%, respectively. Ammonium sulfate was used to separate free from antibody-bound radioisotopically

RADIOIMMUNOASSAY FOR CHICKEN TONIN Phys AThurs 11:00

CALCI-

Robin S. Adair and J. D. Garlich, Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27650 A modification of a radioimmunoassay (RIA) for salmon calcitonin was employed to determine if chicken calcitonin could be estimated. Synthetic salmon calcitonin (SCT) was used to establish a standard curve with guinea pig antibodies to SCT. SCT was labeled with ' 2 5 1 . At the end of a 3 day incubation period, dioxane was used to precipitate the bound fraction. Ultimobranchial glands, muscle and thyroid tissue were removed from four week old broilers (600—700 grams) and homogenized in .1 N HC1. Dilutions were assayed. Muscle and thyroid tissue produced no response. Ultimobranchial (UB) tissue (13 to 22 mg/bird) was estimated to contain 10 to 18 micrograms of "SCT equivalents" per mg of UB tissue. We conclude that the SCT-SCT antibody system can be used to estimate the calcitonin content of chicken tissues.

FEEDING NRC RECOMMENDED AMINO ACID LEVELS AND LOWER LEVELS TO GROWING TURKEYS ExtTues 11:45 R. L. Adams and W. J. Stadelman, Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 Turkeys of both sexes were fed computer formulated diets: 1) based on NRC recommendations for protein, lysine, methionine, and methionine plus cystine from one day to market, 2) based on 90% of NRC from 3 weeks to market and 3) based on 90% of NRC from 3 to 14 weeks for toms and from 3 to 12 weeks for hens. NRC levels were fed on treatments 2 and 3 at all other times. Five pens of 28 toms and 5 pens of 33 hens were placed on each treatment. Twenty-week weights and feed-to-gain ratios for toms for these treatments were: 1) 12306, 2.69; 2) 12120, 2.73; 3) 12197, 2.68. Neither weights nor feed-to-gain ratios were significantly different. However, gains from 3 to 8 and 8 to 12 weeks for toms fed the NRC diet (2495 and 3270) were significantly better (P<.05) than gains of toms fed the 90% diets diet 2 (2304 and 2903) and diet 3 (2277 and 2917). Although not significantly different, gains from 12 to

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

In an attempt to study the effect of breed, sex and month of year on some haematological characteristics, namely haematocrit value, haemoglobin value, erythrocyte and leucocyte counts as well as differential count of leucocytes, blood samples (4 ml) were collected from the wing vein of 5 male and 5 female Single Comb White Leghorn, New Hampshire, High Sex (a commercial strain) and Iraqi native chickens, all birds being one year of age. Native chickens included large (3.0 kg), small (2.0 kg) and naked neck types. Sex and breed had a highly significant effect with males being higher than females for all traits studied, and Iraqi breed exceeding all others with values of 35.4%, 11.7 g/100 ml, 3.0 X 10 6 /ml and 28.8 X 10 3 /ml for haematocrit value, haemoglobin value, erythrocyte count and leucocyte count, respectively. Differential leucocyte count varied significantly with breed also (P<.01). Monocyte count displayed the highest variability followed by eosinophil, basophil, lymphocyte and heterophil. The effect of season on all traits studied was significant (P<.01) with maximum and minimum values occurring during summer and winter, respectively. The correlation coefficients between haematocrit value and erythrocyte count as well as between haemoglobin value and erythrocyte count were the same, both being .70. Results obtained suggest that the indigenous varieties display higher tolerance to subtropical environmental stress than standard breeds.

labelled hapten. Standard curves were linear from 0 to 150 pg and had 2.5 to 5 pg sensitivities. Coefficients of variation for intra-assay and interassay plasma sample pools were 5.37 and 10.70%, respectively.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1030

diets contained 20% protein and 2940 kcal ME/kg. Triplicate pens of male, broiler chicks were fed each diet from 7 to 28 days of age. Both fermented cottonseed meals (FCSM) significantly (P<.05) improved weight gain and feed efficiency as compared with NCSM, and the responses observed were similar for FCSMs from both strains of fungi. Performance by chicks fed FCSMs, however, was significantly poorer than that of chicks fed SCSM. Amino acid analysis showed that fermentation significantly (P<.05) increased the lysine (27 to 38%), methionine (10%) and branched chain amino acid content of the protein as compared with non-fermented cottonseed meal. It was concluded that the improvements in chick performance caused by FCSM was due to favorable changes in amino acid balance caused by fermentation.

ENERGY AND PROTEIN LEVELS FOR GROWING FEMALE DUCKS

EFFECT OF ZEARALENONE BROILER CHICKENS

ON

FINISHING

Ext Tues 4-.00

Path Thurs 8:15

R. L. Adams and W. J. Stadelman, Animal Sciences Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907

Neil K. Allen, Department of Animal Science, and C. J. Mirocha, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108

Four levels of metabolizable energy 1) 2970, 2) 3080, 3) 3135 and 4) 3190 kcal/kg were fed to growing female ducks from 10 days to 48 days of age. Two protein levels were fed at each energy level: 1) 18% and 2) the protein level resulting when the computer formulated the least cost ration to meet minimum requirements for lysine, methionine and methionine plus cystine. The resulting percent protein levels for the above energy levels were: 1) 15.4, 2) 15.6, 3) 15.8 and 4) 15.9. Four pens of 50 ducks were fed each diet. Weights and feed:gain ratios from 0 to 48 days for each energy level listed above, first with 18% protein and then with the resulting lower protein level were: 1) 2599, 2.82; 2635, 2.81, 2) 2667, 2.68; 2635, 2.70, 3) 2654, 2.68; 2621, 2.70, 4) 2681, 2.63; 2681, 2.63. None of the weights were significantly different. Feed:gain ratios for the 2970 level of energy at both protein levels were significantly poorer (P<.05) than ratios from all other treatments. No other differences were significant. No differences in dressed grades were observed. Feeding of the lower protein levels did not result in any increase in percent of skin and fat or any decrease in percent of breast meat.

Variable quantities of zearalenone (F-2) (0, 10, 50, 100, 200, 400 or 800 mg/kg diet) were incorporated into a practical broiler diet and fed to mixed sex broiler chickens from 6 to 9 weeks of age. No effects of F-2 were noted on weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency, mortality and weight of liver, heart, spleen and bursa of Fabricius. Comb weight, comb coloration and testes weight were reduced for males fed 400 and 800 mg/kg F-2. F-2 had no effect on combs of females. Oviducts of females fed 800 mg/kg F-2 were slightly reduced. Measured blood parameters (hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood cell count, white blood cell count, leucocytes, total neutrophils, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, total protein and total cholesterol) were unaffected by F-2. Effects noted are accounted for by the known estrogenic property of F-2. Pure zearalenone (99+%) up to 800 mg/kg diet is relatively atoxic to broiler chickens.

FUNGUS - FERMENTED COTTONSEED MEAL; EFFECT ON GROWTH OF BROILERS Nutr A Thurs 9:30 A. O. Aduku and J. L. Sell, Poultry Science, Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 Cottonseed meal (41% protein, .04% gossypol) was fermented with Aspergillus oryzea NRRL 506 and Aspergillus janus NRRL 1935 for 48 hrs. at 30°C. Two diets containing 27% of each fermented meal were compared with diets containing non-supplemented cottonseed meal (NCSM) or cottonseed meal supplemented with lysine and methionine (SCSM). All

PROTEIN REQUIREMENT OF WHITE EMBDEN GEESE TO 9 WEEKS OF AGE Nutr A Tues 11:15 Neil K. Allen and Maureen Storey, Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 Three studies with a total of 200 sexed geese were conducted to evaluate the protein requirement of White Embden geese raised in total confinement to 9 weeks of age. All diets were based upon corn and soybean meal supplemented with DL-methionine. In the first study, 20% protein supported greater weight gains than 16% protein up to 4 weeks of age. All birds were fed a diet containing 16% protein from 4 to 9 weeks of age. Differences due to starter diet persisted up to 9 weeks of age. In the second experiment birds were fed 16, 18, 20 or 22% protein from 0 to 4 weeks of age. 20% protein maximized performance param-

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

18 and 18 to 20 weeks on the three diets - NRC (4595 and 1520), diet 2 (4844 and 1597), diet 3 (4894 and 1647) — were different enough to result in 20 week weights that were not statistically different. Therefore, the data indicate that torn turkeys should be fed NRC recommended levels for the parameters studied to 12 weeks of age but that 90% of NRC recommended levels from 12 to 20 weeks would be adequate. Fewer torn turkeys with weak legs were observed on diets containing the lower levels of protein. Both weights and feed-to-gain ratios for the hens were significantly better (P<.05) for hens fed the NRC diet (7412) as compared to diet 2 (6831) and diet 3 (6958). The data indicate that hen turkeys should not be fed less than NRC recommended levels at any time between 3 and 18 weeks of age.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS eters. Birds were reallocated to pens at 4 weeks and fed diets containing 12, 14, 16 or 18% protein from 4 to 9 weeks of age. 16% protein was required to maximize weight gains from 4 to 6 weeks of age. For the entire 4 to 9 week period, 14% protein gave maximum growth. Regardless of grower diet (4 to 9 weeks of age), birds fed 16% protein from 0 to 4 weeks were still significantly smaller at 9 weeks of age. Observations on feathering indicated decreased rate of feathering for the lower protein levels. The variability in feathering between birds treated alike was large. EFFECTS OF LYSINE LEVEL FED TO CAGED BREEDERS ON GROWTH OF PROGENY

Barred Rock (BR) females, 48-weeks of age, were housed in individually fed and watered cages in an environment controlled at 23.9 ± 1.0°C, .5 — 1.5 foot candles and 16L-8D light cycle. Twenty birds were fed each of two diets containing .53 and .75% lysine for 17 weeks. Representative samples of male and female progeny from 6 hatches of a New Hampshire X BR cross were reared separately and fed either lysine adequate or deficient diets. Body weight, feed consumption and efficiency, production and egg weights were recorded. There was a highly significant depression in egg production (P<.005) with low lysine feeding accompanied by significantly poorer feed conversion (P< .025). Neither the lower feed consumption observed nor the effects of treatment on dam body weight or egg weight were statistically significant. Body weight of both male and female progeny from dams receiving the low lysine breeder diet were significantly depressed at 4 (P<.005) and 6 (P<.025) weeks. Although feed consumption of the progeny was lower from low lysine fed dams, the differences were not statistically significant. No effects on feed efficiency were found. Significant growth depression with successive hatches (P<-05) irrespective of dietary treatment were observed. The difference in body weights of progeny from different dam treatments was increased by low lysine levels.

mine the needs of this group of small farmers, 2) to select criteria by which materials from various sources could be reviewed and rated as to suitability, 3) to outline a procedure for distribution of existing information, and 4) to make recommendations for the writing of materials not presently available. Working with the poultry species, the author obtained and reviewed educational materials from throughout the United States. Approaches presently used by states vary from a tri-state handbook of ready reference for phone inquiries to condensed factual matter for the County Agents' use. Evaluation is made of existing material using the criteria established and samples of better format are given. CORRELATIONS AMONG PRODUCTION PARAMETERS IN BROILERS Env-Man Thurs 10:45 L. D. Andrews, Animal Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 Forty five-week-old male broilers were selected from 28 pens of 75 male broilers. The one or two broilers selected per pen were not weighed but an effort was made to pick the largest males. Each male was placed in a cage by itself. The broilers were weighed at the end of each week and the feed consumed was recorded for each week through the ninth week. At nine weeks of age the broilers were processed and eviscerated by hand so that the abdominal fat could be recovered. Body weights, feed efficiencies, feed consumed and body weight gain per week were recorded. The highest correlations between abdominal fat and other parameters were .42 to nine week body weight, .41 for New York dressed weight, .53 for eviscerated weight and .41 for the total feed consumed. Correlation values for 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 week body weight showed an increase when compared to total feed efficiency, New York dressed weight, eviscerated weight, abdominal fat weight, total feed consumed, total weight gain and nine week body weight. Weight gain showed an increase through the 8th week after which a decrease in gain was observed.

STORAGE STABILITY OF VITAMIN B 6 IN FROZEN OR FREEZE-DRIED BROILER MEAT Mark-Tech Tues 3:30 (Poster)

A

REVIEW OF EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS AVAILABLE FOR SMALL SCALE POULTRY FARMERS Ext Tues 3:00

Daniel K. Andrews, Cooperative Extension Service, Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Western Washington Research and Extension Center, Puyallup, WA 98371 Small scale farmers with varied backgrounds beseige extension offices with widely diversified requests. Many times existing information is found wanting. The information is inadequate, inappropriate, or simply not available to meet their needs. In response to this, a small farms information assessment committee effort was begun in Washington. This committee selected the following goals: 1) to deter-

Catharina Y. W. Ang, Animal Products Comp. and Utilization Unit, Richard B. Russell Research Center, SEA, U.S. Department of Agriculture, P. O. Box 5677, Athens, GA 30604 In order to establish optimum conditions of storage for analyses of poultry meat for vitamin B 6 , 23 ready-to-cook broilers were halved and the breast meat stored (1) as flesh in the intact half carcass at —34°C, (2) as ground breast meat at -10°C and —34°C, and (3) as freeze-dried ground breast meat at room temperature and at —34°C in nitrogen. Maximum retention of vitamin B 6 was obtained in the nitrogen packed freeze-dried samples at —34°C (99— 102% in 2 - 4 months). Good retention (94-95%) occurred in the intact halves at — 34°C over 8 months and in the ground samples at — 34°C (94—91% for 2 to 8 months). Substantially lower retentions were ob-

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

NutrBThurs9:30 D. L. Anderson and R. D. Witkowsky, Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003

1031

1032

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

tained in freeze-dried samples at room temperature (83 and 77% for 1 and 2 months) and for frozen samples at - 1 0 ° C (77 and 59% for 3 and 4 months). Thus the stability of vitamin B6 in broiler meat during storage depends on temperature, oxygen availability and moisture content. Freeze-drying, nitrogen-packing and deep freezing (—34°C) appeared to be the most effective method.

EFFECT OF SHELL COLOR ON YOLK/ALBUMEN RATIOS FOR THREE BREEDS AND THEIR CROSSES

ratios. The heritability and repeatability estimates for cholesterol, phospholipid, cholesterol to phospholipid ratio and phospholipid to cholesterol ratio were .30, .20, .17, .22 and .77, .62, .67, .67, respectively. Spermatozoa cholesterol and phospholipid levels were significantly (P< .001) correlated with percent fertility (1—7 days), duration of fertility and percent fertility during duration of frozen semen (—.19, —.21, —.19 and —.20, —.21, —.21). The ratios of cholesterol to phospholipid and phospholipid to cholesterol were not correlated with fertility.

Gen Thurs 10:45

The three breeds of chickens used in this study were White Leghorn, Rhode Island Red and Araucana. Two crosses were derived by mating Araucana males to White Leghorn and Rhode Island Red females (AU X WL and AU X RIR). Thirty eggs were collected from each of the five groups and analyses were made on individual eggs. The analyses show that the yolk/albumen ratios are similar for the Araucana and AU X RIR eggs, but are significantly (P<.01) larger than the values for the other three groups. Their means were 1:1.83 ± .03 and 1:1.85 ± .03, respectively. The yolk/albumen ratios for the White Leghorn, Rhode Island Red and AU X WL eggs are not significantly different when compared with each other. It was concluded that the yolk, relative to the albumen, is larger in the eggs of the Araucana and AU X RIR crossbred birds.

HERITABILITY OF CHICKEN SPERMATOZOA CHOLESTEROL AND PHOSPHOLIPID LEVELS AND THEIR RELATION TO FERTILITY GenTues 1:15 G. A. Ansah, R. B. Buckland and B. W. Kennedy, Department of Animal Science, Macdonald Campus of McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada H9X 1C0 Cholesterol and phospholipid content of spermatozoa and fertility parameters of frozen semen of fifth generation roosters (n = 114) of a broiler line selected for duration of fertility of frozen semen and those of a random bred control line (n = 58) were determined. The mean ± SD cholesterol and phospholipid levels, cholesterol to phospholipid ratio and phospholipid to cholesterol ratio per 109 spermatozoa for selected and control roosters were 276.31 ± 50.23 Mg and 291.48 ± 56.97 Mg; 1142.45 ± 227.26 Mg and 1149.30 ± 240.75 Mg; .25 ± .07 and .26 t .07; 4.21 ± 1.07 and 4.06 ± 1.10, respectively. Line differences were significant for cholesterol (P<.01), cholesterol to phospholipid ratio (P<.05) and phospholipid to cholesterol ratio (P<.05) but not for phospholipid (P>.05). All estimates of fertility of frozen semen were significantly (P<.01) higher for the selected than control line. Significant (P<.01) family differences existed in the selected line for cholesterol, phospholipid and their

ESTABLISHING WEIGHING PROCEDURE FOR LAYING HENS UNDER EXPERIMENTAL AND FIELD CONDITIONS Ext Tues 9:00 A. S. Arafa, F. M. Hassanien and R. H. Harms, Poultry Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 Two experiments (two trials each) were conducted with Babcock B300 laying hens to establish weighing procedure for the laying hen. In the first experiment the individual body weights of one group of 70 hens were recorded at 8 am, 10 am, 12 noon, 2 pm and 4 pm. Eggs laid by these hens were marked and individually weighed according to time of lay. The same group of hens was weighed at all time intervals. In the second experiment the same procedures were used except different groups (100 hens each) were used at different time intervals. Statistical analysis indicated that weighing a total of 30 to 40 hens, chosen at random, in commercial practice or 40 to 50 hens for experimental reasons is sufficient in reflecting the average weight of the laying flock. The average body weight of the flock showed the least variation in the morning and early afternoon hours, but increased consistently after 2 pm. Therefore, it is suggested that the time period between 9 am and 1 pm will represent the most precise time of the day to monitor a laying flock weight both under experimental and field conditions. Precision in weighing could be obtained by taking into consideration the weight of the egg laid within two hours before the hen weight was recorded.

RELATION TO TIME OF DAY AND OVULATION Phys Tues 11:15 Y. Arima and F. B. Mather, Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583 Blood samples were collected seven times daily from 0600 to 1800 hr over three successive days from 10 laying hens exposed daily to light from 0700 to 1730 hr. The plasma samples were analyzed by radioimmunoassays for triiodothyronine (T 3 ) and thyroxine (T 4 ) concentrations. Both T 3 and T 4 concentrations snowed diurnal rhythms with the peaks at 1000 hr for T 3 and 0600 hr for T 4 . The peak of T 3 was 3 hr after the onset of light and the peak of T 4 was 1 hr before the onset of light.

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

H. A. Anglin and C. O. Briles, Department of Agricultural Sciences (Poultry), Tuskegee Institute, Tuskegee Institute, AL 36088

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS There appeared to be no influence of ovulation on T 3 concentration. The TA concentration was highest 6 hr prior to ovulation and then slowly decreased during the following 16 hr sampling period. The peak of T„ seemed to be associated with ovulation and was perhaps related to the preovulatory surge of estrogen. EFFECT OF ENERGY ON NITROGEN RETENTION OF ENSILED CAGED LAYER MANURE BY RUMINANTS Env-ManTues 1:15

A digestion trial to evaluate the effect of available energy upon nitrogen (N) retention of ensiled cagelayer manure (PW) by ruminants was conducted with lambs. Fresh PW from layers consuming a cornsoybean meal diet (PWA) and grain by-products diet (PWB) was evaluated. Silages A and B were prepared by mixing 22.7% PWA and 22.7% PWB respectively with 15.9% ground corn, 15.9% ground hay, .1% salt and 35.4% water. Diets A l , 2, 3 and Bl, 2, 3 were obtained by adding 10% wood shavings; 5% wood shavings and 5% corn starch; 10% corn starch, respectively. The mixes were ensiled anaerobically in plastic lined cardboard drums. A pH range of 4.1 to 4.4 indicated fermentation was satisfactory. The coefficient of apparent digestibility for N and energy for diets A l , 2, 3 was: 45, 54, 65; 48, 55, 65 and for diets Bl, 2, 3 was: 45, 57, 64; 47, 58, 62; respectively. Diets A l and Bl produced a negative N balance of —2.254 and —2.597 grams of N per day respectively. The daily N retention for diets A2 and B2 was .027 and 1.257 grams. Diets A3 and B3 had a positive N balance of 3.864 and 3.717 grams per day. Energy retention in kcal per day was: 1531, 1723 and 2295 for diets A l , 2, 3 and 1255, 2160 and 2227 for diets Bl, 2, 3, respectively. There was a numerical linear response of increased N retention with increased retained energy. TIME RELATED PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF TURKEYS TO EIMERIA MELEAGRIMITIS INFECTION PathTues 11:00 P. C. Augustine and O. P. Thomas, Poultry Protozoan Diseases Laboratory, Animal Parasitology Institute, USDA, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, and Poultry Science Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 Turkeys were inoculated with Eimeria meleagrimitis oocytes, then bled and necropsied 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, and 21 days post inoculation (PI). Food consumption, rate of weight gain, and liver stores of glucose and glycogen were lowest on day 4 PI; no significant reduction in plasma glucose was observed. Heart weights (% of body weight) were significantly lower in infected turkeys than in uninfected controls as early as day 4 PI and were lowest on day 8 PI. Plasma carotenoids were sometimes significantly depressed as early as day 2 PI, were lowest on day 8 PI, and were still significantly lower than control values on day 21 PI.

Plasma glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) levels were consistently highest on day 8 PI and, although the differences were not significant in this study, plasma protein levels were always lowest on day 8 PI. In uninoculated turkeys deprived of food and water, body weight, liver glucose, and liver glycogen fell significantly within 24 hr. Heart weights, carotenoids, and protein levels did not change, but a significant increase in plasma GOT occurred in 1 of 4 experiments. The data suggest that responses due primarily to reduced food intake occur in turkeys on day 4 PI, whereas those associated with the E. meleagrimitis infection are maximal on day 8 PI. B-HAPLOTYPE INFLUENCE ON LYMPHOID LEUKOSIS IN (6 3 X 15,)F„ CHICKENS Gen Tues 9:00 L. Bacon, A Fadly, J. Motta, and L. Crittenden, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration, Regional Poultry Research Laboratory, East Lansing, MI 48823 (6 3 X 15,)F„, parental-line 6 3 and 1 5 , , and (151, X 7 2 ) F , , susceptible control chicks were inoculated intravenously at one week of age with 10 4 infectious units of RAV-1 subgroup A virus. The birds were blood-typed for the B-locus and their sera tested for neutralizing antibody to RAV-1 at 4, 6 and 8 weeks of age. When some birds were killed for histology at 12 weeks of age, 12 of 14 F, and 7 of 14 B S B S F 4 chicks but 0 of 13 B 2 B 5 F 4 chicks had bursal tumors. The remainder of the birds were studied for 34 weeks. The proportion of birds with erythroblastosis and lymphoid leukosis was greater in B 5 B 5 (88% of 49) than B 2 B 5 (64% of 79) birds, but B 2 B 2 birds were comparable to either group (80% of 30). All 41 F, and 40% of 25 6 3 controls had viral induced tumors, suggesting the dose of virus was high and partially overwhelmed genetic resistance. B-haplotype had a dramatic influence on Rous sarcoma tumor progression. Most B 2 B 2 and B 2 B S birds regressed, but B S B 5 birds died of metastatic tumors. The subtle influence of B-haplotype on lymphoid leukosis in this trial might be more pronounced if infection occurred later or was induced by a lower dose of virus. These data suggest that these B-haplotypes have less effect on lymphoid leukosis tumor development than on RSV tumor progression. This may be because the immune system does not play a major role in resistance to lymphoid leukosis, or because the mechanism(s) involved in the host immune response to the two tumors may be different.

NORMAL VS REVERSE CAGES FOR LAYERS: EFFECTS ON BIRD'S PERFORMANCE Env-ManThurs9:30 N. C. Bai3b and E. J. Campos, Department of Zootecnica, Escola de Veterin'aria da UFMG, Caixa Postal 567 - 30,000 - Belo Horizonte - MG Brasil An experiment was conducted with the objective to verify the effects on the performance of commercial layers housed in normal and reverse cages. It utilized 510, G-307 commercial layers, housed in

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

Victor Arvat and J. M. Vandepopuliere, Poultry Husbandry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211

1033

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1034

FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES MODIFIED EGG WHITES

OF

CHEMICALLY

Mark-Tech Thurs 9:45 H. R. Ball, Jr. and S. E. Winn, Food Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27650 Egg white (EW) acylated with either succinic anhydride (SA) or acetic anhydride (AA) exhibited changes in physical and functional properties. Acylation reduced absorbance of EW solutions at 550 nm. Treatment with SA increased EW solubility by 5% and improved heat stability, while treatment with AA decreased heat stability. Acylation improved foam volume, but did not improve foam drip loss. Textural properties of cooked acylated EW were altered. Instrumentally determined textural profile analysis (TPA) indicated AA and SA had opposite effects on TPA values. In all cases, TPA values of AA treated EW were smaller than the controls, while TPA values of SA treated EW were greater than the controls. These results indicated that protein charge modifications affect functional and textural properties of EW.

iron by 48%, while SA treatment resulted in a loss of 60%. Lysozyme was inactivated at levels of SA above 10M and at 20M of AA. Polyacrylamide electrophoretograms and DEAE chromatograms indicated that considerable protein charge alteration occurred. These results show that chemical properties of EW can be significantly altered by relatively mild acylation reactions with AA and SA. INTERACTION OF SOURCE OF DIETARY PROTEIN WITH MONENSIN ON GROWTH OF CHICKS Nutr A Tues 8:45 I. Bartov and L. S. Jensen, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 Field cases of "Oily Bird Syndrome" were usually associated with feeding diets containing relatively high levels of animal protein (AP). In an attempt to produce this syndrome and to study the effect of AP on lipid metabolism, day-old Hubbard male chicks were fed a basal diet containing a high level of AP (24.5%) with all the usual feed additives. This diet had the same nutrient density as a corn-soybean diet (CS) which served as a control. Body weights of chicks 3 or 4 weeks of age fed the AP diet were significantly (P<.05) lower than those of chicks fed the CS diet. This phenomenon was observed in four trials. The growth depression of the chicks fed the AP diet was accompanied by a slight increase in relative liver size and a significant (P<.05) increase in liver fat. Supplementation with extra copper, vitamin E, a mixture of arginine and tryptophane or a mixture of chromium, molybdenum and silicon failed to prevent the growth depression. Removing both monensin (100 mg/kg) and roxarsone (50 mg/kg) or only monensin from the basal diets completely prevented the growth depression observed in the chicks fed the AP diet. Growth was depressed 21% by monensin in the AP diet, but only 8% when added to the CS diet. DIETARY IRON LAYERS

SUPPLEMENTS

FOR

CAGED

Phys A Thurs 9:00 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CHEMICALLY MODIFIED EGG WHITE Mark-Tech Thurs 9:30 H. R. Ball, Jr., S. E. Winn, A. J. King, and D. K. Palladino, Food Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27650 Egg white (EW) was acylated with acetic anhydride (AA) and succinic anhydride (SA). Addition of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 moles of acylating reagent per 5 X 10 s g of EW protein blocked free amino groups by 10, 24, 40, 48, and 60% respectively. At the 25 mole level of addition, AA and SA reduced e-amino groups by 67 and 55%, respectively. Functional group analyses indicated that the phenolic group of tyrosine and the hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine did not react with the anhydrides. Sulfhydryl groups were reduced 1 to 6% at the 25 mole level of AA and SA respectively. AA reduced conalbumin's ability to complex

R. W. Bastien, J. W. Bradley, B. L. Pennington and T. M. Ferguson, Poultry Science Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 The effect of feeding different levels of iron to caged laying hens was investigated. Two hundred sixteen S.C.W.L. hens were housed two per cage at 29 weeks of age. The hens were divided into six treatment groups of 36 birds each, and each group was further divided into 3 replicates of 12 birds each. The hens were fed a practical type diet, supplemented with F e S 0 4 * 7 H 2 0 as follows: Group 1, none; Groups 2 through 6: 25, 50, 100, 200 or 400 ppm of Fe, respectively. Analyses of eggs for iron were made on yolks from the control group and Group 6, fed the 400 ppm Fe supplement, after 12 periods on the diets. Feeding diets with iron supplements as high as 400 ppm resulted in no statistically significant differences in percent hen-day production, egg weight, shell weight, percent shell or shell thickness. Egg yolks from

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

conventional cages (25 X 40 X 45 cm and 25 X 30 X 45 cm) named C-25 and C-30, and in its reverse cages (40 X 25 X 45 cm) and named R-25 and R-30, with two and three birds per cage, respectively. All the birds received a commercial diet with approximately 16% protein and 2,850 kcal/ME; each bird received 100 g feed daily from 26 to 57 weeks, and 95 g from 58 to 65 weeks. The data per treatment were collected at the end of each 28 day period up to 10 periods; all dead birds were replaced. The results were: the hen/ day production was significantly higher for both types of reverse cages; within reverse cages, smaller cages were better than larger ones, with respect to both traits, as well as, feed conversion; average body weight was not affected by type of cages; better livability was obtained in R-30 cages; however, both reverse cages showed better livability when compared to normal cages. Therefore, based on these results, the utilization of reverse cages, mainly with the dimensions of 40 X 25 X 45 cm are perfectly feasible, without taking into account the economy of production.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS the control group and the 400 ppm Fe group did not differ significantly in their iron content. Caged layers could tolerate iron at 400 ppm without detrimental effects on egg production or egg quality characteristics.

HERITABILITIES AND GENETIC CORRELATION OF LIVE AND CARCASS WEIGHTS AND ABDOMINAL FAT IN FEMALE BROILERS Gen Thurs 9:00

MULTIPLE-TRAIT PROGENY TEST SELECTION FOR FIELD PERFORMANCE OF STRAINCROSS LAYERS. II. PREDICTED GENETIC CHANGES Gen Tues 2:15 G. I. Bennett, Animal Science Department, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583; G. E. Dickerson, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Science and Education AdministrationAgricultural Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Lincoln, NE 68583; and T. S. Kashyap, Animal Science Department, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583

A pure male broiler line provided 722 females from 75 sires and 445 dams for slaughter at 7 weeks of age. Live wt avg was 1704 g, carcass wt 1095 g, abdominal fat wt 46.4 g, and % abdominal fat 2.71%. Heritabilities were: live wt Hg = .27, Hrj = .61; carcass wt Hg = .32, H D = -60; fat wt H s = .31, H D = .90, % fat H s = .29, H D = 1.30. Abdominal fat wt correlations with live wt were IQ = .48, rp = .58, with carcass wt TQ = .30, rp = .54. Selection indices were devised: (1) —X2 (abdominal fat wt) + .0712X 3 (carcass wt) for maximum selection against fat with little change in live wt, H S = .45, r G (X live wt) = .17, r G (X fat) = - . 7 7 ; (2) —X2 + .111X 3 moderate selection against fat with an increase in carcass and live wt, Hg = .48, IQ (X live wt) = .45, VQ (X fat) = —.55. Predicted gains for Index (2), based on sire progeny testing with selection of 20/75 sires were —4.5 g abdominal fat wt + 33 g carcass wt and + 25 g live wt. Maternal and/or dominance variation affects body, carcass, and abdominal fat wt. Sire progeny index selection reduces abdominal fat while allowing increases in carcass and live wt.

Five years of selection for egg production and egg quality traits by reciprocal recurrent index selection were evaluated in two sets of strain crosses. Retrospect index weightings and selection intensities were used to predict selection response in each of the strain crosses. Selection intensity was about 1.5 a for males in male lines and about 1.0 a for females and males in female lines and for females in male lines. Predicted yearly response was in the desired direction for all traits except for a slightly negative predicted response for specific gravity. Predicted change in economic value (ECON) was $.12 and $.09 per year in each set. Approximately 75 percent of the predicted change in ECON was due to traits affecting egg number and 15 percent waf due to traits affecting egg quality. Estimated genetic change in ECON for the fiveyear period was $.21 per year for each set. Significant or near significant differences between predicted and estimated genetic changes indicated that early and adult mortality, egg weight, total eggs and ECON changed more favorably than predicted and excitability and blood spots changed less favorably than predicted.

CAGE SHAPE: ITS EFFECT ON LAYER PERFORMANCE

DEFECTIVE EGG PRODUCTION IN A POPULATION OF DWARF LEGHORNS'

ExtTues 10:15 D. D. Bell, M. H. Swanson, D. R. Kuney and C. J. Adams, Cooperative Extension, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 Seventeen different combinations of cage shape and colony size involving a total of 1,595 birds were studied as to their effect on various performance and economic parameters. Nine of these treatments involved cages with a depth of only 30.5 mm as opposed to the conventional 45.7 mm depth in the remaining eight treatments. Cage width ranged from 30.5 to 61.0 mm and colony size from 2 to 12 birds per cage. Feeder space and floor space per bird were both positively correlated with egg income over feed cost, whereas colony size was negatively correlated. The shallow cages yielded significantly higher monetary returns at the same floor space allowance per bird when compared to the deeper cages. Multiple regression equations were developed relating egg income over feed cost, feed conversion and hen-day egg production to colony size and cage width.

Gen Thurs 11:15 F. H. Benoff, Department of Poultry Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 973 31 Normal and defective egg production to 60 weeks of age were determined for the OSU population of sex-linked dwarf SCWL selected 13 generations for three traits simultaneously. Individual and family selection had been practiced to this current generation by placing heavy selection pressure on part year hen-housed egg production, early sexual maturity (SM) and large initial egg weight. Eggs were classified daily to 60 weeks of age as normal or defective, the latter consisting of broken (B), double yolk (DY), membrane (M) and soft shell (S) eggs. Mean percent hen-day production (HDP) of normal eggs from SM to 40 weeks of age (period 1) was 74.9%, which decreased to 64.6% for production from 41 to 60 weeks of age (period 2). The production of defective eggs showed a reverse pattern to that of the normal with HDP defective eggs increasing from 2.1% to 3.2% for periods 1 and 2, respectively. The complexion of defective eggs laid during the year changed with a high incidence of DY during the initial weeks of lay disappearing by the time birds were 40 weeks of

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

W. A. Becker, J. V. Spencer, L. W. Mirosh, and J. A. Verstrate, Departments of Animal Sciences and Food Science and Technology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164

1035

1036

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

age, while the frequency of B and M increased during period 2. Only a small number of hens in this population laid the B, DY and S in contrast to M which were laid by a majority of the hens. J Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Paper No. 5108.

CHARACTERIZATION OF EGGS FROM BROILER BREEDERS WITH OR WITHOUT A DISTINGUISHABLE AIR CELL POLE 1

(4.0 Lux) from 8 to 12 weeks, high light intensity (97.2 Lux) from 12 to 20 weeks; and 4) high light intensity (97.2 Lux) from 8 to 20 weeks. The average body weights at 20 weeks of age for treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 11.59 kg, 11.77 kg, 11.91 kg and 12.41 kg, respectively. There were no significant differences between treatments 1, 2 and 3. The toms in treatment 4 were significantly heavier than those in treatments 1 and 2 at the 1% level of probability and treatment 3 at the 5% level. In this experiment high intensity intermittent light during the rearing period from 8 weeks of age increased the weight of 20-week-old market toms.

Gen Thurs 9:45

To properly set an egg one must be able to recognize the air cell pole (ACP) from the non-air cell pole (NACP). The incidence of ACP distinguishable (D) and ACP indistinguishable (ID) eggs determined by visual inspection of 436 eggs from 430 mature broiler breeder hens was 88.6% and 12.4%, respectively. Upon setting, 31.5% of the ID eggs were set improperly (ACP down). Seven measurements of shape were made on each of these eggs and on an additional 39 ID eggs from the same hens. These measurements were used to generate four egg symmetry ratios comparing 1) diameters measured at .5 and 1.0 cm from each pole of the egg; 2) curvatures near the two poles of the egg; and 3) the degree of skewness towards the NACP* ID eggs were significantly more symmetrical than D eggs. Eighty-eight percent of these eggs were correctly classified as D or ID by non-visual means using an optimized model that included only the egg symmetry ratio comparing diameters measured at a 1.0 cm distance from each pole. Repeatability estimates of egg symmetry ratios determined from four eggs from each of 40 hens ranged from .03 to .36. Over 60% of ID eggs used in the repeatability analysis came from seven hens. 1 Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Paper No. 5109.

THE EFFECTS OF LIGHT INTENSITY ON GROWTH OF MARKET TURKEYS REARED ON INTERMITTENT LIGHT ExtTues 11:15 Robert W. Berg and M. E. El Halawani, Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 Large white male turkeys were brooded as one group to 8 weeks on an intermittent light regimen of 2 hours of light and 4 hours of darkness at a low intensity of 4.0 Lux. At 8 weeks of age the birds were randomized into four rooms and subjected to the same intermittent light regimen with the following light intensity treatments: 1) Low light intensity (4.0 Lux) from 8 to 20 weeks of age; 2) low light intensity (4.0 lux) from 8 to 16 weeks of age, high light intensity (97.2 Lux) from 16 to 20 weeks; 3) low light intensity

CANDLE AND TOWER RAPESEED MEAL AS A PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT FOR BROILERS Nutr A T u e s 8 : 1 5 K. K. Bhargava, Research Department, Crawfords Foods Ltd., Wynyard, Saskatchewan S0A 4T0, Canada; and J. B. O'Neil, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W0, Canada Experiments were conducted to evaluate Candle and Tower rapeseed meal fed to male broiler chicks at levels up to 22.8% which represented complete replacement of soybean meal. Two 28 day trials (experiments 1 and 2) and one of 53 days duration utilizing Candle rapeseed meal (CRSM) indicated body weight and performance index to be comparable over all levels except at the highest level in experiment 1 where there was a significant depression. There was no clear-cut evidence of depression in feed efficiency in all trials irrespective of the level of incorporation. Statistical analysis on thyroid weight did not reveal any significant increase in size which could be related to the level of CRSM. There were no differences in tibia ash (experiments 1 and 2) or carcass grades (experiment 3). Tower rapeseed meal (TRSM) was fed in two 28 day trials. There was a significant depression in body weight and performance index at the highest level fed in experiment 1 but not in experiment 2. Feed to gain ratio did not differ according to the level. Thyroid glands excised in experiment 2 were significantly heavier for groups fed TRSM diets than those maintained on a control diet. Tibia ash content was not influenced by the level. CYTOGENETIC MAPPING OF THE GENES FOR PEA COMB, BLUE EGG, BARRING AND SILVER IN DOMESTIC FOWL Gen Tues 10:15 J. J. Bitgood and R. N. Shoffner, Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, 1404 Gortner, St. Paul, MN 55108; and W. E. Briles, Department of Biology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115 Test crosses using rearrangements t(l ;m)(p-;+), t(Z;l)(p+;q-), t(Z;l)(q+;q-), t(l;4)(q-;q+) and inv(l) (p-q+) involving chromozome 1 in the chicken indicate that the loci for pea comb (P) and blue egg (0) are on the proximal one-third to one-half of the long (q) arm. The t(Z;l)(p+;q-) rearrangement used to test P and O

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

F. H. Benoff and J. A. Renden, Department of Poultry Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331

1037

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

SHORT COURSE TRAINING FOR FOREIGN STUDENTS InstrThurs 10:15 M. A. Boone and R. H. Harms, Poultry Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 The Poultry Science Department at the University of Florida has a subcontract with Mathtech of Atlanta, Georgia and USAID to train 80 Poultry Specialists from Egypt during the next two years. The trainees have very diverse backgrounds, including Deputy Ministers of Agriculture, directors, managers and technicians. Academic training may be a B.S. in general Agriculture or a Ph.D. in Poultry Science. They are selected by the Ministers of Agriculture and must pass an English examination. Specialized team taught courses in Genetics, Incubation, Nutrition, Management, Pathology or Physiology will be offered for periods of 4, 8 or 12 weeks depending on the needs of the individual. Courses consist of review lectures, hands on practical laboratory exercises and specialized tours. Problems unique to this type of training program involve: determining the need of the individual; the participants' poultry knowledge; language barrier; possible culture shock; recreational activities on week ends; minimization of slack time; giving specialized training to two or more different groups at the same time; course evaluation.

NEWCASTLE DISEASE ANTIBODY TITERS IN LAYING HENS FED CORN AMMONIATED TO INACTIVATE AFLATOXIN Path Thurs 9:30 S. L. Boulton, J. W. Dick, and B. L. Hughes, Department of Poultry Science, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631 Corn containing aflatoxin and corn ammoniated to inactivate aflatoxin was incorporated into layer diets to supply 500 ppb and 2.3 ppb aflatoxin, respectively. Control diets containing uncontaminated corn both with and without ammoniation were also fed. Two trials, each of three months duration, with 12 birds per treatment were conducted. Vaccination treatments

included non-vaccinated birds, a single vaccination at the initiation of each trial and monthly vaccinations for three months. Serum samples, for determination of Newcastle Disease (ND) HI titers by the microtiter method, were collected just prior to and seven days past vaccination as well as at trial termination. Birds receiving a single initial vaccination and fed a diet containing 500 ppb aflatoxin showed a significant (P<.05) decrease in HI titers while birds similarly vaccinated and fed a diet containing inactivated (ammoniated) aflatoxin did not exhibit a reduction in HI titers. Birds vaccinated monthly for three months showed no reduction in titers regardless of dietary treatment. These results suggest that layers exposed to dietary aflatoxin at the time of ND vaccination may not be adequately vaccinated and that more frequent vaccinations may be required. CRYOPRESERVATION OF SEMEN FROM ONAGADORI, THE JAPANESE LONG-TAILED FOWL PhysBTues 3:45 F. A. Bradley, F. X. Ogasawara, and C. L. Fuqua, Avian Sciences Department, University of California, Davis, CA 95616; and T. J. Sexton, USDA, SEA-AR, Avian Physiology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705 On the basis of sperm motility, pre-freeze procedure; dilution, cooling time, level of cryopreservative, and equilibration time; and freezing methods were evaluated for semen from the Japanese Long-Tailed (L-T) Fowl. The cryopreservation technique selected was as follows: fresh whole semen was diluted 1:3 with Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender, cooled for 1.0 hr at 5°C; then 4% dimethylsulfoxide was added in bulk, and the sample was equilibrated an additional 1.0 hr at 5°C. The semen was frozen at a rate of 1.0°C/min to — 20° C in a control rate freezer. The semen was then transferred to a specially constructed Dewar flask unit and exposed to a liquid nitrogen temperature of approximately —110°C for 15 min. Following the vapor treatment, the semen was placed into liquid nitrogen (—196°C) within the same unit for 10 min. Semen was stored in a liquid nitrogen refrigerator for up to 17 days, before thawing in a 2—3°C ice bath. The following fertility results were obtained after inseminating 125 million frozen-thawed spermatozoa and 125 million untreated spermatozoa into the Experimental and Control hens, 11.8 and 75.9%, respectively. The mean hatchability of fertile eggs was 70.6 and 88.1% for the two groups. This cryogenic treatment resulted in the first L-T Fowl chicks ever produced from eggs fertilized with frozen semen. All 12 chicks were of first quality.

FEED INTAKE LEVEL AND PERFORMANCE OF FORCE MOLTED BROILER BREEDER HENS Phys Tues 9:00 J. Brake, G. R. McDaniel, and R. D. Bushong, Poultry Science Department, Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830 Two trials were conducted to assess the effect of

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

linkage produced a ten-fold reduction from expected crossover values between these loci, which suggests that they are located in the interstitial segment (the proximal one-third to one-half of the long arm) of this arrangement. However, this reduction prevented linear ordering of these traits in relation to the break point. Naked neck (Na) was tested with P against four of the rearrangements and there was no linkage between Na and the rearrangements or P. Blood group (erythrocyte alloantigen, Ea) linkages between white skin (W)-EaH, Na-EaP, and EaA-EaE were confirmed, however, none of the Ea traits were linked to the t(Z;l)(p+;q-) rearrangement. The two sex linked rearrangements t(Z;l)(p+;q-) and t(Z;l)(q+;q-) which involve chromosome 1 and opposite arms of the Z sex chromosome gave linkage data which indicate that barring (B) is located on the p arm and silver (S) on the q arm.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1038

previous day was 148, 193, 227 and 434 for CdCl2 and 129, 161, 233, and 310 for CdS0 4 at the 50, 150, 300 and 500 Cd levels, respectively. In a second assay chicks were fed graded levels of Cd (0—48 ppm at 8 ppm increments) as CdCl2 and 48 ppm as CdC0 3 from 8—22 days of age. Gains were significantly reduced by 16 ppm Cd. At 48 ppm Cd, the CI and C 0 3 salts reduced gains by 59 and 42%, respectively. Gain of chicks at 48 ppm Cd from C 0 3 was similar to that of chicks fed 32 ppm Cd as Cl. The results indicate that Cd salts differ in their capacity to depress chick gains. A dramatic and immediate increase in feed intake occurs when levels of Cd that cause marked depressions in feed intake are removed from the diet.

INFLUENCE OF LOW INITIAL DIETARY PROTEIN CONSUMPTION ON THE GROWTH CURVE OF SCWL PULLETS

SPRINGTIME FEEDING SCHEDULES FOR HEN TURKEYS

NutrBThurs8:15

C. E. Brewer and J. B. Ward, Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Box 5307, Raleigh, NC 27650

Julian D. Brake and J. D. Garlich, Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27650 It was hypothesized that by altering the early portion of the growth curve of SCWL pullets they could be grown to maturity on less protein than is used in current commercial pullet rearing programs. Six replicates of 60 pullets each per dietary regime were reared in floor pens and fed the following sequences of four dietary regimes; % protein (weeks duration): A 23.5 (8), 16 (12); B 23.5 (4), 14.2 (10), 12.4 (6); C 23.5 (2), 12.4 (18); D 14 (20). The growth rates of regimes C and D were slower during the first ten weeks and faster during the second ten weeks when compared to A which was fed to gain at its maximum genetic potential. Regime B was intermediate. Total protein consumed per pullet to twenty weeks was: A 1.49 kg; B 1.10 kg; C .97 kg; D 1.18 kg. Body weights at twenty weeks of age were 1.52 kg, 1.44 kg, 1.38 kg, and 1.39 kg, respectively. It was concluded that SCWL pullets could be reared to an acceptable weight at twenty weeks on .97 kg of protein per bird by initiating low protein diets as early as two weeks of age.

THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS CADMIUM SALTS ON PERFORMANCE OF CHICKS Nutr BTues 8:00 D. J. Bray, J. S. Buck, and R. D. Rowland, Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 Crossbred chicks were fed corn-soya diets supplemented with 0, 50, 150, 300 or 500 ppm Cd from CdClj or CdS0 4 from 8 - 2 1 days of age. The Cl salt was more growth depressing and induced mortality earlier than the S 0 4 salt at iso-Cd levels. Feed consumption was similar for chicks at all Cd levels during the first 24 hours, but declined progressively on subsequent days at all levels of supplemental Cd. After 4 days, one replicate from each supplemented group was placed on the basal diet. Feed intake on the day following the change as a % of intake on the

Env-Man Thurs 8:30

Hen turkeys in our area are fed according to a poundage schedule rather than according to age. This trial was designed to study the proper amount of each feed to be fed. The trial was started on February 2, 1977 and terminated on June 22, 1977. The birds were fed according to the following schedules:

no.

1

2

3

4

(Kilograms of each feed) .23 .57

1.02 1.02 .91

13.07

.45

.91

1.14 2.05 2.05 7.27 3.86

2.27 4.09 4.09 3.64 1.82

At 17 weeks of age the hens on schedule one weighed significantly less than hens on schedules two, three and four. Significantly more feed was required to produce a kilogram of weight on schedule four than on the other three schedules. Ingredient cost per kilogram of weight was significantly different for each schedule with ingredient cost being less on schedule one and increasing with each schedule through schedule four.

AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF SHELL MEMBRANES FROM EGGS OF HENS THAT VARY WIDELY IN SHELL QUALITY Mark-Tech Thurs 8:00 Walter M. Britton, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 From each of 6 strains of commercial layers, hens were selected that consistently laid eggs with

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

various levels of postmolt feed intake on postmolt performance of individually caged Hubbard broiler breeder hens. The levels of maximum feed intake ranged from 118 g/hen/day to 163 g/hen/day. The ration was a corn-soy diet which contained 16% protein and 2809 kcal ME per kg of diet. Egg production, specific gravity, egg weight, and feed consumption were assessed on the basis of five, 28-day periods. Body weights, fertility, and hatchability were assessed at several times during the two trials. The more restricted hens exhibited higher egg specific gravities, lower egg weights, lower feed conversions, and lower body weights than the full-fed hens. Level of fertility as well as duration of fertility were improved in more restricted hens.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS good or poor shell quality. The hens were in their second cycle of lay approximately 6 months post-molt. Shell deformation was used as the measure of shell quality. Shell membranes were removed and freeze dried to determine dry weight. There were strain effects on membrane weight and good quality eggs had heavier membranes. The amino acid composition of duplicate pooled samples of the 12 treatment groups was obtained. The membranes were high in sulfur amino acids containing about 10% cystine and 4% methionine. The use of stepwise discriminate analysis of the amino acid data enabled correct classification of the shell membranes by treatment groups and indicated the amino acids of greatest importance in the classification of the shell membranes.

EFFECTS OF DIETARY PROTEIN AND FEED RESTRICTION TIME ON BROILER PERFORMANCE Nutr A Tues 1:00 H. B. Brown and M. G. McCartney, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 Four trials, using commercial broiler chicks, were conducted to determine the effects of dietary protein levels in combination with feed restriction on growth and feed conversion. Diets containing 3400 kcal ME/kg were fed in combination with protein levels of 23, 27 and 31 percent. Restricted feeding provided meals of fifteen minute duration, once every two hours and once every four hours; with controls receiving feed ad libitum. All studies were conducted from two to eight weeks of age, with weights and feed consumption data taken at two-week intervals.

As in previous research dealing with dietary energy, the diet containing 3400 kcal ME/kg and 23 percent protein provided the best growth with these two types of restriction. A definite decrease in body weight resulted from decreasing the calorie to protein ratio in all trials. Feed conversion was not significantly affected by either restriction or increases in dietary protein. B-HAPLOTYPE INFLUENCE ON SPONTANEOUS AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS IN (CS X OS)F 2 CHICKENS* Gen Tues 9:15 L. D. Brown, USDA-SEA-AR-NRC, Regional Poultry Research Laboratory, East Lansing, MI 48823; C. R. Polley, Department of Immunology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201; R. K. Cole, Department of Poultry Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; and N. R. Rose, Department of Immunology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201 In 1977 two B 6 B 6 C-strain (CS) males were mated with 16 B 1 3 B ' S and 9 B 5 B 1 5 Obese-strain (OS) females. At 12 weeks of age the B 5 B 6 Fi chicks had significantly less thyroiditis than B 6 B 1 3 or comparable B6 B 1 5 birds when disease was assessed by lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroids, indirect hemagglutination of erythrocytes coated with thyroglobulin, or chick phenotype. Positive correlations were obtained for these 3 parameters. In 1978, six B 6 B ' 5 F, males with symptoms of thyroiditis were each mated with 5 B 6 B 1 5 F t females varying in degree of thyroiditis. Data collected on 450± chicks include blood-group, circulating antibody titer to thyroglobulin at 3, 5 and 7 weeks and degree of thyroid pathology. There were significant hatch effects and females were more severely affected than males. B-haplotype influenced the disease with B 6 B 6 having significantly less than B6 B1 s which were less than B 1 5 B 1 s F 2 chicks. There were also significant differences attributable to sire. B-haplotype influences were most marked in chicks from the 3 least affected sire families, and in these families B 6 B 6 sibs had less disease while B 6 B 1 5 and B 1 S B 1 5 sibs were comparable. In two of the most susceptible sire families B-haplotype had no influence, but in one of the B 6 B 6 and B 6 B 1 5 chicks were significantly less affected than B ' 5 B ' s sibs. We conclude that there are several genetic loci determining spontaneous thyroiditis and that B-haplotype most significantly influences disease if other genetic determinants are limited. * Supported in part by NIH Research Grant No. AM 20028. CADMIUM RETENTION BY CHICKENS FED CROPS FROM SOILS FERTILIZED WITH SEWAGE SLUDGE Nutr B Tues 8:15 J. S. Buck, T. D. Hinesly, R. D. Rowland and D. J. Bray, Departments of Animal Science and Agronomy, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 Repeated application of Chicago sewage sludge

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

INFLUENCE OF VITAMIN D ON CHICK AFLATOXICOSIS Nutr B Tues 1:30 W. M. Britton and R. D. Wyatt, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 Four groups of 10 broiler male chicks were fed a corn-soy diet containing 2200 I.C.U. per kg of vitamin D 3 . An equal number of birds were fed diets containing 2.5 ppm aflatoxin supplemented with 2200 or 4400 I.C.U. per kg of vitamin D 3 or 25-OH vitamin D 3 . Body weight was significantly depressed by aflatoxin and this depression was greater at the lower levels of vitamin D. There appeared to be no difference in the response to vitamin D 3 or its metabolite 25-OH D 3 . Liver weight was increased, plasma protein and albumin decreased, plasma cholesterol decreased, prothrombin time increased, packed cell volume decreased and alkaline phosphatase decreased by dietary aflatoxin. Increasing the vitamin D level from 2200 to 4400 I.C.U. per kg partially corrected these changes caused by aflatoxin, but not completely. Bone ash was not affected by aflatoxin or vitamin D level. At the high levels of vitamin D used in this experiment, the 25-OH D 3 did not appear to be different from vitamin D 3 in preventing the toxicity caused by 2.5 ppm aflatoxin.

1039

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1040

MINERAL ANALYSES OF WHITE AND BROWN EGGSHELLS FROM GENETIC SHELL LINES Gen Thurs 8:30 (Poster) E. G. Buss, Department of Poultry Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 The development of genetic lines of Leghorn chickens producing thick and thin shells was discussed previously (Buss et al, Poultry Sci., 56:1699, 1977). Similar lines have been developed in Rhode Island Reds. Analyses of 13 minerals (P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, B, Al, Zn, Sr, Pb, and Si) were performed on shells using a Plasma Emission Spectrometer. The % shell and number of samples were: white thick, 9.4, n = 5; white thin, 7.3, n = 5; brown thick, 8.6, n = 6; brown thin, 7.2, n = 6. White shells tended to have higher levels of K, Cu, and Al, while brown shells had slightly higher levels of P. Thick shells had slightly higher levels of Fe and B than thin shells. Levels of Ca were similar in all shells, but Sr was significantly higher in white shells than in brown shells (475 vs. 399 Mg/g). White thick shells had more Sr than white thin shells (505 vs. 445 Mg/g), but brown thick shells had less Sr than brown thin shells (383 vs. 416 Mg/g)- Leghorns from the thin shell line had more Ca and Sr in the excreta than birds of the thick shell line.

Seed sources consisted of Kleingrass (KLG), Plains Brastlegrass (PBG), Green Sprangletop (GSP), and Game Bird Millet (GBM). Bobwhites from 8 to 12 wks of age were given free choice of a standard corn-soy grower diet and a single grass seed source. Quail from 13 to 16 wks of age were fed combinations of three separate grass seed choices. Controls were fed the standard 20% protein grower diet. In trial I the approximate proportion of grass seed in the total daily intake was 77% for GBM, 26% for KLG, 2% for PBG and 1% for GSP. No significant differences in mean weekly body weights occurred. In trial II each of the seeds were fed in combination with two other seed sources. Significant weight loss and mortality occurred in two reps fed the combination KLG, PBG, and GSP. While total feed and protein intake were elevated in this treatment, metabolic energy intake was significantly below maintenance levels established by the control diet group. The energy consumed was about 60% that of seed combinations containing a millet choice. No weight loss or mortality occurred in the three diet combinations containing millet. When available, quail consumed a ratio of seed types so that energy and protein intake was comparable to the control diet group. Commercial quail provide a good screening method for seed sources. EFFECT OF CHLORIDE ON ARGININE ANTAGONISM

THE

LYSINE-

Nutr BTues9:45 C. C. Calvert and R. E. Austic, Department of Poultry Science and Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853

J. R. Cain, Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843; R. J. Hendler and E. C. Holt, Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843

Previous research has demonstrated that excess sodium and potassium were effective in alleviating lysine-arginine antagonism. The reverse effect which may occur in the presence of excess anions such as chloride was examined. Chicks fed corn gluten mealbased diets containing 2.5% lysine exhibited significantly depressed (P<.05) growth with increased dietary chloride (.5 to 1.5%). Increasing dietary potassium from .25% to 1.4% alleviated depressed growth. Chloride did not affect growth of chicks fed 1.2% lysine. Chicks were then fed diets containing .8, 1.2 or 2.5% lysine with a constant arginine level (1.0%) and .5, 1.0 or 1.5% of dietary chloride. Increasing chloride from .5 to 1.5% significantly depressed (P<.05) growth at all three lysine levels. The 1.0% chloride level depressed growth of chicks fed the high lysine diet. These chicks also had significantly depressed (P<.05) growth compared to chicks fed equal chloride levels with 1.2% lysine diets. This depression and the severity of that induced by chloride were completely alleviated by addition of 1.3% arginine to the high lysine diet, indicating that excess dietary chloride exacerbates the antagonism. Plasma sodium and potassium levels were similar between experimental groups; however, plasma chloride was significantly increased (P<.05) with high chloride diets and by high lysine diets. [Supported in part by National Institutes of Health Grant AM21615]

Native bobwhite quail populations are often enhanced by planting food plots for cover and feed. A study was conducted to determine if commercial quail could be used to screen prospective seed varieties.

THE EFFECTS OF METHODS OF FORCED MOLTING ON PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL LAYERS

ACCEPTABILITY OF GRASS SEEDS BY COMMERCIAL BOBWHITE QUAIL Env-Man Thurs 8:45

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

to experimental soil plots and selection of cadmium (Cd) accumulating varieties resulted in 1977 crop corn and soybean meal that contained .71 and 2.38 ppm Cd, respectively, while control products produced on untreated soils consistently showed levels of less than .06 ppm Cd. The quantity of Cd in chick kidneys was increased by 241, 861, and 1211% when the high-Cd corn, soybean meal and both, respectively, replaced the control ingredients from 8—34 days of age in corn-soya chick diets. There was no effect on either grain or feed intake. Cd retained in the kidney per unit of Cd intake was similar when either the high-Cd ingredients or CdCl2 «2V4H,0 was used to elevate the level of dietary Cd. As the level of dietary Cd was increased, there was an increase in both the quantity and the % of ingested Cd retained in the kidney. Egg-type pullets were fed diets that contained the high-Cd ingredients continously from 0—48 weeks of age. Despite a large accumulation of Cd in the liver and kidney tissues, performance in terms of body weight, feed intake, rate of lay, egg weight, and shell quality was no significantly affected.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS Env-ManTues 10:00 E. J. Campos and N. C. Baiifo, Department Zootecnia, Escola de Veterinaria da UFMG, Caixa Postal 567 - 30,000 - Belo Horizonte - MG - Brasil

BROILER CARCASS AND PLASMA LIPOPROTEIN COMPOSITION AS AFFECTED BY DIET AND ENVIRONMENT

levels. Birds in the warmer environment had lower FFA in the d> 1.006 fraction. The various classes of lipids in both fractions were not affected by dietary energy.

INFLUENCE OF SELENIUM, VITAMIN E AND CAGE DENSITY UPON TURKEY REPRODUCTION Env-Man Tues 4:00 Austin H. Cantor and Keith I. Brown, Poultry Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center and The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691 Small white turkey hens were fed Se-deficient diets from 1 day of age until sexual maturity. The hens were then fed a Se-deficient corn-soybean meal-torula yeast basal diet alone or supplemented with either .2 mg Se (as Na 2 Se0 3 ) or 100 IU vitamin E (as DL-atocopheryl acetate) per kg diet. For each treatment there were 12 cages (46 cm wide X 61 cm deep) containing 1 hen plus 12 cages of the same size containing 2 hens. Feed consumption and egg production were unaffected by dietary treatments but were both significantly decreased by using 2 hens per cage during a 24 week production period. Hens fed the basal diet had a significantly higher number of dead embryos at 28 days of incubation and lower hatchability of fertile eggs compared to hens supplemented with Se or vitamin E. The Se concentrations of egg contents from hens fed the basal diet alone, with vitamin E and with Se were .036, .043 and .131 Mg/g (wet basis) respectively while the respective levels of Se in the hens' blood plasma were .014, .016 and .071 ug/ml. Severe gizzard myopathy was observed in 74% of the newly hatched poults from hens fed the basal diet, but not in poults from hens supplemented with Se or vitamin E.

Nutr AThurs 11:30 Austin H. Cantor, Wayne L. Bacon and Marilyn A. Coleman, Poultry Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center and The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691 Broiler chicks were fed starter diets containing 3087, 3197 or 3308 kcal metabolizable energy/kg using 4 pens of 156 chicks (78 males + 78 females) per treatment. Dietary energy was raised by 55 kcal/kg for each treatment after 28 days and again after 42 days. Two pens from each treatment were in an environment where temperature was elevated by approximately 2°C by reducing ventilation. Increasing dietary energy from the medium to the high level increased % fat and decreased % dry matter in carcasses of dressed 7-week old broilers (P<.05). A decreased iodine number of extracted carcass fat was associated with the high energy treament. No differences due to environment or sex were observed. Lipoproteins of blood plasma sampled at 42—45 days of age were separated in fractions of d< 1.006 and d> 1.006. Total lipid extract (TLE), neutral lipids (NL), phospholipids (PL), free fatty acids (FFA) and triglycerides (TG) were determined in each fraction. Females had higher TLE, NL, PL, and TG and lower FFA levels in the d<1.006 fraction. In the d>1.006 fraction females had higher PL and TG but lower FFA

GROWER DIETS FOR LAYER PULLETS USING CORN OR OATS Ext Tues 8:00 C. W. Carlson and R. A. Nelson, Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007 Previous studies at this laboratory showed that low-protein (10 or 12%), low density (1900 Cal ME/kg) grower diets were very satisfactory for producing layer-type pullets. Subsequent egg production was no different than when feeding normal protein (16%) and high density (2900 Cal) diets, as has been demonstrated by numerous others. Two studies have been conducted to compare 12% protein diets with either corn or oats as the major energy source (80% corn, 8% soy, 6% dehy, 2% yellow grease vs. 87% oats, 1% soy, 6% dehy, 2% yellow grease, each with minerals and vitamins). The first study also included an intermediate corn-oats mix (52—30) and a 16% corn-soy diet as a control. Eleven replicates of 40 commercial hybrid pullets were fed each diet in Experiment 1 for 10 to 20 weeks of age and 9 replicates of 100 were fed each grower diet in Experiment 2. At 21 weeks of age the birds were removed from the growing cages and

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

One experiment was conducted with commercial layers at the end of production, approximately nineteen months old, to compare the effects of four methods of forcing molt on subsequent bird performance. Three hundred and eighty four Hissex hens were randomized in four treatment groups, each treatment consisted of four replications of twenty four birds each housed two in 25 X 40 X 50 cm cages. Treatment one served as control and was a conventional molting method in which the feed was removed for eleven days and water was removed for four days; treatment two consisted of adding 20,000 ppm of zinc oxide to a basal corn-soy layer diet containing 16% protein and 2,800 kcal/ME; hens in group three received a basal corn-soy diet with no added salt; treatment four consisted of a basal corn-soy diet without any source of calcium and phosphorus. No artificial light was used during the treatment period. After molting, according to the time of recovering, all the birds received a commercial layer diet during seven periods of twentyeight days each. Egg production was significantly affected by treatments as well as feed consumption, body weight and mortality. Birds on treatments one and two showed the poorest performance. The best performance was obtained with the salt deficient diet, indicating the efficiency of that method for the force molting of layers.

1041

1042

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

placed in laying cages on layer diets common with all treatments. Egg production was monitored for ten 28-day periods. Grower period gain (g), feed/gain ratios, H-D egg production (%) and feed/production ratios for Experiment 1 and the 12% protein cornoats, 12% oats, 12% corn and 16% corn diets were as follows: 689, 7.25, 70.5, 1.71; 655, 7.93, 70.5, 1.69; 693, 6.64, 67.8*, 1.78 and 711, 6.61, 69.1, 1.72 (* = significant from 16% protein corn). For Experiment 2 the corn vs. oats diets and the same data, the results were: 596, 7.85*, 71.2, 1.58 and 607, 8.12, 72.1, 1.56. No significant differences were observed in mortality, final body weight and average egg weight.

Env-ManThurs9:00 T. A. Carter, G. A. Martin, J. B. Ward, and J. R. West, Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, P. O. Box 5307, Raleigh, NC 27650 Two nutrition regimes were used to feed three commercial white egg stocks housed at two different density levels in a light and air controlled house (LAC) and a curtain ventilated house (CV). The first nutritional regime (Rl) was accomplished by feeding a ration selected from a series of six rations which best fit the estimated nutritional needs based on production and feed consumption determined on a bi-weekly basis. The second nutritional regime (R2) consisted of feeding a ration selected from a series of three rations based on age, production, and feed consumption. The mean eggs per hen housed for the 350-day trial in the LAC house were 257.5 for layers fed Rl and housed at 72 sq in/hen density, 254.8 for layers fed R2 housed at 72 sq in/hen, 243.6 for layers fed Rl housed at 54 sq in/hen, and 236.1 for layers fed R2 housed at 54 sq in/hen. A similar relationship was found in the CV house with the hens housed at 90 sq in and fed with Rl producing 263.1 eggs per hen housed compared to 252.4 eggs for the R2, 90 sq in/hen treatment, 237.5 eggs for the R l , 60 sq in treatment, and 235 eggs for the R2, 60 sq in treatment. The nutrition regime had little effect on mortality rate, but lower mortality was found in lower density treatments in both housing types. No significant differences between treatments were found for feed conversion or egg size.

EFFECTS OF DIETARY PROTEIN ON BODY WEIGHT AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF MALE TURKEYS Nutr B Tues4:30 Helene C. Cecil and T. J. Sexton, U.S.D.A., SEA-AR, Avian Physiology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705 Body weights and reproductive performance of large white male breeder turkeys fed corn-soy diets of varying protein levels were examined. Eight-week old male turkeys were divided into 4 groups of 5 3 birds each and fed ad libitum diets containing 11, 13, 15,

NATURE OF RESISTANCE TO AFLATOXIN IN JAPANESE QUAIL Path Tues 8:45 C. F. Chang, E. J. Eisen and P. B. Hamilton, Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27650 Survivors of dietary aflatoxin fed from days 1—10 were selected for 3 generations on a normal starter (strain 1), on a low fat diet (strain 2), and on a low protein diet (strain 3) for comparison with unselected Japanese quail (strain 4). The acute oral LD 5 0 and minimal effective dose in tracheal organ explants of birds previously unexposed to aflatoxin were 70.5 ± 13.2 mg/kg and 288 + 21 ppb (strain 1), 69.2 ± 14.1 and 356 ± 19 (strain 2), 140 ± 19 and 400 + 32 (strain 3), and 19.5 ± 4.8 and 146 ± 11 (strain 4), respectively. No alteration in resistance to ochratoxin was detected. These data suggest there is a great potential for selecting birds resistant to aflatoxin, that resistance to aflatoxin does not confer resistance to ochratoxin, that resistance has both organismal and cellular components, and that the genetic approach to studying the nature of resistance to aflatoxin is feasible. THE USE OF DIETARY OYSTER SHELL AS A CALCIUM SOURCE FOR LAYING HENS Ext Tues 8:30 O. W. Charles, Steve Duke and Bhaskar Reddy, Extension Poultry Science Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 S.C.W.L. laying hens were fed diets containing either 3.55 or 2.58% calcium for 1 2 - 2 8 day periods. Each calcium level was supplied from either finely ground limestone or a mixture consisting of 2/3 oyster shell and 1/3 ground limestone. Egg shell quality (Instron breaking strength and specific gravity) was

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF NUTRITION, CAGE DENSITY, HOUSING TYPE, AND STOCKS ON EGG PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY

and 17% protein supplemented with methionine, but not lysine. Reducing dietary protein resulted in decreased feed consumption, decreased body weight gain, and delayed sexual maturity; protein level had no effect on semen volume or sperm concentration in birds producing semen. Weekly body weight gains were: 17% protein, 680 g ( 8 - 2 6 wk) and 236 g ( 2 6 - 5 2 wk); 15% protein, 454 g ( 8 - 5 2 wk); 13% protein, 180 g ( 8 - 1 4 wk) and 454 g ( 1 4 - 5 2 wk); 11% protein, 113 g ( 8 - 2 4 wk) and 272 g ( 2 4 - 5 2 wk). Semen was collected weekly from 24 birds in each group. At 28 weeks of age 17, 38 and 83% of the birds were producing semen in the 13, 15 and 17% protein groups, respectively. Semen production did not start at the 11% protein-fed group until 42 weeks of age. The age and body weight at which 85% of the birds in each group were producing semen was: 28 wk, 15 kg (17% protein); 37 wk, 17 kg (15% protein); 39 wk, 15 kg (13% protein); 43 wk, 11 kg (11% protein). Semen production was maintained until termination of the experiment at 52 wk. During the last 10 weeks hens were inseminated weekly with pooled semen from each group. Dietary protein level had no effect on semen fertility based on 7-day-candling fertility; fertility exceeded 90% for all levels of protein.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

EFFECT OF GENETIC SELECTION ON PATHOGENICITY AND IMMUNOGENICITY OF EIMERIA TENELLA AND EIMERIA MAXIMA PathTues 11:15 S. E. Cheng and S. A. Edgar, Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830 Laboratory strains of E. tenella and E. maxima were selected for extremes in lengths of life cycle by repeated selection and passing through coccidia-free chickens. To shorten the cycles, oocysts were collected as soon as detected in the feces. The long cycle strains were obtained by repeatedly collecting oocysts during the last part of the patent periods.. Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of each strain of each species were compared after numerous passages with original strains in 4-week-old chickens inoculated orally with 100,000 oocysts/bird of one of three strains of E. tenella or 200,000 of each strain of E. maxima. As measured by weight gain and feed efficiency at days 6 and 14 postinoculation, mortality lesion score and dropping score, the pathogenicity was reduced significantly (P<.05)- for the short-cycled strains after 22 and 20 passages for E. tenella and E. maxima, respectively, when compared to the original and the long-cycled strain, which was the most pathogenic. The attenuated short-cycled strains were almost as prolific as unselected strains. Reducing pathogenicity by shortening the endogenous cycles revealed that the short-cycled strains, the long-cycled strains and unselected strains were not immunogenetically different (P>.05). STUDENT CONSTRUCTION OF A TEACHING ORIENTED EXPERIMENTAL INCUBATOR InstrThurs 11:15

for under $50. All materials were purchased at the local hardware and lumber store at current market price. The incubator was constructed of Thermo-ply insulation board (R-4), using air conditioning duct tape, and measured 1.5m X .75m X ,6m. The table top served as a floor for the incubator and a second level was constructed within the incubator using nine 1.2cm diameter dowlings .91m long. These were spaced 12cm apart to allow good air circulation throughout the cabinet. Twelve individual incubator drawers were constructed by cutting in half six cardboard egg cases (15 doz.). Access to these individual compartments was provided by cutting three appropriately sized openings on each side at floor level and the same number for the second level of the incubator. A small circulating fan (10.16 cm blade) blowing across a standard ceramic heat cone (obtained from an electric heater) and controlled by a wafer thermostat provided uniform heat (± .5°C). Humidity was provided by small evaporative cups within each incubator drawer. Incubation results with this type experimental incubator have been excellent and the fact that each student can conduct his own embryo studies without interference from others has greatly increased student laboratory participation.

EFFECT OF LIGHTED INCUBATION ON PLASMA LIPIDS AND GLUCOSE IN PIPPING AND HATCHING TURKEY EMBRYOS PhysATues 3:30 V. L. Christensen, Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27650; and H. V. Biellier and J. F. Forward, Department of Poultry Husbandry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201 Two replicate incubation trials were conducted to determine the effect of light during incubation on plasma total lipid and glucose concentrations in turkey embryos during pipping and hatching. Fertile eggs from University of Missouri strain Large White turkeys were collected for 14 consecutive days, stored from 2 to 15 days at 12.8 C and 85% relative humidity, and turned once daily during storage. One day before setting, the eggs were randomly divided into three groups. One group was incubated in a lighted incubator, a second group was transferred to the lighted incubator at 24 days of incubation, and the third group was incubated in the dark. Blood samples were collected from the embryos at the completion of 24, 25, 26, 27 and 28 days of incubation. The plasma was recovered by centrifugation and immediately frozen and stored at —25 C. Plasma total lipid was determined by the sulfophospho-vanillin colorimetric procedure, and total plasma glucose was measured by a colorimetric analysis. Plasma lipid declined with incubation age, but was not affected by treatments. Plasma glucose was elevated by both incubation age and by the light treatment.

T. E. Cherry, C. C. Blohowiak and R. C. Fanguy, Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 A table top incubator providing individual incubator compartments for twelve students was constructed

THE EFFECTS OF FEED CONSUMPTION LEVELS ON BROILER BREEDER PERFORMANCE

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

evaluated at the end of 6, 9, and 12 months using all eggs produced on the 26, 27 and 28 day of each period. Dietary oyster shell resulted in a significant improvement in egg shell quality for each test period, although the magnitude of response increased as the hens aged. Eggs produced by hens consuming diets containing 2.58% calcium (1/3 L.S., 2/3 O.S.) were equivalent in shell quality to those produced by hens consuming diets containing 3.55% Ca (1/3 L.S., 2/3 O.S.) in 2 of 3 periods tested. In a second trial granular and finely ground limestone were each fed with and without oyster shell (1/3 L.S., 2/3 O.S.). Granular limestone when fed in combination with oyster shell (1/3 L.S.—2/3 O.S.) as a source of dietary calcium resulted in egg shells which were significantly stronger than those produced by hens consuming diets containing either the granular or finely ground limestone without oyster shell. It was concluded that maximum egg shell quality is obtained when dietary calcium is supplied by a mixture of granulated limestone and oyster shell.

1043

1044

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

Env-Man Tues 3:30 H. L. Classen*, Department of Poultry Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 (*Present address: Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W0, Canada)

AN INTRAMURAL POULTRY JUDGING CONTEST Instr Thurs 10:45 P. C. Clayton and J. F. Stephens, Department of Poultry Science, The Ohio State University, 674 West Lane Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 Over 50% of the 241 students enrolled in our introductory animal sciences course Autumn Quarter, 1978, elected to earn about 12% of the course grade by participating in an intramural poultry judging contest. Alternate activities available for similar credit included term papers, farm and industry visits, and oral presentations. Students were required to participate in an orientation session, two practice sessions and the contest; and to write a short report. Participation was limited to students with no previous poultry judging experience. The contest consisted of grading dressed broilers, selecting broiler breeders, judging layers, egg candling and exterior egg grading. Members of the collegiate judging team assisted with the training sessions and contest. Scores ranged from 295 to 441 of 500 points possible (average 399). The O.S.U. Poultry Science Club provided awards for the top three individual contestants, and a certificate for each participant. Written comments indicated that students not only benefited from the "hands-on" experience with poultry, but also developed a favorable attitude toward poultry science and the poultry science department.

PhysATues 1:45 L. A. Cogburn, Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, P. O. Box 5188, Mississippi State, MS 39762; and P. C. Harrison, Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 Pinealectomized (PX) and sham-operated (PN) cockerels were implanted with osmotic minipumps which delivered either saline or propylene glycol (VC), 240 Mg/day of melatonin (MT) or 480 Mg/day of serotonin (5-HT) for seven days. Metabolic responses ( 0 2 consumption and CO, production) in individual birds from these treatments were measured during mid-phase at three ambient temperatures (7°, 29° and 37°C). Rectal temperature (T r ) was recorded in each bird at mid-phase on one day post-surgery, one day and six days post-implantation of minipumps. One week following implantation of minipumps, the 4-week-old birds were weighed, killed and their testes removed and weighed. The deficit in growth found after pinealectomy was restored (P<.01) by MT but not by 5-HT. Testicular growth was inhibited (P<.01) by MT or 5-HT implants only in PX birds. The relative hypothermia found in PX + VC birds (40.85°C) was restored (P<.01) by either MT or 5-HT implants (41.16°C). The PX birds that received MT implants had a higher (P<.01) T r (41.23°C) than the PX + 5-HT group average (41.09°C). There was no significant interaction in metabolic responses between surgery X drug treatments and phase or ambient temperature. Both MT and 5-HT gave a modest (P<.05) depression in metabolic activity independent of surgical treatment. These findings indicate that MT (or 5-HT) is capable of restoring deficits in T r and growth rate and causes testicular inhibition only in PX cockerels. These observations suggest that MT is a pineal hormone since it can correct deficiencies caused by pineal ablation.

ONTOGENESIS OF PINEAL LYMPHOCYTES IN CHICKENS: A HISTOLOGICAL AND FUNCTIONAL STUDY PhysB Thurs 11:00 L. A. Cogburn and B. Glick, Department of Poultry Science, MAFES, Mississippi State University, P. O. Box 5188, Mississippi State, MS 39762 Beginning with 2 days of age (da), NH and SCWL chickens were killed at weekly intervals for 4 weeks (wk) and thereafter at monthly intervals and their pineal glands removed for histological examination. The only lymphoblasts or lymphocytes found in serial sections of 2 da pineal glands were contained within lymphatic vessels (LV) and venules. Aggregations of lymphoblasts were observed on LV walls along the vascular periphery in pineal glands from 9 da birds. In 16 da pineals, lymphatic nodules were also seen in interlobular spaces and along the basement membrane of the choroid plexus that forms the pineal stalk. Numerous distinct germinal centers — enclosed by diffuse lymphatic tissue — were characteristic of 32 and 62 da pineal glands. Birds were bursectomized

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

The influence of feed consumption levels on growth and reproductive performance was examined in broiler breeder pullets. The following feed consumption levels were utilized: 1) ad libitum consumption (AL); 2) 75 percent of ad libitum consumption (75AL); and 3) 50 percent of ad libitum consumption (50AL). Feed restriction occurred from three to 25 weeks of age, with both decreases and increases in consumption being accomplished over a three week period. Feed consumption during the laying period was equal for all treatments, and was based on the consumption of the AL group. Hens were housed in floor pens or individual cages. Differences in growth rate corresponded to feed consumption levels, and age at sexual maturity was delayed by feed restriction with the means for the AL, 75AL and 50AL groups being 172, 176, and 188 days respectively. Reproductive performance of restricted groups was similar, and markedly superior to the AL group. Hen-day egg production was approximately ten percent less for the AL hens, while hatchability of total eggs set was seven percent less. The majority of the hatchability difference was due to a decrease in fertility. Mortality of the AL group during the laying period was significantly higher than the restricted groups.

GROWTH AND GASEOUS METABOLISM OF PINEALECTOMIZED COCKERELS GIVEN MONOAMINE REPLACEMENT

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

THE EFFECT OF LIGHT DURING INCUBATION AND EGG SIZE ON POST HATCH WEIGHTS OF BROILERS PhysATues4:15 Marilyn A. Coleman, Department of Poultry Science, The Ohio State University and Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 674 West Lane Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 Previously weighed eggs were set in incubators either in darkness or under two 20-watt cool white fluorescent tubes per tray. All eggs were transferred at 17 days into a common hatcher. Chicks were put into 15 X 15' pens at 20 and 22 days of incubation. Individual post hatch weights were taken at 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks of age. Sex was determined at 8 weeks. Both egg size and lighted incubation had a significant effect on post hatch weights. Post hatch weights of light incubated birds were always larger. The greatest percentage increase in weight with lighted incubation occurred at 4 weeks of age. Birds from lighted incubation were 100 grams larger than normal dark incubated birds at that time. At 8 weeks of age males from lighted incubation were still 100 grams larger but females were only 50 grams larger. Egg size was a significant factor for light and dark incubated birds for every test period except 8 weeks. At 8 weeks birds from lighted incubation were not significantly different by egg size while those from normal dark incubation were still significantly different by egg size. THE EFFECT OF LIGHT DURING INCUBATION AND EGG WEIGHT ON HATCH TIME AND WEIGHT OF BROILERS PhysATues4:30 Marilyn A. Coleman, Department of Poultry Science, The Ohio State University and Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 674 West Lane Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 Eggs previously sorted by egg weight were set in an incubator on either normal dark trays or ones which had been equipped with two 20-watt cool white fluorescent tubes per tray. Each machine contained dark and light experimental groups arranged with dark

near the top and light near the bottom of the machine. All eggs were transferred at 17 days of incubation to a common hatcher. Chicks were removed, wing banded and weighed at two-hour intervals from 18—22 days of incubation. Embryo mortalities and abnormalities were determined for those eggs which did not hatch by 22 days. Chicks incubated under light hatched 24—36 hours earlier than those under normal dark conditions. Chicks from small eggs hatched fastest in each treatment. Chicks from Jumbo eggs were significantly heavier in each treatment. Embryos from Jumbo eggs were speeded up the most in hatching time by light while chicks from small eggs were speeded up the most in growth by light. Chicks from large size eggs were least affected by light in either hatch time or weight. There was no significant difference in hatchability 0/2%) overall, but a higher percentage of Jumbo eggs hatched with light treatment. The early mortality normally found in normal dark incubation was greatly reduced with lighted incubation.

THE EFFECT OF COLORED LIGHTS AND EGG SIZE ON THE HATCH TIME AND WEIGHTS AND EMBRYONIC MORTALITY AND ABNORMALITIES OF BROILERS Phys A Tues 4:45 Marilyn A. Coleman, Department of Poultry Science and Ohio Agricultural Research Development Center, 674 West Lane Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 Preweighed broiler hatching eggs were placed either under one of ten different short band width fluorescent tubes or under normal dark conditions. All eggs were transferred at 17 days of incubation to a common hatcher. Chicks were removed every 2 hours from 18—22 days of incubation and weighed. Embryo mortality and abnormalities were determined after 22 days of incubation. There were 90 eggs/replicate for each of 10 colors at 2 intensities. The largest birds under each treatment tended to be the slowest hatching. Egg size significantly affected hatch time and weight. Small eggs hatched the fastest but produced the smallest chicks while Jumbo eggs hatched the slowest but produced the largest chicks. Green light produced the fewest chicks with the highest numbers of abnormalities (500% increase in ectopic viscera alone). Blue light increased hatchability by 6% over normal dark incubation. Yellow-red lights shortened incubation time by an average of 16 hours over the varying egg sizes. The greatest relative shortening of incubation occurred for Jumbo eggs hatching 20.4 hours earlier than the dark controls, but there were no significant differences in hatch weights for chicks from Jumbo eggs. Contrarily, chicks from small sized eggs incubated under colored lights were 16% larger, but hatched only 15 hours earlier than those from the dark controls.

CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE SYSTEM IN THE VITAMIN E/SELENIUM DEFICIENT CHICK Nutr BTues 2:00

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

(BX), thymectomized (TX), and BX + TX at hatch and irradiated (IR) the following day. At 1 wk of age pineals of BX + TX + IR and TX or BX birds showed no lymphocytes or scattered lymphocytes, respectively. Diffuse lymphocytes were suppressed and germinal centers absent in pineals of agammaglobulinemic birds. The pineal failed to produce plaque forming cells (PFC) while PFC were produced in the spleen subsequent to a .5 ml injection of sheep-redblood-cells (SRBC, 4%) into the internal carotid artery (CA). Numerous pyroninophilic cells (lymphoblasts) appeared in pineal glands of 5 wk birds on the fourth day following CA injections of 4% BSA while the same volume (.5 ml) of 4% SRBC or saline gave only a sparse number of pyronin-positive cells. Germinal centers contained the largest number of pyroninophilic cells.

1045

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1046

G. F. Combs, Jr., Department of Poultry Science and Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 1485 3

REDUCTION IN THE INCIDENCE AND SEVERITY OF CURLED TOES AND PEROSIS-LIKE LEG ABNORMALITIES IN CAGED-REARED BROILERS BY HIGH DIETARY LEVELS OF PYRIDOXINE OR CHOLINE NutrBTues 1:15 F. O. Cope, M. Stuart and P. E. Stake, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268 Triplicate groups of day-old White Rock male broilers were fed ad libitum a nutritionally complete semi-purified basal diet containing 23.0% protein, 3,260 kcal ME/kg, 4.7 mg pyridoxine (B-6) and 1.5 g choline/kg or the basal diet supplemented with 10.0, 30.0 or 150.0 mg B-6/kg or 3.0, 4.5 or 6.0 g/kg added choline for 26 days. Birds were housed in electrically heated, wire-floored brooders with continuous environmental light. Leg scores were assigned as per the following visual criteria: 0—f, normal to slight toe curl/absence of leg twisting; 2—3, moderate or extensive toe curl/slight or moderate leg twisting; and 4—5, extensive toe curl and leg twisting/complete immobilization. Birds fed the basal diet had a final average body weight of 492 g, a 94% incidence of leg scores ranging from 1—5 and a leg abnormality score distribution of: 0—1, 31%; 2—3, 50%; and 4 - 5 , 19%. 30 mg supplemental B-6/kg resulted in an average final body weight of 528 g, a 48% incidence of leg disorders and a leg score distribution of: 0 - 1 , 82%; 2 - 3 , 16%; and 4 - 5 , 2%. 10 and

THE HEAT INCREMENT AND NET AVAILABLE TRUE METABOLIZABLE ENERGY OF POULTRY FEEDS Nutr ATues4:15 Craig Coon, Mark Scheibel and Keith Kelley, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 The heat increment of selected poultry feed ingredients was determined with adult Leghorn roosters. The energy expenditure of the roosters was measured by indirect calorimetry in a dark respiration chamber to reduce activity. True metabolizable energy (TME) was also determined by the Sibbald method for each of the test feeds for calculating net energy of net available true metabolizable energy (NATME). The heat increment of a selected feed was determined by subtracting the fasting energy expenditure from the energy expenditure of roosters tube fed 30 g of feed. The range in heat increments for test feeds, expressed as a percent of fasting energy expenditure, was 4.9% for dehydrated alfalfa meal to 22.2% for California anchovy fish meal. The range in heat increments for test feeds, expressed as kcal/g of feed metabolized, was .10 for a wheat and tallow mixture consisting of 13% added tallow to .64 for California anchovy fish meal. There were significant differences in heat increment among feed ingredients tested (P<.05) and there was a significant correlation (r = .61) between the amount of protein metabolized and heat increment (P<.05). The net energy for tallow (9.54 kcal/g) was larger than tallow true metabolizable energy (7.57 kcal/g) or tallow gross energy (9.23 kcal/g). The average NATME of the feed ingredients tested was 91.8%.

GENETIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS RELATED TO BODY SIZE IN FIVE LINES AND CROSSES OF THE DOMESTIC TURKEY 1 Gen Tues 3:15 J. Cramerland and J. A. Harper, Department of Poultry Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 91331; and M. F. Shawer, Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 Five turkey lines, chosen for their wide variation in body size, were studied to determine the effect of body size and crossing on the traits studied. Body size was selected for upward in large and downward in small lines. The results show fertility decline in large lines but not in small lines. Hatchability declined in both cases. Shank length and long bone dimensions showed wide variability. Rate of gain relative to shank lengths was estimated from the slope of regression line. Age,

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

The influences of dietary selenium and vitamin E on the antioxidant defense system of the chick were determined using second generation Se-Vitamin E-depleted chicks fed a low Se (<.02 ppm), tocopherol-free semipurified basal diet supplemented with Se and/or vitamin E. Biochemical measurements were made at 2 wks of age at which time Se-vitamin Edeficient chicks showed 100% exudative diathesis vs 0% for each supplemented treatment group. Plasma vitamin E activity increased from .20 to 1.20mg-dl~' by dietary vitamin E; selenium was effective in raising plasma vitamin E (1.54 mg-dl"1 ) when fed with vitamin E. Hepatic Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GSHpx) increased from .09 to 1.20 mmoles NADPH-g"1 •min"1 due to dietary Se and to 1.52 mmoles NADPH-g"1 •min"1 due to dietary Se + vitamin E. Hepatic GSHpx assayed using cumene hydroperoxide showed similar increases (38 to 69 mmoles NADPH-g rl -min"1 with Se, to 78 mmoles NADPH-g"1 • min"1 with Se + vitamin E); 50% of total hepatic GSHpx activity was Se-dependent in the Se-vitamin E-adequate chick. Selenium/vitamin E did not affect hepatic GSH reductase (13 mmoles NADPH-g"1min"1) or superoxide dismutase (385 units-g" 1 -min) and GSH (6.07 vs 5.09 mM). Results show that the most responsive components of the hepatic antioxidant defense system of the chick are vitamin E and Se-GSHpx, but also that hepatic catalase and GSH are affected by Se-vitamin E status. [Supported in part by USPHSGrantES01354.]

150 mg supplemental dietary B-6/kg resulted in final weights of 528 and 516 g with leg score distributions of: 0 - 1 , 66 and 79%; 2 - 3 , 20 and 11%; and 4 - 5 , 13 and 11%, respectively. Choline supplementation produced a final body weight range of 492—514 g and the following range in leg score distribution: 0—1, 56 to 59%; 2 - 3 , 38-39%; and 4 - 5 , 0-6%.

1047

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS line, and sex affected the weights of pituitary, adrenal, gonads, heart and liver. Feed consumption of adult females was in proportion to their body weight and egg production. Feed conversion of young turkeys was higher in small lines. Muscle cell size differences were found between large and small lines. Heterosis was not detected in most cases. 1 Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Paper No. 5113.

Nutr A Thurs 9:15 G. P. Crosslin, S. F. Binder, K. C. Behnke and C. W. Deyoe, Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Shellenberger Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 Two-hundred male broilers were used in an 8-week growth study to evaluate the performance and nutrient value of a 1:1 blend of soybean hulls and a wet composite of by-products from the (potato and corn chip) snack-food industry. Increasing levels of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% of the blended material were incorporated into a corn-soybean meal based diet. A starter diet formulated for 23% protein content was fed during the first 4 weeks, thereafter an 18% protein finisher diet was fed. All diets were pelleted and presented to the chick in a crumbled form. Bulk densities of the starter and finisher diets increased as level of blended material increased in the diet. Eight-week results indicated that daily feed intake increased from 97.5 g to 113.7 g for the 0% and 40% added blended material, respectively. Feed/gain increased as higher levels of the blended material were added (P<.05). Average weights for the eight-week period were 2496 g, 2454 g, 2433 g, 2317 g and 2286 g, respectively, for the 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% blend additions. A digestion study was conducted to evaluate nitrogen retention and metabolizable energy.

AFLATOXIN DETOXIFICATION BY THERMAL PROCESSING IN COMBINATION WITH CHEMICAL TREATMENT Path Thurs 9:15 G. P. Crosslin, L. M. Seitz, K. C. Behnke, P. E. Sanford and C. W. Deyoe, Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Shellenberger Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 Turkey poults (Nicholas) were used to evaluate the effectiveness of aflatoxin detoxification by thermal processing in combination with chemical treatments. Extrusion cooking of aflatoxin containing corn (500 ppb) at 150 C in presence of either NaOH, N a 2 C 0 3 or NH 4 OH were evaluated chemically and biologically to determine extent of detoxification. Steam pelleting of corn containing aflatoxin (500 ppb) in presence of Na 2 C0 3 was also evaluated as a possible detoxification technique. Bird performance as affected by feed

THE OVULATION-INDUCING PROPERTY TESTOSTERONE IN THE LAYING HEN

OF

PhysTues 11:00 F. Croze and R. J. Etches, Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada NIG 2W1 Ten Single Comb White Leghorn hens were injected subcutaneously with 1.0 mg of testosterone dissolved in ethanol per kg of body weight between 0830 and 0900 hr (lights off from 1200 to 2200) on the day of the last oviposition of a sequence. Blood samples were taken 30 and 1 min before injection and at hourly intervals for the next 10 hr. Hens were sacrificed and examined for the occurrence of ovulation immediately after the last sample. At autopsy, 7 of the 10 hens had ovulated in response to the injection of testosterone whereas none of the 5 hens injected with ethanol had ovulated. An injection of testosterone induced an increase in the concentration of testosterone in the plasma which was considerably greater and occurred earlier than the preovulatory increase of testosterone in the control birds. In the hens which were injected with testosterone, there was a preovulatory increase in the plasma concentration of progesterone which was similar in magnitude to the increase observed prior to the spontaneous ovulation in the control hens. This study showed that the median effective dosage of testosterone which induces ovulation in the hen produces a pharmacological increase in the plasma concentration of testosterone. Therefore, the ovulation-inducing property of testosterone may not be related to its physiological role during the ovulation cycle of the hen.

ULTRASTRUCTURE OF VITELLINE MEMBRANES FROM CHICKEN EGG YOLKS Mark-Tech Thurs 8:15 F. E. Cunningham and D. M. Ylander, Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 The scanning electron microscope was used to study the ultrastructure of vitelline membranes from both normal and mottled egg yolks. The study showed that ultrastructure of the membranes degenerate with severity of mottling. The vitelline membrane appears to be composed of three separate structures. The primary matrix (probably collagen) retains its rigid structure until mottling is very severe, then it begins to lose its integrity. The secondary matrix (probably mucin) aids in holding the primary structure in a fixed position. When the secondary structure begins to disintegrate, there is movement in the primary matrix causing large holes to appear. The tertiary matrix (also mucin) is the quickest structure to disintegrate at the onset of mottling. The tertiary matrix covers the other two structures much like the cuticle around the egg shell. Once the

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

EVALUATION OF FEEDING A 1:1 BLEND OF SOYBEAN HULLS AND SNACK-FOOD BYPRODUCTS TO CHICKS

processing methods in conjunction with different chemical treatments was related to the success of detoxification.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1048

tertiary structure is gone, the remaining structures appear to be more vulnerable to damage as mottling increases.

THE VALUE OF HIGH FAT DIETS FOR BROILERS UNDER HEAT STRESS Nutr AThurs 11:15 N. M. Dale and H. L. Fuller, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602

THE INFLUENCE OF RED LIGHT VS WHITE LIGHT REARING OF BROILER CHICKS ON AGONISTIC BEHAVIOR, FEED EFFICIENCY AND OXYGEN CONSUMPTION Env-ManTues 11:00 M. J. Darre and P. C. Harrison, Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, Urbana, IL 61801 Sixty-four day-old Columbian X New Hampshire cockerels were randomly distributed among 16 rearing areas within four light-controlled chambers. Two of the chambers were illuminated with white and the remaining two with red incandescent lights. The lights were controlled by a rheostat and a timer to give an average of three foot-candles at bird level in all chambers on a 12L/12D lighting regimen. The four chambers were within a larger temperature controlled chamber, kept within the birds' zone of thermoneutrality. The birds were allowed free access to feed, a standard broiler ration, and water. Feed consumption and body weights were measured weekly and feed efficiency was calculated. Oxygen consumption was determined from a randomized sampling of birds across treatments throughout the experimental period. Random observations of general activity level, and agonistic, feeding and drinking behavior were made from day 1 through day 50. On the 17th and 38th day, two randomly selected groups of birds from each light treatment were switched to the opposite treatment. On day 50, the birds were killed and the thy-

EFFECT OF SPERM NUMBERS, DILUTION AND ROUTE OF INSEMINATION ON FERTILITY IN THE DOMESTIC FOWL PhysBTues 3:00 Ronald J. DeMeritt, Poultry Science Department, Michigan State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Drawer V, Mississippi State, MS 39762 To examine the effect of sperm cell numbers, dilution of semen and route of insemination on percent fertility, hatchability and duration of fertility, 120 S.C.W.L. laying hens were divided into 24 groups containing 5 birds per group. Twelve groups were inseminated intravaginally (I.V.A.I.), and 12 groups were inseminated intramagnally (I.M.A.I.) using semen from S.C.W.L. males. Twelve treatments of different volumes were used equivalent to 12.5 million, 25 million, 50 million, or 100 million viable spermatozoa inseminated as neat semen or diluted 1:1 or 1:4 with Beltsville Extender. Percent fertility was higher during the first week utilizing I.V.A.I., but higher the second and third week with I.M.A.I. A route and dilution interaction indicated higher fertility with neat semen (I.M.A.I.) compared to the 1:1 and 1:4 dilutions, whereas I.V.A.I. showed the opposite trend with fertility being higher with the 1:4 and 1:1 dilutions compared to the neat samples inseminated. Hatchability was lower the first week with I.M.A.I. when compared with I.V.A.I. but higher with I.M.A.I. during the second week. The 1:4 dilution gave the highest hatchability with I.M.A.I. during the third week. The 1:1 and 1:4 dilutions showed longer duration of fertility than neat semen regardless of the route of insemination.

THE ROLE OF THE UTEROVAGINAL JUNCTION IN SPERM CELL STORAGE AND RELEASE IN THE DOMESTIC FOWL

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

Broiler chicks 5—7 weeks of age were subjected to a constant cool (13.9 ± 1 C) or hot (31.1 ± 1 C) environment, and fed diets varying in fat level and energy and nutrient density. Chicks in the cool chamber gained significantly (P<.01) more body weight than those in the hot. Chicks fed high fat and high fat-high density diets gained more weight than low fat controls at both temperatures with no diet X temperature interaction. When temperatures were cycled diurnally (cool: 14.1 ± 1 - 22.4 ± 1 C; hot: 22.3 ± 1 — 33.0 ± 1 C), as would occur under natural conditions, the growth depression due to heat stress was less in chicks fed the high fat diets. The data indicate that dietary fat is of greater value in promoting chick growth under heat stress conditions than in a moderate environment. The special benefit of fat at high temperature may be due to reduced heat increment. Chicks in the cool environment pair fed to the same level of feed intake as those in the hot environment gained significantly (P<.05) more weight than the latter, demonstrating that factors other than reduced feed intake contribute to the growth depression associated with high temperature.

roids and testes were removed and weighed. Body weight, feed consumption and feed to gain ratios were similar between treatments at all weigh periods. Oxygen consumption, expressed as ml/min/ 100 g BW, was not different between treatments. There was, however, a 53.02% greater occurrence of agonistic encounters in the white light reared birds compared to the red light reared birds. The general level of activity was similar between light treatments, the birds in the red light displacing their activity was similar between light treatments, the birds in the red light displacing their agressive activity towards more litter picking activity. There was no increase in agressive behavior when the birds were changed from white light to red; however, when birds were changed from red light to white, agressive encounters increased an average of 45%. These data suggest that birds initially reared under red lights and exposed to white lights will initiate agressive behavior within several minutes and that birds initially reared under white light and later switched to red light will retain their agonistic behavior.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS PhysBTues 3:30 Ronald J. DeMerritt, Poultry Science Department, Michigan State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Drawer V, Mississippi State, MS 39762

INFLUENCE OF DIETARY NON-ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS ON GROWTH AND LEG ABNORMALITIES OF BROILER CHICKS Nutr ATues 11:00 G. H. K. de Moraes, W. R. Featherston and J. C. Rogler, Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 Three experiments were conducted to study the influence of dietary non-essential amino acids (NEAA) on growth and leg abnormalities in broiler males from 0 to 14 days of age. A crystalline amino acid basal diet containing adequate levels of all essential amino acids plus 5% L-glutamic acid (Glu) was used. The addition of either 7.15% L-Glu or 5.19% L-Glu + 1.0% glycine (Gly) to the basal diet resulted in a 2-fold increase in growth and a reduction in the incidence of leg abnormalities. A slight increase in bone ash, but no change in calcium content of the ash, was noted in chicks fed the NEAA supplemented diets. The amino acid content of demineralized bone from chicks fed the three diets was similar. The addition of 1.2% Gly, 1.68% L-serine (Ser) or 2.35% L-Glu to the basal diet increased growth 1.2, 1.4 and 1.7-fold, respectively, although no reduction in the incidence of leg abnormalities occurred. Further increases in weight gain and a lowered incidence of leg abnormalities resulted from doubling the above levels of Gly or L-Glu, whereas a growth depression occurred when double the level of

L-Ser was fed. Additions of 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10% L-Glu to the basal diet (containing 5% L-Glu) resulted in increases in weight gain up to a total dietary level of 12.5% Glu. Leg abnormalities decreased to approximately 5% with the two highest levels of Glu. A mixture of NEAA containing Glu, aspartic acid, alanine and Ser resulted in similar chick performance as an isonitrogenous level of Glu.

EFFECTS OF INTRAVENTRICULAR INJECTIONS OF K + OR MG++ ON BODY TEMPERATURE Phys A Tues 1:30 D. M. Denbow and F. W. Edens, Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27650 The effects of intraventricular injections of the cations potassium (K + ) and magnesium (Mg ++ ) on rectal body temperature (Tr) in young broiler cockerels was investigated. At 4 weeks of age, a 23 gauge stainless steel guide cannula was stereotaxically implanted into the third ventricle of each chick. Following at least a 3-day recovery period, 4 chicks were used in experiments designed as split plots superimposed on Latin squares. Chicks were placed in nylon mesh slings suspended 60 cm above the floor. Thermistor probes were inserted rectally and taped to the tail feathers. Three levels of either K + (KC1 2 : 1.24, .83, .41 g/100 ml) or Mg + + (MgCl 2 -6H 2 0: .96, .64, .32 g/100 ml) and a control (pyrogen-free, double distilled, deionized water) were injected in a 10 jul volume. Tr was recorded at 15 minute intervals for 5 hours beginning 1 hour prior to injection. Intraventricular injections of K + and Mg ++ , at all levels, had no significant effect on Tr at any time period. These results are consistent with mammal studies where K + and Mg + + are reported not to be involved in set-point thermoregulation. These birds were given sodium and calcium intraventricularly also, and their responses were similar to previous reported results. It was concluded that intraventricular injections of Mg + + and K + are not effective in altering thermoregulatory mechanisms in chickens.

THE EFFECT OF EGG CARTON AND CASE TYPE ON SHELL EGG DAMAGE Mark-Tech Thurs 11:45 L. H. Denton, B. D. Mellor and F. A. Gardner, Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, 107 Kleberg Center, College Station, TX 77843 Studies were conducted to evaluate the protection against egg shell breakage offered by six types of commercially available one dozen egg cartons. In addition, three case types: 15 dozen wire, 24 dozen wire and 30 dozen cardboard were evaluated. (Two trials were conducted in cooperation with a Texas commercial egg processing plant, who supplied the eggs and test facility.) Eggs were hand candled to remove damaged eggs, packed and subjected to damage by vertical drop of 12 inches. Hand candling was used to determine the extent of damage. The 30 dozen cardboard case afforded the greatest degree of protection (7.87% shell damage) and the 24

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

In order to examine the role of the uterovaginal junction (U.V.J.) in sperm cell introduction, storage and release, 96 N.H. females were inseminated. Chicks hatched from S.C.W.L., B.P.R., or N.H. sires were identified by progeny phenotypes. Therefore, the sequence of insemination with 25 million or 75 million viable spermatozoa intravaginally inseminated could be compared to the pattern of sperm cell release from host glands located in the U.V.J. All possible two-breed combinations were made with inseminations at 0—1 hour or 0—24 hour intervals while all possible three-breed combinations were made at 0—24—48 hour intervals. A definite breed effect on percent fertility, hatchability and duration of fertility was shown with the S.C.W.L. being superior followed by the B.P.R. and N.H., respectively. The fertility and duration of fertility were superior with 75 million viable spermatozoa compared to 25 million viable spermatozoa for both the two-breed and three-breed combinations. Also, in both the two-breed and three-breed combinations, semen from the last insemination regardless of breed facilitated higher fertility and a longer duration of fertility than semen from previous insemination(s). These data suggested the sequence of spermatozoa release from the host glands was opposite to the sequence of introduction. Therefore, the U.V.J, host glands can regulate or contribute to the release of viable spermatozoa as indicated by lack of complete randomization of the resulting progeny.

1049

1050

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

G. Devegowda, P. E. Waibel and C. M. Christensen, Departments of Animal Science and Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108

DETERMINATION OF THE PATHOGENICITY OF SPECIFIC STRAINS OF ESCHERICHIA COL1

EFFECTS OF LIQUID TURKEY PROCESSORS BYPRODUCT AND SORBIC ACID IN DIETS OF TURKEYS

Two experiments were conducted using turkeys to evaluate dietary liquid turkey processors byproduct 1 (LTPB) and sorbic acid2 (SA). Experiment 1 utilized 900 Nicholas Large White hens from 0—17 weeks of age with decreasing levels of LTPB in the diets from 20 to 10% from start until finish; SA was included at 0 and 1 lb per ton of feed. In experiment 2, 768 Wrolstad Small White male turkeys were used from 0—14 weeks of age with a constant level of LTPB (15%) in the diets; SA was included at 0, 1,2, and 3 lb per ton of feed. Diets containing LTPB (60—75% moisture) underwent heating and caking due to high moisture content. The addition of SA prevented or delayed the heating and caking of diets in both experiments. The heating delay was directly related to the level of SA in the diet. Mold and yeast counts were generally lower for the high moisture SA diets than those without SA. Growth rate and feed efficiency were similar when LTPB and SA produced a small improvement in growth and/or feed/gain in both experiments. 1 LTPB was produced by West Central Turkeys, Inc., Pelican Rapids, MN. 2 Sorbic acid was Aflaban®, Monsanto Chemical Company, St. Louis, MO.

EFFECTS OF FEEDING FREQUENCY AND A LOW PROTEIN DIET ON LAYING HENS Env-Man Tues 3:45 T. J. DeVito, Jr. and J. D. Garlich, Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27650 Hens were fed a low protein (13%) corn-soy layer diet either one meal daily, three meals daily or ad libitum over a 30-day period. For the following 9 days the once daily and ad libitum fed groups were switched to a high protein (17%) diet while the 3 meal group kept on low protein. Egg weight and feed consumed was calculated daily. Parameters studied included percent production, average and total egg weights, and feed efficiency. In another experiment blood samples were collected over a 24-hr period and

PathThurs 10:30 A. S. Dhillon, F. M. Ranck and R. W. Winterfield, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 Twenty seven strains of Escherichia coli were isolated from outbreaks in chickens and turkeys showing general septicemic lesions resulting in high morbidity and mortality in the flocks. Immunosuppressed (infectious bursal disease) and normal 4-weekold SPAFAS chickens were inoculated intravenously with whole cultures of various strains of E. coli. The enteropathogenicity of these strains of E. coli was evaluated via the ligated intestinal loop in 6-week-old cockerels. High morbidity and mortality was seen in immunosuppressed chickens as compared to nonimmunosuppressed chickens. Twenty five strains of E. coli elicited positive intestinal loops; positive loops were found dilated with accumulated fluid. Two strains of E. coli and a known nonenterotoxigenic strain of E. coli elicited negative intestinal loop response in 6-week-old cockerels.

HISTOMONIASIS IN BOBWHITE QUAIL Path Tues 11:30 A. S. Dhillon, R. W. Winterfield, H. L. Thacker and L. J. Alby, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 An outbreak of histomoniasis was diagnosed in a flock of approximately 850 bobwhite quail. Mortality was 95% over a 3 week period. Gross pathologic lesions were most prominent in livers of affected birds as disseminated 1 to 2 mm diameter white foci of necrosis. Occasional subcapsular multifocal splenic necrosis was also observed; lower intestinal lesions were infrequently noted. Histologic examination of liver and spleen sections revealed focal necrosis associated with the presence of variable numbers of protozoan organisms identified as Histomonas sp. Definitive identification of the protozoa was ascertained by electron microscopy. Histomonads were isolated from affected quail livers and propagated in SPAFAS chicken embryos. Lesions produced in

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

Env-Man Tues 4:15

analyzed for serum total glycerides (TG) and plasma phospholipids (PL). Percent production and average and total egg weights remained relatively constant in each group until day 24 at which time a steep decline in these parameters became evident in the once daily but not in the 3 meal group. Feed to egg conversion over the first 3 0 days was lowest in the 3 meal group followed by the ad libitum and 1 meal groups. Feeding of the high protein diet was promptly followed by a sharp involvement of all parameters, approaching the 3 meal group values. Mean serum TG and plasma PL were also greatest in the 3 meal group. It was concluded that more frequent meal feeding, via greater efficiency of nutrient utilization, allowed the 3 meal group to withstand the deleterious effects of the low protein diet. Evidence for this was in the higher circulating lipid levels in the 3 meal group.

dozen wire case offered the least protection (20.75% shell damage). Comparison of the six carton types (3 molded pulp, 3 plastic foam) indicated that the greatest protection was offered by two molded pulp varieties (9.00 and 9.36% shell damage) and the least protection was afforded by one molded pulp and two plastic foam varieties (17.21, 16.30 and 20.70% damage, respectively). The carton types which offered the greatest protection possessed strong support in the center of the carton which tended to resist damage from the downward impact utilized in this test.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS embryos were evaluated. Isolates of the organism were also used to reproduce the disease by experimental inoculation of young bobwhite quail.

1051

IMPAIRED REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY DURING AFLATOXICOSIS IN YOUNG JAPANESE QUAIL Path Thurs 8:30

EXPRESSION OF CHICKEN FETAL-LEUKEMIC ANTIGEN IN QUAIL-CHICKEN HYBRIDS GenTues 10:30 Rodney R. Dietert, Department of Poultry Science, Cornell University, 216 Rice Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853

EFFECTIVENESS OF BROILER FEED

ANTIMICROBIALS

IN

Nutr A T h u r s 8 : 0 0 V. G. DiFate, E. To and G. L. Romoser, Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63166 Three feed preservatives, calcium propionate, gentian violet and sorbic acid, were evaluated in five separate floor pen trials at two universities. Performance and microbial parameters of feed and the environment were recorded at regular intervals. A significant response was demonstrated by only one of these products, sorbic acid. In order to understand more fully how these compounds might impact broiler production, the magnitude and spectrum of activity were examined in in vitro tests (buffered at feed pH of 5.5) against toxigenic molds, yeasts and bacteria. Relative performance of selected treatments were confirmed in laboratory preparations of mash feed. Relative efficacy in these tests indicate sorbic acid > propionates > formulated products > acetate. The efficacy of mold inhibition by sorbic acid was evaluated in experimental feeds and in commercial feeds under actual use conditions. The pelleting process per se was found to significantly reduce the microbial population of feed, especially yeasts and molds. However, the presence of sorbic acid greatly enhanced the reduction of microflora in the pelleting process.

Aflatoxicosis was induced in mixed sex Japanese quail. Five replicates of 20 birds per treatment were fed a soy-corn starter mash containing 0, 3.5, or 7.0 ng toxin/g feed from 7 to 21 days of age. Half the animals were sacrificed at 21 days of age. The remaining animals were paired according to treatment and fed a commercial grower ration. At three weeks of age, acute aflatoxicosis resulted in a highly significant depression in body weight and increase in liver weight. Testicular weights were reduced in aflatoxin treated groups, and testicular weight relative to body weight was significantly reduced at 7 ppm aflatoxin. Analysis of sera by radioimmunoassay (RIA) specific for testosterone revealed reduced peripheral concentrations of testosterone in treated males compared to control males. Treated three-week old females had significantly smaller ovaries on a wet weight basis but ovaries were not affected when evaluated relative to body weight. Residual effects in mated animals were manifested primarily by delayed onset of lay. Both 3.5 and 7.0 ppm treated birds required 14 days more to achieve peak production than did the controls. While the early eggs of treated hens averaged one gram lighter than controls, later egg weights were essentially unaltered. No effects of the treatments on fertility or hatchability were observed. These data suggest a multifaceted impairment of reproductive capability by aflatoxin in Japanese quail. VITAMIN E AND CHOLINE IN CHOLESTEROLFED QUAIL Nutr BTues2:15 W. E. Donaldson, Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Box 5307, Raleigh, NC 27650 Eight groups of 10 Japanese quail each were fed diets containing 1% added cholesterol from 5 to 17 weeks of age. The diets were supplemented with vitamin E (30 IU/kg), choline chloride (5.5 g/kg) and vitamin C (1 g/kg) as single additions and in all possible combinations. An unsupplemented diet served as the control. A ninth group of 10 quail was fed a diet without cholesterol or vitamin supplementation (negative control). All diets were identical except for the supplements and were formulated to contain adequate levels of all known nutrients. At 17 weeks, 8 quail from each treatment were killed and cholesterol concentrations in serum, liver, kidney and thoracic aorta were determined. Each aorta was scored for atherosclerotic lesioning. Vitamin E significantly increased serum cholesterol concentration (P<.25). Choline significantly reduced liver weight (P<.05), total liver cholesterol (P<.05) and total kidney cholesterol. No other parameters were affected by vitamin supplementation, and there were no significant interactions of vitamins on any parameter. All parameters were elevated markedly in

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

Chicken Fetal-leukemic Antigen (CFA), an oncodevelopmental antigen, is absent from adult chicken peripheral red blood cells (RBCs) but present on those of adult Japanese quail. To investigate this species difference, artificial crosses were made between male Cornell K-strain white Leghorn chickens and female Cornell Line II Japanese quail. Resulting progeny were shown to be hybrids by morphological characteristics and by the presence of both chicken- and quailspecific antigens on their RBCs. Peripheral RBCs from each of seven quail-chicken hybrids (171 days old) were found to possess CFA. Hybrid RBCs expressed two of the four CFA determinants detected on adult Japanese quail RBCs and two additional determinants. Quail-chicken hybrids were also found to resemble the parental quail species in possessing a significant level of circulating reticulocytes. Adult Japanese quail had a level of 5.14 ± .15% reticulocytes as compared to 3.92 ± .34% for the hybrids and .004 ± .007% for the parental chicken species. It is proposed that the appearance of CFA on adult RBCs may be correlated with the presence of immature RBCs in the peripheral blood.

J. A. Doerr and M. A. Ottinger, Department of Poultry Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742

1052

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

the cholesterol-fed groups in comparison with the negative control. It is concluded that the progression of atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed quail is not retarded by vitamins E and C or choline, alone or in combination. COORDINATION OF CECAL, ILEAL AND COLONIC MOTILITY IN TURKEYS PhysATues 1:15 G. E. Duke and O. A. Evanson, Department of Veterinary Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108

NOREPINEPHRINE AND ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE IN BRAIN PARTS OF MALE JAPANESE QUAIL FROM STABLE AND UNSTABLE PAIRS PhysATues 2:15 F. W. Edens and S. D. Holladay, Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27650; and S. J. Bursian, Department of Poultry Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 Agonistic behavior of 15 stable and 15 unstable pairs of male Japanese quail was observed during 5 min feeding periods for 28 consecutive days. At the end of each of weeks 1, 2, 3 and 4 six stable and 12 unstable pairs were killed and their brains dissected into telencephalon, cerebellum, medulla and diencephalon. The parts were analyzed for norepinephrine (NE) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Agonistic acts rose significantly during the first 5 days and began to decline. Unstable pairs displayed a significantly greater number of agonistic acts than stable pairs. After 14 days both groups were habituated to the daily regimen. AChE activity in the various brain parts was not affected by the treatment. There were developmental changes in both groups but they were not associated with agonistic behavior. Endogenous concentrations of NE appeared to be responsive to changes in agonistic behavior. After one week in unstable pairs the medulla and diencephalon NE concentration was 118 and 167% of the stable

EFFICACY OF STENOROL® (HALOFUGINONE). I. AGAINST RECENT FIELD ISOLATES OF SIX SPECIES OF CHICKEN COCCIDIA Path Tues 8:45 S. A. Edgar and C. Flanagan, Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830 The efficacy of Stenorol® (halofuginone) was tested against six species of chicken Eimeria in a series of four battery experiments, utilizing 3- to 4'/2-weekold Cobb color-sexed broiler chickens. There were five replicates of eight chickens per replicate for each treatment of an experiment or a total of 1080 birds used in the study. The isolates were predominantly E. tenella, E. maxima, E. acervulina, E. necatrix, E. brunetti, or E. mivati and had previously been proven partially to totally resistant to several commercially available anticoccidial drugs. Halofuginone, at 3 ppm in the ration, was highly effective (P<.01) against all six isolates as measured by weight gain, at D + 6 or +7 and D + 12 or +14 postinoculation, feed efficiency at D — 2 to D + 12 or +14, morbidity, mortality, dropping score, lesions score (D + 6 or +7), and oocyst production during 4 or 5 days postinoculation (D = day of inoculation). The drug was not as effective against E. acervulina as against the other species, and increasing halofuginone to 4 ppm failed to improve activity of the drug significantly against this isolate. However, 3 ppm of drug was effective against two other isolates of E. acervulina (from AL and MS); 4 ppm was quite effective (P<.01) in reducing dropping score and lesion scores, but not significantly better than 3 ppm as measured by other parameters. No relapse occurred after drug withdrawal and halofuginone was found to be cidal rather than static. EFFICACY OF STENOROL® (HALOFUGINONE). II. PLUS ROXARSONE OR BACITRACIN MD AGAINST SELECTED STRAINS OF CHICKEN EIMERIA Path Tues 9:00 S. A. Edgar and C. Flanagan, Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830 A total of 879 broiler strain chickens ranging from 2'/2- to 7'/2-weeks of age was utilized in four battery experiments to determine whether Roxarsone and/or bacitracin MD added to halofuginone were compatible and beneficial in reducing the effects of coccidial infections. The additives were generally beneficial as measured by weight gain and feed efficiency but not as measured by other parameters such as dropping score, lesion score or oocyst production. The addition of 200 g of bacitracin/ton of feed did not give an

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

This work was aimed at determining relationships between cecal, colonic, and ileal motility and recording events occurring in the cecum, colon and ileum during cecal evacuation. Eight turkeys, 9—12 weeks old, were each surgically prepared with two bipolar electrodes and two strain gauge transducers on the distal cecum and one of each of these implants on both the ileum and colon adjacent to the ileocecalcolic junction. Two types of contractile events were observed in the cecum; viz. persistent, rhythmic contractions of low amplitude at a frequency of about 3/min (minor), and periodic, apparently arhythmic contractions of high amplitude occurring about once per min (major). The former usually were correlated with contractions occurring in the colon and ileum at approximately the same frequency but slight out-ofphase. Major contractions appeared to be propagated both orad and aborad. As many as 6 or 7 major contractions occurred during the last 2 min prior to cecal evacuation; 1—3 similar high amplitude contractions occurred in the ileum and colon at this time.

pairs' concentrations. After week 2 these levels were not different than those in the stable pairs. The diencephalon levels in the unstable pairs continued to decline through week 4 when it was only 52% of the stable pairs. The cerebellum NE in unstable pairs was only 70 and 75% the level of stable pairs during weeks 2 and 3. Unstable pairs' telencephalon NE rose to 173% of stable during week 4. Brain catecholamines may be involved in agonistic behavior and habituation in quail.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS additional response above that from 50 g/ton. Roxarsone in the ration was more effective in younger chickens (2'A weeks old) than older ones (6 weeks, 2 days and 7 weeks, 3 days). EFFICACY OF STENOROL® (HALOFUNGINONE). III. FOR THE CONTROL OF COCCIDIOSIS IN TURKEYS Path Tues 9:15 S. A. Edgar and C. Flanagan, Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830

VACCINATION OF CHICKENS WITH A CLONESELECTED LASOTA STRAIN OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS

University of Georgia, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605 Four groups of broiler breeder chickens were vaccinated 3 times with either the B t or the Lasota strain of Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine. At 20 weeks two of the flocks were injected with an oil-based inactivated ND vaccine. Data from these chickens were compared with that from broiler breeders that were vaccinated throughout the laying cycle with a live ND vaccine. During the laying cycle, the 2 groups of chickens vaccinated with the live virus vaccine experienced a drop in egg production; whereas, the two flocks of chickens vaccinated with the oil emulsion vaccine did not experience this loss in egg production. Geometric mean titers in the breeder flocks injected with the inactivated vaccine were more uniform than those of the flock vaccinated via the water with the live virus vaccine. Maternal antibody in progeny from the flock vaccinated witn the inactivated vaccine was higher and more uniform than that in progeny from the breeder flock vaccinated with the live virus vaccine. It was easier to calculate the most optimum time of vaccination for obtaining optimum antibody response in progeny from breeders receiving the inactivated vaccine.

THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF ANTIOXIDANTS AGAINST MERCURIC CHLORIDE AND METHYLMERCURY TOXICITY

PathTues 3:45

NutrBThurs9:45

C. S. Eidson and S. H. Kleven, Department of Avian Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605

M. M. El-Begearmi, H. E. Ganther and M. L. Sunde, Poultry Science and Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706

A clone-selected strain of Newcastle disease (ND) was found to be more antigenic than the Bj strain but less antigenic than the regular Lasota strain but had the same pathogenic index as the B, strain. The geometric mean titers induced in chickens vaccinated with the cloned Lasota strain were higher than those induced in chickens vaccinated with the regular Lasota strain. The clone-selected Lasota strain had essentially the same spreading potential as birds vaccinated with the regular Lasota strain as indicated by geometric mean titers and challenge mortality of nonvaccinated chickens which were placed in contact with the vaccinated chickens. One other advantage of the clone-selected Lasota strain is that challenge mortality of chickens with maternal antibody to NDV which were vaccinated intratracheally, ocularly or by aerosol were essentially the same as chickens vaccinated with the regular Lasota strain.

FIELD TRIALS WITH AN OIL EMULSION NEWCASTLE DISEASE VACCINE IN BROILER BREEDERS Path Tues 4:00 C. S. Eidson, P. Villegas and S. H. Kleven, Department of Avian Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine,

The protective effect of selenium (Se) and vitamin E against mercury toxicity suggests that their protective effect might be duplicated, in part, by antioxidants. In two experiments BHA, BHT, TBHQ, DPPD and ethoxyquin were fed with HgCl2 or CH3HgCl to 20—35 one day-old Japanese quail. Sodium selenite and vitamin E were used as controls. Corn-soy diets containing 300 ppm Hg as HgCl2-dextrin premix produced an average of 10% reduction in body weight of quail and caused 43% mortality during the first 4 wks of the experiment. Supplementation of these mercury diets with 250 or 500 ppm of vitamin E, 1.0 ppm Se or 200 ppm of the various antioxidants had little effect on body weight, but reduced mortality to 12—32%; vitamin E and Se were generally more effective than the antioxidants. Compared to 300 ppm Hg as HgCl 2 , 20 ppm Hg as CH 3 HgCl-casein premix caused considerably higher mortality (86—100%). Supplementation of only 1.0 ppm Se in the diet reduced mortality close to control levels (5—7%). Vitamin E partially reduced mortality to 34-53%. BHA, BHT, TBHQ, DPPD or ethoxyquin, on the other hand, had generally no protective effect against CH 3 Hg toxicity. The results of these experiments confirm the role of both Se and vitamin E in reducing Hg toxicity. They also show that synthetic antioxidants may decrease HgCl2 but not CH 3 Hg toxicity. This may indirectly suggest the different mechanisms by which these mercury compounds exert their toxicity.

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

Halofunginone at 3 ppm in the ration was tested against turkey coccidial infections caused by four species, in a series of eight battery trials of 16 days duration. The drug was evaluated against infections caused by Eimeria meleagrimitis, E. adenoeides, E. gallopavonis and E. dispersa. As measured by liability, weight gain, feed efficiency, morbidity, dropping score, lesion score, and oocyst production the drug was highly effective in Beltsville Small White turkeys. The drug at 3 ppm appeared to be about equally effective against all four species and almost completely prevented infection or the effects of infection in some experiments, except when the challenge was too severe.

1053

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1054

EFFECTS OF PRE-BREEDER NUTRITION AND LIGHT INTENSITY ON TURKEY BREEDER HENS' REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE Env-ManTues9:0O M. E. El Halawani and P. E. Waibel, Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108

THE EFFECT OF AMBIENT TEMPERATURE ON NUTRIENT UTILIZATION OF BROILER CHICKS TO 21 DAYS OF AGE Nutr BThurs 9:00 O. El Husseiny, Department of Poultry Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; C. R. Creger and W. F. Krueger, Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 One hundred day-old Indian River broiler chicks were divided equally and subjected to two different room temperatures, namely 22°C and 32°C, for a period of 21 days. The chicks were grown under battery brooder conditions in temperature controlled rooms and uniform lighting. All groups were fed a diet calculated to contain 21.7% protein, 3106 ME kcal/kg of feed, 1.00% Ca and .75% P. At the end of 21 days, all chicks were individually weighed and the amount of feed consumed recorded. Samples of feed and excreta were assayed for energy, nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus on days 19 through 21. Feed consumption was greater for those chicks brooded in the cooler environment; however, feed efficiency was better for the chicks brooded at the warmer room temperature. No significant difference was noticed between treatment groups for gain in weight. Metabolizable energy values were improved under the lower room temperatures. Chicks kept in

EFFECT OF AMINO ACID DEFICIENCIES ON THYROID FUNCTION AND GROWTH OF CHICKS PhysTues9:15 R. G. Elkin, J. C. Rogler and W. R. Featherston, Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of dietary amino acid deficiencies, particularly phenylalanine (Phe) and tyrosine (Tyr), on thyroid function of male, White Mountain chicks from 0—14 days of age. In general, chicks fed diets severely deficient in either Phe, valine (Val) or lysine (Lys) exhibited a reduction in either circulating 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T 3 ), 3,3',5,5'-tetraiodothyronine (T 4 ), or both hormones. These decreases were usually not evidenced until chick growth was markedly limited to approximately 25% of control birds. Serum Tyr concentrations served as a good indicator of the dietary Phe-Tyr status of the chick. With deficiencies of other essential amino acids, such as Val or Lys, serum Tyr concentrations were greatly elevated. Phe alone was less effective than a mixture of Phe and Tyr in supporting chick growth at suboptimal dietary levels of total aromatic amino acids (TAAA). Chicks exhibited significantly greater weight gains when a 55:45 (moles:moles) mixture of Phe and Tyr, respectively, was fed at 85% and 70% of the TAAA requirement as compared with chicks fed diets containing the same amount (moles) of TAAA supplied solely by Phe. At or above requirement level, however, Phe was apparently able to completely satisfy the chick's requirement for Tyr.

EFFECT OF VIRUS CHALLENGE ON EGG PRODUCTION AND EGG QUALITY OF COMMERCIAL LAYING HENS Ext Tues 9:30 R. A. Ernst and A. A. Bickford, Cooperative Extension, Department of Avian Sciences; R. McMillan, R. H. McCapes, and R. A. Bankowski, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 Two hundred forty commercial Leghorn-type hens were obtained from two sister flocks; one had a good health history (optimum flock = O) and the other a history of moderate mortality (suboptimum flock = SO). Both were from the same hatchery, but reared in separate houses on the same pullet ranch. Thirty O and thirty SO hens were housed in 30 X 46 cm individual cages in each of four isolation houses located on the University Animal Resources Unit. Following a

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

A series of experiments has been conducted with Nicholas Large White turkey hens which related pre-breeding nutritional and environmental (light intensity) variables (during 8—30 weeks of age) to reproductive performance (33 to 53 or 57 weeks of age). These variables were studied factorially in confinement; range reared controls were included for comparison. Feeding diets low in protein reduced body weight significantly at 30 weeks of age in all experiments and affected egg production differently, i.e., whether or not egg production was reduced depended on level of protein and season of production. Feeding a diet low in energy reduced body weight at 30 weeks of age (P<.01), increased feed/gain (P<.01) and was without effect on egg production. Increasing light intensity from .1 to 32 to 194 lux with incandescent lamps resulted in increases in egg production of 12.1% and 3.8%, respectively. Rearing turkeys under fluorescent light at 734 lux resulted in egg production comparable to that produced by hens at 32 lux from incandescent lamps. Range rearing increased body weight and feed/gain at 30 weeks of age by 8% and 23%, respectively, above that of confinement reared birds. Egg production was significantly increased when birds were moved to range at 8 weeks of age, but not when moved at 12 weeks of age, compared to confinement-reared controls.

the cooler chamber had an average daily retention value of .6498 g for nitrogen, .3152 g for Ca and .1177 g for P, while the chicks kept in the warmer chamber had retention values of .2555 g, .1480 g, and .0383 g for nitrogen, Ca and P, respectively. It appears that temperature could be an important factor when determining metabolizable energy, nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus balances in young broiler chicks.

1055

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

ORGANOLEPTIC EVALUATION AND TURKEY JERKY

OF

CHICKEN

Mark-Tech Tues 11:15 J. R. Escoubas and D. M. Hooge, Division of Animal and Veterinary Science, Cooperative Extension Service, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 Chicken and turkey jerky was prepared from thick strips (approximately !4 in X 1 in X 4 in) of light or dark meat. Raw meat was soaked in a 40° brine plus seasoning for four days, soaked in plain water one day and dried (treatment II). Ten panelists, five males and five females, participated in a sensory evaluation. For each product, four organoleptic properties (appearance-color, tenderness-texture, flavor-aroma, and juiciness) were each rated on a continuum from 0—10, least to most acceptable. Average ratings for chicken and turkey jerky products combined were (P<.05): flavor-aroma 4.65 a , appearance-color 4.35 a °, juiciness 3.38" c , and tenderness-texture 2.97 c . Individual product scores were: turkey dark meat II = 4.66 a , turkey light I = 4.40 a , turkey light II = 4.38 a , chicken light meat II = 3.48 a b , chicken light II = 3.46 a b , and chicken dark II = 2.60 b . Turkey jerky averaged 4.48 a compared to 3.18^ for chicken jerky. It was concluded from this study that although enthusiasm was strong for the types of products prepared, the acceptability was less than optimal using the present marinade. Subsequent work must be directed at altering the ionic strength of the brine, modifying the quantity and ratio of spices added, inclusion of certain preservatives/additives, and utilization of a comminution process. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CERTAIN BROILER CARCASS MEASUREMENTS AS INFLUENCED BY BREED, FEED, AND AGE Mark-Tech Tues 9:45 E. O. Essary, Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 Ten birds per sex from four lots containing two breeds (one layer type and one broiler type in two lots each) fed two different levels of protein and fat were sacrificed weekly from 6 to 12 weeks of age. This was

done to determine the relationships between certain carcass measurements and whether or not these relationships continued during this time. In most cases there was a significant correlation between the distance around the body of broilers at the point of the breast and the volume of the body cavity after eviscerating for both breeds and feeds up to 11 weeks of age. There was a significant correlation only at 6 weeks of age between the volume of body cavity and percentage breast of the chilled carcass. A highly significant difference in percentage breast of chilled carcass with giblets was noted each week between breeds from 6 to 12 weeks of age but only for feed at 8 weeks. Percentage meat of the breast was significantly influenced by feed at 7 and 8 weeks but was highly significant each week between breeds. Percentage skin of breast was influenced by feed at 8 and 9 weeks. Percentage thigh of chilled carcass with giblets was not influenced by the type of feed but was significantly different each week between breeds. Percentage meat of thighs was significantly influenced by feed at 7, 8, and 9 weeks. Percentage skin of thighs was significantly influenced by feed each week from 6 to 10 weeks.

INFLUENCE OF pH, TOTAL ACIDITY, SALT AND SUGAR IN PICKLING SOLUTIONS ON TENDERNESS OF EGG WHITES Mark-Tech Thurs 10:30 E. O. Essary and M. O. Georgkdes, Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 A study was conducted to determine the influence of pH, total acidity, salt, and sugar in pickling solutions heated to boiling temperature and at room temperature when eggs were placed in the solutions on the degree of tenderness of egg whites. pH varied from 2.8 to 4.0 and total acidity ranged from 5% in either apple cider vinegar or white distilled vinegar to less acidity by diluting the vinegar with distilled water. Eggs in the pickling solutions were held for three weeks in a 40° F walk-in type cooler before evaluating. At weekly intervals for three weeks, egg whites from two eggs from each test solution were evaluated for tenderness using an Alio Kramer shear. The pH of the solution did not seem to have as much influence on the tenderness of whites as did total acidity. Whites were significantly less tender as the amount of water added to the vinegar increased. The addition of 2% salt in the solution decreased tenderness of whites, but the addition of 1 V4% salt seemed to have little influence on tenderness. Egg whites treated with the boiling solution were significantly more tender than were whites from eggs placed in the pickling solutions at room temperatures.

MOISTURE, FAT, PROTEIN AND CHOLESTEROL CONTENT OF OVA FROM CHICKENS AND TURKEYS Mark-Tech Thurs 9:00 E. O. Essary and R. W. Young, Food Science and

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

10-day acclimation, six SPAFAS males were placed in each house and three houses were exposed to either (1) IBV (Conn.), (2) IBV (Mass.), or (3) Newcastle virus (GB) by the intranasal route. During the experiment, all eggs were measured daily for weight, shell roughness, shell deformation, breaking strength, and albumen weight. Daily records were kept on egg production, defective eggs, and individual bird health. The hens used had received vaccinations for (1) Newcastle (3, 7, and 17 weeks), (2) IBV (3, 7, and 15 weeks), (3) Fowl Pox (13 weeks), (4) LT (13 weeks), and (5) A.E. (13 weeks). All SPAFAS birds showed symptoms following challenge. The data on egg quality of the S and SO groups are being statistically analyzed and will be presented.

1056

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

Technology and Biochemistry and Nutrition, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061

THE EFFECT OF CORTICOSTERONE OR SYNTHETIC ACTH INJECTED AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF FOLLICULAR MATURATION ON THE CONCENTRATION OF CORTICOSTERONE AND PROGESTERONE PhysTues 10:45 R. J. Etches and F. Croze, Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada NIG 2W1 Single Comb White Leghorn hens were injected with 1.5 mg/hen of corticosterone or 10 IU/hen of Synacthen Depot (long-acting synthetic al-24 ACTH) 6 h after a mid-sequence ovulation or 14 h prior to the first ovulation of a sequence. The hens were maintained on a lighting regime of 14L:10D (lights off 1000 to 2000 hr) and all injections were given between 0730 and 0830 hr. The birds were bled 30 and 1 min before injection and at hourly intervals for the hext 8 h. The hens were sacrificed after the last blood sample and examined for the incidence of ovulation. The concentrations of corticosterone and progesterone were determined by radioimmunoassay. When injected 6 h after ovulation, neither corticosterone nor ACTH induced ovulation. When injected 14 h before ovulation, 7 of 10 hens injected with corticosterone and 6 of 13 hens injected with ACTH ovulated within 8 h. An injection of corticosterone or ACTH 6 h after ovulation or 14 h prior to ovulation generated a pharmacological increase in the plasma concentration of corticosterone for approximately 3 h. The concentrations of progesterone in the hens injected with corticosterone 6 h after ovulation were not different from the control group while an injection of ACTH during the same period caused a small increase in the concentration of progesterone 1 h after treatment. An injection of corticosterone or ACTH given 14 h prior to ovulation caused a normal preovulatory increase of plasma progesterone.

MEASUREMENTS OF TION IN THE HEN

FOLLICULAR

MATURA-

PhysTues 10:15 R. J. Etches and H. E. MacGregor, Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada NIG 2W1 Although the rate of follicular maturation is the rate limiting physiological factor in egg production, there have been few attempts to characterize the development of the follicle during the period of rapid deposition of yellow yolk. In an attempt to characterize follicular development we have (1) measured follicular weight and follicular diameter during the final 120 h and 48 h of development, respectively and (2) characterized the response of follicles to an ovulatory dose of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) in hens with different rates of egg production. When the diameter of each follicle in the hierarchy was measured in 7 to 9 hens at hourly intervals throughout the ovulation cycle, the data were best described (r2 = .98) by quadratic equation d = 2.47 X 10 -2 (time) - 6.36 X 10"s (time 2 ) + 1.11. The changes in follicular weight were best described (r2 = .75) by the linear equation weight = 2.6 X 10"3 (time) + .2323. In hens laying short sequences, (i.e. intra-sequence lags of 2.01 ± .29 h, mean ± SD), long sequences, (i.e. intra-sequence lags of .43 ± .30 h) and very long sequences (i.e. intra-sequence lags of .12 ± .08 h) the incidence of induced ovulation was recorded when GnRH was injected 14, 13 and 12 h after oviposition. In short-sequence hens, the incidence of induced ovulation was 2/10 and 0/10 at 14 and 13 h after oviposition, respectively; in long sequence hens, the incidence was 5/5, 2/6 and 0/2 at 14, 13 and 12 h after oviposition, respectively and in very long sequence hens, the incidence was 6/10, 2/10 and 0/4 at 14, 13 and 12 h, respectively. It was concluded that follicular development proceeded until the time of ovulation and that follicular competence would be partially characterized by the ovulatory response to GnRH.

STATUS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM BROILER BREEDERS AT NIGHT

OF

Nutr BThurs 11:30 M. Farmer, D. A. Roland, Sr., J. Brake and G. R. McDaniel, Poultry Science Department, Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830 The total amount, rate of passage, and absorption of feed in the digestive system was determined on two groups of broiler breeders during a 24-hour period. The individually caged hens were fed either ad libitum or restricted to 112 grams diet during a 4 hour feeding period each day from 7 am to 11 am.

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

Ova collected from ovaries of chickens and turkeys during processing were placed into weight groups, pooled, and analyzed for moisture, fat, protein and cholesterol to determine the deposition pattern of these components. Cholesterol content increased from 3.9 mg per g in ova weighing up to .15 g and to 15.6 mg per g in ova weighing 6.0 g. Cholesterol remained fairly constant after that except it decreased in unlaid soft and hard shell eggs. There was a sharp increase in the cholesterol content of ova weighing .5 g and those weighing 2.0 g when the ova started showing a yellow pigment. Cholesterol levels were slightly different when obtained by chemical analysis and by GLC. Moisture content decreased from 87.0% in the smallest ova to 47.5% in the largest. Fat increased from 2.6% to 34.4% and protein increased from 9.8% to 19.5%. Turkey ova weighing up to .5 g contained 39.0 mg cholesterol per g while those weighing 25 g contained 51.3 mg per g. Moisture content of turkey ova decreased from 52.1% in the smallest ova to 43.0% in the largest. Fat increased from 32.1% to 38.2% while protein increased from 14.4% to 18.5%.

These results show that the ovulation-inducing effect of ACTH is probably mediated by the adrenal gland and that the ovulation-inducing effects of both corticosterone and ACTH are dependent upon the presence of a mature follicle within the ovary.

1057

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

day were either incubated for 40 hours or full term. The 40 hour eggs were opened and the somites were recorded, as well as abnormalities. Hatchability was recorded for the full term treatments. All unhatched eggs were opened and recorded for stage of development. All treatments were carried out in triplicate. The late afternoon laid eggs had the highest somite count after 40 hours of incubation, while the 1100 hour collection had the lowest count. Following 21 days of storage the morning laid eggs again had the lowest somite count. In addition, the hatchability of this group was the lowest.

AN EVALUATION OF THE A.O.A.C. METHOD OF YOLK COLOR ANALYSES Mark-Tech Thurs 8:45 D. L. Fletcher, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602

A NEW METHOD FOR THE REMOVAL OF GLYCEROL FROM FROZEN-THAWED TURKEY SEMEN PhysB Tues4:30 W. T. Ferrier, F. X. Ogasawara, J. Borrelli and L. Fuqua, Department of Avian Science, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 Glycerol, an effective cryoprotective agent, used for the freezing of turkey semen requires reduction in concentration if the semen is to be used for insemination. A new method of glycerol removal, based on the fluid state of glycerol at —20 C, involved the use of high-speed centrifugation. Three relative centrifugal forces (RCF) of 121, 1085 and 3020, respectively, and for 2.5, 5 and 10 minutes, respectively, were used with the Sorval RC2-B ultracentrifuge. The parameters examined were motility (0 to 5 index), sperm number (1.09 sperm/ml) and percent residual glycerol (milliosmols). Sperm concentration varied the least (range: 2.53 to 2.65 X 109 sperm/ml); the motility indices varied considerably with the lowest (.5) for samples centrifuged at the highest RCF level (3020) and for the longest period (10 min). The trial results showed that thawed semen centrifuged at a RCF of 1085 would require 10 minutes to diminish the glycerol level to 5.7 percent whereas if a RCF of 3020 and a 5-minute combination were used, the glycerol value would decrease to 6.9 percent. Both of these glycerol values are somewhat higher than the recommended level for use with artificial insemination when glycerol is a component of the inseminating dose.

THE INFLUENCE OF EGG FORMATION TIME ON STORAGE, EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT AND HATCHABILITY PhysAThursl0:15

Experiments were conducted to evaluate and compare several methods of egg yolk color analysis. Egg yolks of various colors and intensities were produced by either feeding known concentrations of synthetic xanthophylls to color depleted hens or by mixing the xanthophylls directly into depleted egg yolks. The yolk samples were then analyzed for color using the A.O.A.C. procedure, visual comparisons using the Roche Color Fan and by reflectance colorimetry to describe color in the C L E . and L*a*b* systems. The A.O.A.C. procedure of beta-carotene equivalents was founct to be inadequate in describing yolk colors produced from different xanthophyll sources. Yolks blended to approximate the same total xanthophyll concentration from natural feed sources or from canthaxanthin resulted in about the same betacarotene equivalent values of 14.3 and 14.2 Mg/g, respectively. Visual scoring resulted in a Roche Color Fan value of 7 for the natural yolks and 15 for the canthaxanthin blended yolk. The colorimetric analysis indicated that the natural yolk was more yellow and less red (578.4 dominant wavelength, 2.74 a* and 56.7 b*) than the canthaxanthin yolk (591.9 dominant wavelength, 25.60 a* and 34.7 b*). The A.O.A.C. procedure, however, shows good agreement with increases in a mono-pigment source of color. These results would indicate that the A.O.A.C. procedure is an adequate procedure for describing egg yolk color from a mono-pigment source. However, it is a very poor procedure for describing egg yolk color from a variety of pigments.

DIETARY PHOSPHORUS FOR GROWTH AND EGG PRODUCTION IN CAGED, HEAVY EGG-TYPE PULLETS Env-ManTues 2:00

R. C. Fitzsimmons and D. R. Emsile, Department of Poultry Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1W5

D. C. Foss and L. B. Carew, Jr., Bioresearch Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station, 655 Spear Street, South Burlington, VT 05401

Eggs were collected five times daily (830, 930, 1100, 1315 and 1600 hours) and stored overnight for 21 days at 10-16°C. The first collection of the day was discarded. Following storage, the eggs for a given

Caged Sex-Sal pullets (340/treatment) were fed a corn-soy diet containing .30%, .35%, or .41% available phosphorus from 0—20 weeks of age. From 8—20 weeks half were restrict fed by 14%.

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

The hens received artificial light from 7 am to 11 pm. On the 14 day of the feeding programs, 10 hens from each group were killed at various intervals (11 am, 7 pm, 11 pm, 3 am, 7 am) and the contents of the various segments of the digestive system and feces were analyzed for dry matter, moisture, and calcium. Hens restricted to 122 grams per day had 52 percent remaining in the digestive system at 11 am and by 11 pm only 21 percent remained. The nonrestricted group with an average intake of 171 grams per day had 55 percent remaining in the digestive system at 11 am but had consumed only 26 percent of their average daily intake. At 11 pm 26 percent remained in the digestive system and the hens had consumed 94 percent of their average daily intake. It was concluded that restricted hens have only approximately 10 percent of their total consumption available for absorption after 11 pm.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1058

Bone particles were isolated from mechanically deboned cooked chicken meat and mechanically deboned raw chicken meat. The chicken meat was digested with papain and the bone separated from other non-digestible materials using a carbon tetrachloride: acetone mixture. The length and diameter of bone particles were determined using a light microscope equipped with an eyepiece micrometer. Bone particles were examined using a scanning electron microscope. Proximate composition of each of the mechanically deboned meat sources was determined. Proximate composition, calcium content and total plate counts of the meat sources were closely analagous to that previously reported in the literature. Larger bone particles (length 557 M; width 300 M) were obtained from mechanically deboned cooked chicken meat than those observed from mechanically deboned raw chicken meat (length 374 u; width 240 n). The scanning electron microscope showed varied size and shaped particles from each of the meat sources. These studies generally indicate that bone particles from mechanically deboned chicken meat are substantially smaller than those observed in previous research on hand deboned sources.

BLOOD CHEMICAL ANALYSES

FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF EGGS IN PUFFED PRODUCTS

PhysAThurs8:15 D. W. Francis and R. H. Roberson, Department of Animal and Range Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003 Few papers in Poultry Science for 1978 reported blood chemical analyses, and varied technics were mentioned in these. Only one report provided results from a Technicon Auto Analyzer. For analyses of blood from egg production hens, we have utilized a commercial medical laboratory. Twenty-four items were examined by a Technicon Auto Analyzer, which provides a printout of the results. The cost of such a procedure is far less than doing our own analyses. Furthermore, funds are not available for the instrument, a trained technician is lacking, and time is at a premium. Blood samples are drawn, processed, and sent to the laboratory 800 miles away in about 24 hours. The results are received 3 to 10 days later. Using the medical laboratory is more accurate, economical, and less time consuming than performing the analyses outselves would be, and more items are analyzed than we would ordinarily run. It is suggested that this method could be used by many workers conducting nutritional, physiological or pathological investigations. Surely, additional information would become available.

CHARACTERIZATION OF BONE PARTICLES FROM COOKED AND UNCOOKED MECHANICALLY DEBONED CHICKEN MEAT Mark-Tech Tues 8:30 G. W. Froning, Animal Science Department, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583; F. E. Cunningham and D. R. Suderman, Animal Science Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506

Mark-Tech Thurs 10:15 G. W. Froning, Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583 Functional properties of eggs in puffed products were studied with reference to several variables. Formulations including various levels of whole eggs, egg whites and modified corn starch were used to assess puffing characteristics. The formulations were foamed (whole egg and egg white) or mixed (whole egg or egg white in combination with modified corn starch), puffed in a microwave oven, and browned in a conventional oven. The effect of deep-fat frying on puffing characteristics was also determined. Height and diameter of measurements before and after puffing were utilized to calculate puffing ratios. Volumes of puffed products were determined using the rape seed method. Proximate composition was determined using AOAC methods. Formulations containing 22% modified corn starch produced products with significantly higher puff ratios and volumes than those obtained from other treatments. Lowest puff ratios were observed from formulations prepared from whole egg. Deep-fat frying decreased puff ratios and also increased the fat content and lowered protein content of prepared puffed products. Protein content was significantly higher in the egg white and corn starch fermentations as compared to those products containing whole egg and corn starch. These results indicate that eggs may function well in puffed products either as snack foods or in cereallike breakfast foods, offering excellent nutritional properties.

UPTAKE OF a-AMINOISOBUTYRIC ACID CHICKEN AND TURKEY SPERMATOZOA

BY

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

They were then distributed into layer cages (3/cage) for 12 28-day periods and fed diets with .30%, .35%, .40%, or .54% available phosphorus. Through 20 weeks of age, growth, feed intake, feed efficiency, serum calcium and phosphorus, and bone ash were little affected by diet. In a second study .25% phosphorus was also without effect. Egg production was significantly increased by .4% phosphorus compared to all other levels. Feed efficiency, Haugh units, and egg specific gravity were not affected by phosphorus level. Egg weight with .3% phosphorus was significantly and consistently greater than with .35% or .40%. Egg weights were intermediate with .54%. For shell strength there was a significant phosphorus X age interaction during the last six periods. .40% phosphorus usually produced the weakest shells. This suggests that reduced shell strength was correlated with higher egg production rather than specifically with dietary phosphorus. These results show that the New England College Conference recommendations for .41% and .54% available phosphorus during growth and egg production, respectively, for heavy egg-type pullets can be reduced considerably without adverse effect.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1059

Gen Tues 11:00

Mark-Tech Tues 4:00

N. Fujihara and R. B. Buckland, Department of Animal Science, Macdonald Campus of McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada H9X ICO; J. Simon and M. De Reviers, Station de Recherches Avicoles, Centre de Recherches de Tours, INRA, Nouzilly, 37380 Monnaie, France

F. A. Gardner, J. H. Denton and D. B. Mellor, Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843

THE EFFECT OF LACTOBACILLUS ACIDOPHILUS ON THE BACTERIAL FLORA OF CHICKEN SKIN Mark-Tech Tues 3:15 T. A. Gallegos, M. T. Collins and B. F. Miller, Department of Microbiology and Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 A preliminary study was conducted to determine the effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus on the bacterial flora of chicken skin. Sixteen chickens were divided into 8 treatment groups of 2 chickens each. Treatments consisted of dipping the chickens into broth cultures of L. acidophilus at 10 s bact/ml, or Salmonella typhimurium at 10" , 10 6 or 10 s bact/ml, or dipping the chickens consecutively into L. acidophilus at 10 s bact/ml and then S. typhimurium at 10", 10 6 or 10 s bact/ml. Control chickens received no treatment. Bacterial flora of the chicken skin was evaluated before and after treatment and at 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 days of post-treatment incubation at refrigerator temperatures. Standard methods were employed to enumerate total mesophiles, psychrophiles, lactobacilli, and salmonella. Preliminary findings indicate that L. acidophilus treatment suppressed the total bacterial flora of chicken skin but not the psychrophilic or salmonella flora. Subjectively, L. acidophilus treatment helped preserve the integrity of the chicken skin and noticeably improved the odor of chicken refrigerated more than 4 days.

PHOSPHORUS, HEAT STRESS AND BONE RESERVES AS CONCERNS LAYING HENS Nutr B Tues 9:30 J. D. Garlich, Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27650 The objectives of this experiment were (1) to determine the phosphorus requirement for (a) egg production, (b) protection against heat stress, and (2) to estimate the extent of bone reserves of phosphorus. Two replicate groups for a total of 1400 hens per diet were fed one of three dietary concentrations of available phosphorus: .23, .28, .48% P. These diets were initiated in June when the hens were 40 weeks of age and continued for 24 weeks. The .23% P diet did not support as good egg production as the .28 and .48% P. During two naturally occurring episodes of high environmental temperatures mortality due to heat stress was (3.91%, 2.08%), (.58%, .92%), and (.15%, .14%) among hens fed diets .23, .28, and .48% P, respectively. Femur density in g dry wt/ml of external bone vol was .75, .81, .88 for hens fed these 3 diets. When hens were then fed a diet containing .18% P, the bone reserves supported good egg production for 1, 2, and 3 weeks, respectively. It is concluded that laying hens should consume at least 350 mg of available phosphorus/hen/day to maintain egg production, livability during heat stress and adequate bone mineral reserves. RELATIVE EFFICIENCY OF SIRE FAMILY TO INDIVIDUAL SELECTION IN CHICKENS Gen Tues 2:30

PRODUCT HANDLING AS A MICROBIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANT IN FURTHER PROCESSED TURKEY

V. A. Garwood and P. C. Lowe, North Central Regional Poultry Breeding Laboratory, USDA-SEAAR, West Lafayette, IN 47907

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

The uptake of a-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) was studied in chicken and turkey spermatozoa. Spermatozoa were washed and incubated at 37° C at a concentration of 1.0 to 2.0 X 10 9 cells/ml with an AIB concentration of 30 MM at a specific activity of 45 mCi/mM. The uptake of AIB in pM/10 8 cells per min for chicken (n = 10) and turkey (n = 6) fresh spermatozoa, those stored at 3°C for 24 h and 48 h were .313 ± .145, .329 ± .108, .471 ± .261 and .284 ± .194, .410 ± .252, .264 ± .135, respectively. With regard to freezing, the AIB uptake for chicken (n = 7) and turkey (n = 6) fresh spermatozoa, those frozen at 6—7°C per min with glycerol and those plunged directly into liquid nitrogen (—196°C) with no cryoprotectant were .392 ± .209, .244 + .219, .135 ± .161 and .241 ± .053, .383 ± .336, .070 + .094 pM/10 8 cells per min. Ouabaine (10"4M) caused a slight decrease in AIB uptake for chicken (n = 6) and turkey (n = 4) spermatozoa.

To determine potential cross contamination effects which are associated with product handling during the production of further processed turkey products, swab samples of the hands were obtained from workers selected from each of seven production departments as follows: boning, trimming, product forming, blending, cooking, packaging and the tray pack. Additionally further processed turkey product was sampled to obtain changes in microbiological concentration which could be attributed to product handling. Analysis of the data obtained indicates that psychrotrophic counts of 103—10" per cm 2 were generally obtained from the hand samples. Counts were lowest from workers in the tray pack, cooking and packaging operations and highest from workers in the boning, trimming and blending operations. Counts taken during the afternoon sampling periods were generally higher than similar samples taken during the morning. Wire mesh gloves used for cut protection by workers on the boning and trimming lines were found to be extensively contaminated with both psychrotrophic and coliform organisms.

1060

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

LINKAGE OF THE GENE CONTROLLING ROUS SARCOMA REGRESSION TO THE IMMUNE RESPONSE REGION OF THE B HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX Gen Tues 8:45 G. M. Gebriel, I. Y. Pevzner, and A. W. Nordskog, Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 Recent studies by Schierman et al. (Immunogen. 5:325:1977) and Collins et al. (Immunogen. 5:333: 1977) suggest that the gene locus controlling the fate of Rous Sarcoma virus (RSV) induced tumors, is linked to die B histocompatibility complex. Birds carrying the dominant allele regress the tumor. Birds homozygous for the recessive allele are unable to regress the tumor (progressors); most die as the tumor enlarges and metastasizes. The Bryan strain of RSV (subgroup A) was inoculated into 220 6-week old Leghorns of our noninbred SI line; 79% of the birds homozygous for the B1 were progressors and 21% were regressors. In contrast, for birds homozygous for B 2 , 22% were progressors and 78% were regressors. Two groups of B1 B1 test birds originated from 2 special matings of either high or low immune response to the amino acid polymer, GAT. Of 67 B'B 1 GATlow birds inoculated with RSV, a total of 63 or 94% proved to be progressors GAT. Six percent were regressors. Of 84 B ' B 1 GAT-high birds tested, 67% were progressors and 33% were regressors. The difference is highly significant. These results indicate that the locus controlling the fate of RSV induced tumors is closely linked to another controlling immune response to GAT. Recent studies from this laboratory show that the latter is located within the Ir region of the B histocompatibility complex (Pevzner et al. Immunogenetics 7:25:1978).

PASSIVE TRANSFER OF CELL-MEDIATED REACTIVITY IN CHICKENS WITH A DIALYZABLE LEUKOCYTE EXTRACT Path Tues 2:00

J. J. Giambrone and P. H. Klesius, Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830 Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to either diptheria toxoid (DT) and/or keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) was induced in unsensitized broiler chickens with a dialyzable leukocyte extract (DLE) from chickens previously sensitized to DT and/or KLH. The DLE was prepared by an incubation-release method using splenic lymphocytes derived from chickens which displayed positive delayed type hypersensitive wattle (DWR) to DT and/or KLH. The DLE recipient birds were tested for antigen reactivity by DWR and/or in vitro lymphocyte stimulation. Success rates for passive transfer of CMI as measured by the % of recipients producing a significant CMI response, ranged from 0 to 100%, depending on the genetic strain of the recipient, antigen and/or type of CMI test used.

EFFECT OF IN VIVO STORAGE AND SPERMATOZOA STRESS ON FERTILITY AND EMBRYONIC SURVIVAL PhysB Tues 4:15 A. F. Giesen III, E. E. M. Pierson, G. R. McDaniel and J. Brake, Poultry Science Department, Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830 Two groups of Cobb males, 50 and 80 weeks of age, were randomly divided into two treatments each designated as either stressed spermatozoa (semen collected, diluted, and chilled for 6 hours) or nonstressed spermatozoa (fresh semen). Two groups of Hubbard females of corresponding age as the males were each divided into four treatments of 40 hens per treatment. The 40 females in each treatment in each age group were inseminated with spermatozoa from non-stressed old males, non-stressed young males, stressed old males, or stressed young males. Multiple inseminations were performed in the mid-afternoon with either fresh or stressed spermatozoa at 3-week intervals and eggs were collected on days 2 through 20 post-insemination. The effects of parental age and spermatozoal stress on embryo survival as a function of days post-insemination were observed. Fertility and embryo survival decreased significantly with days post-insemination. Significant decreases in fertility were observed in stressed spermatozoa, young male, and old female groups. However, only the old females exhibited a significant decrease in embryo survival. No difference was observed between stressed and non-stressed spermatozoa with respect to embryo survival.

THE EFFECTS OF NUTRITIONAL FORCEPAUSING ON HEN PLASMA PROGESTERONE LEVELS Phys Tues 8:30 R. P. Gildersleeve and J. A. Hebert, Poultry Science Department, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Plasma progesterone levels were determined in 12 month old laying hens fed LSU laying mash (non-

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

The relative efficiency of family selection to individual selection was tested in a replicated single generation experiment. Selected traits were egg weight at 40 weeks of age and survivor's rate of lay from first egg to 40 weeks of age. For sire family selection the 2 superior of the 8 sire families tested within replicate were selected; similarly, for individual selection the 18 superior of the 72 individuals tested were selected. Selected females were mated to random males of the base population to produce daughters whose performances were compared to controls for estimation of gain from selection. The relative efficiency of sire family to individual selection was 35 and 41%, respectively, for rate of lay and egg weight. Standardization of gains for selection intensity and individual phenotypic standard deviation resulted in relative efficiencies of 29% for rate of lay and 56% for egg weight. The results were in good agreement with theoretical expectations based upon genetic parameters derived for the population concerned.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

DAILY RHYTHMS OF PLASMA CORTICOSTERONE IN HENS DURING PRODUCTION AND BEFORE A FORCED MOLT PhysTues8:15 R. P. Gildersleeve, W. A. Johnson, D. G. Satterlee and T. R. Scott, Poultry Science Department, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Leghorn hens in the twelfth month of egg production were placed into environmental modification chambers either under long daily photoperiods (L), 19 hours of light per day, to maintain egg production or short daily photoperiods (S), 6 hours of light per day, to decrease egg production in preparation for molt. After 2 weeks feed was withdrawn from the S hens for 2 days to initiate molt. Three days later, 4 L hens and 4 S hens were sacrificed at 2 hour intervals over a 48 hour period. The variables measured were plasma corticosterone and egg location in the oviduct. Plasma corticosterone was reduced in S hens. In L hens the rhythm of plasma corticosterone levels over the 48 hour sampling period appeared to have 4 peaks. 5 hens seemed to have an indistinct rhythm of plasma corticosterone when compared to the L hens. In L hens, plasma corticosterone was higher when eggs were found in the shell gland. DAILY RHYTHMS OF PLASMA PROGESTERONE IN BROILER CHICKS USING, TWO BLOOD SAMPLING METHODS Phys A Thurs 10:45 R. P. Gildersleeve, D. G. Satterlee and W. A. Johnson, Poultry Science Department, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Blood from commercially obtained broiler chicks was collected by heart puncture or decapitation every 2 hours for 24 hours beginning at the hatchery. Eight chicks were randomly sampled by each method every 2 hours. Two plasma samples were combined at random to give 4 pooled plasma samples per method at each 2 hour interval. Feed and water were provided ad libitum in a battery brooder. Plasma progesterone levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. Analysis of the data revealed no difference between the two blood sampling methods, although

chicks sampled by decapitation appeared to have higher plasma progesterone levels. Progesterone levels were highest upon receipt of the chicks at the hatchery and 12 hours later. Lowest levels were found from 4 to 8 hours after receipt of the chicks. The variation of plasma progesterone levels over time was cubic. In conclusion, a daily rhythm of plasma progesterone from broiler chicks during the first day after hatch was found.

EVALUATION OF THE PROTEIN QUALITY OF MEAT AND BONE MEAL Nutr ATues8:0O Alan S. Glassman and F. H. Kratzer, Department of Avian Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 An experiment was conducted to determine a chemical parameter to correlate with the feeding value for chickens of meat and bone meal. Tryptophan and cystine which are limiting in meat and bone meal were determined in 11 samples. Orange-G dye binding was determined as a measure of heat damage. One-day old broiler strain chicks were fed a starter mash for 7 days before being divided into groups of 5 birds each. The average 14 day gain of duplicate groups of chicks fed rations containing the meat and bone meal as the sole source of protein varied from .355 to .714 relative to the growth of control chicks fed soybean meal and methionine as a protein source. Relative growth of the chicks was plotted vs. the values obtained by chemical analysis. The correlation coefficients were as follows: tryptophan, +.804; cystine, +.480 and orange-G dye binding, +.499. These data indicate that the level of tryptophan may be useful in predicting the protein quality of meat and bone meal. ADAPTATION OF THE 4-H EMBRYOLOGY PROJECT TO NEBRASKA ExtTues 1:00 Earl W. Gleaves and Daniel E. Bigbee, Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583 County agent and youth specialist requests motivated the development of a 4-H Embryology Project in Nebraska. The stimulus came from a group of agents that had visited Missouri early in 1975. They came home impressed by Missouri's 4-H Embryology Project and wanted to start one in Nebraska the next day. The group requested help from the state poultry specialist who immediately contacted the state 4-H office. An administrative structure was established along with definitions of the roles of the different extension professionals who were to be involved. A search and evaluation of available materials showed that starting a project would not take much preparation. Reference material from Missouri and Illinois was mimeographed for Nebraska's use. A team of agents built 30 incubators. A trial run for Nebraska's 4-H Embryology Project was ready for use by District IV, an 18 county area, in late 1975. The trial run was successful, materials were developed further and the project was offered state-wide in 1976—77. A series of agent training sessions was

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

paused) or one of three force-pausing diets: 1. low sodium chloride, 2. high zinc oxide or 3. high potassium iodide. The diets were fed for one week. Plasma progesterone levels were determined at the end of feeding the diets and one and two weeks after the hens were taken off of the force-pausing diets and fed LSU laying mash. Although egg production was markedly decreased after one week of feeding the diets, progesterone levels were not significantly decreased when compared to non-paused layers. One week after the hens were taken off the diets and fed LSU laying mash, only the zinc fed hens had significantly lower progesterone levels. Post pause egg production and progesterone levels were not significantly different two weeks after feeding the diets, although, zinc fed hens seemed to have reduced progesterone levels while non-paused layers seemed to have higher progesterone levels.

1061

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1062

offered in 5 locations across the state. Attendance and acceptance of these sessions were good. The agents were ready to go. Over 5,000 students enrolled in 1976-77. The 1977—78 enrollment report shows embryology to have had the largest enrollment of any other project in the state.

TRITIATED-THYMIDINE LABELING OF BURSAL LYMPHOCYTES PhysBThurs 11:45

Application of tritiated thymidine ( 3 HTdR) to the air cell of embryos or multiple injections of 3 HTdR to the neonate reveal that the longest-lived population of small lymphocytes (SL) resides in the bone marrow and spleen and the most rapidly turning over population appears to be in the bursa of Fabricius (BF). Applying 3 HTdR (100 ;uCi) to the vent of the chick will label approximately 70% large lymphocytes, 15% medium lymphocytes and 0% SL within the 1st hour. By 24 hrs, 24% of the SL are labeled. Scintillation counts and autoradiography of BM and spleen evince a very low level of 3 HTdR in these tissues and none in the thymus. Are the SL of the BF a major source of SL in the BM and spleen? Our initial data suggest that the labeled SL in the spleen may have been derived from the resident large or medium lymphocytes. The administration of sheep-red-blood cells 24 hrs after vent labeling with 3 HTdR significantly reduced the population of labeled SL in the bursa. Therefore, the bursal-derived SL either emigrates or dies in situ. [Supported, in part, by grant number I-ROI-CA-20169 awarded by the National Cancer Institute, DHEW.]

TENNESSEE'S 4-H PULLET SHOW AND SALE PROGRAM

Mark-Tech Tues 11:30 T. L. Goodwin and I. A. Ikeme, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 Two experiments were conducted to determine effects of nitrate content and smoking on yield, shelf-life and palatability of Cornish Game Hens. Birds were either injected and soaked (A), soaked (B) or injected (C) with a 6.98% pickeling cure before smoking. Cooking temperatures were 46°C for 2 hours and 93 C for 5 additional hours. Smoke was generated for the last 5 hours of yield, nitrite content, salt content, rancidity development and palatability were determined. Growth of microbial population of cured and uncured smoked birds was monitored at 3 and 25°C. Treatments influenced the juiciness, saltiness, flavor and general acceptability of white and dark meat, with no differences in rancidity. Panel rated appearance of white meat of treatment A higher than meat treatments C and B, whereas dark meat from B was rated higher than A and C. White and dark meat from A was juicier. Salt and nitrite content was higher in both white and dark meat from treatment A. General acceptability and flavor of white meat in treatment A was rated higher whereas dark meat from B was rated better. TBA values for the three treatments were not significantly different from each other. Data indicated smoked chicken could be stored at 3°C for 7 weeks. Percent yield for smoked chicken in the two experiments averaged 85%. Chicken from treatment A yielded the most desired product with meat from treatment C least acceptable.

ACTH INDUCTION OF CORTICOSTEROID BINDING TO LYMPHOID CELLS AT VARIOUS TISSUES, IN VIVO PhysB.Thurs 10:00

ExtTues 1:45 H. C. Goan, Animal Science — Poultry Extension, University of Tennessee, P. O. Box 1071, Knoxville.TN 37901 The Tennessee 4-H Pullet Show and Sale activity offers 4-H youth a tremendous learning experience. A poultry fund established and maintained at the County Extension Office is used to purchase chicks for the 4-H'ers. The participant receives 25 pullets or 50 straight run sex-link chicks. The birds are grown to 20 weeks of age and the 4-H'ers select six pullets for the show and sale. At the show and sale, the pullets are judged and placed in blue, red or white ribbon groups. Each 4-H'er receives prize money. The pullets are sold at auction to the highest bidder. In 1978, 63 counties were involved in the activity and more than 1,000 4-H'ers grew pullets. Approximately 6,400 pullets were returned for the show and sale and sold for an average of $4.03 per pullet. Income from the sale of pullets is used for prize money and to purchase chicks for next years' pullet show and sale activity.

N. R. Gould and H. S. Siegel, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA, SEA, AR, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605 The mechanism for ACTH or stress induced regression of lymphatic tissue and the relationship with immune responses in birds is being investigated. White Rock females were injected with 8 IU of ACTH/ 100 g body wt, IM, or with gelatin at 6 wk of age. Blood samples were withdrawn from the heart 8 h after injections, the birds were killed, and the bursa, spleen and thymus were immediately excised and placed in ice-cold saline. Total cell, cytoplasmic and nuclear-bound corticosteroid in the lymphocytes from the three tissues, as well as the total corticosteroid in the circulating white cells (WBC) and plasma corticosteroid were determined by CBG assay. Cell viability was estimated by the trypan blue exclusion technique. ACTH stimulated significant increases in binding of endogenously produced corticosteroid on the cells and in the cytoplasm and nuclei of lymphocytes from all tissues, but cell viability was unaffected. Corticosteroid concentrations increased significantly on circula-

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

Bruce Glick, Department of Poultry Sciences, MAFES, Mississippi State University, P. O. Box 5188, Mississippi State, MS 39762

YIELD AND SHELF-LIFE OF SMOKED CORNISH GAME HENS

1063

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS ting WBC and in the plasma. Although the number of WBC/mm3 of blood was depressed, cell viability was not changed by ACTH treatment. HUMORAL IMMUNITY IN SURGICALLY BURSECTOMIZED PIGEONS PhysBThurs 10:30 R. E. Grissom, Jr. and Paul Thaxton, Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27650

Four week old SCWL male chicks were divided into five groups: an uninfected control group, a group inoculated with 1,000,000 sporulated oocytes of Eimeria acervulina, a group inoculated with 50,000 sporulated oocysts of E. necatrix, a group inoculated with 50,000 sporulated oocysts of E. brunetti and a group inoculated with 50,000 sporulated oocysts of E. tenella. On days 1, 3, 6, 10, 14, 21, 28, and 35 following inoculation, 5 birds from each group were selected and administered 2 juCi of Mn-54 orally. At 1, 2 and 4 hrs following dosing radioactivity was measured in the bloodstream of each bird. The absorption of manganese was markedly decreased by E. acervulina infections 6 days after inoculation, while E. necatrix infections resulted in a smaller depression of manganese absorption. Other infections did not decrease Mn absorption. On the 14th day of the infections, all four coccidial infections increased manganese absorption 2 to 4 times over that found in the controls. At other times during the coccidial cycle, no effects were seen as manganese absorption. DEVELOPMENT OF DEVILED EGG PRODUCT

FLUORINE TOXICITY AND LAYING HEN PERFORMANCE NutrBTues 10:15 W. Guenter, Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2 SCWL pullets (352) were fed levels of 0 to 1300 ppm dietary fluorine (NaF) to evaluate the effect of toxicity on laying hen performance. Results from Experiment 1 (112 days, 0, 200, 400 and 800 ppm F) suggested that 200 ppm dietary F had a positive effect on egg production and feed efficiency, however shell thickness was slightly reduced. Additional F resulted in further reduction on shell thickness. Shell ash and Ca and P levels however were not affected. Liver size increased with addition of F, however the increase was not due to an increase in fat content per se. Dietary F had no effect on fertility or hatchability of chicken eggs. In Experiment 2 (0, 100, 400, 700, 1000 and 1300 ppm F) during the first 9—28 day periods progressive reduction in feed intake was observed with hens fed 400 or more ppm dietary F resulting in a concurrent reduction in production and feed efficiency. However, 100 ppm F resulted in improved feed efficiency and shell quality (elasticity and thickness). Concurrently a reduction in uncollectable eggs was observed. A substantial reduction in egg size only occurred at levels of 1000 and 1300 ppm fluorine. At these levels mortality was substantially increased. Nutrient balance data and recovery response when fed the control diet will be discussed.

COCCIDIAL INFECTIONS AND MANGANESE ABSORPTION Path Tues 10:45 S. Gunji, Central Research Laboratory, Nissin Flour Milling Co., Saitama, Japan; P. Molitoris and D. E.

Mark-Tech Thurs 10:45 K. K. Hale, K. A. Holleman, E. R. Johnson and V. C. Waldroup, Department of Poultry Science, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631 Deviled egg mixtures were formulated with cooked egg yolk, mayonnaise, dry mustard, salt, pepper, pickle relish, and various combinations of acidulants to give desired pH. Acetic acid (vinegar) and citric acid produced products excessively sour in taste. Malic acid alone or in combination with acetic acid gave acceptable palatability at desired pH levels. Ascorbic acid caused browning of the deviled egg mixture. Heat sterilization does not appear tc be a feasible process for preservation of deviled eggs due to development of unacceptable texture, color, and flavor characteristics. However, pH reduction and refrigerated storage seems to be a practical method of preservation. Microbial spoilage studies were conducted on deviled egg mixtures of pH 4.4, 4.7, and 5.4 stored at 4°C and 10°C. At 10°C, pH 5.4 product began yeast and mold spoilage in 7 to 14 days, whereas products of pH 4.4 or 4.7 occasionally showed bacterial spoilage after 4 weeks at 10°C. Deviled egg mixtures were microbially stable through at least 5 weeks of storage at 4°C, particularly with products of pH 4.7 or below. TEST OF THE SAFETY OF HALOFUGINONE FOR REPRODUCTIVE LAYERS Path Tues 8:00 Nicole Hamet, Service Parasitologic, Station Experim e n t a l de Aviculture, Ministere de 1'Agriculture, 22440 Ploufragan, France Sixty hens of the genetic type Warren Sex Sal link and six cocks of Leghorn type, 32 weeks of age, were divided into 3 groups of 20 females and 2 males. One group received control feed, one group received feed supplemented with 3 ppm of halofuginone, and one

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

Several varieties of pigeons were surgically bursectomized at times ranging from immediately after hatching until three days post-hatching. Sham bursectomized, as well as immunized and non-immunized, controls were maintained. At four weeks of age the pigeons were immunized with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Anti-SRBC antibody levels and relative levels of IgG and IgM were determined at various times during the primary and secondary humoral responses. Concentrations of specific serum proteins were determined by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. Additionally, an age related histological evaluation of the bursa was conducted. Bursectomy did not alter immune responsiveness in the pigeons.

Turk, Food Science Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1064

group received feed supplemented with 6 ppm of halofuginone, for 56 days. Three ppm of halofuginone had no effect on the laying percentage, average weight of eggs, fertility, hatchability, and weight of chicks at birth. Six ppm of halofuginone had no effect on the average weight of eggs, but involved a 9.0% laying reduction, a 1.5% reduction in fertility and a 8.2% hatchability reduction. After withdrawal of halofuginone the results of these three criteria became normal.

TEST OF THE SAFETY OF HALOFUGINONE FOR PULLETS AND LAYERS

and p 0 2 , plasma Na, K, CI, P and Mg values but had no effect (P>.05) on blood p C 0 2 , plasma Ca, egg and shell weight, percent shell, shell weight per unit surface area (SW/SA), specific gravity (SG), shell non-destructive deformation, and compression fracture force. Strain had no effect on blood and plasma variables, shell deformation and fracture force but influenced (P<.01) egg and shell weight, percent shell, SW/SA and SG. Partial correlation coefficients indicated very weak relationships (r = .20 to .11) between blood pH or bicarbonate and SG, deformation or fracture force. It was concluded that, even though the acid-base balance of laying hens can be influenced by the (Na + K)/C1 ratio of the diet, there is no relationship between acid-base balance and egg shell strength.

Three hundred fifty, one day old female chicks of the genetic type Warren Sex Sal link were divided into three groups. One group received control feed from age of one day to 64 weeks of age. One group received a feed supplemented with 3 ppm halofuginone from the age of one day to 64 weeks of age. One group received a feed supplemented with 3 ppm halofuginone from the age of one day to 20 weeks of age, and then 6 ppm halofuginone from 24 to 64 weeks of age. Three ppm of halofuginone had no effect on pullet growth. Three or six ppm of halofuginone in the feed of the birds during the laying period had no effect on the production of eggs, feed consumption, quality of eggs, the shell coloring, the quality of albumen, the vitellus color, or the percentage of blood and flesh stains. The shell strength w^s improved with the experimental feeding, and there was a slight decrease in the average egg weight.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ACID-BASE BALANCE IN LAYING HENS AND EGG SHELL STRENGTH Phys A Tues 1:00 R. M. G. Hamilton, Animal Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, C.E.F., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0C6; and B. K. Thompson, Engineering and Statistical Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, C.E.F., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0C6 An experiment was done to determine the effect of acid-base balance on egg shell strength. The acid-base balance was varied in 108 individually caged SCWL hens by feeding corn, soybean meal, brewer's dried grain diets which had sodium plus potassium to chloride [(Na + K)/C1] ratios of, by chemical analysis, .40, .91, 1.92, 2.83, 4.04 and 7.69. Feed and distilled water were provided ad libitum from 403 to 487 days of age. Egg and shell strength measurements were taken on eggs laid between 479 and 483 days. At the completion of the experiment, a blood sample was obtained from each hen for the determination of blood gases (pH, pC0 2 and p 0 2 ) and plasma Na, K, CI, Ca, P and Mg. Blood bicarbonate was calculated from the pH and pC0 2 values. Dietary (Na + K)/C1 ratio significantly influenced blood pH, bicarbonate

COMPOSITION OF BROILER SKIN Mark-Tech Tues 3:30 (Poster) D. Hamm, F. Gillen, G. K. Searcy, Richard B. Russell Agricultural Research Center, SEA, USDA, P. O. Box 5677. Athens, GA 30604 Chilled carcasses 1053 ± 15 g without giblets were obtained from local broiler processing plant. Skin was removed by hand from the center of hock joint to the distal end of the humerus. Neck skin was not added back to the body skin. Average wt of skin was 106.8 g, or 10.15 ± .51% body wt. Proximate composition of whole bird skin was: DM 41.3 ± 2.2%, fat 31.0 + 2.9%, total nitrogen (by Kjeldahl) 1.64 ± .22% and ash, .498 ± .066%. Percentage collagen computed as 8 X HOproline, was 3.7% on the wet wt basis. Extraction of the ground skin with a KI-P0 4 buffered medium resulted in an insoluble dry defatted residue of 4.7% with a HO-proline content of 9%. Elemental composition of the skin had a profile similar to broiler meat for the 9 elements tested. Proximate analyses of broiler skins is highly variable due to two factors (a) high fat content and (b) water content influenced to some extent by water pick up from chiller. A second group of 18 birds obtained from a different source had values of DM 52.9 ± 3.0%, fat 41.3 ± 4.2%, N 2 1.50 ± .17% and ash .50 ± .06%.

SEROLOGICAL AND EGG QUALITY SURVEY IN AN EGG PRODUCTION COMPLEX Ext Tues 10:00 M. L. Hamre, Department of Animal Science, and J. A. Newman, Department of Vet Pathobiology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108; and D. Womacks, Sparboe Summit Farms, Litchfield, MN 55355 Measurements of blood titre levels for infectious bronchitis (IB), Newcastle disease (ND) and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) were taken from specific birds in each of four houses of a large egg production complex at 4—6 week intervals. At the same time egg samples were taken from each house and egg weight, Haugh units, specific gravity and shell thickness were determined. From these data it is apparent that ND and MG did not cycle in the houses. Houses 2 and 3 have remained MG negative throughout the survey even with the

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

Path Tues 8:15 Nicole Hamet, Service Parasitologic, Station Experimentale de Aviculture, Ministere de 1'Agriculture, 22440 Ploufragan, France

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS introduction of new birds. This indicates that MG eradication can be achieved wth routine management procedures if MG-free birds are added to the complex. Titre levels suggest that IB virus apparently cycled in the complex during three months of the year. There were no major egg quality problems experienced during the period of this survey. Fluctuations in egg quality measurements were experienced which may be partly due to sampling technique and size of sample, as well as influences on the flocks which may have affected interior or exterior quality. EFFECTS OF NUTRITIONAL PROGRAMS ON THE BODY FAT AND GROWTH RATE OF BROILERS P. H. Hargis and C. R. Creger, Department of Poultry Science, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 Withholding supplemental fat in broiler chick diets for various intervals with diets containing various protein levels has been studied. Deletion of supplemental energy for the first seven days of age decreased percent abdominal fat by .85% in a 24% protein diet and .74% in a 27% protein diet. Increasing the protein in the finisher decreased percent abdominal fat from 1.82% (24% protein) to 1.7% (27% protein) to .95% (30% protein). 28—49 day weight gain showed that no supplemental energy for the first seven days produced 934.8 g of gain, 931.0 g of gain for the 2860 kcal ME/kg diet, and 991.2 g of gain for the 3080 kcal ME/kg diet. The 30% protein, 3080 kcal ME/kg diet produced the largest bird, the smallest amount of abdominal fat, and the most gain at 7 weeks. In a second study, supplemental fat withheld for the first 7 days produced 1.23% abdominal fat at 49 days of age, fat withheld for the first 10 days, 1.67% abdominal fat, and fat withheld for the first 14 days, 1.90% abdominal fat. The most abdominal fat was produced from a diet containing supplemental fat from one day of age (2.62%). Growth rate was not significantly affected by the deletion of supplemental fat from the diet.

SCALD WATER POLLUTION Mark-Tech Tues 2:00 C. E. Harris and J. A. Kinner, SEA, AMRI, APML, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705 Forty seven defeathered broilers were selected that had been scalded in an old high water capacity tank and 48 were selected after scalding in a new low water capacity tank in a commercial plant. Coliform and total count data were collected from the sample birds by rinsing each bird in .1% peptone and plating on the appropriate agars. Additionally, 80 samples of overflow scald water were collected from the old tank and 80 from the new tank. All samples were collected at predetermined times throughout 8 days, and the range for temperature and relative humidity were recorded each catch day and each kill day. Higher average daily values were found from both bird and water samples when the new scalder was in

use. These values exceeded those found when the old tank was in use by the following amounts: C.O.D. 466 ppm; coliforms 2,900; and total count 24,000.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BODY WEIGHT AT 30 WEEKS OF AGE AND SEMEN PRODUCTION OF TWO STRAINS OF BROILER BREEDER COCKERELS Env-Man Tues 8:15 G. C. Harris, J. Benson, and R. Sellers, Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701; and J. Hardiman and J. Whitmore, Tyson Foods, Inc., Springdale, AR 72764 Two hundred and forty broiler breeder cockerels (120 per strain) were housed at 22 weeks of age in 48 pens (5 cockerels per 52 hens). Cockerels were separated from hens in each pen for 16 hr and evaluated 6 • times from 30 to 48 weeks of age. Percent of cockerels in semen production, semen volume and packed cell volume (PCV) were determined. Cockerel body weights at 30 weeks were used to establish weight classes. The percent of strain 1 cockerels in semen production at 35 and 40 weeks of age and PCV decreased as body weight increased. Ninety percent of cockerels weighing between 3.3 and 3.8 kg at 30 weeks were producing semen by 31 weeks and continued their production. Cockerels exceeding 3.8 kg in body weight were slow to reach peak semen production. Over 90% of strain 2 cockerels that weighed between 2.6 and 4.1 kg at 30 weeks were in semen production at 35 weeks. Cockerels that were below or above tfiis weight range were slow to attain peak semen production. Both strains peaked in PCV at 40 weeks of age.

CARCASS GRADE AND YIELD OF YOUNG TOM TURKEYS AS AFFECTED BY NUTRIENT RESTRICTION OR ADDED DIETARY FAT Ext Tues 11:45 R. J. Hasiak, J. L. Sell, W. J. Owings, and B. D. Murphy, Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 Young torn turkeys were fed a diet containing 80% of the protein level of a conventional control diet, with and without correction for differences in energy level, at either 1.5 to 6, 7 to 10, or 9 to 12 weeks of age. Turkeys were placed on a conventional diet when not on the test diet. Young torn turkeys were also fed diets containing either 3% or 6% added dietary fat throughout their 20 week growing period. Each of the 10 experimental units consisted of 100 birds. Slaughter results indicated no significant effect of dietary treatment on the eviscerated yield (83.22%) or the carcass grade of the torn turkeys. This indicates compensatory growth after nutrient restriction as well as no beneficial effect of added dietary fat when analyzed on a whole bird basis and compared to the control. Parts analysis results indicated the yield values of neck and giblets (7.01%), wings (12.40%), thighs (17.73%), drums (12.72%), and back (17.52%)

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

Nutr AThurs 11:00

1065

1066

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

were significantly affected by dietary treatment, while breast yield values (38.72%) were not significantly affected. It was concluded that while nutrient restriction or added dietary fat did not influence whole torn turkey carcass grade or yield, such treatment did affect the yield of various parts of the bird. Such differences in parts yield would have a great effect on the turkey further processing industry. WEIGHT GAIN EFFICIENCY AND ARSENIC DEPLETION RATE IN STEERS FED BROILER LITTER ExtTues 3:45

Daily weight gains and weight gain efficiency were compared in stocker steers fed 150 days on either ensiled broiler litter (BL) plus ground corn (at the rate of .75 percent of body weight) and a vitamin premix, or grazed on ryegrass pasture. Also, arsenic uptake and depletion rate in the liver and muscle tissues of the steers was measured. The BL and corn treatment produced slower but more economical weight gain than was produced by steers on ryegrass pasture. As a result of using 3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid in the broiler ration as a growth stimulant, the BL used in feeding the steers contained arsenic at the rate of 35.5 ppm. The arsenic level in the muscle tissue of steers did not exceed the Federal tolerance level (TL) of .5 ppm at 30 days of BL consumption. After a 7 day withdrawal period, the arsenic level in the liver was below theTL. In 150 day BL fed steers the level of arsenic was below the TL after 14 days withdrawal, but in the muscle, the TL was not met until the 28 day withdrawal test. Apparently arsenic accumulates and depletes more slowly in muscle tissue than in liver tissue and under these conditions, requires somewhere between 14 and 28 days BL withdrawal period to allow sufficient arsenic depletion to meet the TL set for muscle tissue. USE OF ULTRASONIC VIBRATION WITH DILUTE ACETIC ACID TO CLEAN EGG SHELLS Mark-Tech Thurs 11:00 J. L. Heath, S. L. Owens, and J. W. Goble, Department of Poultry Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 Ultrasonic vibrations proved beneficial to the dilute acid method of cleaning eggs. Penetration of the cleaning solution into the egg; shell thickness, shell cleanliness; interior quality; and microbial; organoleptic and functional properties were measured. Shell penetration was less when the egg and acetic acid solution temperatures were 22 C than when other

THE EFFECT OF INCREASING OR DECREASING METABOLIZABLE ENERGY LEVELS DURING PHASES OF BROILER GROWTH Nutr ATues 1:15 J. A. Hebert, R. Teh, A. J. Farr, and A. B. Watts, Poultry Science Department, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 The effect of changing diet metabolizable energy (ME) level at different ages on broiler performance was studied. The three energy levels used were 3080, 3190, and 3300 kcal of ME per kilogram of diet. The phase feeding energy level changes were at 21 and 42 days of age using protein levels of 22, 20 and 18 percent at 0 - 2 1 , 21—42 and 42—53 days, respectively. Data were obtained on body weight and feed intake (using 5100 Hubbard broilers) with an eight percent sample taken for the determination of dry yield and abdominal fat. Feeding a consistently high energy level (3300 ME) resulted in higher body weights, lowered feed consumption, higher abdominal fat and lower yield compared to birds fed the low energy level (3080 ME). Decreasing energy sequences gave higher yield (P<.01) than increasing energy sequences. Changing energy sequences did not affect the variables outside of the range of the consistently low and high energy levels.

SCORING MICROSCOPIC LESIONS IN THE BURSA OF FABRICIUS, THYMUS, SPLEEN AND KIDNEY IN CHICKENS EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED WITH INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE VIRUS Path Tues 3:00 C. W. Henry and R. N. Brewer, Poultry Science Department, Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830 During a 2*A year study on the effect of experimentally induced infectious bursal disease (IBD) (virus supplied by Edgar and Cho, Auburn University, Auburn, AL) in White Leghorns, a microscopic lesion scoring system was developed. The microscopic

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

R. Haynes, Ext. Poultry Science, J. Collins, Ext. Animal Science, J. Minyard, St. Chemical Lab., and J. Hill, Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762; and T. Sparks, McCarty-St. Pride Farms, Magee, MS 39111

temperature combinations of 12 and 32 C were used. When egg and solution were 22 C, no cleaning solution penetrated the shell after 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 sec of exposure but occurred after 160 and 320 sec. Shell thickness was not reduced (P<.05) when eggs were cleaned in 1, 2, or 3% acetic acid with ultrasonic vibration for 30, 60, 120 and 240 sec. All three solutions produced clean eggs at each exposure time. No differences (P<.05) in Haugh units were caused by length of exposure to the cleaning solution and ultrasonics. After 4 weeks storage at 22 C only eggs exposed to ultrasonics in the 1% solution had lower (P<.05) Haugh units than those cleaned without ultrasonics. After storage for 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks at 23 C eggs washed in 3% acetic acid with ultrasonics had one log cycle less total plate count than untreated eggs. When taste panel, sponge cake height, or foam stability data were analyzed, no differences (P<.05) were found due to treatment.

1067

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

EFFECT OF INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE ON GNOTOBIOTIC AND BATTERY RAISED WHITE LEGHORNS PathTues 3:15 C. W. Henry, R. N. Brewer, and S. A. Edgar, Poultry Science Department, Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830 The effect of microflora on the severity of infectious bursal disease (IBD) in growing chickens was studied. SPF White Leghorn chicks from non-immune dams were used in trials 1 and 2 and chicks from immune White Leghorns were used in trials 3 and 4. Each trial consisted of the following treatments; non-inoculated battery chickens, IBD-inoculated battery chickens, non-inoculated gnotobiotic chickens, and IBD-inoculated gnotobiotic chickens. Chickens were inoculated between 11 and 19 days of age and non-inoculated chickens acted as negative controls. In trials 1, 2, and 3, a maximum of six different bacteria and two fungi were isolated and identified from the gnotobiotic units. Gnotobiotic units in trial 4 remained germ-free. Severity of the disease in gnotobiotic and battery-inoculated chickens was evaluated at 3 and 4 days postinoculation. External signs and gross lesions characteristic of IBD occurred in batteryinoculated and gnotobiotic-inoculated chickens in all four trials. Gross lesions involved the bursa, spleen, kidney, liver and skeletal muscles. Microscopic lesions were seen in the bursa, spleen, thymus, kidney, and liver, but not in the cecal tonsil. There were no consistent differences in microscopic lesion scores (for the bursa, thymus, spleen, and kidney) between batteryinoculated and gnotobiotic-inoculated chickens within any trial. However, inoculated chickens in trials 1 and 2 had higher lesion scores than the inoculated chickens in trials 3 and 4. The presence or absence of microflora did not affect the severity of IBD in White Leghorns

ORGAN WEIGHTS IN HENS WITH A HIGH INCIDENCE OF SOFT-SHELLED OR SHELL-LESS EGG PRODUCTION PhysBTues 1:15 Patricia Y. Hester, Ellen K. Wilson, and Frank W. Pierson, Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; and Irena Fabijanska, Department of Animal Breeding and Animal Production and Technology, Warsaw Agricultural University, 02-528 Warsaw, Poland A total of 864 Shaver Starcross White Leghorns was reared in cages, one bird per cage, from 18 through 78 weeks of age. Standard management procedures were used throughout the year's production cycle. Individual egg records were maintained through week 76; eggs were collected twice per day at 10:00 and 15:00, respectively. Masonite boards were placed underneath the cages so that the production of soft-shelled or shell-less (SS/SL) eggs could be recorded accurately. Percentages of SS/SL eggs produced were calculated by the following formula: (Number of SS/SL eggs produced X 100)/ (total number of hard-shelled and SS/SL eggs produced) The thyroid glands, adrenal glands, ovary, and oviduct were removed from 78 week old hens with an 18% or greater incidence of SS/SL egg production. The same organs were also removed from an equal number of control hens which had no incidence of SS/SL egg production. Both total and relative organ weights were determined. The total and relative weights of the uterus were also determined after sectioning it from the oviduct. The first month of production indicated a 6.13% incidence of SS/SL eggs. A drop in SS/SL egg production occurred during the next 7 months with percentages ranging from 2.23 to 3.31. A gradual increase in SS/SL egg production occurred during subsequent months with the highest incidence occurring during the final or thirteenth month of production (12.31%). The relative ovarian weight was significantly smaller in those birds with an 18% or greater incidence of SS/SL egg production. All other total and relative organ weights did not differ significantly between the two groups.

HATCHABILITY OF EGGS FROM BROILER BREEDERS INCUBATED AIR CELL DOWN1 PhysAThurs 10:00 Laura Hill and J. A. Renden, Department of Poultry Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 It was observed that 12.4% of eggs from a commercial strain of broiler breeders lacked distinguishable air cell poles (ACP), and approximately one-third of these eggs were set ACP down during incubation. An experiment was conducted to examine the hatchability of broiler breeder eggs incubated ACP down. Two thousand, three hundred and twenty-six fertile eggs from mature broiler breeder hens were candled and ACP's were marked. The eggs were incubated ACP

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

changes in the bursa of Fabricius, thymus, spleen and kidney were used to develop a lesion score for each organ. No changes occurred in the cecal tonsil and few, if any, changes occurred in the liver. The system was useful in evaluating the severity of degenerative changes in each organ during the course of the disease. Lesion scores for the bursa can range from 0 for normal bursae to +4 for severely affected bursae. The lesion scores for the thymus, spleen and kidney may range from 0 to +3. For example, the criteria for scoring lesions in the thymus is as follows: 0 equals no change; +1 — cortex has a few empty spaces, pronounced hyperemia with some heterophil infiltration, especially in the medulla; +2 — cortex has an increase in the number of empty spaces and increased heterophil infiltration, cortex and medulla have decreased hyperemia; +3 — cortex has numerous round aggregations (12—16 u in diameter) of cell debris and pyknotic nuclei, a definite decrease in the lymphocyte density in the cortex and decreased hyperemia in cortex and medulla. This lesion scoring system can be useful in determining the severity of IBD in different age progeny from IBD immune and non-immune dams.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1068

down for 0, 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, or 17 days. The seven treatments were each subdivided into 4 groups and randomly distributed in a Jamesway 252 incubator. The eggs were turned hourly and incubated at 38 C and 55% relative humidity. All eggs were transferred to hatching baskets on the 17th day of incubation. Eggs that were incubated ACP down for 11, 14, and 17 days manifested a significant (P<.05) reduction in percent hatchability. Decreased hatchability was due both to an increased number of embryos that died 18—20 days of incubation and an increased number of pipped embryos. The majority of these embryos were found to be malpositioned upside down and exhibited a persistent allantois and excessive residual albumen.

THE EMBRYOLOGY PROGRAM IN SOUTH CAROLINA ExtTues 1:15 K. A. Holleman, Poultry Science Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631 During the past year, the South Carolina Embryology program was presented to over 6,000 public school life science students by Poultry Specialists. In addition, several county agents have been trained to present this program and they have reached thousands more. It has been received especially well in urban schools. The program is presented as a combination slide, lecture and demonstration program. Slides are shown on egg formation, fertilization, embryonic development, incubator construction and other projects. Demonstrations are presented utilizing live embryos, hatching chicks and chick coloring by egg injection. Some "showmanship" is involved in showing colored chicks immediately after 16 day embryo eggs are injected with dye. Displays and results of the demonstration along with the hewly hatched chicks are made available for the students to inspect, touch and ask questions about. Students from the fifth through the eighth grade find this program very interesting and many have undertaken embryology programs on their own. To date, about one third of the South Carolina counties have initiated in-school embryology programs. It is apparent that this hands-on, personalized approach is very worthwhile and is an excellent tool for reaching urban youth.

PHARMACODYNAMICS OF OBESIFYING AGENTS AND HORMONES ON THE DOMESTIC FOWL, GALLUS DOMESTICUS Phys A Tues 4:00 D. L. Hopper, D. G. Satterlee, and F. K. Al-Bagdadi, Poultry Science Department, Louisiana State University, Baton, Rouge, LA 70803 Two eight week trials were run concurrently on male Cobb broilers housed in indoor pens. Four dose levels of bipiperidyl mustard (BPM), goldthioglucose

EFFECT OF ADDED FAT ON THE PARTITION OF ENERGY UTILIZED BY HENS Nutr A Tues 2:00 Farouk G. Alfateh 13538, Science IA

Horani, Animal Production Department, University, Faculty of Agriculture, Box Tripoli, Libya; and J. L. Sell, Animal Department, Iowa State University, Ames,

SCWL hens were fed laying hen rations of equal calorie:protein ratios, and with 0, 2 or 4% added fat for 252 days. ME's of these rations were measured, and data on egg production, feed consumption, egg wt, and body wt gain were taken. These data were used in a computer program to partition the energy utilized by the hens. Based on calculated or measured ME values, the metabolizable calories that were consumed by a hen in order to produce a dozen eggs (EFEDC or EFEDM) were partitioned into calories for egg production (EEGG), wt gain (EGAIN), and for maintenance and activity (EMAIN). The difference (EFEDC or EFEDM - EEGG - EGAIN - EMAIN) was assumed to be the heat increment (EHIC or EHIM). EFEDC or EFEDM values were generally reduced, and EHIC or EHIM values were significantly reduced due to addition of fat. For example, EFEDC values of the 0, 2 and 4% added fat rations were 4351, 4239 and 4255 kcal, respectively, and EHIC values for the same rations were 731, 687 and 611 kcal, respectively. Moreover, the percentages of EFEDC or EFEDM expended as heat increment (% EHIC or % EHIM) were significantly reduced due to addition of fat. Thus as the level of added fat increased (0, 2 and 4%), both % EHIC and % EHIM decreased (16.7, 16.2 and 14.3%) and (17.3, 17.0 and 15.8%), respectively.

ISOLATION OF A THERMOPHILIC BACTERIAL CULTURE TO PRODUCE METHANE FROM POULTRY WASTE

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

1 Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Paper No. 5111.

(GTG), sheep prolactin (SP) and thyroxine (T4) were compared to appropriate controls of carrier vehicle. Obesifying agents were administered by a single injection after fasting birds 48 hours post-hatch. Hormones were injected biweekly during midmorning throughout trials. No significant differences were observed in body, shell and abdominal fat weights in BPM birds compared with control; however, a trend was observed toward higher body and shell weights and lower fat levels. A significant suppression of body, shell and abdominal fat weights were shown in GTG birds compared with control. Preliminary histological and ultrastructural investigations suggest diffusely scattered gold deposits in brains of GTG treated birds. Generalized cell death was observed in brains of both BPM and GTG treated birds. No significant differences were found in body, shell and abdominal fat weights in SP birds compared to control, although a trend towards larger body and shell weights was evident. T4 birds showed no differences in body, shell or abdominal fat weights, although a trend towards reduced body, shell and fat weight existed.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS PathThurs 11:30 James J. H. Huang and Jason C. H. Smith, Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27650

POULTRY MAJORS

COURSE

FOR

NON-POULTRY

InstrThurs 10:00 B. L. Hughes, Department of Poultry Science, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631 A course entitled "Propagation of Game and Exotic Birds" was initiated at Clemson University in 1973. The course is an elective designed for students interested in birds but not necessarily commercial poultry production. Student enrollment has varied from 6 to 34 per semester and comes from a variety of agricultural and science disciplines. Emphasis is placed on confinement production of game and exotic birds for recreation and ornamental purposes and to a lesser extent for food production. Discussions include basic techniques such as incubation and brooding, general information such as anatomy and egg formation and production techniques for individual species. Field trips include visits to private aviaries, poultry shows, zoos, a commercial squab production plant, game bird farms and an exhibition cock fight. The -class participates in the development of a University aviary and the final lab session is a dinner featuring game bird products. Species emphasized include exhibition chickens, turkeys, waterfowl, pheasants, peafowl, quail, partridges, grouse, guineas, pigeons, doves, and house pets. Since no suitable text is available, resource materials include extension publications and handouts developed from various books, research journals, and other publications.

EFFECT OF SEX ON BY-PRODUCT, GIBLET AND PROCESSING YIELDS OF BROILERS Mark-Tech Tues 9:30 J. P. Hudspeth* and D. M. Thomason, Poultry Extension, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30604; and C. E. Lyon and D. Hamm, USDA, SEA, Russell Center, Athens, GA 30604 ('Correspondence to: Box 1898, GSC Station, Stateboro, GA 30458) One hundred twenty-six eight week old broilers were processed under commercial methods in the Russell Research Center Pilot Plant. Each individual bird was identified as to sex and weight (initially and during processing), with all weights at each step during processing being recorded (head, feet, feathers, blood, giblets, neck, preen gland, viscera, eviscerated carcass both warm and chilled). All data were analyzed using the sum of squares and Duncan's multiple range method for the significance of means. Mean initial weight (live) for all birds was 3.82 kilograms with males weighing significantly more than females (P<.005). Blood, feathers (wet drained), head and feet accounted for 17.14% of the initial weight. Significant differences were noted for all by-products between sexes with the exception of heart weights. Total losses during the eviscerating process accounted for 37.44% of the initial weight. On a percentage basis the females show a higher percent as giblet weight. The data demonstrate more clearly some of the yield variation encountered in processing plant practices and enable the further analysis of processing variables.

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DIETARY PROTEIN REGIMES ON PERFORMANCE OF TURKEY BROILERS NutrB Tues 2:30 H. W. Hulan and F. G. Proudfoot, Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Kentville, Nova Scotia, Canada B4N 1J5 A total of 2400 poults of the Diamond White Strain were housed in 48 pens (13.54 m 2 ) to evaluate the effects of protein level in isocaloric dietary regimes. Sexes were housed separately. All stock were fed from 0—21 days the same starter diet containing 29% protein and 2914 kcal/kg ME. Four grower and 3 finisher diets were fed from 22—70 days and from 71—98 days, respectively. Grower diets were isocaloric (3100 kcal/kg ME) but differed in protein content (20%, 22%, 24%, 26%); finisher diets were also isocaloric (3255 kcal/kg ME) but had protein levels of 14%, 16% or 18%. Mortality of males was higher than females but there was no consistent effect due to dietary treatment. Body weights at 98 days were significantly lower for the 20% grower diet and were reduced by .147 kg (.067 kg) for males (females) with each percentum decrease in finisher protein, resulting in the only sex X diet interaction. Even at the lowest grower and finisher protein levels mean male and female body weights were 6.11 kg and 4.39 kg, respectively. Feed conversion was significantly reduced by the 14% finisher diet. Monetary returns over cost are discussed.

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

Broiler litter (one year old) was collected, dried and analyzed to contain 70% volatile solid (VS), 20% crude protein, and 1.5% ether extract. The poultry waste was slurried and diluted with tap water to a concentration of 3% VS to serve as the medium to isolate and grow the methanogenic bacteria. One-liter flask reactor with 500 ml working volume was set up in a waterbath shaker. The gas produced was collected by water displacement. The anaerobic thermophilic culture was initiated by the inoculation of marine salt marsh, rumen fluid, or pond mud into the waste-based medium. The incubation was carried out at 60 C and with 10 day retention time. After 40 days of acclimation period, the gas production was recorded every day for 10 days for each culture. The average gas yields were 108 ± 30, 119 ± 31, and 134 ± 33 ml/ reacor/day for the cultures initiated with salt marsh, rumen fluid, and pond mud, respectively. Since the differences were not significant and also in order not to lose the genetic pools, all the cultures were mixed and redistributed to reactor flasks. These recombined cultures produced gas uniformly under a given condition, i.e. 3% vs loading rate and 10 day retention time. Further studies to change the loading rates and retention times in order to maximize the gas production are in progress.

A

1069

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1070

FERTILITY AND HATCHABILITY AS INFLUENCED BY TOE CLIPPING OF BROILER BREEDER MALE Env-ManTues8:30 D. R. Ingram and H. R. Wilson, Department of Poultry Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611

RED CELL ORGANIC PHOSPHATES AND WHOLE BLOOD OXYGEN AFFINITY DURING DEVELOPMENT OF THE OSTRICH

A field study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of thiocarbamide (thiourea) as a manure additive in decreasing house fly populations in caged layer houses. Thiourea was applied using an 8 hp. riding lawn mower modified and equipped with a centrifugal pump, a 94.5 liter tank, and two #9515E Teejet spray nozzles located on a 1.2 meter boom. Manure in one house containing 6,000 hens and in three houses each containing 12,000 hens, located on two separate commercial egg farms, was treated weekly for 12 weeks. One house of similar size on each farm was used as a control. All houses were cleaned prior to initiating the study. Weekly house treatment consisted of dissolving .37 g thiourea per hen in 60.5 and 75.6 liters of water for the 6,000 and 12,000 bird houses, respectively, and spraying the solution directly on the manure. Five manure samples (1.5 liters) were taken randomly from each house weekly and placed in Dixie #10tl-09 plastic buckets. The buckets were covered with a Lily #T101-4.7 kg ice cream container with attached 3.8 liter plastic jug fly trap. Five .46 X .46 X .46 meter open bottom plywood boxes with attached 3.8 liter plastic jug fly traps were placed at random locations under the cages. Trapped adult flies from the buckets and boxes were counted weekly. Thiourea treated houses produced 97.5 and 96.5, 96.6 and 96.2% fewer adult flies than control samples from the untreated houses.

Phys A Tues 3:00 R. F. Isaacks and D. R. Harkness, Research Laboratories, Veterans Administration Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33125 The acid extractable phosphorylated metabolic intermediates of the erythrocytes (RBC) and P 5 0 (p0 2 at which hemoglobin is 50% saturated) of whole blood have been determined in a 37—day ostrich embryo and from ostriches at day 5, 52, 63, 84, 126, 168, 252, and 360 post-hatching. 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid (2,3-DPG) is present in the erythrocytes of the embryo at a level of 3.68 /umoles per ml of red cells. The P 5 0 of the whole blood of the 37-day embryo is 17.8 torr. Inositol tetraphosphate (inositol-P 4 ) is absent in erythrocytes of the embryo and does not appear in the red cell until about 60 days after hatching. Inositolpentaphosphate is present at a level of .8 Mmoles per cc RBC in the embryo, reaches a level of 2.8 Mmoles per ml RBC at 60 days after hatch and then begins to decrease in concentration as the accumulation of inositol-P4 commences. This unusual erythrocyte organic phosphate pattern during development of the ostrich chick probably explains the unusually high blood oxygen affinity in these birds.

THE EFFICACY OF THIOCARBAMIDE AS A GROWTH REGULATOR FOR HOUSE FLY LARVAE

REPRODUCTION OF THE DROME" IN BROILERS

"OILY BIRD SYN-

NutrAThurs 10:15 L. S. Jensen, I. Bartov, M. J. Beirne, J. R. Veltmann, Jr., and D. L. Fletcher, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 In view of a severe problem with "Oily Bird Syndrome" in Georgia broiler flocks, an experiment was conducted to determine if the syndrome could be reproduced in the laboratory. Three series of diets containing protein from corn-soybean meal (I), corn-soybean meal and 13% animal by-products (II) or corn-soybean meal, 13% animal by-products and 7.5% dried bakery product (III) were used. Poultry oil served as the fat source and the starter, grower and withdrawal diets contained 3245, 3300, 3300 kcal ME/kg and 22.5, 21.0 and 18.2% protein, respectively. Each diet was fed for 49 days to 12 pens of 60 male Hubbard chicks kept in floor pens in a house heated to over 27 C. The experiment was conducted from November 21 to January 9. No significant differences were observed in growth rate, feed/gain ratio or mortality. Abdominal fat (5 birds from each pen) was significantly lower in those fed I (3.22%) than in those fed II (3.56%) or III (3.50%). Several of the processed birds exhibited classical signs of the "Oily Bird Syndrome" but differences in incidence among diets was not evident. Severe signs of the syndrome were also seen in the

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

Three experiments were conducted to compare the effect of toe clipping of broiler breeder males on fertility, hatchability, and egg production of the mated hens. In the first experiment all males were fed grower diets ad libitum while the females were fed various restricted diets. All birds were placed on various restricted layer diets. The male treatments were either no toes clipped or both index toes clipped. Clipping both index toes resulted in lower fertility and total hatch, a higher fertile hatch, and a slightly lower egg production. The second experiment was conducted in the same manner as the first except the males had either both back toes clipped or both back and index toes clipped. Clipping the index and back toes resulted in lower fertility, hatchability and egg production. The third experiment was similar to the first two experiments except the males were fed various restricted grower diets. The males had either no toes clipped or both back toes clipped. Clipping both back toes resulted in a lower fertility, hatchability and egg production.

Ext Tues 9:15 Warren Jaynes, Cooperative Extension, J. M. Vandepopuliere, Poultry Husbandry, and R. D. Hall, Entomology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1071

A. L. Johnson and A. van Tienhoven, Department of Poultry Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853

A COURSE IN ANIMAL ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY

PLASMA CONCENTRATIONS OF LH IN RESPONSE TO CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL INJECTIONS OF PROGESTERONE

Laying hens were injected either im with 500 ug progesterone (P 4 ) in .5 ml sesame oil or intraventricularly with 20 Mg P 4 in 5 jul 40% ethanol-1% saline (v:v) or with 5 M1 of the vehicle alone at 14:00 h on the day of lay of the last egg of a sequence (lights on 4:00 h; lights off 18:00 h). Blood samples, taken at 30 min intervals (from t 0 to t 2 4 0 ) , were analyzed for LH by RIA. Peripheral injection of P 4 resulted in premature ovulation in 3/3 hens and in a peak plasma concentration that was 130% above the preinjection concentration. This peak occurred between t 9 0 and t 1 2 0 . At t i 5 0 a decline in LH concentration was detectable, but by t 2 4 0 it had not yet decreased to preinjection concentrations. Injection of the vehicle into the third ventricle did not affect the time of ovulation in 4/4 hens, and caused a slight decrease in LH between t 0 and 12 4 0 . Intraventricular injection of P 4 resulted in premature ovulation in 3/4 hens. At t 6 0 LH had started to increase and at t 9 0 and t, 2 0 had increased by more than 70 and 90%, respectively. The peak LH concentration of 200% above preinjection level was reached between t, 8 0 and t 2 , 0 . We conclude that peripheral and central injections of P 4 induce a release of LH sufficient for premature ovulation at a similar interval after injection, but that central administration causes continuous release of LH resulting in a higher and later LH peak than after peripheral administration.

EFFECT OF EGG POSITION AT INSEMINATION ON SELECTIVE FERTILIZATION OF TURKEYS AND CHICKENS PhysBTues 2:30 N. P. Johnston and D. H. Warner, Department of Animal Science, Brigham Young University, 365 WIDB, Provo, UT 84602; and G. H. Arscott, Poultry Science Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 973 31 Orlopp Medium White turkey breeder hens were inseminated bi-weekly during the breeding season. On alternating insemination times, hens were inseminated with .025 ml of undiluted pooled semen from Orlopp Super White or Broad Breasted Bronze toms. The position of the egg in the oviduct at the time of insemination was determined by observing the first egg laid after insemination. It was observed that significantly (P<.05) fewer poults were hatched of the color

InstrThurs9:15 J. E. Jones, Department of Poultry Science, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631 In 1966 Clemson University began offering a course in Animal Environmental Technology to respond to the advent of confinement housing in all classes of livestock. The course was designed to study the physiological responses of domestic animals to environmental factors that are important in their production. The physical nature of light, temperature, humidity, sound, gases, dust, and social order are considered from the standpoint of confinement production. The control of these factors by manipulating ventilation, artificial light, insulation, waste disposal, and pest control are presented. The source is offered to both undergraduate and graduate students with two hours lecture and a three hour laboratory each week. The course is taught every other year with the enrollment as follows for the past three offerings: 1974 — 13 undergraduate and 1 graduate student 1976 — 29 undergraduate and 1 graduate student 1978 — 16 undergraduate and 2 graduate students The course is required for Poultry Science majors, but the classes have included students from Animal Science and Dairy Science. In 1976, the lecture section was offered for honors credit with two students taking advantage of this in 1978. The teaching material is constantly updated and guest lecturers used where feasible. The course content has been well received by students and has stimulated environmental research interest in the Animal Science Department.

NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF WHOLE DATES AND DATE PITS IN THE CHICK Nutr BThurs8:00 B. S. Kamel, M. F. Diab, M. A. Ilian, and A. J. Salman, Department of Agriculture, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P. O. Box 12009, Kuwait Two experiments were conducted to determine the feeding values of date pits and whole dates for broiler chicks. In the first experiment, ground zahdi date pits were included in broiler diets at 5, 10 and 15%, replacing wheat bran, corn and alfalfa with and without zinc bacitracin (50 ppm) supplementation. In

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

PhysTues 11:30

of torn of the most recent insemination if hens were inseminated while an egg was in the last three hours of development prior to lay. Fertility was also significantly lower for hens inseminated at this time as opposed to inseminations at other stages of development. Seventy-five Oregon State, White Leghorn hens were inseminated at 4 pm with .05 ml of undiluted pooled semen from White Leghorn males. Seven days thereafter, they were inseminated with a like amount of semen from Rhode Island Red males. It was observed that significantly (P<.05) fewer chickens were hatched from the semen of RIR males when the egg was in the last five hours of shell development as opposed to other stages of formation.

remaining birds sent to a processing plant while no such signs were observed in commercial birds being processed at the same time. These results suggest that the syndrome is not caused simply by specific feed ingredients, but may result from an interaction of temperatue, calorieprotein ratio, dietary energy level and/or source of dietary fat.

1072

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS quality, temperament and fertility. Environmental trends were estimated from repeating the same generation and age of control strain breeders in consecutive years. Genetic trends were estimated as phenotypic deviations of selected populations from environmental trends. Mean genetic response per year in economic value ($) was .16** and .17** for two sets of pedigree crosses, but .08*, .11** and .10**, respectively, for two commercial crosses and control strain. Corresponding environmental trends averaged —.13, —.08, —.14, —.14 and —.13 per year. Mean superiority over environmental trend was 1.70, 2.10, 1.10, 1.50 and .50 dollars, 27, 39, 11, 25 and 6 eggs per hen housed and 5.1, 4.0, 4.8, 3.7 and —.3 grams per egg, respectively.

TECHNIQUE OF DETERMINING MEAT TO BONE RATIOS BY COOKED MEAT DEBONING

A. G. Kese and O. Baffour-Awuah, Poultry Section, University of Science and Technology, Kimasi, Ghana, West Africa

EFFECT OF WATER RESTRICTION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BROILER CHICKENS Env-ManTues 10:15

Mark-Tech Tues 10:30 N. L. Kamus, W. Burgess, and A. J. Ferr, Poultry Science Department, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Meat to bone ratio was determined on fifty readyto-cook broilers by two methods. Each bird was halved and weighed. One half of the carcass was deboned raw and the other half cooked in water at 100 C for thirty minutes; then deboned. Meat values were calculated by difference between initial carcass and bone weights and ratios determined. Differences were obtained between ratios and bone weights of the two methods studied. A correction factor for converting cooked bone to raw bone weights was developed. The cooked method of deboning was more rapid, had a lower coefficient of variation and allows estimation of meat to bone ratios on a raw basis. MULTIPLE-TRAIT PROGENY TEST SELECTION FOR FIELD PERFORMANCE OF STRAINCROSS LAYERS. I. ESTIMATED GENETIC CHANGES Gen Tues 2:00 T. S. Kashyap and G. L. Bennett, Animal Science Department, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583; and G. E. Dickerson, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Science and Education Administration-Agricultural Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Lincoln, NE 68583 Progeny test index selection for field performance of Leghorn strain-cross layers was applied in four single crosses, contributing to two commercial straincross combinations, from 1956 through 1969. Selection was based on own progeny for males and on brothers' progeny for females in male parent lines and the reverse in female parent lines. Major emphasis was given to rate of lay, viability, egg size and minor to early first egg, smaller body size, egg shell and internal

A study was made of the effect of varying levels of water administration on the performance of broiler chickens under hot humid tropical conditions. After a posthatching adjustment period of 7 days during which all the birds were given water ad libitum, the birds were divided at random into four equal groups of 36 each and were subjected to the experimental treatments for the ensuing 7 weeks. Birds in group 1 were given water ad libitum. Birds in groups 2, 3 and 4 were given, respectively, 15, 30, and 45% of the amount consumed the previous day by the group which had water ad libitum. All the birds were fed on » the same practical-type commercial broiler diet. Each decrement in water supply had a significant (P=S.05) depressing effect on total body weight, weekly body weight gain and feed consumption. However, no level of water administration had significant effect on feed conversion at the 5% level of testing. Mortality was not affected by any treatment as no death attributable to dehydration was recorded throughout the trial. It is concluded that under tropical conditions, an adequate and continuous supply of drinking water is necessary for good performance of broiler chickens in terms of body weight gain over the production period. AN EVALUATION OF THE "TRUE METABOLIZABLE ENERGY"SYSTEM Nutr A Tues 4:00 J. W. Kessler and O. P. Thomas, Department of Poultry Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 Examination of the intestinal tracts of both chicks and roosters following a 24-hour starvation period showed the presence of undigested food in the caecum of both groups. Two experiments were designed for the purpose of determining whether or not "True Metabolizable Energy" (TME) values could be altered by pre-treatment. Two diets were formulated — a low energy-high fiber (L) and a high energy-low fiber (H)

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

the second experiment whole zahdi dates were incorporated in diets at 0, 5, 10 and 47% replacing corn as an energy source. The diets were kept isonitrogeneous and isocaloric in both experiments. The results indicate that date pits used supported chick growth as efficiently as the control diet at all dietary levels tested. When zinc bacitracin was added to the diet, growth was improved at all levels of date pits incorporated into the diets. Whole zahdi dates, incorporated at 5, 10 and 30% at the expense of corn, supported growth as efficiently as the control diets. However, total replacement of corn by zahdi dates resulted in some growth depression and a slight decrease in feed utilization. Gross examination of various organs in both feeding trials did not reveal any abnormalities. It is concluded that dates and date pits can contribute positively to the expanding poultry industry in the Arabian Gulf region where an overproduction of dates occurs.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

CONTROL OF VENTILATION DURING EXERCISE IN DUCKS Phys ATues 2:30 J. P. Kiley, W. D. Kuhlmann, and M. R. Fedde, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 Ten adult, White Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhyncbos domesticus) ran for 20 minutes on a treadmill (3° incline) at two speeds, .9 and 1.47 km/hr, while various cardiopulmonary variables were measured. Each exercise period was followed by a 90 minute rest. Heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and respiratory frequency increased significantly during each exercise period; tidal volume decreased. Minute ventilation increased during exercise; clavicular air sac PC0 2 decreased. Both arterial PC0 2 and mixed venous PC0 2 decreased as running speed increased. Mixed venous pH decreased at the onset of exercise but returned to near resting values by the end of an exercise period. Arterial pH did not significantly change from control values during either exercise period. Body temperature increased 1—2 C during each run. Because the increased, ventilation produced a reduction in arterial PC0 2 , it is unlikely that peripheral or central C0 2 -sensitive chemoreceptors were responsible for the ventilatory drive during exercise. That drive may have resulted from hyperthermia or activity of certain muscle afferents. (Supported by American Heart Association, Kansas Affiliate, Inc.)

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE, pH, AND DETERGENT ON SURVIVAL OF BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH SHELL EGGS Mark-Tech Thurs 11:30 Jack A. Kinner and W. A. Moats, Science and Education Administration, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705 Experiments were conducted to observe the survival of shell-egg related microorganisms when

subjected to various combinations of water temperature, pH, and the presence of egg-washing detergents. Numbers of Salmonella typhimurium in buffered tryptic soy broth (BTSB) increased over a seven-hour period at pH 7 and 8 in water temperatures 35, 40, and 45 C. At pH 9, 45 C, gradual reduction was noted. At pH 10 and 11 there was always a reduction or total destruction, regardless of temperature. At 50 and 55 C, there was always a decrease or destruction regardless of pH. In commercial egg washing detergent (pH 11), at 50 C, survival of Salmonella, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Proteus, and Klebsiella strains ranged 0—90 seconds during several replicates. Survival times of most were extended somewhat by the buffering action of 2.5% suspended whole egg solids, e.g., Klebsiella — 3 minutes. Strains of Alcaligenes, Flavobacterium and Pseudomonas demonstrated survival trends similar to the eneterics, with Flavobacterium exhibiting the longest survival, almost four minutes with and without egg material in the detergent solution, Pseudomonas and Escherichia coli were killed off almost instantaneously under the same conditions. Survival of Staphylococcus aureus was adversely affected by the presence of the detergent (12 min) though it was somewhat buffered by the egg material (37 min). Streptococcus faecalis was virtually unaffected in either case, surviving up to 2.5 hours.

BREAKEVEN POINTS FOR RESTOCKING COMMERCIAL LAYERS PRIOR TO FORCED MOLTING Ext Tues 10:45 J. C. Kirkland and A. P. Rahn, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 A more complete utilization of available housing space for commercial layers can be obtained if the birds that have died during a lay cycle are replaced immediately prior to a forced molt. An analysis was conducted to estimate the financial breakeven points for restocking under alternative layer performance and market price conditions. Using an elementary time period of 4 weeks, pullet lay cycle lengths of 11, 12, or 13 periods (from 20 weeks of age) and mortality rates of .5, .75, and 1% per period were assumed. Molted layer performance assumptions were based on a 9 period molt cycle duration and included 11 or 12 dozen eggs/hen housed and plausible egg quality variations. Grade A blend egg and layer feed price levels of 40, 50 and 60^/doz and 130, 150 and 170$/ton, respectively, were considered. Spent hen prices were held constant at 12)*/lb. Breakeven points (i.e., the dollar amount that could be utilized for labor, transportation, etc., and still break even) for restocking are lower for integrated firms with producer contracts than for independent firms. Under most situations considered, breakeven point estimates for integrated firms with producer contracts were in excess of current restocking costs and indicate that restocking is frequently an economically attractive course of action. EFFECT OF IRGAZYME 100 ON THE FEEDING VALUE OF WHEAT FOR BROILER CHICKS

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

diet. The L diet contained 2695 kcal ME/kg, 10.7% crude fiber and 13.5% protein; whereas the H diet contained 3293 kcal ME/kg, 2.66% crude protein and 13.5% protein. SCWL roosters were fed either the L or H diet for a period of 5 days, assigned treatments, starved for 24 hours, and force fed. The treatments were as follows: 1. (L-L) pre-treated with diet L and force fed L; 2. (H-L) pre-treated with diet H and force fed L; 3. (H-H), and 4. (L-H). The roosters were force fed the appropriate diet at a level equal to 1% of their body weight (Experiment 1) or at a constant level of 30 grams (Experiment 2). The TME values for Experiment 1 were 3.17, 3.03, 3.87, and 3.80 kcal/g of dry matter for the L-L, H-L, H-H, and L-H groups, respectively. The results of Experiment 2 were 2.95, 2.96, 3.77, and 3.78 kcal/g of dry matter for the L-L, H-L, H-H, and L-H groups, respecitvely. The pre-treatment did not affect the mean TME values for either the low energy-high fiber or high energy-low fiber diet.

1073

1074

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS Nutr ATues 3:30

D. D. Kirstein and J. McGinnis, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164

THE EFFECT OF a-TOCOPHEROL AND SYNTHETIC ANTIOXIDANTS ON MERCURY TOXICITY Nutr BThurs 11:00 L. J. Kling and J. H. Soares, Jr., Department of Poultry Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 One day-old Japanese quail were fed a soybean meal diet to which methylmercuric chloride (CH3 HgCl) or mercuric chloride (HgCl 2 ) were added with or without 700 I.U. vitamin E for up to 21 days. Red blood cells (RBC), plasma and kidney were assayed for glutathione peroxidase activity (GSH-Px). Lipid peroxidation as measured by the thiobarbituric acid test (TBA) was determined on liver, kidney and brain tissues. The addition of vitamin E had no effect on either RBC, plasma or kidney GSH-Px. CH3HgCl treatment increased RBC GSH-Px but had no effect on plasma or kidney GSH-Px. Addition of HgCl2 decreased RBC, plasma and kidney GSH-Px. Mercury treatment had no effect on lipid peroxidation in the liver, kidney or brain. The addition of vitamin E, however, decreased TBA values in all tissues tested. In a separate experiment, one day-old quail were fed a diet consisting of 20 ppm mercury as CH 3 HgCl to which .7 mmoles of either da-tocopherol, antabuse, BHT or ethoxyquin was added per kg of diet. The animals were maintained on the diet up to 10 days. Mortality was checked daily. Vitamin E significantly decreased the mortality induced by the mercury whereas the other antioxidants had no effect. Subsequent experiments, however, suggest that at higher levels ethoxyquin does decrease mercury induced mortality.

Mark-Tech Tues 8:15 A. A. Klose, Animal Products Composition and Utilization Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration, AR, Richard B. Russell Agricultural Research Center, Athens, GA 30604 While fluoride in foods containing small amounts of bone has long been known, the need to monitor fluorides has recently been accentuated by expansion of production of deboned meat and has prompted this analytical study. Fluoride content was determined on raw deboner input, deboned product, and bonecontaining residue from broiler necks (with and without skin) and breast frames. Fluoride was also determined on six commercial mechanically deboned poultry meat products, involving broiler necks, broiler breast frames, fowl, and turkey frames, some raw and some cooked, and using two deboners. Samples were freeze-dried, fat-extracted, ground, sampled, ashed, distilled at 137—140 C, and fluoride measured with ion electrode and millivolt meter. Fluoride contents of input, product, and residue indicated about a 1:13 distribution of input fluoride between product and residue, with yields of meat product from input around 80%. Fluoride contents ranged from 1.5 ppm wet basis for mechanically deboned broiler neck meat to 27 ppm for mechanically deboned cooked fowl meat, and broiler breast frame and turkey rack products from 2.5 to 3.5 ppm. Products from fowl could have too high a fluoride content for younger age groups. INCREASE OF PULLET EGG WEIGHT AND SHELL QUALITY WITH AHEMERAL LIGHT-DARK CYCLES Env-ManTues 10:30 K. E. Koelkebeck and H. V. Biellier, Department of Poultry Husbandry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 To compare the effects of long light-dark (LD) cycles on egg weight and a short LD cycle on egg number, 264 UMC White Leghorn (WL) pullets and 96 WL pullets from a leading commercial strain were individually caged in light controlled rooms. Treatments were: (1) LD cycles of 26-hr reduced 1 hr at 48-day intervals to 23; (2) 24-hr LD cycle, control; and (3) 23-hr LD cycle applied at 22 weeks of age with photoperiods of 14 hr gradually increased to 18 hr. Data were obtained on egg number, egg weight, egg mass, specific gravity, shell weight, shell thickness, yolk weight, Haugh units and body weight. Strain effect was significant (P<.05) for egg number and highly significant (P<.01) for the other factors studied, except Haugh units. Cycle-length and strain X cycle-length interaction was highly significant (P<.01) for specific gravity, shell weight, shell thickness and yolk weight. Strain X cycle-length interaction was statistically signficant (P<.05) for egg number and egg mass, but non-significant for egg weight and Haugh units. Egg production was slightly higher for both

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

Sixty-nine wheat varieties from the 1975 U.S. wheat crop were tested with and without Irgazyme 100 (Ciba-Geigy "pectinase") supplementation. These wheats included 5 Soft Red Winter, 8 Durum, 15 Hard Red Spring, 18 Soft White Winter, and 23 Hard Red Winter wheats. They were used at a constant level of 62.5% which met NRC requirements for protein and ME. Seven two-week bioassay trials were conducted using 4200 day-old Hubbard chicks. In 32% of the wheats significant improvements in weight gain were obtained with enzyme supplementation. In 17.5% of the wheats a significant improvement in feed efficiency was observed. Improvement in feed efficiency did not closely parallel improvements in weight gain. Over 91% of the wheats showed an arithmetic improvement in gain and 80% showed this improvement in efficiency. Large variation in growth response to Irgazyme 100 was seen within classes but not between classes of wheats. A significant r of —.63 existed between gain and improvement in gain with Irgazyme addition. A significant r of —.57 existed between efficiency and improvement in efficiency. Components upon which the enzyme acts appear largely responsible for differences observed in the feeding value of wheats used in conventional broiler diets.

FLUORIDE CONTENT OF COMMERCIAL SAMPLES OF MECHANICALLY DEBONED POULTRY MEAT, AND FLUORIDE DISTRIBUTION IN THE DEBONING PROCESS

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS strains on the 24-hr LD cycle. The long LD cycles depressed egg number, while the short LD cycle increased egg number during the first five 24-day periods for the UMC strain. Egg mass was depressed, but initial egg weight, specific gravity, shell weight and shell thickness was increased for the UMC strain on the long LD cycle. For the commercial strain no significant beneficial effect of the long LD cycle on initial egg weight and shell quality was noted.

ARCHED NECK - A HERITABLE BEHAVIORAL ANOMALY IN THE CHICKEN

1075

not enough points on the slopes. This made it impossible to interpret the line intercepts and thereby estimate the percentage dietary requirements. Combining the data from the three cooler environments, where growth was comparable, turkeys during 8—12 weeks of age required about 2.6 grams lysine for 107 grams gain per day, and those during 16—20 weeks of age required about 3.1 grams of lysine for 134 grams gain per day. The results of a similar study utilizing 7 and 21 C ambient temperatures will also be presented. Cornsoybean meal type diets presumed to be deficient in lysine are included for comparison.

Gen Tues 4-.15

In a flock of White Plymouth Rocks, originating from a strain-cross in 1945, a few birds have been noted in most generations since 1950 which display an atypical behavioral syndrome termed arched neck. In addition to flexion of the neck, which often is placed between the legs, retropulsion and circling may be seen in severe cases. Though affected birds have never been used as breeders, the incidence has increased since 1974. The results of recent matings involving affected parents show a high incidence of this syndrome. Young chicks from these matings displayed 65% incidence at four weeks of age and 94% at four months. The performance of affected birds of either sex which occasionally display only the arched neck symptoms is not different from normals. However, those which regularly exhibit the screw neck retropulsion and circling symptoms are severely handicapped and die of starvation unless given special care. Birds, both chicks and adults, have provided material for light and electron microscopy. Histological staining of brain sections reveals a marked but diffuse swelling of the axons belonging to the VIII and other nerves. Electron microscopically, the lesions seem to involve the axoplasm which show accumulation of neuro fibrils, mitochondria and lysosomes. STUDY OF LYSINE REQUIREMENT OF GROWING TURKEYS AT VARYING AMBIENT TEMPERATURES

MANAGEMENT AND NUTRITION FACTOR EFFECTS ON EGG CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMERCIAL LAYERS Ext Tues 8:15 W. F. Krueger, Munther D. Husseini, and J. W. Bradley, Department of Poultry Science, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station, TX 77843 A total of 1584 twenty week old commercial egg-type pullets were utilized in two experiments to determine the effects of environmental and nutritional factors on egg quality characteristics. Factors studied included dietary calcium level, free-choice oyster shell feeding, pre-lay NaCl feeding, pre-lay anthelmintic treatment systems and cage density. Egg quality characteristics investigated included egg weight, shell weight, shell thickness, shell porosity score, specific gravity and albumen height. Pullets were housed in conventional cage houses. Data were collected for twelve 28-day production periods. Hens fed 3.5% total Ca in the diet had numerically higher mean egg shell weight, shell thickness and specific gravity compared with hens fed 2.5% Ca in the diet. The addition of free-choice oyster shell to the diet improved shell weight, shell thickness and specific gravity when added to either a 2.5 or 3.5% Ca diet. No statistically significant differences were observed in egg production and egg weight. Layers housed two per cage did not differ significantly from hens caged one per cage in egg production, egg weight, body weight, shell weight, shell thickness and specific gravity. Differences in egg shell characteristics noted for anthelmintic treatments were related to rate of production. Omitting salt in the pre-lay diet had little effect on performance.

Nutr A Tues 9:00 S. L. Kramer and P. E. Waibel, Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 The lysine requirement of Nicholas Large White male turkeys during 8—12 and 16—20 weeks of age were studied at ambient temperatures of 7, 14, 21, and 28 C. The lysine deficient basal diet was composed of corn, sesame meal, minerals, and vitamins. With the low lysine basal diet, growth was inversely related to ambient temperature suggesting that greater feed intake in the cooler environments provided more lysine and therefore faster growth. The lysine requirement for maximum growth was less than expected; hence, there were too many points on the plateaus and

INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS LEVELS OF VANADIUM ON THE GROWING DUCK Nutr B Tues 11:15 L. F. Kubena and S. J. Cysewski, Veterinary Toxicology and Entomology Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, SEA/AR, P. O. Drawer GE, College Station, TX 77840 A study was conducted to determine the influence of various levels of dietary vanadium as calcium ortho-vanadate, on various parameters of the growing chick from one day to 28 days of age. In trial 1, practical diets containing either 0, 25, 50, 100, 200,

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

S. C. Kowaleski, Poultry Science Department, H. A. Hartmanm, Pathology Department, School of Medicine, and W. H. McGibbon, Poultry Science Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53708

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1076

BROILER STRAIN VARIATIONS IN RESPONSE TO AFLATOXIN FED AT DIFFERENT AGES GenThurs 10:30 G. M. Lanza, K. W. Washburn, and R. D. Wyatt, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 Cobb, Hubbard, and Athens-Randombred broilers were fed aflatoxin at levels of 0, 2.5, or 5.0 ug aflatoxin per g diet for either: 0—3, 1—4, 2—5, or 3—6 weeks of age. Body weight, plasma cholesterol, plasma protein, and packed cell volumes (PCV) were determined at the conclusion of each treatment period. Significant (P<.05) dose-related decreases of plasma cholesterol, plasma protein, PCV, and body weight were observed for all strains in the 0—3 and 1—4 week treatment periods, although the PCV of the randombred broilers was never depressed by aflatoxin during any treatment period. Moreover, the response to aflatoxin was found to be lessened in all strains when aflatoxin treatment was initiated at the later ages. However, significant decreases (P<.05) of plasma cholesterol, plasma protein, and body weight were observed for all strains at the conclusion of the 3—6 week treatment period. Significant differences (P<.05) between strains in response to aflatoxin were observed at the conclusion of each treatment period.

THE AVIAN HYPOTHALAMUS :NOMENCLATURE DISCREPANCIES AND AN AVIAN EQUIVALENT OF MAMMALIAN HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEI PhysATues 2:00 Wayne J. Kuenzel, Department of Poultry Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 The oreoptic and hypothalamic areas are sites of intense interest for physiological and behavioral studies since they play a role in the control of food and water intake, temperature regulation, reproductive function, affective behavior, circadian and circannual rhythms. A persistent difficulty for researchers is that the nomenclature available for the avian brain has remained in the Latinized form and has not been used consistently. The objective of the study was to identify hypothalamic nuclei within the brains of growing broiler chicks. Material used was 1-, 7-, 14-, 28-, and 56-day old brains. Brains were fixed, frozen, sectioned at 25 Mm, and stained with luxol fast blue, cresylecht violet. Terminology applied to nuclei came from studies of Huber and Crosby, van Tienhoven and Juhasz, Karten and Hodos, and Nomina Anatomica, Avian (in press). Tables were compiled showing the agreement among investigators for each preoptic and hypothalamic nucleus. Finally, avian equivalents (shown in parentheses) of the following mammalian areas or nuclei were determined: preoptic, anterior, lateral, and hypophysiotrophic areas; paraventricular (nucleus (n) periventricularis magnocellularis), periventricular (n. periventricularis preopticus), supraoptic (n. supraopticus), suprachiasmatic (n. suprachiasmaticus), ventromedial (n. hypothalamicus posterior medialis), laternal (n. hypothalamicus lateralis), arcuate (n. arcuatus or n. hypothalamicus preventricularis) and tuberal nuclei (n. tuberis or n. infundibularis); and mammillary bodies.

EXTRACTION AND PROCESSING OF VARIOUS COMPONENTS FROM EGG YOLK Mark-Tech Thurs 8:30 J. E. Larsen and G. W. Froning, Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583 An extraction procedure was investigated to separate lipid, phospholipid and protein fractions from egg yolk. Two studies were completed to determine the optimal pH and solvent ratio. In the former, a range of pH 3 to pH 6 was used with pH 6 giving the best lipid yield. The solvents used were ethanol, isopropanol, hexane-EtOH and hexane IPA (77:23, w:w); the ratios were 1:1:1, 1:.5:2 and 1:2:4 (egg yolk:solvent:water). The 1:1:1 ratio was chosen as the best with hexane-IPA as the most efficient solvent. Analyses indicated that the crude lipid fraction contained 80—95% lipid with a high level of cholesterol (40 mg/g). The protein fraction contained 55% protein. Results of the mayonnaise tests showed that none of the fractions, alone or in combination, were as stable as emulsions made from the intact yolk. The crude oil fraction was degummed, refined and bleached. Chemical and physical properties of the processed oil were determined. The cholesterol content was reduced by 40% by refining and free fatty acids were reduced from 3.4 to .65% after refining. Fatty acid composition analysis of the crude and unprocessed oils showed a decrease in the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids as compared to intact egg yolk. The sensory evaluation of heated egg oil indicated that further processing with improved conditions would aid the desirability of egg yolk oil as a commercial product.

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

300 or 400 ppm added vanadium were fed to 350 male and 350 female laying strain chicks. In trial 2, practical diets containing either 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150 or 200 ppm added vanadium were fed to 420 male broiler chicks. Body weight gains of chicks in both trials were reduced approximately 14% by the addition of 25 ppm vanadium and further reduced to 40% at 100 ppm. Feed utilization also tended to decrease with increasing levels of vanadium. There were considerable biological variations in the blood chemistry parameters measured but no consistent differences could be attributed to the levels of vanadium in the diet. Mortality was not significantly affected by levels of vanadium <100 ppm during the 28 day trials. However, extremely high mortality was observed in both trials at levels >100 ppm. There was an 86% mortality in the laying strain and a 50% mortality in the broiler strain when fed 200 ppm added vanadium. There was 100% mortality in the laying strain males fed 300 or 400 ppm added vanadium and 96% mortality in the females fed 300 ppm and 100% mortality in the females fed 400 ppm.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS SYNERGISTIC INTERACTIONS OF JAPANESE QUAIL LYMPHOCYTES IN GRAFT-VS-HOST REACTIONS PhysBThurs 11:30 Jessica A. Lasley and G. W. Morgan, Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27650

MAGNESIUM TOXICITY: BONE LESIONS

NUTRITION AND PELLET DEVELOPMENT Env-Man Tues 3:00 Steve Leeson and J. D. Summers, Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario Canada NIG 2W1 Attempts were made to influence pullet development in the hope of inducing early maturity. Diet treatments for 0—8 and 8—15 weeks consisted of A, 20% CP starter, 15% CP grower; B, 20% CP starter, 24% broiler starter; and C, 24% broiler starter, 20% broiler grower. Birds were given 8 hrs constant light in a normal or hot environment as represented by 65 vs 80 F constant temperature following the brooding period. Each diet was offered ad libitum to 10 replicate groups of 10 pullets to 15 weeks of age at which time all birds were moved to laying cages. At both 8 and 15 weeks of age, consumption of broiler diets throughout (treatment C) resulted in significantly (P<.05) heavier birds, irrespective of environments. The higher environmental temperature resulted in reduction of body weight by 7 and 9% for 8 and 15 week-old birds, respectively. Protein intake was directly related to dietary protein level for each age group. To 8 weeks of age birds on treatment C consumed less protein in the hot vs cold environment, although this effect was not recorded with other diet treatments. From 8—15 weeks of age birds in the hot room consumed 15% less protein irrespective of diet. Energy consumption was not influenced by environment to 8 weeks, although after this time a 20% difference was observed. In the cold room, diet had no effect on energy intake. It is postulated that birds offered the high protein — high energy diets will be more suited to early induction of lay.

PROCESSING YIELDS OF QUAIL

Path Tues 1:45

Mark-Tech Tues 11:45

S. R. Lee and W. M. Britton, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602; and G. N. Roland, Department of Pathology, Vet Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602

E. T. Legare, K. K. Hale, and V. C. Waldrop, Department of Poultry Science, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631

Four levels of magnesium (0, .3, .5 or .9%), three levels of inorganic phosphorus (.12, .24 or .48%) and two levels of chlorine (.135 or .270%) were fed at all possible combinations in a corn-soy basal. The calcium level was 1.0% and the sodium:potassium ratio was held constant. Each of the 24 dietary treatments were fed to day-old broiler chicks for a four-week period. The chicks were housed in battery brooders and feed and water supplied ad libitum. Body weight was depressed by each increasing level of dietary magnesium, especially at the lower chloride and phosphorus levels. Increasing dietary phosphorus partially alleviated the growtih depression. Mortality was increased by the magnesium excess in the chicks fed the low phosphorus and low chloride diets. The chicks fed the excessive magnesium levels were found to have tibiae shortened, thickened, twisted, severely bowed and with malformed condyles. The bones of the chicks fed excessive magnesium had a greatly reduced bone ash and histopathological observation of bone and other tissues involved in calcium-phosphorus metabolism indicated abnormalities.

Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of production and harvesting practices on the processing yields of D t coturnix quail. Quail grown to eight weeks of age on 14 hours of light per day gave lower yields (62%) and processed carcass weights (112 g) than birds grown on 10 hours light for 7 weeks (67%; 117 g) or birds grown 8 weeks on 10 hours of light (69%; 123 g). Bobwhite quail grown to 16 weeks of age (10 hrs light during the final 4 weeks) had processing yields of 71% and an average carcass weight of 128 g. Carcass weights of male and female coturnix quail were similar; however, processing yields were lower with females that had reached sexual maturity. Although live weight shrink after feed and water withdrawal increased steadily with time, processing yields did not always demonstrate this same linear trend.

THE INFLUENCE OF TIME OF DIETARY CALCIUM INTAKE ON SHELL QUALITY Nutr BTues 9:00

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

Previous work in our laboratory demonstrated that Japanese quail blood lymphocytes were generally unreactive in both corioallantoic membrane (CAM) and spleenomegaly graft-vs-host (GVH) assays. These assays were performed in both Japanese quail and SCWL recipients. When positive, however, these GVH responses were of very low magnitude. The present study was conducted to determine if thymic lymphocytes, or a combination of thymocytes and blood lymphocytes would produce positive GVH responses. Thymic lymphocytes were obtained from juvenile quail using a tissue sieve and cell counts were performed on thymocyte preparations and whole blood samples. The cells were tested for GVH reactivity in both CAM and spleenomegaly assays. When tested alone neither blood lymphocytes nor thymocytes produced consistent responses of high magnitude. However, when thymocytes and blood lymphocytes were combined and tested, the GVH responses were more frequently positive and of higher magnitude. These data suggest that Japanese quail blood lymphocytes and thymic lymphocytes each contain a population of cells which contribute to cell mediated immune responses, and that neither cell population alone is normally capable of this magnitude of GVH responsiveness.

1077

1078

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

R. M. Leonards and D. A. Roland, Sr., Poultry Science Department, Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830

SIX-MP METALLO COMPLEX TREATMENT AND XANTHINE DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY IN THE CHICK

PhysTues 10:30 Shuenn-Shyong Liou and H. V. Biellier, Department of Poultry Husbandry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 Plasma progesterone was measured in 38 White Leghorn hens that received a 23-hr light-dark cycle (LDC) with a photoperiod of 18L:5D or 24-hr LDC with a photoperiod of 18L:6D in a light-controlled house. Blood samples were taken from wing veins at 4-hr intervals during each laying cycle. Birds that laid at least 7 eggs in each sequence were selected for the experiment. Plasma progesterone levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. The following results were observed: (1) Plasma progesterone level fluctuated between .5 to 4.5 ng per ml during the laying cycle. The progesterone peak levels occurred 1 to 5 hr before oviposition and returned to basal levels soon after oviposition; (2) There was no significant difference in the times of progesterone peak levels between the 23 and 24-hr LDC birds in relation to oviposition; (3) All eggs were laid during the lighted period and the time interval between "light on" and oviposition was 9.19 ± .45 hr and 5.55 ± .34 hr for birds receiving 23-hr LDC and 24-hr LDC, respectively. This significant difference in interval (P<.01) coincided with the times of progesterone surge. Plasma progesterone peak levels occurred 3 to 4 hr earlier in hens receiving 24-hr LDC than those receiving 23-hr LDC.

PhysBThurs8:30 R. W. Lewis and C. Galindo, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 Xanthine dehydrogenase activity of the serum, kidney, and liver of the chicks was determined colorimetrically by reduction of the tetrazolium salt, 2-p-iodophenyl-3-p-nitrophenyl-5-phenyl tetrachloride. The method was a modification of an assay developed by Nachlas et al. (J.B.C. 235:499, 1960) and adapted for use with xanthine dehydrogenase by Fried (Anal. Biochem. 16:427, 1964). Four experiments involved twenty, five-day-old chicks per treatment group to which 100 mg of 6-MP, 6-MP palladium complex and the 6-MP complex of bismuth was administered orally and sacrificed 6 and 24 hours after treatment. Xanthine dehydrogenase activity of the serum and liver was depressed as a result of all treatments after 6 hours. Activity in the kidney was not significantly affected after an identical post-treatment period. When activity was measured following a 24-hour post-treatment period, 6-MP, Pd complex and bicomplex chicks exhibited a lower level of xanthine dehydrogenase activity than that of the controls. Activity of kidney and liver was not affected. This suggests that the compounds were being rapidly detoxified or removed from the blood. These results may provide an explanation as to the mechanism associated with depressed uric acid levels of treated chicks observed in previous investigations.

ANTICOCCIDIAL DRUGS: EFFECT OF SOME DRUGS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNITY TO COCCIDIOSIS PathTues 10:15 P. L. Long, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 In a laboratory trial day-old chickens were given different concentrations of monensin or arprinocid for 10 weeks. At 2 weeks of age they were given an immunizing dose of oocysts of six species of Eimeria. After challenge infection at 10 weeks it was found that concentrations of 60—100 ppm monensin and 50 ppm arprinocid inhibited the acquisition of resistance to coccidiosis. Concentrations between 40—50 ppm monensin or 20 ppm arprinocid only slightly affected the development of immunity to six species of Eimeria. In a field experiment broiler breeder chicks were exposed to naturally occurring coccidia only. Monensin (45 ppm) or dinitolmide (125 ppm) given for 14 weeks during a restricted feeding programme allowed immunity to develop to indigenous coccidial populations which were isolated and used for challenge. Monensin-treated birds were slightly better protected and performed better than dinitolmide-treated birds. Large numbers >60 X 10 3 oocysts/g were present at 3 weeks in dinitolmide-treated chickens. Treatment with monensin at 45 ppm resulted in low oocyst

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of time of dietary calcium (Ca) intake on shell quality. In the first experiment, 150 hens were divided into three groups of 50 birds each. Groups 1, 2 and 3 were fed the following dietary calcium levels, respectively: 3.4% Ca (each day), 6.4 and .4% Ca (on alternate days), and 9.4, .4 and .4% Ca (over 3 days) such that each group received an average of 3.4% Ca over periods of 1—3 days. The procedure used in experiment 2 was similar to that of experiment 1 except that 200 hens were used and another treatment group of 3.4 and .4% Ca diets (on alternate days) added. Hens receiving diets containing an average of 3.4% Ca over 2 days (6.4, .4% Ca) and 3 days (9.4, .4, .4% Ca) were unable to maintain shell weight, specific gravity and serum Ca at levels similar to that of hens receiving a diet containing 3.4% Ca each day. Hens also overconsumed on feed when fed the Ca deficient diet. It is concluded that hens are incapable of consuming 2 or 3 days supply of Ca in 1 day and utilizing it to maintain shell quality the following 1 or 2 days. Hens, therefore, must receive adequate calcium at least on a daily basis in order to maintain shell quality.

THE EFFECT OF 23-HR LIGHT-DARK CYCLE ON PLASMA PROGESTERONE LEVELS DURING THE OVULATORY CYCLE OF DOMESTIC FOWL

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS counts in the litter samples. Numbers of oocysts in the litter increased when skip-a-day feeding was introduced. It is concluded that monensin at 40—50 ppm in the feed may be suitable for the treatment of replacement breeders on a restricted feeding program. The use of low concentrations of arprinocid for preventive medication of replacements deserves full investigation. SELECTION FOR REDUCED STRESS RECOVERY TIME IN LAYERS Gen Tues 4:00

Recovery time following stress was reduced a significant (P<.05) 4.1 days in a single generation selection experiment with White Leghorns. In generation zero, 1492 birds in 11 replicates were stressed sufficiently at 55 weeks of age to cause egg production to cease. Eleven percent with shortest recovery time (return to egg production) in each replicate was selected as breeders. The mean recovery time in generation 1 was 30.9 days for controls and 26.8 days for selected individuals. Heritability estimated from sire component of variance was .27 and realized heritability was .32. No significant (P<.05) correlated responses were observed in other performance traits.

EVALUATION OF BONED CHICKEN (FOWL) PROCESSED IN CANS AND FLEXIBLE RETORTABLE POUCHES Mark-Tech Tues 11:00 B. G. Lyon, Animal Products Composition and Utilization Research Unit, USDA, SEA, ARC, Russell Research Center, P. O. Box 5677, Athens, GA 30604 Optimum use of fowl as canned chicken in USDA school lunch, military and retail products is hampered by poor acceptance. Improvements were sought through identification of defects by Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA) techniques and through formulation and processing modifications. Four lots of USDA canned boned chicken (29-oz), one military lot (29-oz) and a retail pack (5-oz) were evaluated by a trained (QDA) sensory panel for all discernible sensory attributes, and by an untrained panel using relative desirability scores. Also, canned chicken was compared by the QDA panel with fowl meat, both raw and pre-cooked, retorted in flexible aluminum pouches. Ten sensory attributes were identified, which were distributed by factor analysis into four general categories;. texture, juiciness, off-flavor and appearance. One of the four USDA products compared favorably with the retail and military products; three were inferior primarily in tenderness, cohesiveness, and off-flavor. The retort pouch process provided adequately tender meat, and due to shorter retorting time, prevented loss in cohesiveness or integrity of meat chunks found with conventional canning. With pouches, off flavor was reduced by retorting raw rather than precooked chicken. Thus, improvements in product quality can be made by eliminating pre-

cooking and by use of retortable pouches. Precook modifications might also be sought to improve quality. TEXTURE PROFILE ANALYSIS OF PATTIES MADE FROM MIXED AND FLAKE-CUT MECHANICALLY DEBONED POULTRY MEAT Mark-Tech Tues 8:00 C. E. Lyon, B. G. Lyon, C. E. Davis, and W. E. Townsend, USDA, SEA, AR, Richard B. Russell Agricultural Research Center, P. O. Box 5677, Athens, GA 30604 The effect of flake-cutting on the texture of mechanically deboned poultry patties was evaluated using texture profile analysis. Mechanically deboned poultry meat (MDPM) was flake-cut and mixed with salt and seasoning followed by addition of 15 or 25% structured protein fiber (SPF). A reference or mixed sample containing 15% SPF was also prepared. The Instron was used to measure textural traits of hardness, springiness, cohesiveness and chewiness. A sixmember trained panel evaluated the same traits plus juiciness using a seven point intensity scale. Objectively, flake-cut patties were more springy than mixed patties when SPF level was equal (15%). Flake-cut patties with 25% SPF were significantly harder and more chewy than either flaked or mixed patties with 15% SPF. Sensorially, both flake-cut patties were more springy and cohesive than the mixed patty. Positive significant correlation coefficients between objective and sensory measures of hardness, springness, and chewiness indicated that the Instron and panel were in agreement. Those parameters as measured by the Instron and panel changed at about the same rate and in the same direction depending on effects of flake-cutting or level of SPF. THE STATUS OF GRADUATE EDUCATION IN POULTRY SCIENCE InstrThurs 10:30 M. G. McCartney, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 Information concerning graduate programs was received from 26 departments offering advanced degrees in poultry science. Programs were offered in 11 areas of specialization. The programs most frequently available were: genetics, nutrition, physiology and products technology. Those offered by only a few departments were: diseases and pathology, economics, microbiology, mycotoxicology and parasitology. The credit hour requirements (quarter hours or equivalent), exclusive of thesis, ranged from 27 to 48 for the M.S. degree. Approximately 50 percent of the Ph.D. programs had no specific requirements for course hours, while the others ranged from a minimum of 36 to a maximum of 96 hours. The graduate course hours offered by the various departments averaged 30.9, exclusive of special problems, seminar and research. There were 220 M.S. and 140 Ph.D. students working towards advanced degrees as of Fall, 1978, of which 25.3 percent were foreign nationals. A total of 291 and 197 M.S. and Ph.D. degrees, respectively, were granted during the last 5 years.

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

P. C. Lowe and V. A. Garwood, North Central Regional Poultry Breeding Laboratory, USDA-SEAAR, West Lafayette, IN 47907

1079

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1080

The results of this survey indicate that graduate education continues to be an important function of the instructional and research programs of most departments of poultry science.

EFFECTS OF MSMA AND DSMA ON THE IMMUNE RESPONSE IN CHICKS

markedly. The % change in Pi but not Ca from initiation of HS to heat prostration was similar in all chicks despite pronounced differences in the time interval in which these changes occurred. In this respect ST appeared to be closely related to changes in Pi. We concluded that dietary phosphorus and calcium as well as Pi are important factors related to ST of chicks exposed to HS.

Phys B Thurs 9:00 F. McCorkie, R. Taylor, D. Martin, R. Stinson, E. Day, and B. Glick, Department of Poultry Science, MAFES, Mississippi State University, P. O. Box 5188, Mississippi State, MS 39762

Phys A Thurs 9:15 G. R. McDaniel, J. Brake, and R. D. Bushong, Poultry Science Department, Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Auburn AL 36830 Five feeding regimes were used to study the relationships of various reproductive traits in broiler breeders. The females were maintained in single cages throughout the 32-week test period. Correlation coefficients were obtained by treatment between egg weight, specific gravity, body weight of female, egg weight, fertility, hatchability, and hen-day production. In general, hen-day production and hatchability showed significant and highly significant correlation coefficients with most all other traits. Shell quality as determined by specific gravity was correlated with body weight, hatchability, and hen-day production. Egg weight showed an association with body weight, hen-day production and hatchability; however, there was considerable variation in the magnitude of the correlation coefficients between treatments.

LOW DIETARY CALCIUM INCREASES SURVIVAL OF YOUNG CHICKS EXPOSED TO HEAT STRESS

EFFECT OF MOISTURE AND HEAT TREATMENT ON SOYBEAN PROTEIN QUALITY

Nutr BTues8:45

J. L. McNaughton and F. N. Reece, USDA-SEA-AR, South Central Poultry Research Laboratory, P. O. Box 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762

Charles C. McCormick, J. D. Garlich, and F. W. Edens, Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27650 Studies in our laboratory indicated that fasted chicks previously fed low phosphorus (LP) and adequate calcium (AC) diets are markedly less tolerant to heat stress (HS). Prior to fasting these chicks exhibit elevated plasma calcium (Ca) in addition to low plasma phosphorus (Pi). After a 24 hr fast Pi and Ca are similar in chicks fed LP and AC or adequate phosphorus (AP) and AC despite a marked difference in survival of these chicks to HS. This report concerns the effect of feeding low calcium diets (LC) on the survival time (ST) of chicks fed AP or LP. Day-old chicks were fed diets containing .3 or 1.0% calcium with .35 or .55% phosphorus representing LC or AC and LP or AP, respectively. At 4 wks chicks were fasted 24 hrs and subjected to HS. Chicks fed LC and LP exhibited significantly increased ST when compared to that of chicks fed AC and LP (250 vs 159 min). A similar effect of LC was observed in chicks fed AP (276 vs 218 min). Ca was decreased and Pi elevated prior to fasting in chicks fed LC. ST appeared to be inversely related to non-fasted levels of Ca but directly related to Pi. During HS Pi and Ca declined

Env-ManTues 1:30

Four experiments were conducted to determine the effect of soybean meal (SBM) moisture content and heat treatment on proteolytic inhibitors and broiler performance. Raw solvent-extracted SBM containing either 13 or 8% moisture was autoclaved in sealed containers for 1 hour at 15 psig(120 C) or was dry roasted in a drying oven for 1 hour at 120 C. Trypsin inhibitor (TI) contents were: 1.70 mg/g in the commercial SBM; 1.71 and 15.36 mg/g in SBM containing either 13 or 8% moisture, respectively; and 2.66 mg/g in dry roasted SBM. Urease and TI contents paralleled. All meals were equal in protein content. Approximately the same quantity of TI was found in commercial SBM and the 13% moisture SBM"; however, improved performance (3 wk weights and F/G) occurred when broilers were fed commercial SBM from 1 day to 3 weeks of age and the 8% moisture showed poorer performance than the 13% moisture SBM. These results suggest that either the quantity or quality of amino acids in the 13% moisture SBM was less than that of commercial SBM which indicates over-heating occurred. Both the dry roasted and untreated raw SBM reduced growth and feed utiliza-

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

Little is known about the physiological effects of the numerous environmental contaminants used widely in agriculture. Monosodium and disodium methanearsonates (MSMA and DSMA) are selective postemergent herbicides used for weed control in cotton. Feeding 100 ppb and 1 ppm of each herbicide to LJD New Hampshire chicks from day of hatch resulted in significantly decreased body weights by six weeks of age. Cell-mediated immunity as measured by the PHA wattle response was significantly depressed by all concentrations at six weeks of age. One ppm DSMA significantly depressed antibody titers to sheep red blood cells (SRBC), a T-cell dependent antigen, at both 3 and 6 weeks. One ppm MSMA depressed SRBC titers at 3 weeks but stimulated agglutinin response by 6 weeks. Titers to Brucella abortus, a T-cell independent antigen, were also stimulated by 1 ppm MSMA at 6 weeks. Therefore, these data suggest a lowered immune response for short-term exposure to low concentrations of methanearsonates.

RELATIONSHIP OF FEED RESTRICTION AND REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS IN BROILER BREEDERS

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS tion. Dietary TI concentrations ranging from .61 (commercial SBM diet) to 8.30 mg/g diet were fed to broilers. Growth depression and pancreas hypertrophy occurred when as much as .98 mg/g dietary trypsin inhibitor was fed. These results show the influence of moisture in determining proper heat treatment in SBM processing. RECYCLED PAPER PRODUCTS LITTER MATERIALS

AS

1081

continued on low sodium. Egg production of the treatment 1 pullets remained low; the birds showed a reduced feed intake and lost weight in comparison to the otlier treatments during the period 22—28 weeks. Fertility and hatchability were reduced during the 24—28 week period. At 28 weeks, the dietary sodium level was increased. The pullets showed a prompt increase in feed intake and egg production increased.

BROILER

Env-ManThurs 10:15 G. W. Malone, G. W. Chaloupka, and P. H. Allen, Substation Division, University of Delaware, R.D. 2, Box 47, Georgetown, DE 19947

Ext Tues 11:00 B. L. Marquez, A. J. Pescatore, and R. M. Hulet, Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 Artificial insemination (A.I.) crews working with turkey breeders are taught the mechanics of A.I. but rarely understand physiologically what they are performing. A 30 minute color videotape program has been developed for teaching the physiology of reproduction involved in A.I. Semen collection is demonstrated as well as the quality characteristic of samples from: a) clean, b) fecal contaminated and, c) yellowish type semen. The tests include motility, normality, and sperm cell concentration. The careful insemination of the hen is demonstrated. The anatomy of the utero-vaginal sperm storage tubules and the entire oviduct is examined with the aid of whole mount preparation and histological section using the light microscope and the scanning electron microscope. The videotape program was also designed for teaching undergraduate and graduate students in Poultry Science, Animal Science, and the Veterinary schools. A DISCRIMINATING STANDARD FOR JUDGING LIVE POULTRY

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DIETARY SODIUM LEVELS AND FEEDING PROGRAM ON GROWTH OF BROILER BREEDER REPLACEMENT PULLETS AND ON SUBSEQUENT PERFORMANCE Nutr A Thurs 10:45 B. Manning and J. McGinnis, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 Broiler breeder pullets (664) were placed on three dietary treatments at one day of age. These were: 1) .05% sodium from day of age to maturity with ad libitum feeding; 2) .15% sodium to maturity with feed restriction; 3) .05% sodium ad libitum to 8 weeks of age, then .15% sodium and feed.restriction. Growth of the pullets on all treatments was effectively reduced at 8 weeks of age. At 12 weeks, the pullets on treatment 1 had made a striking increase in weight gain. At that time, the sodium level of the diet was further reduced to .03% and the litter cleaned. At 20 weeks, they weighed 3968 g, while the pullets in treatments 2 and 3 weighed 1886 g and 2085 g. At 22 weeks, all pullets were changed to laying diets and treatment 1 was

Ext Tues 2:00 G. A. Marsh, Department of Poultry Science, The Ohio State University, 674 West Lane Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 The sale of winning entries for high prices led to dissatisfaction with the judging of the meat type poultry entered in the live classes of the Ohio State Junior Fair. Critics contended that conventional judging did not discriminate between close entries. Subjective judgment was too important. Birds of different ages could not compete fairly. The criteria for judgment did not relate enough to economic values. Critics requested that a written report satisfactory to the participants and their advisors be made available for those individuals not able to be present at the time of judging. These criticisms were met by developing a grade score sheet. On this sheet each bird as an entry is graded individually by cutting from 100 points. Health is scored on the basis of evidence of disease that would influence inspection for wholesomeness. The angle and the carry back of the breast are physically measured.

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

Two trials with 3,200 broiler chicks each were conducted to evaluate the suitability of various recycled paper products as broiler litter materials. Shredded newspaper (SN), processed newspaper (PN) and processed cardboard (PC) were compared to sawdust (SD) as a control. The processed materials were mechanically compressed cellulose fibers with a particle size of approximately 12 mm in diameter. Initial litter depth of each material was 10 cm with the various materials reused in trial 2. Broilers reared on SN and PN to 28 days of age were significantly heavier than those on SD and PC. Feed efficiency of SN broilers was also significantly improved over the SD controls at this age. Numerical differences in 49 day body weights were 1633, 1646, and 1684 grams for the PC, SD, PN, and SN broilers, respectively. Difference in feed utilization and mortality were non-significant. Although some initial dustiness was associated with SN, at 35 days of age litter caking was observed in both the SN and PC treatments. By 49 days total pen area with caked litter was significantly greater in the SN and PC treatments when compared to SD and PN. Litter and broiler tissue were sampled for possible heavy metal and pesticide residues.

UNDERSTANDING THE BASICS OF ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION: A VIDEOTAPE PROGRAM

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1082

Pigmentation is appraised by comparison of shank color. Point cuts are made for immature feathers, lack of coverage, cleanliness, and variation from average weight. Twenty points are assigned to general market conditions. All point cuts are listed. At the completion of judging score sheets are tabulated and duplicate copies provided participants.

feed conversions, with both anticoccidials, significant linear trends were seen with increasing methionine. Livability was slightly higher in the monensin fed groups. Numerical differences were seen amongst the treatments for feathering, pigmentation and processing plant parameters. These results agree with those previously obtained in another trial.

THE EFFECT OF FENVALERATE ON THE IMMUNE RESPONSE OF THE CHICKEN

EFFECT OF SHUTTLING FROM A MEDICATED PRE-STARTER RATION TO LASALOCID OR MONENSIN ON BROILER CHICK PERFORMANCE

Phys B Thurs 8:45

Fenvalerate [cyano-(3-phenoxyphenyl)-methyl-4chloro-alpha-(l-methylethyl)-benzenacetate] is an experimental insecticide presently used on cotton. Fenvalerate was fed to chicks from day of hatch through six weeks of age using 10 ppb, 100 ppb, and 1 ppm levels. Body weight was not influenced by feeding Fenvalerate. Hematrocrits and spleen weights of 3-week-old birds fed 1 ppm were depressed and stimulated, respectively. Bursa weights on 6-week-old birds were stimulated by 10 ppb. Total titers to sheep red blood cells (SRBC), a T-cell dependent antigen, and Brucella abortus, a T-cell independent antigen, were not affected by Fenvalerate. PHA-P wattle response was not influenced by Fenvalerate. These data suggest that short-term consumption of low levels of Fenvalerate is not harmful to cellular or humoral immune systems of the chicken. THE EFFECT OF GRADED METHIONINE LEVELS FED WITH LASALOCID OR MONENSIN ON BROILER PERFORMANCE, FEATHERING, PIGMENTATION AND PROCESSING PARAMETERS Nutr A Thurs 8:15 W. L. Marusich and W. De Young, Animal Health Research Department, Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., 340 Kingsland Road, Nutley, NJ 07110 The effect of added methionine (0, .1 and .2%) on performance, feathering, pigmentation and processing plant parameters was evaluated in broilers fed .0125% lasalocid or .0121% monensin in a field-type floor pen trial. Commercial-type corn-soy starter, finisher, and withdrawal feeds were used with .74, .71 and .65% total sulfur amino acids, respectively, but adequate in all other known nutrients. Each treatment had 4 pens of 145 males + 4 pens of 170 females. Birds were weighed and feed intake determined at 47, 52 and 54 days. Drugs were withdrawn at 47 days with feathering and pigmentation measured. At 56 days, the birds were commercially processed and the incidence of breast blisters, bruises, trim, manure burn, follicle infection, crooked keel, rough backs and hips recorded. Optimal growth was obtained with the 0% level of added methionine when lasalocid was fed and less than optimal growth with .2% added methionine with monensin. At 52 days, birds fed lasalocid had weights comparable to 54-day old birds fed monensin. For

Nutr A Thurs 8:45 W. L. Marusich, E. F. Ogrinz, N. Camerlengo, and J. Bailer, Animal Health Research Department, Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., 340 Kingsland Road, Nutley, NJ 07110 A 4 week battery trial was run with day-old Hubbard X Hubbard chicks from a young breeder flock (30 weeks old) to note the effect on performance (growth and feed conversion) of shuttling from a commercial type medicated starter ration containing either .011% furazolidone or .020% Rofenaid* fed for the first 2 weeks followed by .0125% lasalocid or .0121% monensin. The non-medicated control ration alone and with .0125% lasalocid or .0121% monensin were also fed continuously for 4 weeks to compare to the shuttle programs. Each treatment had 4 replicates of 10 birds except the group fed the control ration continuously which had 8 replicates. The entire study was duplicated exactly using day-old chicks from an older breeder flock (52 weeks of age). Birds from the younger breeder flock exhibited the same performance trends as those from the older breeder flock. Birds shuttled at 2 weeks from furazolidone or Rofenaid to monensin showed a —21% and —19% reduction in growth, respectively, and a —18% and —12% impairment in feed efficiency, respectively. No adverse effects were seen when birds were shuttled from either furazolidone or Rofenaid to lasalocid. Continuous feeding of monensin depressed growth (—13%) and feed efficiency (—8%) while those fed lasalocid showed —1% and —3%, respectively, compared to non-medicated controls during the same 2—4 weeks period. * Rofenaid® — Hoffmann-La Roche's 5:3 combination of sulfadimethoxine + ormetoprim. EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LIGHTING REGIMES ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF PHEASANTS Phys BTues 2:00 Magdi M. Mashaly and Owen D. Keene, Poultry Science Department, The Pennsylvania State University, 202 Animal Industries Building, University Park, PA 16802 Light is important in affecting sexual maturity and reproductive performance of male and female chickens and turkeys. However, the influence of light on pheasant reproduction is not well-documented, although it is of great importance to the game bird industry.

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

D. Martin, F. McCorkle, R. Taylor, and B. Glick, Department of Poultry Science, MAFES, Mississippi State University, Box 5188, Mississippi State, MS 39762

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1083

Capillariasis of the upper digestive tract of galliform birds is commonly attributed to Capillaria contorta, often without careful scrutiny of the helminths involved. We report the presence of Capillaria (Thominx) perforans Kotlan and Orosz 1931 in vulturine guinea fowls (Acryllium vulturinum) dead with greatly thickened mucosa of mouth, esophagus (palpable as a rope-like mass), and crop. Dead birds are often in good flesh, but with pale bone marrow. The mechanism by which the helminth causes death is unknown. C. perforans, originally described in Hungary, and redescribed by Vaz in Brazil, is lumped with C. obtusiuscula and other capillariids in C. contorta by Cram. On the other hand, body size (female, 57—150 mm), egg size (41—49 microns long), ornamentation of the esophageal portion, shape (fusiform dilatation) of male tail, and shape (abrupt taper) of female tail point to C. perforans being a separate species.

THE INFLUENCE OF CARBOHYDRATE COMPONENTS AND SUPPLEMENTAL FAT ON THE APPARENT METABOLIZABLE ENERGY OF THE DIET

DRUG RESISTANCE OF FIELD ISOLATES OF COCCIDIA

Nutr ATues 2:30 Gonzalo G. Mateos and Jerry L. Sell, Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 An experiment involving 60 SCWL laying hens was conducted to measure the influence of the carbohydrate source and supplemental fat on metabolizable energy (AME) of the diet. Twelve diets with the same calculated metabolizable energy and protein levels were arranged in a 2 X 6 factorial composed of 2 different yellow grease to soy oil ratios (6%:0% and 4%:2% of the diet) and 6 corn starch:sucrose ratios (from 50%:0% to 0%:50%). The diets were assayed for AME content for a 5-day period, using the total feces collection method. There was a positive linear relationship between sucrose level and AME of the diet. When sucrose replaced corn starch, the AME of the rations increased more than expected, and these increments were statistically significant (P<.01). The diets containing a mixture of yellow grease and soy oil had higher AME values than those in which fat was supplied exclusively as yellow grease. These increases, irrespective of sucrose level, were also significant (P<.01). A comparison of the "theoretical" regression equation describing the expected dietary AME with changing sucrose and soy oil levels, Y = 3107 + 1.03 (% sucrose) + 9 (% soy oil), and the regression equation obtained experimentally, Y = 3177 + 3.25 (% sucrose) + 18 (% soy oil), illustrates the relatively large increases in dietary AME caused by sucrose and soy oil. Further examination of the data showed that these effects of sucrose and soy oil were independent.

CAPILLARIA PERFORANS KOTLAN AND OROSZ 1931 IN VULTURINE GUINEA FOWL PathTues 1:15 W. J. Mathey and A. E. Gutter, Veterinary Department, Audubon Park Zoological Garden, P. O. Box 4327, New Orleans, LA 70118

Path Tues 10:00 Gr Mathis, Joyce Johnson and L. R. McDougald, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 Coccidia were isolated from litter samples collected in poultry houses in Georgia and other southern states. Each of 50 isolates was characterized as to species of Eimeria present, then tested for sensitivity to 10 commercial anticoccidial drugs. All of the isolates were resistant to some of the drugs. There was a high frequency of resistance to clopidol, amprolium, quinolones, zoalene, and sulfaquinoxaline. Resistance was less frequent with nicarbazin and robenidine and least frequent with 3 ionophorous antibiotic drugs. There was partial drug resistance in some instances. The most common species of coccidia encountered were E. tenella, E. acervulina, and E. maxima.

PARTIAL DEWATERING OF DEBONED POULTRY MEAT

MECHANICALLY

Mark-Tech Tues 8:45 A. J. Maurer, Department of Poultry Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706; and J. W. Goble, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 Mechanically deboned turkey and chicken meat were subjected to partial dewatering during or after thawing. Treatments included draining, draining under pressure, centrifugation, and partial dehydration. Exudates and partially dewatered meat were analyzed for proximate composition and emulsifying and water holding capacities. Frankfurters made using the dewatered meat were subjected to objective and subjective analyses. The treatments of removing exudate from mechanically deboned poultry meat under pressure and by centrifugation generally yielded the greatest moisture reduction and improvement in emulsifying capacity; dehydration techniques did not appear practical and pressure treatments using a Carver Press or other

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

Ringneck male and female pheasants, hatched on April 28, were reared under natural light. At 22 weeks of age, when the natural light was approximately 12 hours, they were placed in three treatment groups. Group 1 received 16 hours of light; groups 2 and 3 received only 8 hours of light for 2 and 4 weeks, respectively, after which it was increased to 16 hours. Egg production and fertility were recorded. Androgens were measured, using radioimmunoassay, bi-weekly in male sera. Groups 1, 2, and 3 reached 50% egg production at 30, 35 and 30 weeks of age, respectively. The average egg production was 43% in group 3 and 35% in groups 1 and 2. Semen volume and fertility were greater in groups 2 and 3. Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone concentration were highest in male sera of groups 2 and 3. Thus, male and female pheasants need a period of non-stimulatory light for maximum reproductive performance.

1084

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

screw press devices were not satisfactory. Frankfurters made from partially dewatered meat were generally not improved over those from control meat formulations, however, suggesting that partial dewatering of mechanically deboned poultry meat may not be justified. RESPONSE OF BROILERS TO DIETARY SELFSELECTION AND INCIDENCE OF 'OILY' BIRD SYNDROME Nutr AThurs 10:30

Growth response and carcass characteristics of male and female broilers subject to dietary selfselection from day-old (S 0 ) and 3 wks (S 3 ) were determined. Birds on self-selection were offered a choice of high-energy and high-protein diets in mash form. Control groups of males (C m ) and females (Cf) received a single, complete mash in two feeders. All birds (3 X 2 X 60 Hubbard strain) grew at comparable rates up to two wks of age. Thereafter S 0 and S 3 groups grew at a slower rate with a pronounced divergence during the phase of accelerated growth. Body weight at 8 wks of males and females in S 0 and S 3 groups were 74 and 79% and 66 and 73% of their respective controls ( C m = 2398 and Cf = 1896 g). Distribution of individual body weights showed overlap indicating that some S 0 and S 3 birds were selecting an adequate diet. Plasma amino acid profiles showed that lysine concentration was markedly depressed (27.5 vs 68.3 Mg/ml) in birds on selfselection. Processing results showed that self-selection decreased eviscerated yield and increased carcass adiposity. Females had a greater amount of abdominal adipose tissue. Birds from the self-selection groups exhibited the characteristics of 'oily' bird syndrome (OBS). The results show that dietary self-selection, as provided in this study, is inferior to feeding a single diet. However, the method may serve as a model to study OBS in broilers. The evidence presented suggests that lysine deficiency may be an etiologic factor in OBS. DIETARY LYSINE AND SERUM THYROID HORMONE CONCENTRATION PhysTues9:30

REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE HENS PROVIDED FLUORIDE

OF LAYING

Env-ManTues8:00 J. W. Merkley, USDA, SEA-AR, Poultry Research Laboratory, RD 2, Box 600, Georgetown, DE 19947; and T. J. Sexton, USDA, SEA-AR, Avian Physiology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705 An experiment was conducted to determine the influence of fluoride upon the fertility, duration of fertility, and hatchability of eggs collected from treated hens. Two batteries each housing 60 individually caged, 15 month old, S.C.W.L. hens were used. These birds were molted when 13 months old. Hens in the treated battery had received 100 ppm F, added as NaF in the drinking water since being placed in the battery at 20 weeks of age. Hens in the control battery received tap water. Pooled semen collected from mature, broiler-breeder males was diluted 1:1 for insemination. The male birds had not been treated with fluoride. The rate of production in both groups during the experimental period decreased in comparison to the week immediately prior to the first insemination (control 85.9 to 75.3%, treated 88.0 to 74.8%). The difference in the production rates between groups during either period was not significant. No significant differences were observed in the reproductive parameters measured. During the experimental period fertility in the treated group was 87.4% and 84.5% in the control group. Duration of fertility, measured from the last insemination, was 20 days in both groups. Hatchability of fertile eggs was 99% in both groups.

J. D. May, USDA, SEA-AR, Poultry Research Laboratory, RD 2, Box 600, Georgetown, DE 19947 Chicks reared at low environmental temperatures have higher concentrations of serum 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T 3 ) and lysine than chicks from the same hatch reared at warmer temperatures. The temperature treatments do not significantly affect serum thyroxine (T 4 ) concentration. Thyroid activity of chicks as measured by thyroid uptake and release of ' 3 ' I has been reported to decline within one day of feeding a lysine deficient diet. These trials were conducted to investigate further the relationship of dietary lysine to thyroid activity.

PHOSPHORUS REQUIREMENTS OF WHITE LEGHORN HENS Nutr BTues 9:15 K. S. Mikaelian and J. L. Self, Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 Two hundred, 24-week old, S.C.W.L. hens were assigned randomly to 5 treatments of different available phosphorus (AP) levels. Three treatment groups received .26%, .36% or .46% dietary AP throughout the 292-day experiment. One of the remaining groups

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

D. V. Maurice, J. E. Jones, and K. K. Hale, Department of Poultry Science, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631

Broiler chicks were reared in metal batteries with continuous lighting and continuous access to feed and water. In trial 1 a corn-soybean meal starter diet was fed to all chickens for the first 21 days; then, one-half of the chickens were fed the control diet supplemented with 1.0% lysine. After the lysine-supplemented diet had been fed 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9 and 11 days, serum samples were collected and assayed for T 3 and T 4 . Supplemental dietary lysine did not significantly affect serum T 3 or T 4 concentration. In trial 2, chicks were fed a diet containing 1.14% lysine for the first 21 days; then one half of the chickens were changed to a diet containing .70% lysine for 2 days. Neither serum T 3 nor T 4 was affected by diet. These results indicate neither two days feeding of a lysine-deficient nor 11 days feeding of an excess lysine diet affected serum thyroid hormone concentration.

AbSTRACTS OF PAPERS

CYTOGENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF CHICKEN LINES DIFFERING IN RESISTANCE TO ROUS SARCOMA Gen Tues 9:45 L. K. Misra and C. F. Hazlewood, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1200 Moursund Avenue, Houston, TX 77030; S. Pathak, Department of Biology, M.D. Anderson Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX 77025; and R. C. Fanguy and K. V. Vo, Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840 The cytogenetic characteristics of two genetic lines of chickens showing varying degrees of resistance to Rous sarcoma virus were studied. These lines, which were developed at the University of Arkansas, are designated as the susceptible line (WL) and regression line (RR). Pedigreed eggs from these two lines were candled at 72 hours of incubation and those containing healthy embryos were selected for chromosomal preparations. Colcemid was injected into the eggs through the air cell without puncturing the inner shell membrane, and the eggs were incubated at 37 C for an additional one-hour period. The embryos were removed from eggs and slides were prepared by the standard airdrying technique. The slides were then processed for C and G bandings and also for localization of the nucleolus organizer region (NOR). In addition, the lines were evaluated for the rate of sister chromatid exchanges. The results of this preliminary study indicate that the C bands are mainly located in the centromeric area. Distinct line differences were apparent in the silver stained preparations. While 2 or 3 NORs were seen in WL line, the RR line apparently lacked these structures. An attempt is being made to correlate cytogenetic characteristics with the genetic resistance to Rous sarcoma. NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE STUDY OF

EGG QUALITY DETERIORATION Mark-Tech Thurs 9:15 L. K. Misra, E. C. Trantham, D. C. Chang, and C. F. Hazelwood, Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1200 Moursund Avenue, Houston, TX 77030; and F. A. Gardner and R. C. Fanguy, Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840 Groups of eggs from Single Comb White Heghorns were randomly selected between 2 and 21 days of storage at room temperature. The eggs were weighed, broken, and their albumen heights determined for calculating their Haugh units. A sample from the thick albumen was pipetted into NMR tubes and the relaxation times of the proton resonance were measured at 30 MHz using standard spin-echo techniques. The albumen samples were then dried in an oven for 96 hours and total water content was determined. The percentage of water of egg albumen varied from 85 to 94%. Both longitudinal ( T t ) and transverse (T 2 ) relaxation times exhibited non-exponential behavior. The bulk of the protons (94%) could be described by a single exponential decay with a T, ranging from 1200 to 1400 ms and a T 2 ranging from 300 to 400 ms. The T, values correlated with the albumen height. The results of this preliminary study indicate that T, may be a useful measure of egg quality. A more detailed study of changes in the physical state of water, which constitutes over 85% of egg albumen, may be basic to the understanding of egg quality deterioration. IMMUNOSUPRESSIVE EFFECTS OF 6-MERCAPTOPURINE (6-MP) ON THYMUS DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT ANTIBODY RESPONSE IN CHICKENS Path Tues 2:15 L. K. Misra, Pedriatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; K. V. Vo, R. C. Fanguy, and C. C. Blohowiak, Poultry Science, and B. Panigra, Vet Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 One-half of the experimental chicks were orally administered 20 mg of 6-mp daily from 1—5 days and again from 8—12 days of age. On the ninth day post-treatment all experimental chicks were injected IV with .2 ml of 10% sheep RBC (T-dependent) and subcutaneously with .2 ml of Brucella abortus antigen suspension (T-independent). On the tenth day postinoculation all experimental chicks were bled by cardiac puncture and serum samples prepared. At this time all previously injected chicks were given a booster injection of the two experimental antigens. One week later a second set of serum samples was collected and both sets titered. Results indicate 6-mp treatment suppresses antibody response to T-dependent sheep RBC but not to T-independent Brucella abortus. The geometric means of antibody titers to sheep RBC for the primary and (secondary) responses were 2.67 (8.91) and 51.73 (113.80) for the 6-mp treated and control chicks, respectively. Comparable results for Brucella abortus were 83.95 (91.80) and 73.32 (89.20).

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

was fed AP levels of .60, .46 and .36% from 2 4 - 3 6 , 36—48 and 48—68 weeks of age, respectively (Series A). Another group was fed .46, .36 and .26% AP for the same age periods (Series B). Average rate of egg production (78.8%) and average egg weight (56.8 g) were significantly lower for hens fed .26% AP throughout the trial than for hens fed .36% AP, Series A or Series B diets (egg production = 81.6 to 83.3 and egg weight = 58.6 to 59.9 g). Hens fed .26% AP also ate less feed, were lighter in body weight and had higher mortality. Diet Series A and B, and the .36% AP diet supported the highest and most efficient rates of egg production in the experiment. Percent ash in tibiae and percent phosphorus in tibial ash were not affected significantly by dietary AP level. Also, dietary AP regimen had no effect on egg shell thickness at any stage of the production cycle. The data show that .26% dietary AP throughout egg production was inadequate but that a series of .46, .36 and .26% AP during age periods of 24—36, 36—48 and 48—68 weeks, respectively, was sufficient to sustain satisfactory laying hen performance.

1085

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1086

BACTERIAL LOADS ON EGG WASHING EQUIPMENT Mark-Tech Thurs 11:15 W. A. Moats, Science and Education Administration, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705

CARCASS SEX AND FINISH EFFECTS ON PRESSURIZED DEEP-FAT FRYING OF BROILER CHICKENS Mark-Tech Tues 10:45 E. T. Moran, Jr., Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada NIG 2W1 Chicken broiler carcasses (White Mountain d X Hubbard V) from a sexes-separate production system were selected to have equivalent chilled weight ( ca. 1320 g) together with "A" conformation and fleshing grades. Sex and finish assessment (AA, AA — , A - A - , A - B + for breast and back areas, respectively) were the only variables (80 carcass/sex/finish grade). Combined losses inherent in thawing, separation and trimming to a "9-piece cut" were greater with the female than male and increased with the degree of fat covering. Percentage of thigh and breast to total raw R-T-C parts was greater with the female than male while drumsticks and ribs (with back) exhibited a converse relationship. Most prominent of the changes occurring as finish decreased was a reduction of thighs and increase of ribs which were altered to a greater extent with the female than male. Preparation of the raw R-T-C parts for cooking involved a one minute hot water tap rinse immediately followed by a seasoned flour coating. Percentage weight gain due to the water-flour composite for all parts increased with finish for males but decreased if female. A commercial pressurized deep-fat frying unit operating at 190° and 1 kg/cm 2 for 11 minutes prepared 4 coated carcasses at one time. Total cooking losses were greater with the female than male. An increasing finish grade with the female led to progressively greater cooking losses, however, changes with the male were less than half those of the female and carcasses having extremes in finish had the greatest loss as compared to those having intermediate assessment. Thighs and ribs exhibited these trends to the greatest extent while drumsticks and breasts were minimally affected.

Mark-Tech Tues 10:15 E. T. Moran, Jr., Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada NIG 2W1 Chicks of 3 commercial broiler strains were reared sexes separate (4 pens of 135/sex/strain). Strain and sex effects on body weight appeared during the starting period and continued in the same relationship through to marketing. A feed conversion advantage between strains was only observed during finishing with the fastest growing males. Chilled carcass yield was better with the best performing strain than remaining 2 and with 53 day old females as compared to equivalent live weight 46 day males. Strain differences appeared for conformation and fleshing grades but not finish. Sample carcasses selected to be of similar weight and grade (5/pen) had comparable losses upon freezing-thawing and cutting-trimming to 10 R-T-C pieces for home use, regardless of strain; however, females were greater than males. Females had a greater percentage of breasts and wings than males while the converse occurred for drumsticks and neck. Strain effects on part yield were minimal and the uptake of a commercial dry coating was uninfluenced by all variables. Time for the internal breast temperature to reach 85° in a 204° oven was uninfluenced by strain but it took longer for the male than female. Total cooking loss was unaffected by all variables. Males lost more by evaporation and had less drip fat than females. Percentage cooking loss of the breast was greater with the male than female while thighs, back, drumsticks, and neck exhibited the converse. All cooking parameters were uninfluenced by strain.

"COMPLETE" VERSUS "EARLY" AND "LATE" HATCHER REMOVAL:POULT YIELD, QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE Env-Man Tues 9:15 E. T. Moran, Jr. and B. S. Reinhart, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada NIG 2W1 Eggs from 41 week old commercial Small White turkey breeders were individually weighed and separated into heavy, medium and light categories of equal number based on their frequency distribution. A total of 6912 eggs were set and after 25 days incubation half of each weight category was transferred to each of 2 hatchers. With one unit, "dry" poults were removed "early" when hatching was over 50% (27 days) to be followed by a second "late" and final removal 27 hours later. All poults were removed from the second unit when hatching was judged to be "complete" (27 days 18 hours). Total yield of poults pulled twice was better than if they were removed from the hatcher at one time (79.9 vs 76.7% of viable germs). Yield difference was attributed to a reduction in the proportions of pips. Average poult weight was greater with an "early-late"

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

Swabs were taken from parts of egg washers which come in contact with the eggs in five commercial egg-grading plants. Parts sampled included the washer conveyor, the brushes, the sorter, and the conveyor from the sorter to the packing station. Picks were made from agar plates for identification of types of bacteria present. Counts varied considerably but were generally higher in one plant using no sanitizing- rinse on the washed eggs. Counts on brushes were high in two plants and brush bristles were caked together in one plant. Bacteria isolated were predominantly micrococci, staphylococci, and coryneform organisms with lesser numbers of gram-negative rods. No relation was evident between bacterial loads on equipment and washed eggs.

PERFORMANCE, QUALITY AND COOKING OF SEX-SEPARATE REARED BROILER CHICKEN STRAINS

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS as compared to a "complete" regimen. Dead and cull birds occurred to the same extent. Poults taken off "early" had better weights than those removed "late". Light weight eggs hatched earlier than heavy ones and no sex distribution differences occurred. Regardless of treatment and egg weight of origin, performance of poult samples grown to 14 weeks of age was equivalent. POULT YOLK SAC AND CARCASS CHANGES WITH BREEDER AGE, EGG WEIGHT AND POST-HATCH FASTING Phys ATues 3:45

Two commercial Small White breeder flocks (48 and 55 weeks of age) provided eggs that were individually weighed and divided into 4 categories, respective of source. Yolks from sample eggs located at the median of each category (480) were analyzed and the remainder (6912) incubated. Representative poults (1440) and their yolk sacs were examined upon hatching and after 2 days with or without access to food and water. Older breeders gave eggs with a greater proportion of yolk that contained less total solids and protein but more ether extract than younger hens. Although eggs within each flock were found to have converse relationships between yolk percentage and weight, there were no differences in composition. Incubation led to the neonate having a comparable amount of yolk sac regardless of breeder age or its sex. Lighter weight eggs within each flock yielded lighter weight poults which had a lower percentage of yolk sac than heavier ones. Yolk sac composition upon hatching exhibited the same relationships between age breeders as was observed with the fresh egg; sex of the poult was uninfluential. Light weight poults, respective of source, had yolk sacs with a lower percentage protein but greater total solids and ether extract than heavy ones. Neonatal carcass (less yolk sac) moisture, protein and ether extract were uninfluenced by all variables relating to the egg. Subsequent fasting led to a larger amount residual yolk sac and a preferential utilization of water and lipid relative to protein than if fed. Regardless of feeding regimen, day 2 carcass composition relationships paralleled those exhibited by the yolk sacs at hatch. SELECTION FOR HATCHABILITY OF TURKEYS AT THEE DIFFERENT ALTITUDES, GENETIC CHANGE AND LOCATION EFFECT GenTues 3:30 R. E. Moreng and M. F. Shawer, Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523; J. A. Harper, Department of Poultry Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97332; and D. Hutto, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071 Random bred medium turkey eggs were incubated in 3 locations differing in altitude: Corvallis, Oregon

(76 M), Ft. Collins, Colorado (1524 M) and Laramie, Wyoming (2194 M). High hatchability at each location was used as the basis for establishing the selected line; control line was maintained for comparative purposes at each location. Annually hatches 1, 2, and 3 were used for selecting the parents, hatches 4 and 5 to exchange eggs among stations and hatches 7 and 8 to reproduce the next generation from the selected parents. In generations 1, 2, 3 and 4 hatchability was lower in high elevations compared with 76 meters. Wide variability was observed in hatchability in these generations. During the period covering the 5, 6, 7 and 8 generations, location effect was studied. Eggs produced at 2194 M hatched better at the three locations, followed by 1524 M and 76 M. However, 76 M was the best site for hatching. Fertility was highest at 1524 M and lowest at 2194 M. In the 9th generation, a tester line was introduced, and crossed to the selected and control lines. The selected line was the best dam parent, and the tester line was the best sire parent relative to hatchability. But in fertility, the control line was the best sire parent, while the selected line was the best dam parent. Heterosis was positive in C X S, T X S and T X C as 3.1, 9.1 and 9.4% in hatchability. In fertility, C X S, T X S and S X T showed positive heterosis.

EFFECTS OF CORTICOSTERONE, CORTISOL, CORTISONE AND DEOXYCORTICOSTERONE IN JAPANESE QUAIL Phys BThurs 9:30 G. Wallace Morgan, Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27650 Previous studies suggest that the injection of exogenous ACTH into Japanese quail elicited some physiological responses which were consistent with those reported for ACTH injected chickens. However, adrenal mediated humoral immunosuppression has not been demonstrated in randombred Japanese quail. This study was designed to determine if adrenal steroids which were administered to quail would cause involution of immunobiological tissues and reduce primary humoral immune responses. Randombred Japanese quail were given 4 IM injections of steroid at 12 hour intervals. Twelve hours following the last steroid injection half of the quail in each group were bled and posted. The other half were immunized with chukar erythrocytes (CRBC). The immunized quail were posted 7 days post-immunization. Spleen and bursa weights were depressed at 12 hours after the last steroid injection. Bursa weights remained lower in the immunized quail but the increase in spleen weights associated with immunization was not prevented by steroids. A general assessment of the immune reactivity of these quail will be discussed.

CHECKLIST FOR SYSTEMS

PLANNING

HIGH

Env-Man Thurs 10:00

DENSITY

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

E. T. Moran, Jr. and B. S. Reinhart, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

1087

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1088

Harry D. Muller and Sergio Neveloff, Animal Industries and Agricultural Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268

OBSERVATIONS OF THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT DIETARY SODIUM LEVELS AND COCCIDIOSTATS (MONENSIN AND LASALOCID) ON GROWTH, FEED EFFICIENCY, WATER INTAKE, AND MORTALITY IN BROILERS

NutrBThurs 11:15 R. A. Nelson and C. W. Carlson, Animal Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007 Earlier work at this laboratory suggested the presence of an oats factor that protected against FLHS in caged laying hens. Subsequent work showed the oat hull was not the factor. Levels of 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75%, oat groats were fed isocalorically in 16% cornsoybean meal diets to individually caged hens. One hundred fourteen 44-week-old SCWL layers were fed the experimental diets for 20 weeks. The hens had been fed a 16% protein diet prior to the start of the trial. Production and feed consumption records were maintained the 12 weeks prior to sacrifice at 64 weeks of age. Five of the 19 birds on each diet were force-fed at about 120% of normal intake for the last 3 weeks of the trial to increase liver fat deposition. The addition of oat groats in the experimental diets increased percent production (71 vs. 64) and average egg weight (63.4 vs. 62.0 g) above the control diet. Feed consumption, body weight gain, liver hemorrhage score, liver weight and liver fat were not affected by dietary treatment. Force-feeding decreased egg production (57 vs. 71%) while increasing egg weight (68 vs. 63 g), daily feed consumption (119 vs. 99 g), body weight gain (278 vs. 115 g), liver hemorrhage score (2.0 vs. 1.0), liver weight (74 vs. 46 g), percent liver fat (22 vs. 9), total liver fat (19 vs. 4 g) and percent liver of body weight (3.96 vs. 2.80). It is unclear whether a factor affecting FLHS is present in oats other than lower calorie content.

Nutr A T h u r s 8 : 3 0 C. W. Nan, B. Manning, M. B. Patel and J. McGinnis, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 Two experiments using Hubbard broiler chicks were conducted in floor pens and wire cages. Chicks were fed a corn-soybean meal diet containing different levels of sodium (.1, .15, .2, and .35%) up to market age. In the floor pen trial, each sodium level was used with either monensin or lasalocid as the coccidiostat in the diet. In both trials, .15% of dietary sodium supported maximum growth and feed efficiency. The .1% level of dietary sodium appeared to be marginal, whereas, .2% or .35% did not show any better growth or efficiency over .15% level. Feeding chicks a .05% sodium diet for 3 weeks and .15% for the remaining period gave slightly better feed efficiency than .15% or higher levels of sodium in diets with either monensin or lasalocid. Mortality and leg deformities in chicks fed .05% sodium for 3 weeks were greatly reduced in comparison with those fed .15% sodium from day of age. Chicks fed a diet containing lasalocid consumed more feed and had better gain and feed efficiency than those fed monensin. Water consumption was significantly higher in the groups fed lasalocid than for those on monensin. Increasing dietary sodium also caused an increase in water intake.

INFLUENCE OF A CHANGE IN MANAGEMENT ON RESPONSE TO SELECTION FOR INCREASED EGG PRODUCTION IN TURKEYS Gen Tues 2:45 Karl E. Nestor, Department of Poultry Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691 Response to selection for increased total egg production in turkeys plateaued or exhibited a decline from the seventh to ninth generations of selection. This was attributed to an increase in broodiness in the high egg line (E line) due to the use of an efficient broody hen management system. From the tenth through the eighteenth generations of selection, no broody hen treatment was used for E line hens whereas the corresponding randombred control hens were treated as before. After the change in management, there was a large increase in egg production of the E line relative to the randombred control. The increase in egg production of the E line after the change in environment was not associated with any further major reduction in body weight. Broodiness decreased and intensity of lay greatly increased during this time. The rate of response to stimulatory lighting also increased in the E line.

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

Establishing high density cage systems wherein hens or pullets are housed at greater densities than conventional floor placement will permit requires considerable planning and preparation. Frequently observed errors and oversights can be minimized by preparation of a planning checklist to establish priority considerations. Such a checklist should include but not be limited to: location; availability and accessibility; structural evaluation of facilities; ventilation requirements and equipment; insulation requirements; lighting program; space requirements for equipment and proposed bird capacity; feeder and bin capability and capacity; water requirements and availability; manure production, storage and disposal; egg cooler capacity; egg processing equipment capacity and effluent; employee prerequisites; dead bird disposal; power requirements; capital investment and return analysis; management requirements; pullet source and specifications; location and orientation of units; impact on neighbors and egg movement. These factors and others once considered will reduce startup and operational difficulties. High density systems in toto are usually more complicated than initial considerations would indicate. Increasing capacity by 2, 3, 4, or more fold creates operational situations not encountered at lower densities and requires greater operational managerial capability.

EFFECTS OF OAT GROATS IN FORCE-FED DIETS ON FATTY LIVER-HEMORRHAGIC SYNDROME (FLHS)

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS GENETIC POTENTIAL FOR IMPROVEMENT OF GOOSE PRODUCTION

1089

Gen Tues 3:45

STUDIES ON COMPOUNDS (NOT USED IN HUMAN MEDICINE) AS GROWTH PROMOTERS IN CHICKENS

A. W. Nordskog and Jeff Berger, Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011; and Elzbieta Smalec, Waterfowl Testing Station, Poultry Research and Development Center, Poznan, Poland

J. J. O'Connor, R. R. Pilote, W. H. Linkenheimer, and D. C. Maplesden, Squibb Agricultural Research Center, E. R. Squibb and Sons, Inc., Three Bridges, NJ 08887 Antibiotics diumycin, thiostrepton, tiamulin, and non-antibiotics 7-isopropoxi-isoflavone and caprylohydroxamic acid were tested as growth promoters in broiler chickens. The compounds were given in the feed to 8 weeks of age. There were 4 to 8 replicates of 50 birds per treatment. Body weight gains and feed conversion ratios were determined. Diumycin (macarbomycin) was tested at levels of .55 ppm to 22 ppm. In 10 tests of the 5.5 ppm level, gains and feed efficiency were increased 2.5% and 3.9%, respectively. In 7 experiments, where procaine penicillin at 22 ppm was the positive control gains and feed efficiency were increased 2.2% and 2.3%, respectively. Tiamulin at 22 and 55 ppm improved feed efficiency at 8 weeks (P<.05) and gains (P<.01) at 8 and 6 weeks, respectively. In a second test, tiamulin at 5.5, 11 and 22 ppm increased feed efficiency (P<.01) at 8 weeks. Thiostrepton at 4.4 and 22 ppm increased gains and feed efficiency (P<.05) at 8 weeks* In another study, thiostrepton at 5.5 ppm increased gains (P<.01) and feed efficiency (P<.10) at 6 weeks. In 2 separate tests, 7-isopropoxi-isoflavone at 11, 22 and 44 ppm and caprylohydroxamic acid at 27.5, 55 and 110 ppm had no effect on gains and feed efficiency at 8 weeks. The experimental antibiotics used in these tests would be suitable alternatives as growth promoters for compounds currently used in both animal and human medicine.

MINERAL AVAILABILITY OF RAPESEED MEAL FOR GROWING CHICKS

INFLUENCE OF SHORT DAILY INTERMITTENT PHOTOPERIODS ON ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND EGG PRODUCTION OF SCWL HENS

Nutr B Tues 4-.15

PhysBTues 2:15

E. N. Nwokolo, D. B. Bragg and W. D. Kitts, Department of Poultry Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6T 1W5

T. W. Odom and P. C. Harrison, Animal Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801

Seven samples of rapeseed meal, grown and processed in different parts of Canada, were used in a study to determine the variation in mineral content and availability of these minerals to the growing chick. The short term (four hour) biological assay procedure was utilized. A completely randomized experimental design involving the seven test samples was fed to four replicates of four broiler chicks (three weeks of age). Results showed limited variation in Cu, P and Mg content with averages of .65, 1.22 and .50%, respectively. However, the variation in Mn was 49—67 mg/kg, Fe was 110—180 mg/kg, Cu was 10—33 mg/kg and Zn was 49—64 mg/kg. Mineral availability results were significantly different from sample to sample (Cu, P, Mg, Mn, Cu and Zn). Availability for Cu was 59.7 to 75.6%, P was 6 5 - 8 1 % , Mg was 52.5-66.5%, Mn was 45.5-60%, Cu was 62.2-85% and Zn was 23-57.6%.

Three hundred Single Comb White Leghorn pullet chicks were maintained for 12 days post hatching in a battery brooder with continuous lighting. Chicks were then moved to a growing pen and reared on a stepdown lighting schedule consisting of a 15 minute decrease per week from 20L/4D to 15D/9D at 22 weeks of age. At 22 weeks of age 192 pullets were randomly assigned to two light controlled chambers. Three birds housed in each of 64 cages were maintained on a standard layer ration and allowed to acclimate to the chambers for 4 weeks with a 14L/ 10D lighting regime. After the pre-test period, one of the chambers was changed to a short daily intermittent photoperiod (SDIP) of 5L/19D, and the other chamber left as a control (14L/10D). Pullets in both chambers reached 55% egg production (hen-day) at 27 weeks of age. Peak egg production (29 weeks of age) was 75% for the controls and 70% for the SDIP birds. Initial and final body weights

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

A comparison was made of genetic parameters in goose populations (mainly the White Italian breed) reported in recent Polish literature with those reported in American literature on chickens. The most striking differences were in heritabilities (h 2 ) of egg production and fertility. The mean values reported for geese were 40% and 35% for these 2 traits, respectively. This compares with values of the order of 15 to 25% and zero to 10%, respectively, in Leghorns as given in the USDA Handbook No. 363. Also especially high was the heritability of age at first egg with a mean of h 2 = 62%. On the other hand, the h 2 for body wt at 8 wks and at 20 wks, egg wt and hatch of fertile eggs were closely similar to those reported for chickens. The implication is that because geese have, so far, not been systematically and intensely selected from pedigree information, a relatively large amount of residual genetic variation is available for exploitation and which could be used especially for the improvement of reproduction. A selection index study was made with the available parameter estimates on 9 traits in the goose populations. By constructing an optimum index on only 4 traits: body wt at 8 wks, egg production, hatch of total eggs and no. of goslings produced, the expected effects on each of the 9 traits were examined. If the mean of the selected breeders exceeded the population mean by one a, egg number is predicted to increase by 3.2 eggs, fertility would increase by 1.3% and the number of goslings produced would increase by 1.2 per generation.

Path Thurs 10:00

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1090

of birds were similar for both treatments. During the thirtieth and fortieth week of the test period, oxygen consumption of birds in both light treatments were sampled over a 24-hour period. Total average daily oxygen consumption of the SDIP birds (21.40 L/kg/ day) was lower (P<.025) than the control birds (25.25 L/kg/day). Measurement of feed consumption revealed an 11% reduction (P<.005) in feed intake in the SDIP birds over the controls. Egg weights were larger (P<.05) in the SDIP birds which correlates with their lower percent egg production at this time.

ANTIOXIDANT CONTROL OF RANCIDITY DEVELOPMENT IN GROUND TURKEY MEAT

Refrigerated ground turkey meat using natural proportions (one breast plus two thighs) undergoes oxidative rancidity rapidly. Various antioxidants were used in different combinations to delay rancidity development and increase shelf-life. The antioxidants used were butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and silicone. The percentages of each antioxidant added to the ground meat were based on the fat content. A .01% level was used for BHA and BHT and 1 ppm was used for silicone. Standard plate counts were also studied to determine when the stored meat became unacceptable due to microbiological growth. The ground meat was stored at 4 C (37 F) for 14 days. The 2-thiobarbituric acid values indicated that the combination of BHA + BHT and BHA + BHT + silicone retarded development of oxidative rancidity to a greater extent than addition of silicone alone. The sensory panel scores indicated a slight preference for the ground turkey meat containing BHA + BHT + silicone when compared to the ground meat containing BHA + BHT only up to nine days of storage. All antioxidant treated groups were rated higher when compared to the control through ten days of storage. Microbial spoilage was determined to take place after approximately eight days of refrigerated storage when counts reached 10 7 numbers. However, the sensory panel rated the ground turkey meat containing BHA + BHT and BHA + BHT + silicone acceptable through ten days of storage.

HISTOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL COMPARISONS OF SELENIUM DEFICIENT AND LOW PROTEIN DIETS NutrBTues 10:30 Jon F. Ort, Department of Poultry Science, Ohio State University, 674 West Lane, Columbus, OH 43210 An experiment was designed to study conditions for producing pancreatic fibrosis. Selenium (Se) depleted chicks were fed low Se (.03 ppm) crystalline amino acid diets supplemented with 15 IU vitamin E/kg. The variables were: Diet 1—20% protein + Se + sodium (Na) taurocholate + oleic acid; Diet 2—20% protein + Na taurocholate + oleic acid; Diet 3—20% protein; Diet 4—12% protein + Se. The addition of Na taurocholate and oleic acid was used to facilitate

DAILY RHYTHMS IN SERUM TESTOSTERONE AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOR IN THE MALE JAPANESE QUAIL Phys Tues 10:00 M. A. Ottinger, Department of Poultry Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 A series of experiments investigated rhythms in peripheral testosterone concentrations and sex-related behavior in the adult male Japanese quail. Animals were maintained on a photoperiod of 16 hours of light and 8 hours of dark. In experiment 1, three males were recorded in an anechoic chamber for 30 consecutive 24 hour periods. Frequencies of crowing were elevated in the late afternoon and early morning. Experiment 2 dealt with hormonal fluctuations. Blood samples were taken from 10 birds at each of 10 designated sampling times thoughout a 24 hour period. Testosterone concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Serum testosterone was lower during the early morning and late afternoon. Elevated concentrations occurred at late morning and nighttime hours. The last experiment studied diurnal rhythms in crowing and mating behavior in paired animals. Mating behavior remained relatively constant with a slight depression during afternoon hours. Crowing was less frequent during the morning and early evening hours. These data suggest that rhythms in testosterone and some aspects of sexual behavior appear to be positively associated. More importantly, there appears to be a time lag involved in the circadian rhythms since peak testosterone concentrations preceded elevated crowing by 6 to 8 hours.

RESPONSE OF GROWING TURKEYS TO DIETS VARYING IN ENERGY CONTENT Nutr A Tues 1:45 J. A. Owen and P. W. Waldroup, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 Studies were conducted to evaluate the response of growing turkeys to different levels of dietary energy. Using linear programming, diets were formulated to optimum density to provide diets with 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8% added fat. NRC recommended levels of amino

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

Mark-Tech Tues 9:00 V. M. Olson and W. J. Stadelman, Animal Sciences, Purdue University, Smith Hall, West Lafayette, IN 47907

lipid-micelle formation, and consequently the absorption of vitamin E. Forty chicks (two replicates of 20) were fed each diet for a maximum of 46 days. Mortality for Diet 1 was lowest at 27%, while Diet 4 showed a 30% mortality rate at the end of the treatment period. Diets 2 and 3 reached 100% mortality at 36 and 25 days, respectively. Thus, the addition of Na taurocholate and oleic acid appeared to increase survival, but were not as effective as Se. Final body weights of 63 g and 74 g were observed for Diets 2 and 3 at 36 and 25 days, respectively. Histological findings from light microscopies showed increased vacuolization and loss of cellular integrity with all treatments as the birds became older. PGOT values were also observed to increase through the experimental period, with Diet 3 showing the highest value of 15 5 Karmen units/ml plasma at 36 days.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS acids, calcium and phosphorus were used. Each diet was fed in mash and pellet form. In each of two feeding trials, 2 pens of 30 Nicholas torn poults were fed from day-old to 20 weeks of age. Body weights were significantly increased by the addition of 2 to 4% fat, but higher levels gave no further increase. Efficiency of feed conversion was improved as energy levels increased but the caloric efficiency, measured as calorie:gain ratio, was similar over all levels of energy, indicating that there was no "extra-caloric" effect of the added fat. ZINC TOXICITY, EGG HATCHABILITY, COMPOSITION, AND PRODUCTION NutrBTues 11:30

One hundred six S.C.W.L. pullets and hens were used in two experiments, pullets in the first and hens in the second. Treatment 1 birds were fed the control diet from 0 to 12 weeks and treatment 2 birds were fed 20 mg zinc/g (as zinc oxide) from 0 to 5 days and the control diet from 5 days to 12 weeks. Pullet eggs were collected for hatching from 14 to 42 days post zinc diet. Hen eggs laid on the 21st day post zinc diet were analyzed for mineral content. Pullet data showed that zinc significantly depressed fertility and hatchability of all eggs set. Zinc depressed hatchability of fertile eggs by 10.1%. Zinc significantly depressed egg production from 0 to 4 and from 0 to 12 weeks. Data obtained with hens showed that zinc significantly increased ash and significantly lowered calcium, potassium, copper, and zinc content of eggs. Unlike eggs of zinc-fed pullets, eggs of zinc-fed hens were significantly heavier than the control. Zinc significandy lowered egg production from 0 to 4 and from 0 to 12 weeks. It was concluded that zinc toxicity depresses hatchability and body weight. It lowers egg calcium, potassium, copper, and zinc.

THE EFFECTS OF BURSECTOMY AND GAMMA IRRADIATION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMORAL IMMUNITY AND SPECIFIC SERUM PROTEINS IN THE JAPANESE QUAIL

gamma IRR alone produced no significant effects on either humoral responses or specific serum proteins. However, BSX at hatch resulted in significantly lower levels of transferrin, IgG, and IgM. INFLUENCE OF ADDED LYSINE, CHOLINE, VALINE AND ISOLEUCINE ON PERFORMANCE OF YOUNG TURKEYS FED A HIGH CORN GLUTEN MEAL DIET Nutr ATues9:15 C. M. Parsons and L. M. Potter, Department of Poultry Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 In a previous experiment, poorer growth of male poults was obtained from feeding 38% corn gluten meal diets supplemented with 1.2 to 2.0% lysine in contrast to a practical-type diet, indicating a possible deficiency of choline (993 mg/kg diet) or an antagonism between leucine and isoleucine or valine. In the present study, the basal ration contained 38% corn gluten meal, 45% ground yellow corn, and 5% menhaden fish meal and supplemented with .8% arginine, .1% tryptophan, .2% threonine, and vitamins and minerals. Diets contained 0, .5, 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0% L-lysine, 0 or .2% choline chloride, and 0 or 1.0% isoleucine-valine mixture (1:1 ratio) in a factorial experiment. Each diet was fed to two pens of eight medium size poults from 9 to 23 days of age. A practical diet was fed to eight pens. Body weight gains of turkeys fed diets containing 0, .5, 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0% added lysine were 18, 87, 153, 160 and 148 g, respectively. Average body weight gain of poults fed diets containing the three highest levels of added lysine was significantly less than that of poults fed the practical-type die*. Supplemental choline chloride or isoleucine-valine mixture did not significantly improve growth performance even in the presence of high levels of lysine. It was concluded that poor growth obtained from high corn gluten meal diets supplemented with lysine was not due to its apparent low choline content or a leucine to isoleucine or valine antagonism.

PROTEIN AND SULFUR AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS OF TURKEY BREEDER HENS

Phys B Thurs 10:45

Nutr BTues 4:45

S. L. Pardue, J. P. Thaxton and G. W. Morgan, Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27650

C. M. Parsons, A. T. Leighton, Jr. and G. B. Meyer, Department of Poultry Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061

The experiment utilized randombred Japanese quail in a two by three factorial design involving bursectomy (BSX) and irradiation (IRR). Quail were bursectomized at hatching and received 700 rads of whole body gamma irradiation within 12 hours of hatching. The birds received a 1° immunization of chukar red blood cells (CRBC) at 6 weeks of age and a 2° challenge at 12 weeks of age. The sera were analyzed for CRBC antibody levels and the relative amounts of the ME-resistant and ME-sensitive fractions were determined. Sera were also subjected to electrophoretic analyses using 7% polyacrylamide disc gels. BSX at hatching caused a significant depression in the 1° and 2° humoral immune responses. 700 rads of

Two hundred eight Medium White female breeder turkeys were fed isocaloric corn-soy rations containing 10, 12 or 14% crude protein to which 0, .1, .2 or .3% DL-methionine was added in a factorial arrangement of treatments. The hens were maintained in individual laying cages and were exposed to 16 hours of light per day at an intensity of 86.1 lux. Data were obtained on reproductive parameters, body weight changes, nitrogen retention, concentrations of whole blood amino acids and serum proteins and on the growth performance of the progeny. With the exceptions of percentage hen-day egg production and egg size, dietary treatments had no

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

A. L. Palafox and Elodie Ho-a, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822

1091

1092

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS effect when fed at levels less than 100 Mg/g. However, at levels of 200 Mg/g and above, a significant dose related increase in mortality was observed although body weights were not significantly depressed. Three week mortalities were 2.5, 10.0, 62.5 and 95.0% for the 0, 200, 400 and 600 jug/g levels, respectively. Birds dying from acute oosporein toxicosis exhibited hemorrhagic nephritis with massive urate deposits on the pericardium, visceral organs, in the gall bladder, muscles, and joints. The proventriculus was enlarged with a necrotic lining. Liver necrosis was also observed. Birds receiving toxic diets consumed significantly higher volumes of water as compared to the controls. Blood analyses indicated no significant effect on plasma glucose and protein, PCV, hemoglobin, and prothrombin times.

EFFECT OF CEREAL GRAINS AND ADDED CITRUS PECTIN ON LIVER LIPID CONTENT OF CHICKS AND LAYING HENS

AVAILABILITY FOR CHICKENS OF TRYPTOPHAN FROM DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF AUTOCLAVED BEANS (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS)

Nutr A Tues 3:15 M. B. Patel, J. McGinnis, and M. H. Pubols, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 Experiments were conducted to study the effect of cereal grains and added pectin on liver fat of chicks and hens. In the hen experiment, feeding of wheat or rye in place of corn reduced liver fat content. The liver fat content was higher on a wheat diet than on a rye diet. Adding 2% pectin to the corn diet resulted in a decrease in liver lipids from 49 to 38%. Wheat or pectin did not affect production or egg weight but rye caused a significant decline in production in comparison with the other treatments. Pectin, added at a level of 4% to the corn diet, lowered chick liver lipid content, serum cholesterol content and body weight significantly. Addition of pectinase resulted in significant increases in weight, liver lipids and a nonsignificant increase in serum cholesterol. When a corn diet was pair-fed to the pectin diet, growth of the pair-fed birds was the same as for the pectin-fed birds but was significantly lower than that of birds fed the corn diet. Pectin-fed birds again had lower liver lipid content than the controls. Reduced feed intake of chicks fed the corn diet by pair-feeding had no effect on liver lipid content.

EFFECT OF DIETARY OOSPOREIN ON BROILER CHICKS Path Thurs 8:00 Rex A. Pegram and R. D. Wyatt, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 Oosporein, a mycotoxin produced by Cbaetomium trilaterale, was bioproduced in microbiological media using this organism, extracted and purified to the crystalline state. The mycotoxin was added to an unmedicated broiler starter ration to attain graded dietary levels of oosporein from 0 to 600 /ug/g of feed. The rations were fed to male broiler chicks from hatching for three weeks with feed and water ad libitum. Dietary oosporein was found to cause no toxic

Nutr A Tues 10:45 Antonio M. Penz, Jr. and F. H. Kratzer, Department of Avian Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 Three experiments were conducted in which four different varieties of beans (Pbaseolus vulgaris) were autoclaved and fed to chickens at levels varying from 36 to 71% of the diet. There was no response to the addition of tryptophan to diets in which beans supplied from 28 to 87% of the tryptophan when the total tryptophan varied from .13 to .182%. When the diets were altered to reduce the tryptophan supplied by other sources so that the total tryptophan was approximately .1%, there was significant improvement in growth with the addition of .04% L-tryptophan. The data indicate that the tryptophan in beans is readily available. Diets containing any of the four varieties of beans when adequately supplemented with tryptophan gave growth as good or better than that of chicks fed a practical starting system. CHOLINE REQUIREMENT OF STARTING BROILER CHICKS Nutr A Thurs 9:45 G. M. Pesti, A. E. Harper and M. L. Sunde, Departments of Poultry Science and Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 Five experiments with five lots of ten broiler chicks per treatment were conducted in battery brooders (1300 chicks total) for 3 weeks each in order to determine the choline requirement of starting broiler chicks. The basal diet (44.03% corn, 43.37% soybean meal, 7.97% grease plus vitamins and minerals) was formulated to meet NRC '77 requirements for starting broiler chicks except for methionine (23% protein, 3200 kcal ME per kg, .32% methionine, .42% cystine, 1300 ppm choline). Growth and choline intake data from the assays were pooled for regression analysis. The data were fitted to two models, the brokenline linear (R 2 = .630), and saturation kinetics (R 2 =

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

significant effects on reproduction or on the growth of the progeny. Egg production was higher for females fed the 12 and 14% protein rations than for those fed 10% protein. Those fed the 14% protein ration laid heavier eggs than did those on either 10 or 12% protein diets. The hens were in negative nitrogen balance when egg production peaked and entered a positive nitrogen balance as egg production declined. The significant response obtained in egg production with increased protein levels and the failure to obtain a response to increased concentrations of total sulfur amino acids (TSAA), indicates that other amino acids may have been limiting. Based on these results it appears that a daily intake of at least 22 g of protein and .4 to 1.1 g of TSAA are necessary for optimum reproduction of Medium White turkey breeder hens.

1093

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS .642). Dietary choline and choline intake were highly correlated (R 2 = .988). Estimates of the choline requirement of chicks fed these diets were 2130 and 1910 mg/kg feed or 62 and 56 mg choline per chick/ day for the two models, respectively. The least squares fit of the estimates of the regressions (X = choline intake (mg/3 weeks), Y = 3 wk gain (grams) were as follows: linear, Y = 309.7 + .0917*X, Y = 426; saturation kinetics, ((-7384.7) (9294.6) + (433.2) (X**2.132))/9294.6 + X**2.132. It appears that the choline requirement for broilers exceeds that recommended by the NRC '77 unless the level of methionine is near the .50% level. Methionine then supplies the needed methyl groups.

Gen Tues 10:45 D. Pesti, J. Rapacz and W. H. McGibbon, Departments of Poultry and Meat and Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 Immunogenetic studies on the polymorphism of low density lipoproteins (LDL) of chickens has elucidated two plasma lipoprotein allotypes; Lcpl and Lcp2 (L—lipoprotein, c—chicken, p—locus). Alloprecipitins were produced in a C38m line male. Preparative ultracentrifugation of plasma has shown that the antigens are of the LDL class. Four phenotypes; Lcpl, Lcp2, Lcpl,2 and LcoO (nonreactors) were observed with plasma samples of 13 lines tested for both antigens using double immunodiffusion tests. Special matings were designed to test the genetic segregation of Lcpl and Lcp2. HN-7 males (Lcp2) were mated with C38m (LcpO) and 6X (Lcpl) hens. 7X males (Lcpl) were also mated with C38m, 6X and C4232 (Lcpl) hens. The segregation of allotypes resulting from these matings were: Progeny d<5

99

Lcpl, 2

Lcpl

Lcp2

LcpO

Lcpl, 2 Lcpl Lcpl

LcpO LcpO Lcpl

... ... ...

73 83 39

75 ...

71

The distribution of allotypes among the progeny of the first mating tested above included neither parental type; this is evidence for the allelic nature of Lcp1 and hep'1. Serological and genetic analysis indicates that the Lcp1 gene carries information for both the Lcpl and Lcp2 antigens, whereas the Lcp2 gene determines only the Lcp2 specificity.

CALCIUM SOURCE AND PARTICLE SIZE AND EGG SHELL QUALITY

ENERGY RESTRICTIONS EFFECTS UPON LAYER PERFORMANCE WITH DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES AND HOUSING DENSITIES Env-Man Tues 2:30 C. F. Petersen, E. E. Steele, E. A. Sauter and J. F. Parkinson, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843 Daily energy restrictions were imposed upon White Leghorn hens beginning at 26 weeks of age and continued for 32 weeks. Hens were housed at 1 and 2 birds per 20.3 X 45.7 cm cages or reared on slat floors with 48 or 96 hens in an area 3.05 X 6.10 m. In experiment 1, hens were maintained at 15.5° and fed 290 kcal ME/BD or 26.7° and fed 270 kcal. Experiment 2 included 15.5° and 290 kcal and 21.1° with 280 kcal. Egg production was similar at 15.5° and 21.1° but birds housed at 15.5° produced significantly better when fed 290 kcals than at 26.7° and receiving 270 kcals. Density of 1 and 2 birds per cage significantly favored the lower density in egg production. Cage rearing also resulted in a significant increase compared to open housing of birds on slat floors, undoubtedly due to decreased energy utilized in activity. Egg weight was significantly greater for cage reared hens but no differences occurred due to temperature of bird density treatments.

GENETIC CONTROL OF RESISTANCE TO MAREK'S DISEASE LINKED TO THE IMMUNE RESPONSE REGION OF THE B COMPLEX IN CHICKENS Gen Tues 8:30

C. F. Petersen, E. A. Sauter, E. E. Steele and J. F. Parkinson, Animal Science Department, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843

Igal Y. Pevzner and A. W. Nordskog, Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011; and Ivan Kujdych, Poultry Health Laboratory, Rutgers State University, Cook College, Vineland, NJ 08360

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the

Two sublines of chickens, high and low in immune

Env-Man Tues 1:45

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN ALLOTYPES IN THE PLASMA OF CHICKENS (GALLUS DOMESTICUS)

effects of calcium sources and particle size upon egg shell quality with first year production White Leghorns. The first experiment consisted of four treatments, each fed to three replicates of thirteen hens for forty weeks with the calcium level maintained at 3.75%. The four treatments included: 100% limestone flour; 75% limestone and 25% hen size oystershell; 50% limestone and 50% oystershell; and 100% limestone flour plus free choice oystershell. Shell quality, as determined by specific gravity, was significantly improved with whole oystershell. Free choice whole oystershell resulted in calcium intake of 5.9 g/bird. Six calcium sources and various combinations were compared in a second experiment. Products evaluated included limestone flour, granular and coarse limestone, a limestone product with a range of particle size, and pullet and hen size oystershell. All comparisons were made with 3.75% calcium each fed to four replicates of nine hens for 10 28-day periods. Shell quality was determined by specific gravity for all eggs for two days of alternate weeks. The various treatments resulted in no significant differences in egg production, egg weight or shell quality.

1094

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS AMINO ACID DIGESTIBILITY OF DEHULLED SOYBEAN MEAL BY ADULT TURKEYS Nutr B Tues 4:00 E. E. M. Pierson, L. M. Potter and R. D. Brown, Jr., Departments of Poultry Science and of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 Nine adult Large White male turkeys were fed dehulled soybean meal (DSBM) as the sole dietary component to determine its apparent dry matter and amino acid digestibilities. Apparent digestibility was determined by the total excreta collection method. Average apparent dry matter digestibility of two samples of DSBM was 53.3%. Amino acid contents of the DSBM and excreta for all except the sulfur amino acids were determined after acid hydrolysis. The sulfur amino acid levels were determined after performic acid oxidation and acid hydrolysis. Apparent amino acid digestibility averaged 87%. Glycine and arginine were the least and most efficiently digested amino acids with values of 80% and 93%, respectively.

THE EFFECTS OF PROLONGED HEAT STRESS ON SEVERAL BLOOD PARAMETERS IN THE TURKEY PhysAThurs9:30

CHANGES IN SEMEN CHARACTERISTICS IN NORMAL AND DILUTED SEMEN FOLLOWING STORAGE AT TWO TEMPERATURES PhysBTues 3:15 E. E. M. Pierson, A. F. Giesen, III, G. R. McDaniel, and J. Brake, Poultry Science Department, Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830 Pooled semen from 30 Cobb males was used to determine the effect of dilution and storage temperature on cock spermatozoa. The semen was divided into four treatment groups: undiluted and diluted semen stored at 22—25 C and 2—5 C, respectively, and sampled at 2, 4, 6, and 25 hours post collection. Response variables measured were spermatozoal cell numbers, spermatozoal size distribution, spermatocrit and motility. Sperm cell numbers were determined on a Model ZB Coulter Counter and hemocytometer. Size distributions were generated on a Coulter Channelyzer II and X-Y recorder. Sperm cell numbers at the first time of sampling averaged 1.22 and 3.92 billion for the diluted and undiluted sperm, respectively. The majority of the spermatozoa in both treatments had diameters which ranged from 4.43 to 5.76 M- Size distribution varied with time. The numbers of spermatozoa in this size range decreased over time in all groups. In addition, the number of particles having diameters less than 4.43 M increased. Spermatocrit values increased while mortality decreased with time of sampling. Hemocytometer counts were greater than those generated by the Coulter Counter.

Frank W. Pierson, Patrica Y. Hester, Ellen K. Wilson, R. L. Adams, and W. J. Stadelman, Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of heat stress on several blood parameters in Nicholas turkeys. Thirty-three males, 5 weeks of age, were subjected to an average ambient temperature of 32.2 C for a period of 14 weeks. An additional 27 controls were subjected to an average ambient temperature of 21.1 C for the same duration. At 6 hours, 8 weeks, and 14 weeks following the initiation of heat stress, 6 ml of blood were removed from each bird and the following blood parameters were measured: hematocrit, total leukocytes, calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase. A mean live weight and feed/ gain ratio were determined for each group at 19 weeks of age. Six hours after heat stress had begun, those turkeys in the heated environment showed a significant increase in hematocrit and total leukocytes while other blood parameters did not differ significantly from those of control birds. After 8 weeks of prolonged exposure to high environmental temperatues, plasma calcium and alkaline phosphatase levels were lower and total leukocyte counts were higher in stressed versus control birds. Hematocrits and plasma phosphorous did not differ significantly between the two groups. At 14 weeks, total leukocytes, plasma calcium and alkaline phosphatase levels were higher while hematocrits were lower for those birds reared under stress as opposed to control conditions. The mean live weight and feed/gain ratio were lower for those turkeys subjected to prolonged heat stress.

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

response to Salmonella pullorum bacterin, were developed by divergent selection for 3 generations within the B'B 1 blood group genotype. General mortality as well as specific mortality from Marek's disease in challenge tests, was consistently higher in the high response subline (Pevzner et al., Poultry Sci. 57:1180:1978). During the course of the experiment it became evident that segregation of the Ir-GAT locus, which controls immune response to the synthetic polypeptide GAT (Pevzner et al., Immunogenetics 7:25:1978) within each of the sublines, was associated with major differences in death loss. Thus, in the 3rd generation, mortality was 59% for the B'B 1 low GAT responders as opposed to 23% for the B1 B' high GAT responders. Divergent selection for anti-S. pullorum titer had little effect on mortality. Furthermore, in a challenge test of the 4th generation progeny to Marek's disease virus, 55% and 17% of the B'B 1 birds which were low and high responders to GAT, respectively, either died or developed gross lesions. Again, the mortality difference associated with anti-S. pullorum titer, was not significant. Evidently, genetic resistance to Marek's disease is linked to the Ir-GAT locus and, therefore, maps in the immune response region of the B complex. We hypothesize that the high mortality of birds selected for high immune response to S. pullorum is a consequence of the high frequency of the low GAT responder birds which entered into the first generation of this particular subline by the vargaries of chance sampling.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS THE RATE OF FEED PASSAGE, BODY WEIGHTS, AND FEED/GAIN RATIOS IN MALE AND FEMALE DUCKS RAISED UNDER TWO DIFFERENT TEMPERATURE REGIMES Phys B Tues 1:00 Frank W. Pierson, Ellen K. Wilson, Patricia Y. Hester, R. L. Adams, and W. J. Stadelman, Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907

Heated chamber

Control chamber

Age of ducks (wk)

32.2 C 29.4 C 29.4 C

32.2 C 25.5 C 18.3 C

1 2 3-7

Relative humidity was maintained at 50% for both chambers. Each duck was reared in an individual floor pen (dimensions: 63.5 X 81.3 cm). To measure the rate of feed passage as a function of temperature, age, and starvation, feed was removed 6 hours prior to the start of a digestion trial. After this period of deprivation, each duck was individually weighed, fed a gelatin capsule containing ferric oxide (.1 g F e 2 0 3 / k g of body weight) and returned to its pen with feed. The rate of feed passage was determined according to the amount of time it took red excreta to appear. To measure the rate of feed passage as a function of temperature, age, and full fed conditions, the same procedures were followed with the exception that feed was not removed. Starved vs. full fed trials were performed on separate consecutive days every week for a period of 7 weeks. Live body weights and feed/ gain ratios were also determined on a weekly basis. The rate of feed passage did not differ between temperature regimes or sexes. Digestion times increased with the age of the ducks and were greater under full fed versus starved conditions. Body weights were significantly greater in the control as opposed to the heated environment. Male ducks were heavier than female ducks. The rate of weight gain was slower for those ducks under high environmental temperatures as compared to controls. Feed/gain ratios increased with age but were not affected by temperature or sex.

COMPUTERIZATION OF STATE FAIR 4-H EXHIBITS Ext Tues 2:15 Phillip E. Plumart, Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007 The Cooperative Extension Service at SDSU embarked on a project to computerize all the none-live 4-H exhibits, including eggs, at the 1978 State Fair.

The Extension Poultry Specialist coordinated all the activities pertaining thereto with respect to state 4-H staff, county extension staff, and university computer center personnel including the design of pre-registration forms, computer card input formats, entry tags, printouts, and computer programs. The six printouts were (1) a listing of the preregistered entries in order of lot within class within county including name of exhibitor, address, sex and age; (2) a listing of the entries with the ribbons and points awarded by county, class and lot; (3) a listing of the purple ribbon awards by county within class for press release purposes; (4) a tally of the number of entries in each of the 23 junior and 26 senior division exhibits; (5) a final printout of the awards and premium payments due for each award arranged by individual exhibitor within each county; and (6) a printout of points and premiums earned by each county for use by the State Fair Board to issue county checks. A total of 12,854 entries were accounted for by the computerized system.

EFFECTS OF PROTEIN, POULTRY BY-PRODUCT MEAL, AND DRY LACTOBACILLUS ACIDOPHILUS CULTURE ADDITIONS TO DIETS OF GROWING TURKEYS Nutr BTues 3:30 L. M. Potter, L. A. Newbern, C. M. Parsons and J. R. Shelton, Department of Poultry Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061; and J. S. Crawford, Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc., NuLabs Division, Portland, OR 97201 A 2 X 2 X 4 factorial experiment was conducted with protein, poultry by-product meal (PBPM) and a dry Lactobacillus acidophilus culture (LAC), respectively, as variables in diets of Medium White turkeys from 0 to 16 weeks of age. Each of the 16 diets was fed to one pen of each sex with 50 birds per pen. Protein additions of 2% over levels similar to those recommended by the N.R.C. (to 30, 27, 24, and 21% from 28, 25, 22, and 19% for 0 to 4, 4 to 8, 8 to 12, and 12 to 16 weeks, respectively) significantly increased body weights from 6 to 14 weeks 2.2 to 4.1% (P<.05). Feed consumption was increased from 2.2 to 3.1% after 6 weeks (P<.05). Feed efficiencies were not significantly changed. Dietary addition of 8% PBPM, holding protein, phosphorus and calcium levels constant, decreased 16-week body weight 1.4% (P<.05) and feed consumption 3.5% (P<.001) but increased feed efficiency 2.2% (P<.001). Increased feed efficiency from PBPM was expected because of an accompanying 3.0% increase in energy content of the diet. The lowest level of LAC (.025%) significantly increased body weight 1.6 to 2.5% at 8, 10, and 12 weeks (P<.05). At 16 weeks, body weights (5.546, 5.645, 5.584, and 5.648 kg) and feed efficiencies (.4224, .4227, .4237, and .4264 for gain:feed ratios) of turkeys fed diets containing 0, .025, .050, and .075% LAC, respectively, were not significantly different (P>.05).

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

Forty-eight White Pekin ducks were used to determine the rate of feed passage through the digestive tract as a function of temperature, age and starved versus full fed conditions. Males and females were randomly distributed into two environmental chambers at 1 week of age. Their respective temperature regimes were as follows:

1095

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1096

GENETIC VARIATION IN SHELL STRENGTH GenThurs 11:00 Philip L. Potts and K. W. Washburn, Poultry Science Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30601

INSTABILITY OF TETRACYCLINE RESISTANCE IN SELECTED SALMONELLAE IN VIVO PathThurs 10:15 Susan Pratt-Heaney and J. F. Stephens, Poultry Science, The Ohio State University, 674 West Lane Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 One-week-old SCWL chicks maintained in rigid plastic isolators were inoculated by gavage with broth cultures of Salmonella heidelberg, S. senftenberg, and S. infantis in separate trials. Each culture was found to be resistant to tetracycline (T) and streptomycin (S) by the single, high potency sensitivity disc technique at time of administration and each transferred resistance in vitro to sensitive E. colt. Twenty of the 40 chicks used in each trial were fed an antibiotic-free diet; the others received the same diet supplemented with 220 mg of chlortetracycline (CTC) per kg of feed. At one and two weeks post inoculation, feces collected from each chick by rectal swab were cultured for Salmonella using selective media. Ten colonies per chick isolated on BG Sulfa Agar were individually tested for antibiotic resistance. More than 50 percent of the colonies of S. heidelberg and S. senftenberg isolated from chicks fed the antibiotic-free diet were found to be sensitive to T at each sampling interval. The T sensitive S. senftenberg colonies were also sensitive to Streptomycin. A slightly lower percentage of colonies isolated from chicks fed the CTC-containing diet were sensitive to T. The culture of S. infantis retained its original resistance pattern throughout the trial.

Env-ManThurs9:15 A. P. Rahn, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 A potential economic advantage that has been cited for shallow cage systems for commercial layers is that increased — relative to conventional cage systems — horizontal compactness can be achieved without additional manure disposal equipment. This feature may mediate the increased per bird equipment investment requirements of these systems. An analysis has been conducted to estimate the magnitude of these housing space utilization economies. Given a house size of representative dimensions, four alternate cage equipment systems were considered. One system was a conventional 2 tiers/row "stair-step" cage arrangement. The other three incorporated shallow cage arrangements with 2, 3 or 4 tiers/row. A constant cage space per bird with mechanical feeders, cup waterers and pit scrapers for manure removal was universally assumed. Manual egg collection was assumed in all systems except the 4 tiers/row arrangement. Within a 10-year evaluation period and representative uniform layer performance and market price factors, contract egg producers gross revenue additions more than offset the increased initial equipment investment requirements per bird of the 3 and 4 tiers/row shallow cage systems relative to the conventional system considered and provided additional labor/management returns. LIVER ANTIGENS ANALOGOUS TO B2 -BINDING PROTEIN IN RdRd, Rdrd and rdrd HENS Gen Thurs 8:30 (Poster) L. Ramanathan and S. Listwak, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, R. B. Guyer and E. G. Buss, Department of Poultry Science, and C. O. Clagett, Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 A genetic defect, avian riboflavinuria, discovered in a strain of SCWL chickens (Maw, Poultry Sci., 33:216, 1954) has been attributed to the absence of riboflavinbinding protein (RBP) in the blood, egg yolk, and egg white of homozygous recessive (rdrd) hens. As a result of the vitamin B2 deficiency, the embryos died within 14 days of development. The phenotypic expression of this mutant allele (Farrell et al, Int. J. Biochem., 1:168, 1970) in terms of the ratio of functional flavoprotein was 2 (RdRd)-.l (Rdrd)-.O (rdrd). A nonriboflavin-binding component was found in the liver and the magnum of RdRd and rdrd hens which showed antigenic identity with normal RBP (Guyer et al, Fed. Proc, 34:666, 1975; Hammer ct al, Genetics 82:467, 1976). The quantities (ug/g liver) of the cross-reacting proteins (CRP) were determined to be 2.6 (RdRd)-.l.i (Rdrd): .02 (rdrd). The molecular weights of the CRP's were as follows: RdRd = 31,600; Rdrd = 30,900; rdrd = 27,500. The mol wt of egg yolk RBP was 34,700 by SDS gel electrophoresis. Liver antigens from RdRd and Rdrd hens had anti-

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

The effect of increasing egg size over time and differences in rate of change due to sire effect on shell strength was studied in a commercial White Leghorn parent line. The population had been selected for increased production and egg size for 15—18 generations, at which time egg size was stabilized and maintained at a constant level for the next 5 generations. No selection for shell strength had previously been applied. Shell strength (deformation and breaking strength) egg weight, and % shell were collected on approximately 13,000 eggs from 20 sire families at intervals for the first 10 months of lay. The egg weight increased constantly throughout the experimental period, although at different rates due to sire effect. Regression lines were plotted for egg weight and shell strength over time within sire families. R2 values were significant for the linear relationship of egg weight to time and for the shell strength to time sine relationship. A comparison of slopes of regression lines showed a significant difference due to sires. Rankings of sire families according to shell strength were essentially the same throughout the experimental period.

HOUSING SPACE UTILIZATION ECONOMIES OF SHALLOW CAGE SYSTEMS FOR COMMERCIAL LAYERS

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS genicities similar to that of RBP, while recessive CRP exhibited reduced antigenicity. It is concluded that the rd gene codes for a non-functional mutant protein which appears to be structurally deficient. THE EFFECT OF CONTROLLED GROWTH OF BROILER BREEDER FEMALES ON BODY WEIGHT DISTRIBUTIONS

1097

and right shank length for all progesterone treated groups were significantly reduced. Right and left gonads and right shank weights expressed as percent of body weight did not differ significantly among the groups. 1 Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Paper No. 5110.

Env-Man Tues 3:15 Ramakrishna P. Reddy and D. M. Patterson, Research and Development Department, Peterson Farms, Inc., Decatur, AR 72722

EFFECT OF DAY-OLD WING BROILER PERFORMANCE

Commercial broiler breeder females were subjected to skip-a-day feeding regimes as per the recommendations of the primary breeder to attain controlled growth for optimum reproductive efficiency. The individual body weights were obtained on off-feed days by sampling about 1% of the flock. The data from twelve commercial flocks (comprising of four breeds) at various ages from five to twenty-four weeks of age were analyzed to study the variability in weight distribution during the growing phase. Significant correlation (P<.01) existed between mean body weight and standard deviation over the entire growth period for all flocks. Such correlations at each of the chronological ages were inconsistent. Coefficient of variation tended to be higher at younger ages (5 to 12 weeks). Significant (P<.05) values of skewness ((3,) ranged from negative to positive while those of kurtosis (0 2 ) were consistently negative, indicating that the platykurtic distributions were the primary cause of larger variations under restricted growth. It was concluded that under controlled growth the variability in body weight distribution was higher during early ages but tended to decline as the bird approached sexual maturity, suggesting the use of different yardsticks to measure flock uniformity at different ages. Under commercial management conditions, body weight distribution deviated significantly from normality during restricted growth phase.

G. M. Renwick and K. W. Washburn, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602

Phys Tues 8:00 J. A. Renden and F. H. Benoff, Department of Poultry Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 Progesterone (A4 Pregnan-3, 20-dione) in .05 ml propylene glycol was injected into eggs of 4-day-old developing embryos acquired from crosses of Barred Plymouth Rock females with New Hampshire males. Injection levels were 0, .5, 1.0, or 2.0 mg progesterone per egg. The 0-dosage embryos received an injection of propylene glycol only and served as controls. Embryos were sexed by feather color at 18 days and weighed without the yolk sac. Gross morphology of the body and reproductive system was noted, and weights of the right and left gonads and right shank were obtained for each embryo. Length of the right shank was also recorded. Progesterone did not alter normal gross morphology of either gonad in males or females. Body weight

ON

Env-Man Thurs 10:30

A study was conducted to determine the effects of day-old wing clipping of broiler chicks on body weight, feed conversion, and mortality. Cobb colorsexed males and females were separated into two treatment groups, normal and wing clipped, and placed by sex into floor pens (30/pen) and provided feed and water ad libitum. Each treatment combination was replicated three times. Wing-clipped chicks were severed at the proximal joint of the metacarpal with surgical shears and cauterized with an electrical debeaker. Body weight and feed conversions were determined weekly until 4 weeks of age and biweekly thereafter until 8 weeks of age. Mortality was kept daily. Body weights and gains of birds which had been wing clipped were significantly decreased from controls (P<.05). However, no significant differences in feed conversion were observed between the control and wing-clipped birds.

DIETARY CALCIUM AND AVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS REQUIREMENTS FOR GROWING PHEASANTS Env-Man Tues 4:30 R. D. Reynnells and C. J. Flegal, Poultry Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823 A 3 X 3 factorial design with dietary calcium (Ca) levels of (1) .6, (2) 1.2, and (3) 1.8% vs. available phosphorus (P) levels of (4) .2, (5) .4, and (6) .6%, were fed to growing Ring-necked pheasants. Floorreared (F) and battery-reared (B) birds were studied through 16- or 4-week of age, respectively. High Ca tended to, and low P did, inhibit feed consumption of (B): (1) 14.4, (2) 14.0, and (3) 13.3 g/chick/day; and (4) 5.9, (5) 13.3, and (6) 14.5 g/chick/day, respectively. High Ca inhibited total average feed consumption of (F). Feed consumption for F was 19, 46, and 55 g/bird/day for day-old through 6-wk; 7—12 wk; and 13—16 wk of age, respectively. High Ca and P decreased body weight of combined F and B replicates through 4-wk of age. Low P lowered the percentage dry fat-free bone (dffb): (4) 36.4, (5) 45.3, and (6) 49.8 percent; and dffb percentage ash: (4) 37.5, (5) 50.9, and (6) 55.5 percent for combined B and F 2-wk old chicks. Low Ca and high P increased the ash percentage phosphorus of these chicks: (1) 20.4, (2) 19.9, and (3) 19.7; and

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

EFFECTS OF PROGESTERONE ON DEVELOPING CHICK EMBRYOS1

CLIPPING

1098

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

(4) 19.6, (5) 20.2, and (6) 20.3. For (F), low P lowered tibia ash (5) 58.6, and (6) 61.0 percent of dffb. High Ca and low P (wide Ca:P ratio) resulted in increased mortality through 4-weeks of age. The .2% P was ricketic, anoretic, and lethal. Optimum response was to (a) 1.2:.6, (b) 1.8:.6, or (c) .6:.4 percent dietary Ca:P ratio treatments, usually in this order. (Partially funded by GMO grant #1818. Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Article Number 8917.)

DIETARY CALCIUM AND AVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS REQUIREMENTS OF ADULT RINGNECKED PHEASANTS

A 4 X 4 factorial design with dietary calcium (Ca) levels of (1) 1.5, (2) 2.1, (3) 2.7, or (4) 3.3% vs. available phosphorus (P) levels of (5) .3, (6) .4, (7) .5, or (8) .6% were fed to adult Ring-necked pheasants. There were two floor (A, B) and one caged (C) replicates. Dietary calcium did not affect egg fertility or hatchability. The ranges of means for the ten five-day data periods were: 59—83 and 59—73%, respectively. Low or increased Ca tended to depress hen-day egg production: (1) 64, (2) 66, (3) 68, and (4) 66%. Replicate C hens laid more eggs than A: (A) 58, (B) 69, (C) 71%. Replicate C hens laid smaller eggs than B, and B smaller than A: (A) 31.4, (B) 30.6, (C) 29.7 g. High Ca resulted in smaller eggs. Low Ca resulted in less percentage eggshell and eggshell plus membrane thickness: (1) 9.1, (2) 9.4, (3) 9.5 and (4) 9.5%; and (1) .29, (2) .3, (3) .3, and (4) .3 mm, respectively. Low Ca tended to increase eggshell membrane thickness. Low Ca tended to depress plasma calcium: (1) 26, (2) 26, (3) 30, and (4) 29 mg%. Replicate C had higher plasma phosphorus: (A) 5.6, (B) 5.7, and (C) 7.1 mg%. Adult males ate about 65 g/male/day. Females ate between 70—75 g/bird/day. Ca level affected tibia dry fat-free bone: (1) 63, (2) 66, (3), 66, and (4) 67%. Hen body weight declined over the 90-day experiment. Mortality was higher in chicks from hens fed 3.3% Ca. Apparently, pheasant hens required 2.1—2.7% Ca. A P deficiency was not demonstrated. (Partially funded by GMO #1818. Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Article Number 8916.)

THE EFFECT OF TWO MOLTING METHODS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF HYLINE AND SHAVER HENS PhysAThurs8:00 R. H. Roberson and D. W. Francis, Department of Animal and Range Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003 Hyline and Shaver hens of two ages were maintained as controls or forced molted by two methods (10 day fast or 20,000 ppm zinc in the diet). Hyline and Shaver hens were effectively rested by both methods. Egg production of Hyline and Shaver hens was higher for both molting methods than for the control for the six months after molted birds had returned to 50% production. Haugh score was improved but egg shell thickness was not greatly affected by molting method. Egg production, Haugh score and shell thickness declined as the hens became older.

THE EFFECT OF A 10 H LIGHT - 14 H DARK PHOTOPERIOD ON EGG PRODUCTION BY GEESE PhysBTues 1:45 H. A. Robertson and E. S. Merritt, Animal Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada K1A 0C6

INVESTIGATION OF LIMITING AMINO ACIDS FOR THE TURKEY HEN FED CORN-SOY DIETS Nutr B Tues 3:45 Edward J. Robel, USDA, Science and Education Administration, Animal Science Institute, Nonruminant Animal Nutrition Laboratory, Room 201, Building 200, BARC East, Beltsville, MD 20705 Six groups of 20 large-type white turkey hens were used to determine a dietary protein level needed to

Chinese and Hungarian geese hatched in May and reared outside (45°N) were transferred in midNovember into a windowless building and exposed under tungsten light to either a simulated natural daylength (control group) or to a constant 10 h light — 14 h dark photoperiod (treatment group). In the treatment group the Chinese layed, during their pullet year, an average of 97 eggs over a 12 month period, 20% higher than the controls while the Hungarian layed an average of 65 eggs, 325% higher than the controls. In the treatment group the period of egg laying was markedly extended in both the Chinese and Hungarian geese. The maximum rate of lay by the

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

Env-Man Tues 4:45 R. D. Reynnells and C. J. Flegal, Poultry Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823

produce a decrease in egg production in order to investigate limiting amino acids in corn-soybean meal diets. The six isocaloric diets contained 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18% protein and were formulated to provide a constant ratio of corn and soybean meal with the different protein levels. During the 12 week reproductive period, the greatest difference in egg production, egg weight and hatchability of fertile eggs between the successive incremental dietary protein regimes occurred between the 10 and 12% protein groups. Egg production in the 10% protein group was 42.2% and in the 12% protein group 51.7%. Egg weight averaged 83.7 g for the 10% protein group and 87.3 g for the 12% protein group. Hatchability of fertile eggs in the 10% protein group (73.0%) was significantly lower than the 12% group (88.1%). Tryptophan, sulfur amino acids and isoleucine were shown to be first, second and third limiting, respectively. The data indicate that the severity of the limiting amino acids in the 10% protein regime most adversely affected reproductive performance.

1099

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS Chinese was similar in the control (.55 eggs/bird/day) and treatment (.51 eggs/bird/day) group. For the Hungarian the maximum rates of lay were .29 eggs/ bird/day for the control and .46 eggs/bird/day for the treatment group. In a repeat experiment the average eggs layed in the treatment group over an 11 month period was: Chinese 108, Cross-bred 73, Pilgrim 63, and Hungarian 57. In both the Chinese and the Hungarian geese, fewer eggs were layed during the second year of exposure to the 10 h light — 14 h dark photoperiod as compared with their pullet year. In the treatment group the Chinese laid fewer eggs while the Hungarian still outperformed those in the control group.

Ext Tues 2:30 James S. Rock, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Connecticut, 24 Hyde Avenue, Vernon, CT 06066 Starting in 1972, University of Connecticut extension poultry specialists worked with the Connecticut Poultry Association in developing omelet demonstrations. Our objective was to get people to use eggs at home in meals other than breakfast. We believed the keystone to getting people to do this was our insistance that people from the audience work with our demonstrators and make their own omelets. To measure the effectiveness of the demonstration, unsolicited comments were collected in 1976 at the Eastern States Exposition, West Springfield, MA, our largest annual omelet demonstration. These comments indicated that: 1) over 90% of the people who watch or participate in omelet demonstrations have a positive attitude toward eggs, 2) there is a strong likelihood that 70% of the audience watching or participating in an omelet demonstration will go home and use eggs in meals other than breakfast, and 3) the overriding reason people eat eggs is that they taste good. For salesmen and those who.prepare promotional material this information indicates that taste has the greatest buyer appeal. It was concluded that audience participation in omelet demonstrations promotes and increases egg use.

BROILER INDUSTRY RESULTS

MARKETING

SURVEY

Mark-Tech Tues 1:30 W. P. Roenigk, National Broiler Council, 1155 - 15th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005 A survey of broiler producer/processor firms indicates the proportion of young chicken marketed in the form of ice-pack, pre-pack (chill pack), dry-ice and combinations with wet-ice, frozen, and other forms. Distribution of young chickens to retail outlets, distributors, fast-food outlets, institutions, and other markets are also indicated. Comparisons with four earlier surveys (1962, 1967, 1970, and 1974) are made. Other aspects covered are brand identification and further processing of young chickens.

Nutr A Tues 8:30 D. O. Roitz and H. L. Fuller, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 Cottonseed (CSM), sesame (SM) and peanut (PM) meals of Venezuelan origin and a sample of soybean meal (SBM) from the U.S. were subjected to chick growth tests and analyzed for proximate composition, apparent and true metabolizable energy (AME and TME, respectively) and true amino acid availability (TAAA). In the chick growth test diets containing yellow corn and each of the oilseed meals, in turn, to provide 20% protein were fed to male broiler chicks for 3 weeks beginning at 10 days of age. Each diet was fed with and without added methionine and or lysine to meet NRC requirements for the energy level of 3100 kcal/kg employed in all diets. Supplemental levels of methionine and lysine were based upon tabular values for the oilseed meals. Results of the chick growth tests were more predictable from determined TAAA and AME values than from the tabular values employed. SM supplemented with lysine and PM supplemented with methionine and lysine supported growtli equal to that of SBM supplemented with methionine. TAAA values for CSM showed poorest availability of all oilseed meals tested and this was reflected accurately in the results of the growth test. Determined AME value for CSM was also lower than the tabular (NRC, 1977) value. 1 Supported in part by Protinal C.A., Valencia, Venezuela.

INFLUENCE OF PREMOLT PRODUCTION ON POSTMOLT PERFORMANCE WITH EXPLANATION FOR IMPROVEMENT IN EGG PRODUCTION DUE TO FORCE MOLTING Ext Tues 10:30 D. A. Roland, Sr. and J. Brake, Poultry Science Department, Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830 Performance of force molted hens as influenced by premolt production and postmolt calcium (Ca) level was determined using 840 Babcock hens. Hens selected to be laying at a high rate (74%), low rate (40%), and unselected hens (60% production) were divided into two groups. One-half of the hens were force molted (FM) and the other half served as controls (CON). On completion of the starvation period, blood was collected for chemical analysis from 10 hens from each group. These hens were then killed and ovary, oviduct, liver and fat pad weights determined. Toward the end of the postmolt period the dietary Ca was increased from 3.5% to 4.5% in half of each group. Experiment 2 was conducted similar to Experiment 1. Postmolt production was directly related to premolt production. The hens laying the highest rate during the premolt period showed no improvement whereas those laying at the lowest rate showed the greatest improvement. The FM hens exhibited a lower incidence of shell-less eggs than the CON hens. Pre-

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

EFFECTIVE OMELET DEMONSTRATIONS

A COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR DETERMINING BIOLOGICAL VALUE OF OILSEED MEALS1

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1100

sonal variation in the thermal stability of fishmeal with mid-season (summer) produced fishmeal being the most unstable under conditions of the DTA. However, the addition of several different commercially available antioxidants to the fishmeal greatly improves its stability in the following descending order of efficacy: ethoxyquin, BHT, BHA and a commercial product composed of a mixture of several antioxidants.

SERUM PROGESTERONE LEVELS AND HISTOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS IN VARIOUS TISSUES OF HENS LAYING A LOW AND HIGH INCIDENCE OF SHELL-LESS EGGS

EFFECT OF DIETARY ENERGY SUBSTITUTIONS ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE AND LIPOGENIC ENZYME ACTIVITY IN LARGE WHITE TURKEY HENS

PhysTues8:45

Nutr A T u e s 2 : 4 5

D. A. Roland, Sr., D. N. Marple, R. N. Brewer, and P. A. Teer, Poultry Science Department, Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830

R. W. Rosebrough, E. G. Geis, P. James, and H. Ota, USDA, Science and Education Administration, Animal Science Institute, Nonruminant Animal Nutrition Laboratory, Room 201, Building 200, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705

Four experiments were conducted to determine possible differences in serum progesterone, blood chemistry and histology of various tissues between hens laying a high and low incidence of shell-less (SL) eggs. Blood was taken at time of oviposition and at 6, 12, 18 and 25 hours later. The results indicated that there are no significant differences in serum progesterone between hens laying a high and low incidence of SL eggs. In general, the pattern of serum progesterone in relation to time of oviposition and in relation to time of day was similar for hens laying a high and low incidence of SL eggs. No significant difference was observed in serum phosphorus, magnesium, protein, SGPT or alkaline phosphatase between hens laying high and low incidence of SL eggs. Histological examination of the liver, pancreas, anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary, parathyroid, thyroid, small intestine, uterus, magnum, ovary and isthmus revealed no difference. It was concluded that the production of SL eggs was not related to abnormal serum constituent levels or gross histological differences.

A 16 wk trial was conducted with Large White turkey hens to ascertain the effect of deleting dietary carbohydrate calories on reproduction, lipogenic enzyme and liver metabolite concentrations. Twenty percent of the dietary calories (ground corn) were removed and isocalorically substituted with additional fat, 1,3-butanediol or glycerol so that effects could not be attributed solely to deleting carbohydrates. Additional fat increased efficiency of feed utilization. Additional fat also decreased the activities of isocitrate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme and fatty acid synthetase. Likewise, additional fat increased the liver lactate, malate, oxaloacetate, glucose and glucosesphosphate concentrations while decreasing liver lipid. The addition of butanediol increased efficiency of feed utilization but increased embryonic mortality while decreasing malic enzyme and fatty acid synthetase activities. Glycerol appeared to be metabolized similarly to carbohydrate and to promote liver lipid synthesis. Additional fat increased the protein/DNA ratio in the liver while decreasing liver lipid.

FACTORS INFLUENCING AND A METHOD FOR MEASURING THE THERMAL STABILITY OF FISHMEAL Nutr A T u e s 9 : 3 0 G. L. Romoser, F. Grogan, M. A. Roos, W. Shermer, and J. W. Baker, Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63166 The stabilization of fishmeal with antioxidants has virtually eliminated many of the problems (heating, nutrient loss) associated with the oxidation of its residual oil. A method was developed in our laboratories several years ago to measure energy loss as a result of spontaneous inneraction of one chemical or the interaction of two or more chemicals. This method — differential thermal analysis (DTA) — has recently been found beneficial in the determination of the thermal stability of different lots of Atlantic coast menhaden fish meal. The procedure has also been used in the measurement of the efficacy of different commercially available antioxidants. Experimental results indicate that there is a sea-

FIELD TRIALS IN THE U.K. WITH STENOROL AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT Path Tues 8:30 D. B. Ross, Department of Animal Science, Huntingdon Research Center, United Kingdom Stenorol is a new coccidiocide with halofuginone as active ingredient. It is now marketed in South America, South Africa, the Middle and Far East as well as in some European countries. It has recently been introduced in the U.K. and this paper describes the results of field trials involving 1 million birds. Comparisons of field efficacy data for halofuginone with some other drugs are presented together with the results of dietary and residue analyses for halofuginone. The results of other studies are also presented involving ' 4 C-labeled halofuginone indicating the rate of absorption of radioactivity by some plants grown on soil to which either faeces from 14 C-halofuginone dosed birds or ' 4 C-halofuginone itself has been added. Similarly the rate at which ' 4 C-halofuginone is removed by leaching with water is also described.

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

molt production appeared to have little influence on postmolt egg weight, shell weight, specific gravity, organ weights and blood constitutents. Increase in the dietary Ca level had little influence on specific gravity in FM or CON hens. It was concluded that most of the improvement in production observed in forced molting is due to a reduction in shell-less eggs and not due to an increase in ovulation rate.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS FORCED REST INDUCED BY MOLT OR LOWSODIUM DIET ON SUBSEQUENT HEN PERFORMANCE Env-ManTues9:30 Ernest Ross and R. B. Herrick, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii, 1800 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822

LOW-PROTEIN WHEAT RATIONS SUPPLEMENTED WITH METHIONINE AND LYSINE FED TO NORMAL-SIZED AND DWARF SCWL LAYING HENS' Nutr ATues 1:30 W. B. Roush and G. H. Arscott, Department of Poultry Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 Normal (N) and dwarf (D) laying hens were fed low-protein (13.2%) Yamhill wheat rations with and without added .1% methionine (M) or .1% M plus .1% lysine (L). Comparisons were made with corn (15.5%) and wheat (16.9%) controls. Random assignments to quadruplicate lots were made with 24 N pullets, one bird/cage, and 48 D pullets, two birds/cage. Addition of M + L improved egg production, egg weight and feed consumption for N's fed the lowprotein ration to a level comparable to both wheat and corn controls. Addition of M and M + L to the lowprotein D rations improved egg production and egg weight, respectively (P<.05), but was not comparable to the controls. There was no difference in feed/dozen eggs among N's fed wheat rations; however, M supplementation tended to improve feed/dozen eggs when compared to the corn control. For D's, feed/dozen eggs with M + L proved comparable to the corn control. There was no difference in mortality, body weight or specific gravity of eggs for either N or D treatments. N's fed corn had greater egg production, feed consumption and body weight than D's (P<.05). Haugh units tended to be greater and yolk scores lower for wheat fed hens when compared to those fed corn. A dermatitis was noted primarily on the toes of D's that did not appear related to diet.

In conclusion, N's appeared more responsive than D's to amino acid supplementation of low-protein wheat rations. 1 Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Paper No. 5112.

CADMIUM RETENTION IN LIVER, AND DUODENUM

CHICK

KIDNEY,

Nutr BTues 8:30 R. D. Rowland, D. J. Bray and J. S. Buck, Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 Female crossbred chicks were fed a corn-soya diet supplemented with 0, 5, 15 or 30 ppm cadmium (Cd) as CdCl2 ^ K H j O from 8—22 days of age. Chick gains were depressed 38% by 30 ppm Cd. The unsupplemented basal diet was fed to all groups for an additional 14 days (22—36 days of age). At 15, 22, and 36 days of age 3 chicks from each of the two replicate groups fed each diet were sacrificed and the total Cd content of the liver, kidney, and duodenum was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. As the level of dietary Cd was increased there was an increase in both the quantity and percent of ingested Cd retained in liver and kidney. The quantity of Cd retained in the duodenum reached a maximum of 15 ppm Cd in the diet. Following a 14-day period when no supplemental Cd was fed, total duodenum Cd was similar for all groups. There was a decline in total liver and kidney Cd for chicks fed 15 and 30 ppm Cd, but not for those fed 5 ppm Cd. The data suggest that over the range of Cd levels fed, the retention of Cd in kidney and liver was facilitated by increasing the level of dietary Cd. Much of the Cd accumulated in tissues of chicks fed 15 or 30 ppm Cd was depleted rapidly once Cd was removed from the diet.

PROTEIN AND METHIONINE CONTENT OF SOYBEANS AS INFLUENCED BY CULTIVAR Nutr ATues 11:30 Max Rubin, Poultry Science, William J. Kenworthy, Agronomy, and Ernie Bossard, Poultry Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 The six most popular soybean cultivars which are grown in Maryland are York, Essex, Williams, Kent, Delmar, and Cutler 71. In 1976, York was 30% and Essex 20% of the total production. All six were examined for their protein and methionine content. York had the lowest protein, 39.49% and Essex had the highest, 41.66%, a 5.5% difference. These values are for the ground whole bean on a dry weight basis. The percent protein for the defatted ground whole bean on a dry weight basis was 48.95% for York and 51.24% for Essex, a 4.7% difference. The percent methionine of the defatted ground whole bean was also lowest for York, .69% and highest for Essex, .76%, a 16.9% difference on a dry weight basis. This would indicate that there is a greater proportion of

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

Four commercial strains of S.C.W.L. hens were either force-molted by standard methods or forcerested by means of a low-sodium diet (no added salt) at 66 weeks of age. After an eight-week molt/rest period, the hens were fed the same diet for an additional 36 weeks. During the resting period, egg production of the hens fed the low-sodium diet declined gradually over a six-week period to a low of 10 to 20% while the force-molted hens were completely out of production in 10 to 14 days. The use of a low-sodium diet to induce a forced rest adversely affected post molt/rest hen-day and hen-house egg production, feed efficiency and broken eggs (P<.05). Body weight gain, egg specific gravity, egg shell thickness and egg weight were also depressed by the low-sodium treatment, although not to a significant extent. Probable reasons for the poorer performance of hens fed the low-sodium diet is discussed in terms of actual dietary sodium levels.

1101

1102

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

methionine bearing protein in Essex than in York. Since the soybean processing industry buys soybeans without regard to cultivar, it would be in the best interest of the poultry industry to influence the soybean grower to eliminate the York cultivar from his repertoire of cultivars. This should not be too difficult to do since Essex is agronomically better than York according to our recent survey.

RELATIONSHIP OF RESTRICTED FEEDING AND MEDICATION TO COCCIDIOSIS CONTROL PathTues 10:30

Hubbard breeder pullets were fed a complete pullet developer ration ad libitum (AL) or using a restricted feeding (RF) regime. The ration was either unmedicated or contained .0125% amprolium, .0125% clopidol, or .0110% monensin. The relationship between the feeding schedule and coccidial infection was determined based on 1) efficacy of the medication in controlling a single infection in susceptible pullets and 2) the development of immunity to subsequent challenge infection following a series of immunizing infections. Cage reared, susceptible pullets were inoculated with sporulated oocysts of either Eimeria tenella, 2 strains of E, acervulina, or E. maxima. With all three medications, the infection with at least one species in the RF pullets was more severe, as measured by intestinal lesion score, than in the corresponding AL pullets. Other pullets were kept for three weeks in floor pens which contained coccidial oocysts to allow immunity to develop. The pullets were then transferred to suspended cages to prevent reinfection and fed unmedicated ration. After one week the pullets were challenged with the same coccidial strain used for immunizing. All pullets initially fed unmedicated ration had no coccidial lesions following challenge, even though unimmunized challenged controls had severe lesions. Pullets fed medicated rations AL had lesions with some species, especially those medicated with monensin. Conversely, RF pullets had no lesions indicating that complete immunity had developed. THE EFFECTS OF DIETARY SULFATES AND METHIONINE HYDROXY ANALOGUE ON BROILER PERFORMANCE Nutr ATues 10:15 Tom D. Runnels, Department of Animal Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711; George W. Malone, Substation Division, University of Delaware, Georgetown, DE 19947; and John W. Merckley, Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Georgetown, DE 19947 Two broiler experiments, each consisting of a series of feeding trials, were conducted to determine the influence of methionine hydroxy analogue and sulfates, singly and in combination, on broiler perform-

BIOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC EVALUATIONS OF MICROWAVE HEATED FULL-FAT SOYBEANS IN BROILER DIETS Nutr A T h u r s 9 : 0 0 Tom D. Runnels, Department of Animal Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711; George W. Malone, Substation Division, University of Delaware, Georgetown, DE 19947; and Joseph G. Wutah, Marine Products Laboratory, University of Maryland, Crisfield, MD 21817 A broiler experiment of six continuous feeding trials was conducted to determine the comparative value of microwave heated full-fat soybeans to commercially processed reconstituted soybeans (dehulled soybean meal 74.2%, cooked soybean hulls 6.7%, crude soybean oil 17.5%, moisture added 1.6%). The comparative effect of crude soybean oil versus stabilized feed grade fat and cooked soybean hulls versus ground yellow corn was observed. Based on live weight and feed utilization, the microwave processed full-fat soybeans were equal or superior to commercially processed reconstituted soybeans. Crude dietary soybean oil produced heavier broilers that required less feed per unit of weight than stabilized feed grade fat. Broilers receiving ground yellow corn as a replacement for the cooked soybean hulls required less feed to produce a unit of live weight but when adjusted on a caloric basis their feed utilization was the same. Their body weight was also the same. Economic comparisons revealed that variations in the cost of raw soybeans plus microwave processing versus the cost of either soybean meal — 44% and stabilized feed grade fat or soybean meal — 49%, ground yellow corn and stabilized feed grade fat resulted in major economic changes. There was an economic advantage for microwave processed full-fat soybeans sometimes but not all the time during the year.

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

M. D. Ruff and M. B. Chute, Animal Parasitology Institute, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration, Beltsville, MD 20705

ance. They were each used at a level of 100 mg/kg of diet. The basal diet for the first experiments contained 7% meat and bone meal and was calculated to be deficient in cystine. The basal in the second experiment was a corn-soybean meal type diet calculated to be deficient in methionine. A summary and statistical analysis of the performance data (live broiler weights and units of feed required to produce a unit of live weight) was made on the data collected when the broilers were four and seven weeks of age. The analysis revealed that the broiler's response to the dietary treatment was significant and similar on each of the two basal diets (1. cystine deficient, 2. methionine deficient). Each of the dietary supplements [a naturally occurring mineral salt mixture (K2 —MgS04) and methionine hydroxy analogue] resulted in increased broiler performance at approximately the same level whether they were fed singly or in combination. These results led to the conclusion that dietary sulfates have a sparing effect on the broiler's requirement for methionine hydroxy analogue when used to supplement either a cystine or methionine deficient broiler diet.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS HERITABILITY AND GENETIC CORRELATION OF BODY WEIGHT AND LEAF FAT IN COTURNIX QUAIL Gen Thurs 8:30 M. Sadjadi and W. A. Becker, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164

PERFORMANCE OF FLOOR PEN EGG-STRAIN LAYERS FED DIFFERENT PARTICLE SIZE CALCIUM AND DIFFERENT FEED ADDITIVES NutrB Thurs 11:45 Paul E. Sanford, Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 Percent egg production, feed/dozen eggs, egg weight, Haugh units and shell quality were criteria used to compare performance of egg-strain floor pen layers fed a 17% protein basal diet (R-1). In R-1, supplemental Ca was supplied as pulverized CaC0 3 . Ration 2 was R-1 supplemented with 1134 g of Pryferm®/T of feed. Ration 3 was R-1 supplemented with 180 g of Zinpro-200®/T of feed. Ration 4 was R-1 except one-half the Ca was supplied as pulverized CaC0 3 and one-half as hen-size flake oyster shell. Ration 5 was R-4 supplemented with 1134 gof Pryferm/T of feed. Data were analyzed by one-way and two-way AOV to test, respectively, for significant effect of rations on each of the above variables during each of the ten 28-day periods and for significant effects of rations and periods. The one way AOV revealed that birds fed R-5 produced significantly greater shell thickness than R-1, 2 and 3 in P-3. R-4 and 5 had significantly better feed/dozen eggs than R-2 and 3 during P-6 and R-5 during P-8. Haugh units were significantly higher for eggs from hens fed R-2 than R-1 for P-6. Percent egg production for hens fed R-2 and 3 was significantly higher than for R-1 for P-10.

The two-way AOV revealed significant differences of ration effect for specific gravity and feed efficiency. R-4 and 5 were significantly better than R-1 and 3. Hens fed R-2 and 3 had significantly higher percent egg production than R-5. Birds fed R-2 produced eggs that were significantly better than R-2. No significant differences were observed for Haugh units or shell thickness.

PERFORMANCE OF CAGED EGG-STRAIN LAYERS FED VARIOUS LEVELS OF ZINCMETHIONINE SUPPLEMENTS Nutr BTues 11:45 Paul E. Sanford, Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 Percent egg production, feed/dozen eggs, egg weight, Haugh units and shell quality (measured by specific gravity and shell thickness) were criteria used to compare performance of egg-strain caged layers fed a 17% protein basal diet (included 680 g DLmethionine and 50 ppm of zinc/T of feed). The basal diet was supplemented with 3 different zinc-methionine supplements as follows; 908 g/T of Zinpro-40®, 150 g/T of Zinpro-240®, and 90 g/T of feed with Zinpro-200®. Ration 1 was nonsupplemented. Data were analyzed by one-way and two-way analysis of variance to test respectively for significant effect of rations on each of the above variables during each of the nine 28 day periods and for significant effects of rations and periods. The one-way AOV revealed that birds fed ration-4 produced significantly lower egg weight than rations 2 and 3 in period 3, significantly lower specific gravity than ration 3 in period 4, and significantly higher feed/dozen eggs than ration 2 in period 9. The two-way AOV revealed significant differences in the rations for percent egg production, Haugh units and feed/dozen eggs. Except for egg weight, the effect of period produced significant differences for all other variables. Significant interaction between ration and period occurred only for feed/dozen eggs. IDENTIFICATION OF MICROFLORA IN POULTRY HOUSE AIR SAMPLES Path Thurs 11:15 E. A. Sauter, C. F. Petersen, and J. F. Parkinson, Animal Science Department, and J. E. Dison and R. C. Strob, Agricultural Engineering Department, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843 Two experiments, each of 36 weeks duration, were conducted to identify the airborne microflora of poultry houses with bird densities of .42 and .84 m 3 /bird. Temperatures were 15.6 and 26.7 C in experiment 1 and 15.6 and 21.1 C in experiment 2. Air samples were taken weekly during the first and bi-weekly in the second experiment using a New Brunswick STA 200 microbiological air sampler. Numbers of aerobic, anerobic, coliform and lactic acid bacteria and molds were determined by plate counts. Organisms were identified by picking representative colonies from plates and inoculating into differential media for biochemical tests. Most probable number

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

Thirty-seven Coturnix quail males were weighed (99 g) and leaf fat (1.35 g) surgically removed under anesthesia at 56 days of age. Ten days later, they were single pair mated and produced 141 males and 137 females. At 56 days of age body weight was 107 g (males), 114 g (females), and leaf fat 2.53 g (males), 1.31 g (females). Heritability of body weight was .74 ± .21 (sire-son regression), .61 ± .20 (sire-daughter regression), .67 + .18 full sib ANOVA (males), .73 ± .18 (females). Heritability of leaf fat was .71 ± .33 (sire-son regression), .26 ± .15 (sire-daughter regression), .65 + .18 full sib ANOVA (males), .34 + .17 (females). Genetic correlations between leaf fat and body weight were .74 (sire-son) and .90 (siredaughter) . The surgical technique was developed to estimate abdominal leaf fat weight on live birds. Considering Coturnix quail as a pilot animal, it may be possible to estimate abdominal fat in broiler chickens using a similar technique. Females weighed more but had less abdominal fat (leaf fat + gizzard fat) than males (1.2% versus 2.5%), a reversal of the broiler chicken relationships. Heritability of leaf fat in males was higher than females.

1103

1104

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS jected to electrophoresis. Gels were read on a spectrophotometric scanner and peaks were recorded. Quantitation was by planimetric determination of areas under the respective peaks, and px chicks were found by t-test to have significantly larger amounts of both (P<.05). Further studies have shown that whole blood of px chicks contains higher levels of hemoglobin by day 10 (t-test, P<.05), and possibly as early as day 5. Preliminary iron and iron binding capacity analyses of blood indicate that both parameters are also different in px chicks.

EFFECTS OF POTATO WASTE SILAGE ON CHICK PERFORMANCE

COMPARATIVE ANTICOCCIDIAL ACTIVITY OF LASALOCID SODIUM AND LASALOCID BIOMASS IN CHICKS

Env-Man Tues 1:00 E. A. Sauter, C. F. Petersen and E. E. Steele, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843 Dried potato waste silage was fed to chicks to determine the presence of possible toxic residues. The ground dried silage was made from 3 parts potato processing waste and 1 part alfalfa hay on a dry matter basis. Day-old broiler chicks were fed a corn-soy starter ration for 6 days in experiment 1 and 5 days in experiment 2, then sorted by weight and experimental groups equalized within approximately one gram/ chick. The chicks were then either continued on the starter ration or fed one of 3 experimental diets containing 5, 10, or 15% silage. All diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. The diets were fed for 18 and 21 days for experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Chicks were weighed at weekly intervals and at the termination of the experiments. Ten randomly selected chicks from each diet were sacrificed at the end of each experiment and internal organs examined for lesions or abnormalities related to silage feeding. Chick mortality was less than 1% for the 2 experiments. Growth depression of chicks fed silage diets ranged from 6.7 to 12.4% in the first experiment and from 2.1 to 8.1% in experiment 2. Internal organs appeared normal in all cases.

SERUM CHANGES IN MUTANT CHICKS PRIOR TO ONSET OF A CONVULSIVE DISORDER Gen Tues 11:30 M. M. Schaefer and W. J. Kuenzel, Poultry Science Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 Prior to seizure onset (approximately day 9 posthatching) in those female chicks expressing the mutant px (paroxysmal) gene, affected chicks are indistinguishable from normal siblings on the basis of any physiological or behavioral parameter investigated to date. In a continuing search for a definitive causative malfunction, attention has focussed on serum since bands occurring in the a, y and transferrin regions of px disc gel electropherograms appear to be different from those of normal chicks. The most striking differences observed were between px and normal major and minor transferrin bands which were selected on this basis for this study. Blood was sampled by cardiac puncture on days 5, 10, 15 and 20 and sub-

Path Tues 9:30 E. Schildknecht, C. Trainor, P. Mailloux, and H. Luther, Animal Health Research Department, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., 340 Kingsland Road, Nutley, NJ 07110 Nine-day battery trials utilizing two-week old chicks were conducted in order to evaluate and compare the anticoccidial activity of lasalocid* sodium (recovered chemically) and lasalocid as a mycelial cake (biomass) against Eimeria mixed infections consisting of E. acervulina/E. mivati, E. maxima, E. necatrix and E. tenella strains isolated from commercial operations located in the United States. Lasalocid was incorporated into broiler starter mash at concentrations of .0075, .01 and .0125%. The results of the trials involving 74 field isolates (totaling 74 trials) and a series of highly replicated dose equivalent comparisons and multi-point titration comparisons demonstrated that there was no statistically significant difference regarding efficacy parameters between the two lasalocid sources. Under identical conditions and procedures comparisons were made between lasalocid sodium plus roxarsone (.005%) and lasalocid biomass plus roxarsone (.005%). Furthermore, the chicks fed either source of lasalocid with and without roxarsone performed significantly better (P<.01) than the infected unmedicated controls (IUC) for final weight, feed conversions, mortality and lesion score. 'Avatec® lasalocid sodium — Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, New Jersey.

EFFECTS OF MALADJUSTED EQUIPMENT ON YIELDS IN POULTRY PROCESSING PLANTS Ext Tues 4:30 George A. Schuler, Extension Food Science Department, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 A training program was designed for poultry plant maintenance personnel. Designation of responsibility for maintenance of equipment is becoming increasingly important as equipment manufacturers design more sophisticated automated machinery. Attention to details from such simple items as broken doweling or plastic in coops,

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

procedures were used to enumerate Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Higher density housing resulted in significantly (P<.05) greater numbers of airborne bacteria in both experiments, 1.9 X 10 4 /m 3 and 2.8 X 10 4 /m 3 , respectively, for experiments 1 and 2. Comparable numbers of lower density pens were 4.0 X 10 3 /m 3 and 9.5 X 10 3 /m 3 . Microbial genera for which more than one species were identified were Bacillus, Clostridium, Corynebacteria, Micrococcus, Proteus, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus. Nine genera of molds were identified.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS broken guide bars, feet returned in shackles, empty or bent shackles to maladjusted hock cutters, opening cut machines, eviscerators or neck skin cutters are extremely important to yields and profits in a plant. Regularly scheduled preventative maintenance is the key to decreased maintenance costs. Grease schedules, blade sharpening schedules and belt and auger inspection are essential. Daily amperage readings can detect motor problems and prevent costly down time. Although often ignored, shear pin and variable speed drive pulleys need periodic attention to avoid freezing of metals. Problems arising from slack chains and dragging trolleys are also discussed.

corticosterone concentration leveled off, and then again increased rapidly from day 18 to day 20 of incubation. Measurement of toe lengths as a verification of age was found to be acceptable and comparison of toe length to day of incubation assured that there was no day-to-day overlap in embryonic development of those chick embryos blood sampled. In the second trial, eggs from the same breeder flock were incubated and allowed to hatch (day 21). The newly-hatched chicks were sorted within a 12 hour period according to time of hatch. Blood samples were taken from five individual chicks during four fifteen minute periods within each of four hatch times. No differences were found for serum corticosterone levels among the periods or hatch times; therefore, an average corticosterone value was determined for the hatch day (day 21).

Nutr ATues 11:45 Robert W. Schwartz and Neil K. Allen, Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 Six experiments of six weeks duration were conducted to determine the effect of aging on the protein requirements of laying Japanese quail (JQ). The JQ were kept in individual cages. Each cage had a separate feeder and water cup. Semipurified diets containing 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20% protein, from a mixture of casein and soybean meal supplemented with arginine and methionine, were fed to JQ of 4, 8, and 12 months of age. To assure a high uniform rate of egg production, the JQ were force molted between experiments. At 4 months of age 16% dietary protein was required for maximum egg output (grams of egg per hen per day). At 8 and 12 months of age at least 20% protein was necessary to maximize egg output. Maximum feed consumption and egg output were equivalent at all three ages. More protein was required by aged JQ (8 and 12 months versus 4 months of age) per unit of egg output. Aged Japanese quail (8 and 12 months of age) were less efficient in utilizing protein for egg production. CIRCULATING LEVELS OF CORTICOSTERONE IN THE SERUM OF DEVELOPING CHICK EMBRYOS AND HATCHED CHICKS PhysAThursll:15 T. R. Scott, W. A. Johnson, D. G. Satterlee, and R. P. Gildersleeve, Poultry Science Department, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Two trials were conducted using eggs from a Leghorn breeder flock. In the first trial, eggs were selected at random and incubated from 10 to 20 days for embryonic blood collection in order to measure circulating levels of corticosterone. Thirty chick embryos were blood sampled each day of collection and three embryo samples were pooled together to make one blood sample. Each chick embryo also had its right middle toe measured to verify age of development with day of incubation. Serum levels of corticosterone were measured using a radioimmunoassay technique. The embryonic levels gradually increased to day 14, then rapidly increased from day 14 to day 16 of incubation. Thereafter the

METHIONINE-CYSTINE INTERRELATIONS IN CHICKS AND RATS FED DIETS CONTAINING SUBOPTIMAL LEVELS OF METHIONINE Nutr ATues 10:30 D. R. Sell, W. R. Featherston and J. C. Rogler, Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 Studies were continued with both chicks and rats on the previously reported (J. Nutr. 108:1954) growth depression observed when a crystalline amino acid diet adequate in all non-sulfur-containing amino acids and containing .2% DL-methionine (Met) and .02% Lcystine (Cys) was supplemented with an additional .02% L-Cys. In the present investigation, an average growth depression of 3 7% below that of chicks fed the basal diet was observed in 4 experiments as a result of supplementing the diet with an additional .2% L-Cys. A similar depression was noted when Cys was replaced by L-cysteine (CySH). In contrast, an additional .2% of another amino acid (L-tryptophan) did not depress growth. No differences in feed efficiency were noted in any of the experiments. Total plasma amino acids were significantly (P<.05) higher in chicks fed the lower Cys or CySH diets. Plasma Met was slightly lower (P>.05) but plasma Cys was significantly (P<.05) higher in chicks fed the Cys or CySH supplemented diets. A study with .2 and .4% L-Cys and 200, 600 or 2000 mg/kg of choline (factorial design) demonstrated a significant (P<.05) depression in weight gain due to the added L-Cys, no significant (P>.05) differences due to choline, and the absence of a Cys-choline interaction. No detrimental effects were observed when weanling rats were fed a crystalline amino acid diet containing .1% DL-Met and .2% L-Cys which was supplemented with additional L-Cys.

DISTRIBUTION OF 2 0 3 H g AND , s S e AMONG PLASMA PROTEINS AND RED BLOOD CELL COMPONENTS OF HENS Nutr B Tues 10:45 Jerry L. Sell and Welsonia L. Magat, Department of Poultry Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

THE EFFECT OF AGING ON THE PROTEIN REQUIREMENT OF EGG PRODUCING JAPANESE QUAIL

1105

1106

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

EFFECT OF PREFREEZE PROCEDURE ON THE FERTILITY OF FROZEN TURKEY SEMEN PhysBTues4:00 T. J. Sexton, U.S.D.A., SEA-AR, Avian Physiology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705 A series of experiments were conducted to determine the effect of prefreeze treatments on the fertility of unfrozen and frozen-thawed turkey semen. Semen was collected from Large-White toms and subjected to the following: a) 1 part semen diluted with either 2, 4 or 6 parts Beltsville Extender, b) diluent temperatures of 5°, 15° or 25° at time of semen collection, c) cooled to 5 C at .2 or 2 C/min, d) addition of 4% DMSO when semen temperature was 15, 20 or 25 C, e) DMSO added at concentrations of 0 to 12% and f) semen was equilibrated with 4 or 8% DMSO from 10 to 60 min. In all experiments, treated semen was transferred to plastic straws and frozen to —20 C at 1 C/min, then to —100 C at 17 C/min and stored at —196 C. After 24 hrs storage, semen samples were thawed in an ice bath and hens were inseminated weekly for 4 weeks with 250 million sperm per insemination dose. Highest levels of candling fertility were obtained with unfrozen (88%) and frozen-thawed semen (14%) when semen was collected at 25 C, diluted 1:4, 4% DMSO added when the semen temperature was 25 C, cooled to 15 C at .2 C/min with a concurrent 10 min equilibration period. In conclusion, this study has resulted in establishing successful prefreeze procedures for turkey semen which should permit rapid improvements in future research.

EVAPORATIVE COOLING OF BROILERS Mark-Tech Tues 1:45 Albert D. Shackelford, Animal Products Proc. Research Unit, Richard B. Russell Research Center, SEA, U.S. Department of Agriculture, P. O. Box 5677, Athens, GA 30604 An experimental environmental chamber was constructed to study the effects of evaporative cooling on broilers during the "holding" period prior to slaughter at the processing plant. The chamber was designed to accommodate one pallet load of poultry coops. Samples containing 144 birds were taken from a live haul truck immediately after initial weigh-in at the plant. One half of the sample broilers were placed in the environmental chamber and the remaining birds were fan ventilated with ambient air. Dry bulb temperature, air flow and humidity were monitored during the trials. Data from the evaporative cooled birds were compared to the fan ventilated broilers. There was no significant difference between treatments detected in weight loss in the 21 C to 26 C temperature range.

FREQUENCY OF MALSHAPES AND MALPOSITIONS AND ITS RELATION TO ECONOMIC TRAITS IN CHICKEN POPULATIONS GenThurs 10:15 M. F. Shawer, M. M. Balat, A. O. Tantawy, and A. E. Mourad, Poultry Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; and Robert E. Moreng, Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 This study was conducted in the Poultry Research Center, Alexandria University on different inbred and cross lines. Unhatched pedigreed eggs were broken to determine the incidence of malformation and/or malposition. The results revealed the incidence of nineteen malformations; five showed beak defects, five eye defects, four leg and toe defects, two head abnormalities, one sticky, one pin feathering and one absence of abdominal wall tissues. Six malpositions were detected: head in small end, between thighs, under left wing, under right wing, under yolk sac, and horizontal embryo. Frequencies of malformations ranged from .002 to .111 and malpositions from .003 to .133 and showed line differences. Also inbred lines were significantly higher (.039) than crosslines (.013). Inbreeding of sire, dam and progeny increased embryonic abnormalities and traits as fertility, embryonic viability, hatchability, 8-week body weight of dam and progeny and egg production were negatively affected.

THE EFFECT OF CROSSING ON TRAITS RELATED TO MEAT PRODUCTION GenThurs 9:30 M. F. Shawer, N. K. Ebiad, A. Z. Khalil and S. Hamdi, Poultry Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; and Robert E. Moreng, Department of Animal Sci-

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

Two experiments were conducted to determine the influence of dietary mercury (Hg) and selenium (Se) levels on distribution of 2 ° 3 Hg and 7 5 Se in blood components of chickens. In experiments 1 and 2, 6 and 4 individually caged White Leghorn hens, respectively, were assigned to each of four treatments. Treatments consisted of 0 and 20 ppm Hg as CH 3 HgCl, and 0 and 8 ppm Se as Na 2 Se0 3 in a factorial arrangement. After a 5-day adjustment period, each hen was given 5.9 MCi of CH 3 2 0 3 HgCl and 5.7 n of H 2 7 S S e 0 3 by oral capsule. Blood samples were taken at frequent intervals between 2 and 96 hrs post-dosing in experiment 1, and 12 hrs after dosing in experiment 2. 2 0 3 H g and 7 5 Se were detected in whole blood within 2 hrs of dosing. Eight ppm dietary Se increased blood 2 ° 3 Hg through 8 hrs after dosing, and then decreased 2 ° 3 Hg in blood from 12—36 hrs post-dosing as compared to other treatments. Dietary Hg did not alter 7 s Se in whole blood or plasma. Fractionation of plasma proteins in experiment 2, showed that 2 ° 3 Hg was associated almost exclusively with a-, ^-lipoproteins. Plasma 7 s Se was observed in a and (3 lipoprotein as well as in the globulin and albumin fractions. More than 90% of 2 ° 3 Hg and about 80% of 7 5 Se in red blood cells (RBC) were bound to hemoglobin. The remaining 2 ° 3 Hg and 7 5 Se were equally distributed between RBC ghosts (including nuclei) and RBC cytoplasm. Dietary Hg and Se did not influence 2 ° 3 Hg or 7 s Se distribution among plasma or RBC fractions.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS ences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523

1 C, Dewpoint (DP) 28 C (RH = 45%) for 4 0 - 7 2 min. In Experiment II, 13-wk-old White Rock males were subjected to: (1) a single 1 hr heat episode or (2) two 1 hr heat episodes, 8 hrs apart, with ambient conditions as follows: T A 41 ± 1 C, DP 22 C (RH = 18%). Control birds in each experiment were maintained at the acclimatization T A of 25 C, DP 17 C (RH = 45%). Immediately after the last heating episode, a blood sample was drawn from the heart, all birds were killed, and the bursa, spleen and thymus were immediately excised and placed in ice-cold saline. Total cell, cytoplasmic and nuclear-bound corticosteroid in the lymphocytes of the three tissues, as well as the plasma corticosteroid, were determined by CBG assay. There were significant increases in corticosteroid bound to the whole cells and to the two cell fractions of lymphocytes of all three tissues of birds subjected to high temperatures. In lymphocytes of birds subjected to two heating episodes before sampling, corticosteroid bound was significantly higher than in controls, but generally lower than in birds subjected to a single heating episode. INVOLVEMENT OF THE EYES IN THE PHOTOSEXUAL RESPONSE OF COTURNIX

ATHEROGENICITY OF USP AND PURIFIED CHOLESTEROL IN JAPANESE QUAIL Nutr BThurs 10:30 Jason C. H. Shih, Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27650 USP grade cholesterol was purified by double recrystallization from methanol, and the mother liquor was evaporated to dryness to recover the residue. The yield of purified cholesterol was 80%. To test the differential atherogenicity of these preparations, .5% USP, .5% purified, or .2% residual cholesterol was added to the basal diet for Japanese quail. After 6 and 12 wks of treatment, the quail were sacrificed and bled. The aortae were scored for atherosclerosis and analyzed for cholesterol. Blood sera and livers were analyzed for cholesterol and total fats. The results have shown that the USP cholesterol was the most atherogenic, although it was equally as hypercholesterolemic as the purified cholesterol. The residue at .2% was neither atherogenic nor hypercholesterolemic. From this study, it seemed that the air-oxidized cholesterol as the impurity in the USP grade sample could enhance the atherogenic effect of pure cholesterol in Japanese quail. However, the residual cholesterol alone at .2% was not enough to induce atherosclerosis.

CORTICOSTEROID BINDING TO LYMPHOCYTES OF VARIOUS TISSUES IN GROWING CHICKENS SUBJECTED TO HIGH TEMPERATURES Phys BThurs 10:15

Phys ATues 3:15 T. D. Siopes, Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27650; and W. O. Wilson, Department of Avian Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 Intact and blind juvenile female coturnix were exposed to long (16L:8D), intermediate (12L-.12D) and short (8L:16D) photoperiods of incandescent and fluorescent light and the rate of sexual maturation determined. Additionally, intact and blinded juvenile male corturnix were exposed to long photoperiods (16L:8D) of high and low intensity and the rate of sexual maturation was determined. Subsequently, the rate of testicular regression of these birds was monitored following a short day (8L:16D) treatment. Females matured on both long and short daylengths and blinding did not alter this response. The rate of sexual maturation (age at first egg) was proportional to the duration of the daylength. Incandescent light was inhibitory to the rate of sexual maturation and this effect involved the eye. There was no difference in rate of sexual maturation between blinded and intact males on either high or low intensity lighting. However, exposure of adult males to short days resulted in complete testicular regression in intact males given high intensity light, whereas intact males on low intensity light exhibited partial regression. Testicular regression did not occur in any of the blinded birds. It was concluded that the eyes: 1) are not essential to sexual maturation; 2) may act as a modifier of the photosexual response, and 3) are required for short day-induced gonadal regression.

H. S. Siegel and N. R. Gould, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA, SEA, AR, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605 In Experiment I, 11-wk-old White Rock females were subjected to a single heat episode with the ambient conditions as follows: Temperature (T A ) 40 ±

WIRELESS MICRO-TRANSMITTER TENSION TEACHING ASSIST ExtTues 3:30

AS AN EX-

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

This study was carried out for two seasons using Alexandria-cross (A) and Nicholas (N), a commercial broiler cross. In the second year 16 combinations were developed and compared for 4- and 8-week body weight and 4-week shank length. Differences among combinations were wide and significant in these traits. The best sire parents were NA for males and AA for female body weight in both ages. The best dam parents were AN for males and NN and AN for 4-week and 8-week female body weight, respectively. Heterosis was highest in NA X NM males and AA X NN females 4-week body weight, while NN X AA males and AA X NN females were highest at 8 weeks. Heritability estimates reflected high genetic variability, permitting possible genetic improvement. Genetic correlations between 8- and 4-week body weights; and shank length were positive and high, giving the possibility of indirect improvement in 8-week body weight through early selection in 4-week body weight and/or shank length. Also the study showed the best crosses to be used.

1107

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1108

J. L. Skinner, Poultry Science Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706

EVALUATION OF ENERGY: PROTEIN HENS

COMPUTER-DERIVED RATIOS FOR LAYING

Nutr ATues2:15 P. J. Slagter and P. W. Waldroup, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 Temperature-corrected energy: amino acid ratios have been widely used in formulating diets for broilers and turkeys. However, similar ratios have not been widely studied for laying hens. A composite performance model was developed using breeder guidelines. Using a program developed in our laboratory the nutrient requirements of a hen in different stages of egg production were calculated. Diets were formulated to meet 70, 80, 90, 100 and 120% of the estimated requirements. Diets were adjusted each 2 weeks to meet changes in environmental temperatures. Results of these studies indicate that hens fed 100% of the estimated requirements performed as well as hens fed 120% with about a 5% margin of safety. The results support the use of these ratios in diets for laying hens.

A NEW APPROACH TO TEACHING INTRODUCTORY COURSES IN ANIMAL SCIENCE InstrThurs9:00 D. R. Sloan, Department of Poultry Science, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631 Agriculture 103 is an introductory course in Animal Agriculture offered at Clemson University. The course has two hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory weekly and is comprised of sections in Animal Science, Dairy Science, and Poultry Science. Instructors from the various disciplines handle their area of expertise. Animal Science (7th edition) by Ensminger is the designated text but many handouts are also used in the class. The course has grown from an initial enrollment of

ENERGY CONSUMPTION TURKEYS

BY

GROWING

Nutr A T u e s 4 : 3 0 D. R. Sloan and S. W. Crawley, Department of Poultry Science, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631 Sixty-four Nicholas large, white female turkeys twelve weeks of age were utilized in a three-week experiment to determine whether or not growing turkeys eat to meet their energy requirement. All birds received feed and water ad libitum but the water of the test birds contained 100 grams of sucrose per 1000 ml on an alternate day basis. Feed and water consumption were recorded daily and body weights weekly. Control birds consumed the most feed (158.75 vs. 141.14 kg) and had greater weight gain (52.73 vs. 46.36 kg) than test birds. Calories consumed per kilogram of gain were greater for test birds (9758 vs. 8928) than for controls. These findings suggest that feed consumption is reduced by calories contained in the drinking water.

EVIDENCE THAT PLUMAGE COLOR GENES mi AND Db ARE IDENTICAL GenThurs 11:30 J. Robert Smyth, Jr. and G. W. Malone, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 Two plumage color genes, mi (Washburn and Smyth, J. Heredity, 58:131) and Db (Moore et al, Poultry Sci., 57:829) have been assumed to be the result of separate mutations at separate loci. The mi mutation was reported to cause a marked feather achromatosis when associated with Co and gold (e"/e'> s+/s+ Co/Co mi/mi). Db resembles Co in that it can produce a columbian-like restriction pattern (eb/e<> s+/s+ db+/db+ Db/Db), although the resulting gold males show a slight achromatosis in their back and saddle feathers. A study on the genetic interactions between Db and Co resulted in Co/Co Db/Db individuals that had the melanin inhibited pattern characteristic of our partial achromatosis line (PAL) which was considered to be eb/eb Co/Co mi/mi. F, and F 2 matings from a cross between the newly created achromatotics and the PAL line resulted in only achromatotic offspring. A further genetic analysis of the PAL line indicated that the mi gene and Db are the same. The feather

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

The use of the ultra compact, self contained transmitter can have wide application in a variety of Extension teaching situations. Weighing less than six ounces it is worn by the teacher (or demonstrator) and is so small the audience is not aware of its presence. It frees both hands of the teacher for demonstrating and permits complete mobility throughout the room or teaching area. Since amplification is through the regular public address system (either permanently installed or portable) the wireless transmitter is an accessory that replaces the hand held or podium supported microphone to add flexibility to many situations. Such things as judging, posting, caponizing and culling can be better described while the activity is in progress, rather than after completion. This mechanism makes that easily possible. In addition, it permits the lecturer to step to the side of the room to manipulate a pointer or lighted director from a point where screens, maps and other visuals can be easily seen by both the audience and the presentor.

36 in 1970 to over 200 annually. This growth has presented scheduling problems unique to this type of course. Initially, one professor had all students for one five-week period and then another professor took charge. The increased enrollment made it impossible for laboratory exercises to be handled properly. Presently, all three professors teach simultaneously, each having one-third of the students. This arrangement has proven very satisfactory. The course is offered at the freshman level and is popular with students from all areas of study. Students often become exposed to and then interested in a new area of study. The course has been a fertile field for recruitment of new poultry science majors.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS achromatosis is due to an interaction between Db (mi) and the Co mutation. Failure to discover the relationship between mi and Db earlier was due to the fact that the two supposedly separate mutations were studied on different genetic backgrounds. INTERMITTANT LIGHTING FOR LAYING HENS Env-ManTues 11:30 D. C. Snetsinger, H. M. Engster, and E. R. Miller, Poultry Research and Marketing, Ralston Purina Company, Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, MO 63188

INTERMITTENT LIGHTING FOR GROWING PULLETS Env-Man Tues 11:15 D. C. Snetsinger, H. M. Engster, and E. R. Miller, Poultry Research and Marketing, Ralston Purina Company, Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, MO 63188 Intermittent lighting programs were investigated with two white egg strains and a medium wt strain of replacement pullets from 3 to 20 or 10 to 20 wks of age. Pullets were grown under the following interrupted light patterns with 8 hrs of light/24 hr day: 15L:45D (15 min light:45 min darkness each light hr), 30L:30D and 60L:0D - control. Other lighting regimes tested were: 60L:60D (repeated four times each day ( 1 0 - 2 0 wks), 30L:30D ( 3 - 1 2 wks) to 15L:45D ( 1 2 - 2 0 wks), 15L:45D ( 1 0 - 1 5 wks) to 15L:105D ( 1 5 - 2 0 wks), 30L:210D ( 1 0 - 2 0 wks). Growing the white egg strain birds under the 15L:45D lighting schedule resulted in equal body wts and 230 g less feed consumed/bird to 20 wks vs the

control. Virtually all reduction in feed consumption with this treatment occurred during 12—20 wks. The 30L:30D and 60L:60D treatments gave higher feed conversions compared to the 15L:45D treatment. Changing from 30L:30D to 15L:45D at 12 wks markedly reduced feed intake and therefore gain. The 15L:45D treatment was also effective as a means of restricting growth of medium wt pullets vs the control. A feed savings of over 450 g/bird from 10—20 wks was shown. Changing from 15L:45D to 15L:105D at 15 wks did not depress gain or reduce feed intake. Pullets on the 30L:210D treatment had the same body wts as those on the 15L:45D treatment, but feed intake was reduced further by 230 g/bird.

BIO-MITTENT™ LIGHTING, A FIELD PROGRAM FOR INTERMITTENT LIGHTING OF PULLETS AND HENS Env-Man Tues 11:45 D. C. Snetsinger, W. W. Ragland, E. R. Miller, and H. M. Engster, Poultry Research Department, Ralston Purina Company, Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, MO 63188 Previous studies by the Ralston Purina Company have shown that intermittent lighting of pullets and hens in light-tight housing permitted equal growth rates of pullets and egg production of hens vs a constant 8 and 15 hr light day/24 hrs, respectively. Reduction of feed by 230 g per pullet to 20 wks and 90 g/dozen eggs plus an electrical savings indicated the value of integrating the concept into a field lighting program. The program consists of 24 hrs light/day the first wk and a constant 8 hrs light/24 hrs the second wk. This is followed by 8 hrs light/24 hrs with each "light hour" divided into segments of 15 min of light and 45 min darkness (15L:45D). At 20 wks, the pullets receive a minimum increase in light of 2 hrs and the intermittent light is discontinued. At 37 wks, the intermittent lighting schedule of 15L:45D is gradually phased in. Light increases of 15 min/wk past and prior to this period are maintained until a maximum of 15 to 17 hrs light/24 hrs is reached. In addition to the feed savings as a result of the use of intermittent lighting with hens, it was found that dietary energy could be further restricted giving a total feed reduction up to 12% less than full-fed controls under constant light. Intermittent lighting creates certain management challenges which can be overcome. The significant economic return per bird offsets the additional management costs. INVESTIGATIONS ON FEEDING VITAMIN D 3 STEROIDS TO LAYING HENS TO IMPROVE EGGSHELL QUALITY NutrBTues 1:45 J. H. Soares, Jr., Department of Poultry Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 Several experiments were conducted to compare vitamin D 3 and/or 25-OH-D 3 , and to determine whether or not age of the laying hen affected their responsiveness to vitamin D compounds in improving

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

The effects of various intermittent lighting programs on laying performance of different commercial strains of hens were evaluated. In all studies, the following interrupted light patterns were used with 15 hrs of light/24 hr day: 15L:45D (15 min Iight:45 min darkness each light hr), 30L:30D and 60L:0D control. Initial laying tests beginning at 20 wks of age showed slight drops in egg production and egg wt with 15L:45D compared to control, but a 5—6% improvement in feed efficiency as well as increased shell thickness. The 30L:30D treatment showed similar production and egg wts to the control, but less improvement in feed efficiency compared to the 15L: 45D treatment. Additional tests showed that the drop in egg production and loss of egg wt with 15L: 45D could be overcome by having constant light hrs through peak production and using intermittent light from 28—36 wks of age rather than at 20 wks. Improvement in post-peak laying performance with the 15L:45D treatment was also noted when there was a gradual, rather than abrupt, change from constant to intermittent lighting. No improvement in shell quality and reduced egg wts were observed by giving constant light of 15 hrs/24 hrs plus one hr of light during the middle of the dark period compared to the control. The 60L:60D treatment showed no improvement in laying performance or feed efficiency compared to the control.

1109

1110

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

SELECTION FOR HIGH AND LOW LEUCINE TRANSPORT INTO CHICKEN ERYTHROCYTES GenTues 1:30 R. G. Somes, Jr., J. Lerner, D. Messier, R. Smaqula and E. Loque, Nutritional Sciences Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268; and Department of Biochemistry, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04473 A bidirectional selection study of amino acid transport has been undertaken using the AthensCanadian randombred as controls. Selection was for the mediated transport of .1 raM of the amino acid leucine into chicken erythrocytes from chickens six to eight weeks of age. The first generation of selection produced a low uptake line with a mean leucine uptake of .0686 ± .0117 nmoles/10 8 cells/10 min. The mean value of the high line was .1210 ± .0111 nmoles/10 8 cells/10 min. For this first generation the realized heritabilities were .129 for the low line and .384 for the high line. In one generation two significantly different (P<.001) lines were produced. A second selection generation has led to still further separation of these two lines. The two lines from the first selection generation were also tested for their ability to transport the amino acid lysine. The mediated transport of lysine in each line followed the same trend as that of the leucine transport. The mean uptake of lysine in the low leucine uptake was .0737 ± .0060 nmoles/10 8 cells/10 min, while it was .3321 ± .0102 nmoles/10 8 cells/10 min in the high leucine uptake line. It would appear that the factor selected for in the development of these lines was common to both of the transport pathways used by these two amino acids.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE K" GENE ON THE SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT OF MALE CHICKENS

GenThurs 11:45 Ralph G. Somes, Jr., Mary S. Pabilonia and Robert W. Simmons, III, Nutritional Sciences Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268 The sexual development of male chickens of the three genotypes, k+/k+, Kn/k+ and Kn/Kn was examined at two week intervals from one to 31 weeks of age. Body, testis and comb weights were collected from five birds of each genotype at each age. Testes were histologically examined. Fertility tests were also run on maturing birds. The Kn gene when homozygous slowed down body growth, and testis growth and development such that homozygous males were delayed in their sexual development, the ability to fertilize eggs, by from two to three weeks. Testis size, seminiferous tubule diameter, and stage of sexual development were not significantly different between males of the three genotypes when comparisons were based on equal body size. Comb size, however, was significantly different between males of all three genotypes when compared on an equal body size basis. It would appear that the Kn gene exerted an influence which reduced testosterone production proportionately to the number of Kn genes involved. Pituitary gonadotrophin levels were assayed by the testicular uptake of 3 2 P method. The k+/k+ and n K /K" males showed significant differences at the .05 level and the Kn/k+ males were intermediate. These two types of data seem to indicate that the Kn gene reduces the production of pituitary leutinizing hormone.

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF MARKET GEESE FED MEDIUM AND HIGH ENERGY DIETS Ext Tues 4:15 G. M. Speers and M. L. Hamre, Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 Commercial Embden strain-cross goslings were reared as a single group from one day to 4 weeks on wood shavings litter. At 4 weeks of age, 18 males and 16 females were allotted to each of 4 groups on the basis of body weight and transferred to range pens of second-year alfalfa. Grower diets (4—12 weeks) and finisher diets (12—20 weeks) were basically cornsoybean meal with either oats or fat used to adjust energy levels. Two pens were fed a high energy diet series providing a 12 to 15% greater energy level than the 2 pens on the medium energy series. Males were significantly heavier than females at each 2-week weighing period. The high energy diets resulted in heavier average weights. Females responded more to the increased dietary energy than males. Weight gain data illustrated the extremely rapid growth of geese to 8 weeks of age. Fat deposition was greater in males than females and birds on the higher energy diets showed a greater fat deposition than those on medium energy diets. About 85% of breast length was completed by 8 weeks and breast width showed little change after 8 weeks. Wing lengths were not essentially changed after 8 weeks and growth of the leg was about 90% complete.

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

eggshell quality. In the first experiment, thirty 60 week-old SCWL hens were fed a low vitamin D 3 diet supplemented with crystalline D 3 , 25-OH-D3 or laOH-Dj. During period 1 a statistically nonsignificant increase in eggshell breaking strength, thickness and egg production was observed for the hens supplemented with la-OH-Dj. When la-OH-D 3 was supplemented at twice the period 1 level (3.4 vs 6.8 Mg/kg diet), the above parameters were significantly reduced. This indicated that the higher level was having a toxic effect on the birds. A second experiment was conducted to further compare crystalline D 3 and laOH-D3 fed to SCWL hens (36 weeks old) that had reached peak performance and were in the declining period of eggshell quality. Average egg weight and egg production was similar for both groups during the experiment. Percent shell, however, was significantly greater for the la-OH-D 3 group. In addition, tibia breaking strength and tibia calcium and phosphorus content were significantly greater for the la-OH-D 3 group. When 25-OH-D 3 , la-OH-D 3 or a combination of these two was fed (Experiment 3) to 20 week-old SCWL hens there appeared to be no improvement in egg production or eggshell quality when compared to D 3 .

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS No differences between sexes or diets were related to wing or leg length measurements. IMMUNODEPRESSION OF HOST RESPONSES BY SUBCUTANEOUS USE OF POX VACCINES AT DAY-1 Path Tues 2:30 W. T. Springer and R. W. Truman, Department of Veterinary Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803

EGG PRODUCTION DUCKS

OF

INDONESIAN

LOCAL

Env-ManThurs 11:15 Bambang Srigandono, Poultry Section, Diponegoro State University, P. O. Box 270, Semarang, Indonesia Three local varieties of Indonesian ducks viz. the Tegal, Magelang and Alabio, 6 months of age were used in this experiment. Eighteen ducks of each variety were divided into 6 groups of 3. The 18 groups obtained were allotted randomly into 18 pens (50 X 85 cm). The data recorded were total egg production, weight of egg and its components, consumption of the diet and linear measurements of albumen and yolk, which were subjected to analysis of variance in a completely randomized design (3 treatments and 6 replicates). Dry all mash ration containing 15.1% crude protein was supplied ad libitum during the 16 week experiment. It was revealed that there were no significant differences in total egg production among the three varieties observed. The production percentage (h—h) of the Tegal, Magelang and Alabio were 36.9, 36.8 and 41.5, accordingly. There were highly significant

differences in egg weight (P<.01); the Alabio eggs were significantly lighter than both the Tegal and Magelang. The average egg weight of the Tegal, Magelang and Alabio were 63.75, 64.87 and 58.21 grams, respectively. TAMOXIFEN INDUCED FORCED-REST/MOLT IN LAYING HENS Phys AThurs8:30 P. E. Stake, T. N. Frederickson, W. Okulicz, R. L. Shippee, and D. J. Fournier, Departments of Nutritional Sciences and Pathobiology and School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268 Tamoxifen® (l-p-(3-dimethylaminoethoxyphenyltrans-l,2-diphenylbut-l-ene; I.C.I., Inc.), an antiestrogen eompound, was evaluated to determine the mechanism(s) of forced-resting/molting. The initial trial utilized S.C.W.L. hens, 14-months old, given a single im dose of 40 mg Tamoxifen® (AE)/kg body wt. Egg production, shell and egg quality were compared to a control group (sham injected) for 21 days. 50% of the AE treated hens ceased egg production within 3 - 6 days. Analysis of eggs from AE treated birds indicated no change in egg, shell or albumen quantity or quality. Trial II evaluated 0, 20, 40, 60 or 80 mg AE/kg body wt administered via two im sites in nine-month old R.I. Red and S.C.W.L. hens (73% production). All AE treatments resulted in cessation of egg production within 4 days. Feed consumption of the AE groups was reduced 30—50% and 67—75% oviduct and 75—85% follicle regression was apparent on day 7. Molt occurred in 17, 100, 92, 100 and 91% of the S.C.W.L. hens receiving 0, 20, 40, 60 or 80 mg AE/kg body wt, respectively, during days 5—18 post AE treatment, whereas light feather loss occurred in 0, 30, 30, 11 and 10% of the respective AE treated R.I. Red hens. The presumed occupation of estrogen receptors by Tamoxifen® 1) causes cessation of ovulation, 2) may cause forced-molt and 3) is comparable to results of high zinc or feed-H 2 0 withdrawal methods of forced-rest/molt induction. (Supported in part by USDA NE-83 and DHEW NCI CA19837 grants.)

UTILIZATION OF COMPUTER AND AUDIO TECHNOLOGY FOR IMPROVED INSTRUCTIONAL EFFICIENCY InstrThurs9:30 J. F. Stephens, Poultry Science, Ohio State University, 674 West Lane Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 Several methods have been applied to reduce requirements for the instructor's time in course-related activities considered necessary but often of low productivity in relation to time required. These methods include (1) exploitation of computer capabilities in scoring exams and compiling scores, (2) selection and validation of examination questions through an "item analysis" computer program, and (3) use of tape recorded critiques of examinations. Advantages realized through use of this program include (1) improved efficiency in use of instructor's time, (2) improvement in instructor's exam-writing

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

The immunodepressive effect of avian pox vaccines on the hemagglutination-inhibition antibody (HI) response to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and numbers of immunoglobulin-M (IgM) secreting spleen cells of chicks was evaluated. Mild fowl pox and pigeon pox vaccines were given subcutaneously in the dorsum of the neck of Specific-Pathogen-Free White Leghorn chicks at day-1. Treatment levels for each vaccine studies included non-vaccinated controls, and 1:2, 1:10, and 1:50 dilutions of the recommended wingweb vaccination dose. A modified hemolytic plaque assay with sheep red blood cells was used to enumerate IgM cells. Immunodepression of NDV-HI geometric titers resulted from all vaccines given at every dilution, with titers of groups given pigeon pox vaccines at a 1:2 dilution significantly lower (P<.01) than of both the controls and the group given a 1:50 dilution. An inverse vaccine dose-response was apparent for HI titers at 4 weeks (3 weeks post-NDV administration in water at day 7). The number of IgM secreting spleen cells was significantly less (P<.01) at day 14 in groups receiving either fowl pox or pigeon pox vaccines at the 1:2 and 1:10 dilutions and less in those given the 1:50 dilution than in controls. Cell numbers remained depressed at day 28 in all groups receiving pox vaccines but the groups given pigeon pox vaccines at the 1:50 dilution.

1111

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1112

ability and greater confidence in validity of exams, (3) increased class-contact time for instruction, and (4) greater confidence for students and better studentteacher rapport. "POULTRY SCIENCE AT OHIO STATE": AN AUDIO TAPE-COLOR SLIDE PRESENTATION InstrThurs8:45 J. F. Stephens and E. C. Naber, Poultry Science, Ohio State University, 674 West Lane Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210

THE EFFECTS OF MANGANESE, BIOTIN AND CHOLINE ON CARTILAGE HEXODAMINE AND HYDROXYPROLINE CONTENT AS RELATED TO PEROSIS Nutr BTues 1:00 R. H. Stock and J. D. Latshaw, Department of Poultry Science, The Ohio State University, 674 West Lane Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 Three experiments were conducted with day old broiler chicks to determine the effect of dietary choline, biotin and manganese on cartilage hexosamine and hydroxyproline content. Corn-isolated soybean protein diets were fed to two replicates of ten chicks per replicate. At three weeks of age the birds were weighed and scored for perosis. All chemical determinations were performed on previously freeze dried and lipid extracted cartilage. The incidence of perosis was greater than 75% on all basal diets. The levels of supplementation found to minimize perosis were 1540 mg choline chloride/kg diet, .2 mg biotin/kg diet and 100 mg manganese/kg diet. The levels required to obtain maximum epiphyseal cartilage hexosamine content were considerably less, being 385 mg, .05 mg and 25 mg per kg of diet, respectively. The hydroxyproline content was not affected by varying the levels of supplemental choline, biotin and manganese. The average hydroxyproline content of epiphyseal cartilage was found to be .99%.

EFFECTS OF CONTINUOUS LIGHTING ON CELLMEDIATED IMMUNITY IN THE CHICKEN PhysBThurs 11:15 R. Stinson, F. McCorkle, M. Mashaly, R. Taylor, D. Martin, and B. Glick, Poultry Science, Mississippi State University and MAFES, Box 5188, Mississippi State, MS 39762 Many biological processes vary with the time of day and thus exhibit rhythms. We have previously demonstrated that when thymic-derived (T) lymphocytes were collected at various time intervals during a 24 hour cycle, a significant variation was observed in the migratory capacity of these cells. The sampling times were 8:00 am, 2:00 pm, 8:00 pm, and 2:00 am; 3- and 6-week old New Hampshire chickens were utilized. The migration ability was significantly decreased in cells collected at 2:00 am. Subsequently, additional T-cell mediated parameters have been studied. A second T-cell mediated immune response, the PHA wattle reaction, produced similar results with the greatest reaction occurring at 8:00 am (4-fold increase in wattle thickness) with subsequent times having a decreased reaction. A third functional T-cell test, the graft vs host (GvH) response, was determined.

CHANGES IN COMPOSITION OF BROILER SKIN DUE TO BIRD AGE AND CHILLING METHOD Mark-Tech Tues2:45 D. R. Suderman and F. E. Cunningham, Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 Hubbard chicks were raised on the KSU poultry farm and processed at 3 , 5 , 7, or 9 weeks of age in the KSU poultry processing laboratory. Half of the birds in each age group were chilled 24 hours in slush ice, the other half were hot packed. Immediately after processing, skin was removed from the legs and composited samples were analyzed for moisture, fat, protein, and ash using AOAC methods. We found that age affected the composition of broiler skin: moisture content decreased, and fat content increased. Protein remained relatively constant. Chilling of the carcasses did not significantly affect elemental composition of the skin, except for magnesium and sodium which significantly decreased. The phosphorus content in 3-week broilers was significantly different from that of all other age

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

As part of our recruiting effort, an audio tape-color slide presentation has been prepared and made available for loan to high schools, vocational technical institutions, industry groups, and others. The high school version consists of 111 slides and a 14-minute tape. The unit has been reviewed by our agricultural college counselors, selected undergraduate academic advisors, industry representatives, and a vocational educational consultant. Several copies are currently on loan to vocational agricultural departments and vocational technical institutes within the state. Information provided by the unit includes an outline of the university and college requirements for the B.S. degree, programs and courses in Poultry Science, extracurricular activities, and career opportunities. Questions most frequently asked by potential Poultry Science students are answered with illustrations and examples. Career opportunities for Poultry Science graduates are emphasized in the introduction and conclusion of the presentation by identifying selected Poultry Science graduates receiving degrees within the past five years and describing the position each currently holds. Each borrower is asked to complete a brief questionnaire after the unit is used. Efforts will be made to measure the effectiveness of the unit as a recruiting instrument.

A definitive positive reaction (splenic indices of 1.7 and 2.2 for 3- and 6-week old birds, respectively) occurred at 2:00 pm with a minimal reaction at 2:00 am (splenic indices of 1.1 and 1.3). A GvH reaction of 1.3 or greater is considered a positive test. Therefore, there appears to be some diurnal or circadian influence on thymic-derived lymphocytes in the chicken. (Supported, in part, by PHS Grant AI 11894 from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.)

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS groups. Nonchilled skin had a higher moisture and ash content than chilled skin. Calcium, potassium, and sulfur content were not affected by age or chill method. HIGH TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON TURKEY MUSCLE TENDERNESS AND ULTRASTRUCTURE

1113

were significantly different (P<.05) for females at 18 weeks and males at 22 weeks. The second experiment involved a 2 X 3 factorial arrangement of dietary variables. Corn or milo was each fed with: no added fat; 2.5% fat from 0 to 8 weeks and 5% fat from 9 to 18 or 22 weeks; or 5% fat from 0 to 8 weeks and 10% fat from 9 to 18 or 22 weeks.

Mark-Tech Tues 2:15 D. R. Suderman, F. E. Cunningham, and M. H. Wu, Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506

INFLUENCE OF DIETARY NaCl, Na + AND Cl~ LEVELS ON PERFORMANCE OF LAYERS

The pectoralis muscle from young turkey carcasses was used to study the effects of increased temperature on tenderness and ultrastructural changes. Muscles were heated to internal temperatures of 50 C, 70 C, or 90 C. Tenderness values at each end-point temperature were determined in a L.E.E.-Kramer shear press. Differences in ultrastructure of turkey breast muscle were observed with a scanning electron microscope. Shear values showed that muscle tenderness increased proportionally with increased temperature compared to the unheated sample. All treatments were significantly different from each other except muscles heated to 50 C and 70 C. The ultrastructure of muscle heated to 50 C was little changed from the raw muscle. At 70 C, I-band cracks and Z-line disintegration occurred in muscles. Collapse of the myofibrils was found in muscles heated to 90 C. Sacromere length decreased with increased temperatures and was significantly different among all treatments except 50 C and 70 C. Therefore, muscle tenderization that occurs during heating is closely related to breakdown of muscle ultrastructure.

T. W. Sullivan and P. C. Njoku, Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583

Nutr A Tues 4:45 T. W. Sullivan, Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583 Two experiments were conducted with Large White Turkeys of the Nicholas strain. Both experiments were conducted with male and female birds maintained separately from day-old. Experiment 1 involved the following treatments: A, corn with 2.5% animal fat; B, milo with added animal fat to equal ME of A; C, corn with 5% animal fat; D, milo with animal fat to equal ME of C; and E, corn with 5% animal fat to 4 weeks, corn and milo (50:50) plus animal fat to equal ME of C from 5 to 8 weeks, and all milo plus animal fat from 9 to 18 or 22 weeks. After 12 weeks, one-half of the milo in treatment E was whole grain. Average 18 weeks body weights of females receiving these treatments were: 6.92, 7.15, 7.07, 7.04 and 7.17 kg, respectively. Accumulative feed/gain data at 18 weeks for females were: 2.95, 2.94, 2.80, 2.72 and 2.78, respectively. Average 22 weeks body weights of males were: 12.44, 12.88, 12.84, 13.02 and 13.13 kg, respectively, in experiment 1. Accumulative feed/gain data at 22 weeks for males were: 3.14, 3.16, 3.04, 3.0.3 and 3.00, respectively. Body weight variations among treatments

Three experiments of 16 weeks duration were conducted concurrently with S.C.White Leghorn hens of a commercial strain. Hens were 56 weeks of age and laying 65 to 70% when experiments were initiated. A basal diet composed largely of corn and soybean meal was used in all experiments. Hens were fed added NaCl levels of 0, .10, .20 and .30% in one experiment. In a second experiment, Na + levels of .04, .08, .12 and .16% from NaHC0 3 were fed in the presence of adequate Cl— from KC1. Chloride levels of .05, .11, .17 and .23% from KC1 were fed in the presence of .16% Na + from NaHC0 3 in a third experiment. The lowest level of NaCl, Na + and Cl— in experiments 1, 2 and 3, respectively, decreased egg production significantly after 6 weeks. These treatments also decreased feed intake and body weight. After six weeks hens receiving the lowest levels of NaCl, Na + and Cl— were switched to the highest levels of these nutrients. Egg production rate, feed intake and egg weight returned to expected levels after 4 weeks in all three studies, but body weight recovery required 8 weeks. The Cl~ requirement of layers was at least .11% or greater. The minimum Na + requirement was .16%. It would appear that .30% added NaCl in a corn-soybean meal diet provides adequate Na + and Cl— for layers. FEEDING WET BREWERS GRAINS TO PULLETS AND LAYING HENS Nutr BThurs 8:45 M. L. Sunde, S. C. Kowaleski and C. L. Baumgartner, Department of Poultry Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 High costs of energy for the drying of feedstuffs has increased interest in feeding the wet ingredients. Growing pullets were fed a basal (B) containing all essential nutrients to serve as a control diet. A diet containing 15% dried brewers grains (DBG) was also added to the experiment. A diet containing 85 parts B and 75 parts wet brewers grains (WBG) was prepared to supply 15% DBG. When the WBG diet was fed from 9—20 weeks of age, feed efficiency (based on a dry basis) and weight gains and age to first egg were equivalent to those fed the basal diet or the DBG. Three experiments with laying hens at different ages show that production parameters (% production,

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

EFFECT OF ADDED FAT LEVEL IN CORN AND MILO DIETS ON PERFORMANCE OF MARKET TURKEYS

Nutr B Tues 11:00

1114

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

egg size and feed efficiency) are normal with WBG. Sorbic acid and propionic acid were found to be effective as mold inhibitors. Storing in an air tight container (plastic bag) also decreases the amount of mold formation. Mold and bacteria counts are decreased considerably by the use of propionic acid. Surprisingly, the molds encountered so far without mold inhibitors or air tight containers have not resulted in decreased production.

CONTROLLED FEEDING OF LEGHORN LAYERS: INFLUENCE OF BODY WEIGHT Env-ManTues2:15

At 18 weeks of age, 960 Leghorn pullets equally divided between two commercial strains were individually weighed and placed into either a heavy- or light-weight group. At 20 weeks of age, each weight group was fed diets containing either 16.7 or 18.5% protein. The latter diet was formulated to provide a 10% increase in all essential nutrients except energy. In addition, half of each weight group was given continuous access to feed, whereas the other half was limited to feeding only twice daily between 6 and 8 am and 6 and 8 pm. The heavy- and light-weight pullets on controlled feeding consumed 6.5 and 6.9% less feed, respectively, than their full-fed sisters. Limiting feed intake of the heavy group resulted in a nonsignificant 1.5% reduction in hen-day egg production; the similarly limited light-weight group experienced a significant 3.8% production drop. Controlled feeding had no effect on egg size. Mortality tended to be lower with reduced feed intake. These results suggest that the separation of a flock into two or more groups based on body weight with different feeding programs for each would improve performance and increase economic returns.

EFFECT OF FOUR PACKAGING SYSTEMS ON THE MICROBIOLOGICAL AND ORGANOLEPTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CHICKEN BROILERS PROCESSED IN BRASIL Mark-Tech Tues 3:45 Judas Tadeu and Egladson Campos, Escola de Veterinaria, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brasil; and F. A. Gardner, Poultry Science Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 Forty-eight broiler carcasses were obtained from a commercial broiler processing plant in Minas Gerais, Brasil and randomly assigned to four treatment groups as follows: (1) Ice-pack, (2) frozen, (3) refrigerated and (4) a C 0 2 flushed environment. The frozen carcasses were stored at —20 C and carcasses in the remaining groups were held at 2 C throughout a fourteen day storage period. Carcasses in the frozen, refrigerated and the C0 2 flush groups were bagged prior to storage. Psychrotrophic counts obtained from the ice packed and refrigerated carcasses had reached levels of about 10 6 organisms/cm2 after 14 days of storage. Carcasses stored in frozen form or in a C 0 2 environment were still microbiologically acceptable after 14 days of storage. No treatment effects were noted in either the coliform or fungal concentrations on the broiler carcasses. Organoleptic evaluation of the carcasses after 14 days of storage indicated no significant treatment effects on overall acceptability, flavor or moistness. However, frozen carcasses were judged to be less tender than the ice packed carcasses.

POULTRY

THE EFFECT OF EGG POSITION DURING STORAGE AND INCUBATION ON EARLY EMBRYONIC GROWTH

PathThurs 11:00

Env-Man Tues 8:45

Z. Tabib, F. T. Jones, and P. B. Hamilton, Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27650

K. Takeshita and G. R. McDaniel, Poultry Science Department, Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830

A survey was conducted in which 21 mash samples were obtained from the feed mills of seven integrated broiler firms. The mold count, coliform count, moisture content and pH were determined because of their obvious relationship to microbial quality considerations. The mold counts ranged from 1.5 X 10 3 to 6.6 X 10 s /g (median = 1.2 X 1 0 s ) . Coliform counts ranged from 1.2 X 10 3 to 9.1 X 10 s /g (median = 4.5 X 10 3 ). Moisture content ranged from 11.3 to 13.9% (median = 13.3%). The pH (5% suspension of feed in H 2 0 ) ranged from 6.14 to 6.64 (median = 6.48). In comparison, the pH of layer mash (n = 21) ranged from 5.65 to 6.48 (median = 5.93). An obviously spoiled sample of broiler mash had >10 6 mold count, >10 6 conforms, 50.1% moisture, and a pH of 5.05.

The effect of egg position — small end up, small end down and flat — on early embryo growth was assessed. Fertile eggs were either stored in a cooler maintained at approximately 11 C in the three positions or incubated in the three positions immediately after collection. The storage period for those eggs held prior to incubation ranged from 0—21 days. At the termination of the holding period, the storage eggs were incubated in the conventional manner. On the 7th or 9th day of incubation, both those eggs which had been stored and those which had not been stored were broken out to determine embryo growth and embryonic mortality. Weight loss was recorded for all eggs during storage and incubation periods. Egg weight loss increased with length of storage. Early embryo

MICROBIOLOGICAL FEED

QUALITY

OF

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

M. H. Swanson, D. D. Bell, D. R. Kuney, and C. J. Adams, Cooperative Extension, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521

These results suggest that mash as mixed carries a heavy microbial burden, that predictive tools for assessing microbial deterioration of feed might be developed, and that the determinant of activity of mold inhibitors with acidic functions might reside in the feed rather than the inhibitor.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1115

growth was negatively correlated with weight lost by the egg during storage. Eggs stored small end up lost more weight during storage than eggs stored small end down. There were no differences in weight lost by eggs during incubation or in embryonic mortality among eggs in the three positions. Early embryo growth to 7 and 9 days of incubation was greatest for those eggs stored or incubated in the flat position.

115 kcal/g, respectively). The data of Experiment 2 illustrated that the TME's of corn and oats, as determined independently, were additive when the two feedstuffs were force-fed in various combinations.

THE EFFECT OF TRIFLURALIN ON THE IMMUNE RESPONSE OF THE CHICKEN

D. M. Thomason and J. V. Shutze, Extension Poultry Science Department, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602

QUALITY CONTROL OF FEED INGREDIENTS HOW MANY SAMPLES? Ext Tues 8:45

PhysBThurs9:15

Trifluralin (a,
Feed mills are analyzing feed ingredients for current nutrient values for ration formulation and to insure the quality of the ingredients being received. We have summarized over 3 3,000 of these analyses of feed ingredients. The data have indicated supplier differences in the nutrient values for varying ingredients. A manager of a quality assurance program needs to know how many samples to analyze to have accurate information for an ingredient. Analysis of the 33,000 lab reports received for five years from the industry indicate that the number of samples needed analyzed would be different for each ingredient, supplier and nutrient. For protein in meat and bone meal, the number of samples needed is 64, 52, 77 and 92 for suppliers A, B, C and D, respectively, to be 95% confident that the sample means are within ±.5% of the mean for protein. However, to be within ±.3% of the mean for protein in meat and bone meal, 178 samples would be needed for Supplier A. For phosphorus in meat and bone meal, 31, 34, 55 and 213 samples for the four suppliers, respectively, would be needed to be 95% confident the sample means are within .2% of the phosphorus mean for that supplier. Forty-four, 64, 44 and 87 samples would be needed for four soybean meal suppliers, respectively, to be within .3% of the supplier's mean for protein. To be within ±.1% of the mean for fiber in soybean meal, 16, 144, 64 and 64 samples would need to be analyzed for the four suppliers, respectively.

MOTILITY OF TURKEY SPERMATOZOA AS RELATED TO VARIOUS SOLUTES AND OSMOLARITY Phys B Tues 4:45 R. J. Thurston and D. P. Froman, Department of Poultry Science, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631 Fifty ul of turkey semen was added to 2 ml of aqueous 300—800 mOs (in 100 mOs increments) glucose, urea, KC1, NaCl, monosodium glutamate (MSG) glycerol and dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO). Alternatively, BeltsviUe Poultry Semen Extender (BPSE) was used as the isotonic diluent and was made hypertonic with glycerol, DMSO, NaCl, KC1, and MSG. Motility was observed at 1 and 5 min post mixing using a light microscope at 100X. Spermatozoa in urea had good motility at all osmolarities at 1 min, but were stopped at 5 min. Glycerol and DMSO at 300 to 800 mOs stopped spermatozoa instantaneously. Motility was present, although attenuated at 1 and 5 min, for 300—400 mOs

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

R. Taylor, F. McCorkle, D. Martin, and B. Glick, Department of Poultry Science, MAFES, Mississippi State University, P. O. Box 5188, Mississippi State, MS 39762

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1116

GROWTH CURVES OF ABDOMINAL MALE CHICKEN BROILERS

FAT IN

Gen Thurs 8:30 (Poster) R. Y. Tzeng and W. A. Becker, Department of Animal Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 Data from 220 male, pedigreed broiler chickens that were raised on the floor under 24 hours lighting were obtained weekly. Starter feed (0—4 wks) had 3183 kcal ME/kg, 22.97% protein; finisher ( 5 - 1 0 wks) 3190 kcal ME/kg, 18.9% protein. Twenty sires from a male broiler line, each provided half sib progenies. One bird from each sire pen (20) was slaughtered weekly from hatch to 10 wks of age and live wt, N.Y. dressed wt, eviscerated carcass wt, abdominal fat wt (leaf fat wt + gizzard fat wt) obtained. Plot of abdominal fat wt vs age had an accelerating phase from hatch to 5 wks and a steep straight line growth to 9 wk, then slowed down at 10th wk. Plot of % abdominal fat/carcass wt vs age had a rapid rise to 3rd wk, a slow rise 3 to 4th wk, a rapid rise again 4 to 6th wk, a plateau at 9th wk, then turned down at 10th wk. Plot of abdominal fat wt vs carcass wt had an accelerating phase from 12 g to 992 g carcass wt, straight line from 992 g to 1890 g and decelerating to 2142 g. Lower bound of genetic correlations between weeks of abdominal fat wt and % abdominal fat/ carcass wt were: 4 X 7 wks (-.07, .05), 5 X 7 wks (.13, .17), 6 X 7 wks (.32, .43), 7 X 8 wks (.20, .08). Breeders should consider measuring abdominal fat at 6 wks rather than 7 wks to save time. INFLUENCE OF TURKEY SKIN AND MDTM LEVELS ON FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A SMOKED SAUSAGE

lated using MDTM at levels of 25% to 75% at 10% intervals in combination with skin at levels of 0% to 25% at 5% intervals and hand deboned turkey thigh meat to total 100%. Water binding capacity was adversely affected equally by an increase in skin level or an increase in MDTM level. Water holding capacity was unaffected by changes in the emulsion formulation. Skin was four times more detrimental to the emulsification capacity than was MDTM. Regression equations for the functional characteristics were calculated using skin levels and MDTM levels as the independent variables. Taste panel, proximate composition and Kramer Shear Press tests run on four sausage formulations verified the accuracy of these prediction equations.

A DRIED DISTILLERS GRAINS + SOLUBLES LAYING HEN DIET USED TO EVALUATE INGREDIENT LYSINE AVAILABILITY NutrB Thurs 8:30 J. M. Vandepopuliere and J . J . Lyons, Department of Poultry Husbandry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 A diet containing 70% distillers dried grains + solubles was used to evaluate the response of laying hens to synthetic lysine HC1 levels of 0, .125, .25 and .375%. Diets were formulated containing 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10% soybean meal (48% protein) or meat and bone meal. Rice hulls were used as the variable ingredient. The diets were fed to 960 thirty-five week old DeKalb XL pullets. The hens were housed 2 birds to a cage in two experimental rooms. Data were collected for a period of 5 weeks following a one week adjustment period on the test diets. Percent bird day egg production on the lysine HC1 series was 29.3, 50.0, 61.8 and 59.0; and grams egg mass (grams egg per bird day) was 15.27, 27.17, 33.09 and 33.72 for diets with 0, .125, .25 and .375% supplemental lysine HC1, respectively. Hens fed the diets containing 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10% soybean meal 48% produced 46.0, 60.1, 65.2 and 67.6% production per hen day and 24.59, 32.38, 35.94 and 37.81 grams egg per bird day, respectively. The meat and bone meal series of diets with 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10% meat and bone meal produced 38.7, 52.0, 61.1 and 67.1% production per bird day and 20.77, 28.27, 33.33 and 36.82 gram per bird day, respectively. Egg production and egg mass was linear with supplemental lysine HC1 levels of 0 to .25%. Soybean meal and meat and bone meal lysine availability (compared to lysine HC1) was 96.9 and 96.2%, respectively, for egg production and 95.3 and 95.4%, respectively, for egg mass.

Mark-Tech Tues 9:15 M. M. Vallender and L. E. Dawson, Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 Turkey sausages were prepared using skin, mechanically deboned turkey meat (MDTM), and hand deboned turkey thigh meat at levels predetermined by prediction equations of the functional characteristics of raw emulsions. Thirty six meat blends were formu-

CARBARYL SPRAYED AT DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS AND RATES FOR CONTROL OF NORTHERN FOWL MITES ON CAGED LAYING HENS Path Tues 1:30 J. M. Vandepopuliere and J. J. Lyons, Poultry Husbandry, and R. D. Hall, Entomology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

glucose, NaCl, KC1, and MSG (best motility for glucose), but 500—800 mOs completely stopped spermatozoa at 1 min. However, when solutions were returned to isotonicity, motility resumed in all samples at 5 min except urea, glycerol or DMSO. Spermatozoa in BPSE adjusted to 500—800 mOs with NaCl, KG, and MSG were stopped, but resumed motility when returned to isotonicity. Glycerol and DMSO in BPSE allowed fair to good motility at all osmolarities. This study demonstrates that for many solutes, turkey spermatozoa motility is a function of osmolarity, and that apparently "dead" cells in hypertonic solutions may resume motility at lower osmolarities. This is not true for permeable compounds. Hence, use of motility as a criterion of semen viability must include knowledge of diluent tonicity.

1117

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

POSSIBLE SITES OF ACTION OF DEXAMETHASONE IN BLOCKING OVULATION IN THE HEN PhysTues 11:45 A. van Tienhoven, Department of Poultry Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 Dexamethasonephosphate (D) injected s.c. 2 mg/kg 14—16 h before ovulation of the first follicle of a sequence (C[ follicle) blocks ovulation in 80% or more of the hens. Either LH-RH (40 Mg/hen) or LH (20 Mg/hen) injected at 6—8 h prior to expected Cj ovulation can induce normal ovulation in such Dblocked hens. Progesterone, which at .100 mg/hen induces premature ovulations when injected at 14—16 h prior to C, ovulation, does not induce normal ovulations when injected at 6—8 h prior to the expected C t ovulation in D-blocked hens. In D-blocked hens LH-RH (0, 10, 20, 40 Mg/hen) causes a smaller LH increase than in saline-treated hens. This suggests that D acts at the level of the anterior pituitary. Injections of 20 Mg LH at 14—16 h before C, ovulation result in 90% premature ovulations. However, when D and LH are given simultaneously at 14—16 h before C, ovulation, 50% of the hens ovulate prematurely and 50% fail to ovulate; this suggests that D may act also at the level of the ovary. Simultaneous injections of ovulation-inducing doses of either corticosterone 1 mg/hen or progesterone .100 mg/kg with D result in premature ovulations, suggesting that these steroids can overcome the action of D exerted at the site of the ovary.

JECT A SUCCESS IN NEW REGIONS InstrThurs 11:00 Sam K. Varghese, Poultry Science Department, Michigan State University, 113 Anthony Hall, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 "Coturnix in the Classroom" is a successful poultry science project for youth in Michigan. This project has the potential for becoming an excellent poultry science activity nationally as well. The following are some of the few essentials needed to make "Coturnix in the Classroom" a success in new areas. 1) Availability of fertile Coturnix eggs, 2) availability of small dependable incubators, 3) publicity of this project so teachers will become aware of it, 4) state and regional in-service workshops for teachers in order to provide some fundamentals for raising the Coturnix in the classroom, 5) coordination of the project through extension agencies such as 4-H throughout the state, 6) follow up the program in schools, 7) provide Coturnix literature and teaching aids to schools, 8) develop incentive projects such as the Coturnix Science Fair, 9) provide a means of disposal of the Coturnix after its use in the classroom, and 10) develop an evaluation of the program for review. FEDERAL EVALUATION STUDY OF "COTURNIX IN THE CLASSROOM" PROJECT ExtTues 1:30 S. K. Varghese, Department of Poultry Science, and John R. Aylsworth, Program Leader, 4-H Youth Programs, Michigan State University, 113 Anthony Hall, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 During 1979, a Federal Extension evaluation at the request of Congress was conducted for the Michigan 4-H Youth Program. The "Coturnix in the Classroom" project was chosen for the area of school enrichment programs. The case study of this project during 1977-78 involved four 9th grade natural science classes of 114 students at Levy Junior High School, Southfield School District. There were 59 males and 55 females: 12 blacks, 91 whites, 5 Asians and 6 Spanish. The different activities and experiments the students studied included incubation, embryology, brooding, nutrition, physiology and animal behavior. Because the "Coturnix in the Classroom" project was so successful, the school district board has budgeted $2000 to develop further the program in classrooms in the Southfield School District. The youth activities specialist of the Department of Poultry Science introduced the above project and acted as the consultant while the local 4-H program assistant of the Cooperative Extension Service was the contact person in the county.

POULTRY SCIENCE ACTIVITIES DURING FARMERS' WEEK AT MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY ExtTues 3:15

A

FEW ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS NEEDED TO MAKE COTURNIX IN THE CLASSROOM PRO-

S. K. Varghese, C. J. Flegal and R. J. Aulerich, Poultry Science Department, Michigan State University,

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

An experiment was conducted using White Leghorn laying hens housed seven birds per cage in a single-tier system. Three of four cage rows of the 12,000 hen facility were subdivided into groups containing approximately 200 birds each. Treatments were assigned at random to groups within each row. A buffer area was left untreated between treatment groups within each row. Pretreatment counts indicated selected rows contained uniform mite infestation levels. Equal amounts of carbaryl (Sevin®) were applied in the following concentrations: 2 liters of 1.0% active ingredient (a.i.)/100 hens, 16 liters of .125% a.i./lOO hens and the untreated control. Carbaryl was applied via a small tractor-mounted sprayer equipped with a 2-nozzle boom. The boom was extended under a cage row and the carbaryl was sprayed onto the hens from below. Each week for 8 weeks 30 hens were selected at random from each treatment and the mite population rated according to the following index: 0 = no mites, 1 = 1-5 mites, 2 = 6 - 1 5 mites, 3 = 1 6 - 5 0 mites, 4 = 51—100 mites, 5 = 101—500 mites, and 6 = more than 500 mites. All treatment rates of carbaryl produced equal control of Northern Fowl mites for 3 weeks post treatment. After three weeks, reinfestation was most rapid with the lower concentrations. The higher concentration rates were more easily applied since it involved less time.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1118

113 Anthony Hall, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824

VARIATION IN INCIDENCE OF TIBIAL DYSCHONDROPLASIA IN BROILER CHICKS ASSOCIATED WITH ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS Nutr BThurs9:15 J. R. Veltmann, Jr. and L. S. Jensen, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 Incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) observed in commercial broiler flocks (15—30%) differs significantly with that found in broiler chicks fed a practical broiler starter diet and raised in battery brooders (0—5%). The following investigations were conducted to determine the effect of environment on TD development. Broiler chicks were reared from day one to four weeks of age in either a battery brooder or conventional floor pen with wood shavings as litter. At two and four weeks of age, 50 randomly selected birds from each treatment were killed and examined for TD. Abnormal cartilage plugs were not found in any of the two-week old chicks sampled. However, 39% of four-week old chicks raised on wood shavings exhibited either a mild or severe TD lesion, compared to a 2% incidence in battery-reared birds. Feed consumption, body weights, and feed conversion ratios were essentially the same for both groups. A second experiment compared the conventional type floor pen (with litter) versus one with a raised wire floor on incidence of TD in broiler chicks fed the UGA starter diet. Chicks raised on wire floors had a markedly reduced incidence of TD compared to those raised in a conventional floor pen (8% versus 26%). Results of these experiments suggest that either a biological or toxicological agent in wood shavings predisposes chicks to TD.

Mark-Tech Tues 3:30 K. Viseshsiri and T. C. Chen, MAFES, Poultry Science Department, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 Vacuum-COj packed samples were prepared by placing broiler carcasses in 4.0 mil polyethylene pouches; carbon dioxide at 3.54 X 10"4 to 3.97 X 10" 4 m 3 /kg of carcass was added after drawing a vacuum. The vacuum-C0 2 packed samples and the ice packed controls were stored at —2.2 to 1.1 C and at 1.1 to 3.3 C. Microbiological characteristics of the products were investigated. Vacuum-COj packing extended the shelf life of fresh broiler carcasses for approximately 7 days longer than that of the ice packed controls. Lowering the storage temperature from 1.1—3.3 C to —2.2—1.1 C extended the shelf life for the vacuum-C0 2 packed and the ice packed broiler carcasses for approximately five and four days, respectively. The major microbial species from the fresh broiler carcass samples were Gram positive cocci. The percent incidence of the Gram positive cocci for both the ice packed and vacuum-C0 2 packed broilers was 57.6 and 52.7%, respectively. The major microorganisms isolated from the spoiled ice packed samples were members of the Pseudomonas species (93.3%); however, Lactobacilli species (74.0%) were found to be the dominant microflora on the vacuum-C0 2 packed broilers after 28 days of storage at 1.1 to 3.3 C. FAT DEPOSITION IN COMMERCIAL BROILER STOCKS Gen Thurs 8:45 K. V. Vo, C. C. Blohowiak, and R. C. Fanguy, Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 Commercial broiler chicks hatched from eggs obtained from Indian River International Breeders were wing banded, weighed, and placed in floor pens. Birds were fed a starter ration (22% protein) from 1-28 days and a grower ration (17% protein) from 29—56 days of age. Five birds of each sex were weighed and sacrificed on Tuesday and Friday of each week. Sex differences in mean body weight became apparent at 28 days of age and increased through 56 days. However, differences in percent body fat between the sexes were not apparent until 46 days of age. This was reflected in a reduced specific gravity for females. The 56 day mean values for males and (females) for body weight, N.Y. dressed weight, specific gravity and abdominal fat were 1265 g (1161), 1178 g (1101), .969 g (.967) and 18.2 g (26.8), respectively.

BLOOD PARAMETERS OF NORMAL AND DYSTROPHIC CHICKENS Gen Tues 11:15 K. V. Vo, C. C. Blohowiak, and R. C. Fanguy, Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station,

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

Farmers' Week at Michigan State University began in March, 1914. For a few years, only a score of people attended this program. As of 1978, Farmers' Week is still in its youth and continues to grow. Last year, close to 20 departments of the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources and organizations and associations participated in the Farmers' Week program. An estimated 18,500 people attended this program. Tuesday, March 21, was the official poultry day. A State Coturnix Science Contest, What's Up in Poultry Science, 4-H Rabbit Show and poultry and pigeon exhibits were part of the youth activities, while educational sessions for egg producers, gamebird and rabbit raisers were some of the other poultry programs. The Michigan State Rabbit Breeders conducted their annual show and banquet at this time. Howard Helmer, the omelet king, was on hand to demonstrate the incredible, edible egg and its easy, tasty ways of preparation. A crowd of 225 people learned how to cook their own omelets at the luncheon on Tuesday. The Michigan Allied Poultry Industries had their business meeting and banquet on March 21, 1978. A total of 2,380 people attended the poultry and rabbit programs during the entire Farmers' Week program.

MICROBIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VACUUM-CO., PACKAGED BROILER CARCASSES

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS TX 77843; and L. K. Misra and C. F. Hazelwood, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030

electron pattern it was found that the liver and kidney from female Leghorn chickens contained 3 isozymes of PEPCK: 2 isoenzymes (a and (!) were located in mitochondria and one in the cytosol. The (3-isozyme was absent from the tissues of adult male Leghorns and all broilers. When female Leghorns were starved for 4—5 days or fed diets high in protein (50%), the total liver PEPCK activity increased and the proportion of the (3-isozyme increased at the expense of the a-form. When male Leghorns were treated as above, the (3-form reappeared while the a-isozyme decreased. In the kidney, where a larger proportion of the total activity is represented by the cytosolic form, starvation or a high protein diet caused a marked increase in cytosolic PEPCK and a shift in the mitochondrial forms similar to that which took place in the liver. (Supported in part by the U.W. College of Agricultural and Life Sciences and USPHS grant #AM19215.)

MICROBIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF EFFLUENT SAMPLES FROM TURKEY PROCESSING PLANTS

USE OF MARK-SENSE COMPUTER SHEET FOR MAINTAINING DAILY EGG RECORDS

Mark-Tech Tues 4:15

Env-ManThurs 11:00

P. L. Wang and F. A. Gardner, Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843

P. W. Waldroup and Ron O. Fowler, Department of Animal Sciences and Computing Services, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 One of the problems of processing research data for laying hens, especially where fairly large numbers are involved, is that of recording and counting the number of eggs produced. The work is slow and tedious and not without error. A project was conducted to develop a system of daily egg recording that could be evaluated by a computer. Several criteria were established. First, the system must be simple and easily used by persons with limited training. Secondly, errors in marking should be quickly picked up by the computer. Thirdly, the computer program must generate suitable data. An "egg recording system was developed using a mark-sense device available at many research laboratories. Over a three year period it has worked well with a limited amount of problems. RESPONSE OF THE PEPCK ISOENZYMES IN CHICKENS TO GLUCONEOGENIC STIMULI NutrBThurs 10:45 J. H. Walent, Department of Nutritional Sciences, K. Maruyama and M. L. Sunde, Department of Poultry Science, and R. W. Swick, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 The subcellular distribution of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) isoenzymes was investigated in the liver and kidneys of chickens. The enzymes were isolated from tissues homogenized in .25 M disaccharide medium and released by sonication. PEPCK was enriched through an (NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 fractionation step (30—75% saturation) and the isozymes separated on DEAE-Sephacel with a linear gradient of 5-200 raM imidazole buffer (pH 7.5). From the

Effluent samples were collected from a commercial turkey processing plant in Texas. Wastewater samples were packed in slush ice and transported to the laboratory for microbiological analysis. Analysis of wastewater samples collected from the turkey processing plant at one hour intervals during a 24 hour period indicated that bacterial numbers remain at relatively constant levels during periods of processing and/or plant clean-up and are greatly reduced during periods of non-activity. Analysis of individual samples obtained during the plant processing period indicated that the concentration of psychrophilic and mesophilic bacteria remain at levels of 10 s — 10 6 bacteria/ml. During the same period, total conform concentrations were at levels of 10 3 —10"/ml, mold and yeast concentrations at levels of 10 3 /ml and CI. perfringens at levels of 10'— 10 2 /ml. During periods of minimum plant activity, the concentration of all kinds bacteria in the wastewater samples decrease significantly below the level of 102 /ml. Analysis of the within plant processing wastewater samples indicate that the scalding, feather removal, carcass washing and further processing operations are the major contributors to the total bacteria content of plant effluent.

THE EFFECT OF RENDERED BY-PRODUCTS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BROILER BREEDER HENS Nutr A T h u r s l l : 4 5 J. B. Ward, Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Box 5 307, Raleigh, NC 27650 Two strains of broiler breeder hens were fed (1) corn-soy-fish, (2) corn-soy-five percent meat and bone scrap, (3) corn-soy-five percent feather meal, (4)

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

Chicks for this study were hatched from eggs obtained from experimental flocks of the University of California, Davis, CA and designated line 454 (dystrophic) and line 455 (normal). Experimental birds were reared in batteries to 12 weeks of age and then housed in individual growing cages. Blood samples were taken at weekly intervals through 20 weeks for analysis. Mean values, in general, were lower for dystrophic birds for the blood parameters selected. Mean 20 week values for normal and (dystrophic) males for hematocrit, plasma protein, hemoglobin, RBC and serum cholesterol were 39.7 (36.2), 7.2 (6.8), 16.7 (16.0), 3.225 (2.948) and 174 (210), respectively. There was also a tendency for higher lymphocyte and monocyte counts in the normal stock. Conversely, heterophil counts were considerably higher for dystrophic birds.

1119

1120

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

corn-soy-five percent ring dried blood meal and (5) corn-soy-five percent meat and bone scrap, two and one-half percent feather meal and two and one-half percent blood meal. The birds were kept on the experimental diets for eleven 28 day periods. Egg production, feed per dozen, fertility and hatchability were measured. There was a significant difference in egg production and feed required per dozen eggs between strains. There was also a significant difference in body weight between strains.

Schedule Feed No.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1

2

3

.23 1.02 1.25 1.82 1.82 26.59

(kilograms of feed) .45 2.05 2.50 3.64 11.36 12.73

.91 4.09 5.00 7.27 7.27 8.19 6a

J. B. Ward and C. E. Brewer, Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Box 5307, Raleigh, NC 27650 Tom turkeys are usually fed six or seven feeds during the period from day old to market. In our area most turkeys are fed according to a poundage schedule for each feed rather than according to age. This trial was designed to study the proper poundage of each feed. The following four schedules were fed: Schedule Feed No.

1 2 3 4 5 6

1

.23 1.02 1.25 1.82 1.82 26.59

2

3

4

(kilograms of each feed) .45 1.82 .91 2.05 4.09 8.18 2.50 5.00 10.00 3.64 7.27 12.73 11.36 7.27 8.18 12.73

At twenty weeks of age there was no significant difference in body weight between schedules, however, birds on schedules two and three were numerically heavier than the birds on schedules one and four. The amount of feed required to produce a kilogram of weight was significantly greater on schedule four than on schedules one and two. Ingredient cost per kilogram of weight was significantly different for all schedules.

WINTERTIME FEEDING SCHEDULES FOR TOM TURKEYS Env-ManThurs8:00 J. B. Ward and C. E. Brewer, Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Box 5307, Raleigh, NC 27650 Earlier work on springtime feeding schedules for torn turkeys indicated a significant difference in feed cost for weight gain between the feeding schedules used. Therefore this trial was designed to try and determine if the same thing held true for the cooler season of the year. Tom turkeys were fed the following feeding schedules:

.91 2.73 3.18 5.00 8.18 9.09 3.64

.91 4.09 5.00 22.7

.91 2.73 3.18 5.00 8.18 9.09

T"his schedule is the same as schedule four but was fed in mash form. Birds on schedule one and schedule six weighed less than birds on the other four schedules. Significantly more feed was required to produce a kilogram of weight on schedule six. LYSINE LEVELS IN TURKEY GROWER DIETS Nutr BTues 3:15 Robert E. Warnick, Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences Department, Utah State University, Snow Field Station, Ephraim, UT 84627 Diets containing different protein sources and different lysine levels were fed to Orlopp BBW toms from 60 to 172 days. The diets for the first period contained 22% protein and the protein level of the diets was reduced 2% every 28 days. Lysine content varied from 1.23 to 1.05% in the diets fed the first 28 day period and from .82 to .69% in the diets fed the last 28 day period. Birds fed the diets containing the lowest level of lysine were significantly smaller at 172 days. Average daily lysine consumption per period was nearly constant from 74-172 days. It was: 7 4 - 8 8 days, 2.75 g; 8 8 - 1 1 6 days, 2.79 g; 116-144 days, 2.77 g; and 144-172 days, 2.74 g. It was found that birds fed diets containing cottonseed meal required less lysine than birds fed diets not containing cottonseed meal, and as the level of lysine in a given diet increases, the rate of lysine utilization decreases. The lysine requirement for grower diets found in this test are: 8 - 1 2 weeks, 1.23%; 12—16 weeks, 1.09%; 1 6 - 2 0 weeks, .90%; and 2 0 - 2 4 weeks, .77%.

CARRY-OVER EFFECTS OF TURKEY STARTER DIETS Nutr BTues 2:45 Robert E. Warnick, Animal, Dairy and Veterinary

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

SPRINGTIME FEEDING SCHEDULE FOR TOM TURKEYS Env-ManThurs8:15

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS Sciences Department, Utah State University, Snow Field Station, Ephraim, UT 84627

PARTITIONAL HEAT LOSSES OF LEGHORN LAYING HENS RECEIVING 23-HR OR 24-HR LIGHT-DARK CYCLES Env-Man Tues 10:45 W. J. Warriner and H. V. Biellier, Department of Poultry Husbandry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 Heat and moisture dissipation rates were measured on 10 University of Missouri strains of White Leghorn laying- hens in the Missouri Partitional Calorimeter. Heat loss measurements in the calorimeter were made at a dry bulb temperature of 15 C and a dewpoint temperature of 7.2 C. The birds were acclimatized to experimental light-dark cycles (LDC) and 15 ± 1 C ambient temperature for at least 2 wk prior to measurements. The laying hens received a 23-hr LDC with a photoperiod of 18L:5D or a 24-hr LDC with a photoperiod of 18L:6D in a light and temperature controlled chamber. Individual hens were placed in a wire cage within the calorimeter and measurements were made continuously for four days. The following results were observed: (1) radiant heat loss began to decline 8 to 12 hr before the onset of the dark period, reaching a low point during the dark period and rising sharply at "lights on"; (2) radiant heat loss peaked for 1 to 2 hours immediately prior to oviposition in both light treatment groups; and (3) sensible heat loss ranged from 2 to 7 kcal/hr during the dark period and rose to 8 to 12 kcal/hr during the light period.

of age resulted in reduction in consumption of 67— 95% of full-fed controls. The reduction in feed consumption resulted in reduction of gain to as much as 60% of controls. Body weight gains of the restricted groups at 12 weeks ranged from 91—95% of full-fed controls. Feed conversion ratios of the restricted groups were not significantly different from full-fed controls. Although some compensatory growth occurred, it was not sufficient to compensate for weight loss at younger ages even when birds were grown to 12 weeks of age.

IN VIVO INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF L. ACIDOPHILUS AGAINST PATHOGENIC E. COLI IN GNOTOBIOTIC CHICKS Path Thurs 10:45 B. A. Watkins, B. F. Miller, D. H. Neil, and M. T. Collins, Department of Animal Sciences, Animal Care Service, and Department of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 Chicks were hatched germfree in gnotobiotic isolators to determine the inbitory effects of L. acidophilus towards pathogenic E. coli in vivo. Twelve trials were conducted in two flexible film isolators utilizing a total of 221 chicks. One treatment consisted of inoculating 2-day-old chicks with L. acidophilus then challenging with pathogenic E. coli with subsequent dosing the L. acidophilus. The other treatment was challenged with the E. coli at 2 days of age, then subsequently dosed with L. acidophilus. Cloacal swabs were collected from the chicks to innoculate microbiological media for observing the shedding of L. acidophilus and E. coli during a 12-day period after initial dosing. Changes in individual chick weights and mortality were recorded. Innocula from the alimentary tract of sacrificed chicks were used for evaluating the presence of either bacterium. Additionally, pH readings were obtained from segments of the alimentary tract by a surface electrode. Histological preparations from the gut were acquired for light microscopy and electron microscopy examination. Statistical analysis of the data showed initial dosing with L. acidophilus prevented excessive mortality when chicks were challenged with E. coli. Also, continued dosing with L. acidophilus lowered the pH in the crop, cecum and rectum whether chicks were initially given L. acidophilus or E. coli. This strain of L. acidophilus was capable of competing with E. coli in the gut of gnotobiotic chicks. EFFECTS OF FEEDING TYLOSIN TO MYCOPLASMA FREE LAYERS NutrB Thurs 10:15

COMPENSATORY GROWTH OF BROILERS Gen Tues 9:15 K. W. Washburn, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 The extent of compensatory growth of a broilertype strain to 12 weeks of age was determined. Restriction by alternating periods of 24 hours on and 24 hours off feeding for various periods from 3—10 weeks

R. H. Wellenreiter and E. E. Ose, Animal Science Division, Lilly Research Laboratories, Division of Eli Lilly and Company, P. O. Box 708, Greenfield, IN 46140 Tylosin, at 22 and 55 ppm, has been reported to improve egg production and feed efficiency when fed continuously to caged layers exposed to Mycoplasma gallisepticum. This report describes the effects on egg production and feed efficiency when tylosin was fed

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

Eighteen hundred Orlopp BBW toms were divided into 8 groups to evaluate four different starter treatments. (1) Control; (2) 0—4 weeks, one lb SQ per ton, 4—8 weeks, one lb Amprol per ton; (3) three lbs Tinostat per ton; (4) one lb Amprol and one lb Bacitracin 40 MD per ton. At eight weeks, poults on Treatment 3 were heavier than poults on the other treatments; however, the birds on Treatment 4 were the heaviest at processing. Birds on Treatment 3 had leg problems during the latter part of the growing period. There were no visual abnormalities noted and the cause of the problem was not identified. The birds, when standing, were unsteady on their legs and did not like to move. The leg problems noted with Treatment 3 resulted in lower grade due to breast blisters. It was concluded that starter treatments have a definite effect on the performance of birds during the grow-out period. This effect can be both positive and negative.

1121

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1122

THE PERFORMANCE OF GROWING TURKEYS AND DUCKS IMPLANTED AND FED ZERANOL PhysAThurs8:45 B. C. Wentworth, M. Mashaly, G. Birrenkott, N. Zimmerman and M. J. Wineland, Department of Poultry Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 Zeranol (6-(6,10-dihydroxy-undecyl)-/3-resorcylic acid-ju-laconte) a resorcylic acid lactone, marketed as Ralgro® by Commercial Solvent Corporation is considered to act as a growth promoter in beef cattle and lambs. Experiments were done to determine the effects of implantation or feeding of zeranol to 400 growing turkeys and 80 growing ducks. The response was variable between experiments and species, which seemed to suggest an environmental interaction with treatment. Frequently there was a significant improved rate of gain for the first four weeks post hatching for turkeys treated with zeranol by implanting 3, 6 or 12 mg or feeding 10, 100 or 1000 g/ton. The zeranol implants significantly improved feed efficiency in males. Ducks implanted with 3 , 6 , 12 or 24 mg zeranol did not show any positive effects of treatment. Zeranol treatments did not change carcass water or fat content in either turkeys or ducks. There appeared to be hormonal and behavioral actions associated with zeranol treatments. Poults and ducklings were unusually tame or tranquilized. Male poults were observed to strut and make utterances characteristic of adult toms. There was a highly significant, sometimes as great as 50-fold, increase in oviduct weight in both turkeys and ducks and a significant decrease in the ovary and testis weight of turkeys.

EFFECT OF AGE AND DIETARY MODIFICATIONS ON YIELDS OF TURKEY MEAT Mark-Tech Tues 2:30 R. D. Wesley, R. L. Adams, and W. J. Stadelman, Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 Turkeys of both sexes were fed computer formula-

ted diets: 1) based on NRC recommendations for protein, lysine, methionine and methionine plus cystine, from one day to market; 2) based on 90% of NRC, from 3 weeks to market; and 3) based on 90% of NRC, from 3 to 14 weeks for toms and 3 to 12 weeks for hens. NRC levels were fed on diets 2 and 3 at all other times. One pen of 27 toms on each diet was slaughtered at 14, 20 and 24 weeks; 1 pen of 30 hens on each diet was slaughtered at 18 weeks. Turkeys were hand deboned and meat yield values were determined. At 14 weeks, hot eviscerated yields for toms were significantly lower for those fed diet 2 as compared to those fed diet 1. However, at 20 and 24 weeks, no differences were found between treatments 1, 2 and 3 in hot eviscerated yield, breast meat yield, boneless thigh meat yield, or percent separable fat Age at time of slaughter had a significant effect on nearly all meat yield figures. The data indicate that a diet consisting of only 90% of the above NRC recommended levels, fed to torn turkeys from 14 weeks to market, results in no change or reduction in meat yield. At 18 weeks, hot eviscerated yields for hens were significantly higher with diet 3 compared to diets 1 and 2. Diet 2 was also significantly higher than diet 1. No significant difference was found between any treatments in boneless thigh meat yield or percent fat. Diet 3 gave significantly lower breast meat yield than diet 1.

SULFUR AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS INTERACTIONS IN BROILERS

AND

Nutr A Tues 9:45 K. B. Wheeler and J. D. Latshaw, Poultry Science, The Ohio State University, 674 West Lane Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 Total sulfur amino acid (T.S.A.A.) and methioninecystine combinations were investigated during two growth phases (0—21 and 21—42 days) of broilers using practical type diets. The major feed ingredients in the diet consisted of ground corn, dehulled soybean meal and meat and bone meal. For the first growth phase (0—21 days), the basal diet contained .62% T.S.A.A. to which increasing increments of DLmethionine were added. Both overall growth and feed efficiency improved as methionine levels increased to a level of .82% T.S.A.A. When methionine-cystine combinations were used with the same basal diet, it was found that cystine could safely supply at least 55-60% of the T.S.A.A. content. It was also noted that during days 14—21 average gain per bird increased as the cystine percent increased in the combination. During the second growth phase (21—42 days) a basal diet consisting of .52% T.S.A.A. was used along with DL-methionine supplements to determine sulfur amino acid requirements. With regards to feed efficiency, the optimal requirement during this period fell between .70% and .76% T.S.A.A. in the diet. The T.S.A.A. levels and average end weights were as follows: .52%, 1440 g; .58%, 1375 g; .64%, 1396 g; .70%, 1405 g; .76%, 1403 g; .82%, 1447 g.

HIGH AND LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT CHICKEN SERUM COMPONENTS WITH ACTIVITY

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

continuously at 0, 22 or 55 ppm to caged layers maintained mycoplasma free. Data were collected for 26 two-week periods. Layers fed tylosin at 0, 22 and 55 ppm peaked at 84.6, 88.3 and 90.0 percent production (hen day basis), respectively. Feed efficiency at peak production was 1.546, 1.452 and 1.430 kg feed per dozen eggs for tylosin at 0, 22 and 55 ppm, respectively. Accumulative production data through 52 weeks of lay was 72.8, 75.6 and 75.6 percent for the 0, 22 and 55 ppm tylosin treatments, respectively. Accumulative feed efficiency for the 0, 22 and 55 ppm tylosin treatments was 1.641, 1.601 and 1.591 kg feed per dozen eggs, respectively. Serological data verified the maintenance of the layers in a Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae free state throughout the study. Trachea culture data verified the maintenance of the layers in a M. gallisepticum and M. gallmarum free state throughout the study.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS AGAINST ROUS SARCOMA VIRUS Gen Tues 9:30 C. E. Whitfill, N. R. Gyles, and L. T. Patterson, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701

PLASMA PHOSPHORUS AND CALCIUM LEVELS OF HENS WHICH LAID SOFT-SHELLED OR SHELL-LESS EGGS PhysB Tues 1:30 Ellen K. Wilson, Patricia Y. Hester, and Frank W. Pierson, Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; and Irena Fabijanska, Department of Animal Breeding and Animal Production and Technology, Warsaw Agricultural University, 02-528 Warsaw, Poland Shaver Starcross layers were used to determine if plasma levels of phosphorus and calcium differed in birds which laid soft-shelled (SS) or shell-less (SL) eggs when compared to birds which maintained good egg production records. Plasma from the following four experimental groups was used for the calcium and phosphorus determinations: Group no. 1 2 3 4

Description of group Hens which had just laid SS or SL eggs Hens with SL eggs within their uteri Hens with hard-shelled (H) eggs within their uteri Hens which had just laid H eggs

Four birds, one from each experimental group, were bled each time the oviposition of a SS or SL egg was observed. A total of 600 blood samples was collected early and late (22—34 and 66—74 weeks of age, respectively) in the birds production cycle. A significant interaction between type of egg laid (SS or SL vs H) and position of the egg (uterus vs laid) occurred in the statistical analysis of plasma phosphorus. Birds which laid SS or SL eggs showed an increase in plasma phosphorus levels when compared to those birds which had SL eggs within their uteri. Birds which laid H eggs showed a decrease in plasma phosphorus when compared to those birds which had H eggs in their uteri. This difference in the direction of response for phosphorus levels was exhibited only in birds with a 20% or greater incidence of SS or SL egg production. Phosphorus results were similar in both the early and late stages of the production cycle. Plasma calcium levels were normal in birds which laid SS or SL eggs when compared to groups 2, 3 and 4. It was concluded that hens which laid SS or SL eggs exhibited normal plasma calcium levels but altered plasma phosphorus levels when compared with hens at other stages of their ovulation cycle. BREEDING FOR EFFICIENCY OF EGG PRODUCTION Gen Tues 1:45 Terry Wing and A. W. Nordskog, Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 Leghorns from two populations (Q and R) were selected for high ratio of egg mass to feed consumption (EM/F = direct measure of feed efficiency) and high ratio of egg mass to body weight (EM/BW = indirect measure of feed efficiency). Feed efficiency data were collected at 32 and 55 weeks. Correlations between EM/F and EM/BW were .72 for both Q. and R at 32 weeks and .84 for Q and .88 for R at 55 weeks. Across the 32 week and 55 week periods, the correlations between the two EM/F measures were .21 and .24, and between the two EM/BW measures were .27 and .39 for Q and R, respectively. In both populations and in each period, EM/F and EM/BW were positively correlated with egg rate, egg mass, and ratio of egg weight to body weight, but negatively correlated with age at first egg, body weight, shank length, and skin pinch; the measurement of the latter served as an indicator of body condition. Selection indexes, with and without information-input on feed consumption, designed to increase feed efficiency, are under investigation.

COMPARATIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE FROM ADMINISTERING INACTIVATED AND LIVE VIRUS NEWCASTLE DISEASE VACCINES TO CHICKENS Path Tues 3:30 R. W. Winterfield, A. S. Dhillon, and L. Albv, Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 Inactivated Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines from 2

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

Blood sera were obtained from Arkansas regressor line (R-line) and progressor line (Pr-line) chickens, and separated by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration into two fractions of high (>14,000 MW) and low (<14,000 MW) molecular weight components. These two fractions were each separately tested for activity against Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) by in vitro incubation with standard inoculum of RSV followed by wing-web inoculation into Pr-line chickens. RSV neutralization was accomplished by high molecular weight components from each of the following sources: hyperimmune R-line chickens, R-line chickens 2 weeks after initial tumor regression, and Pr-line chickens with large progressing tumors. Neutralization of RSV was not accomplished by sera obtained from R-line or Pr-line chickens before they were challenged with RSV. Low molecular weight components of sera from the sources mentioned above gave similar results to those obtained by the high molecular weight components, with the exception that no neutralization of RSV was accomplished by low molecular weight components of serum obtained from R-line chickens 2 weeks after regression. RSV incubated with low molecular weight components did cause a few small tumors to emerge but these quickly regressed. RSV incubated with high molecular weight components was unable to initiate any tumor development.

1123

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1124

different commercial sources, and administered subcutaneously to chickens, induced higher virus neutralizing and hemagglutination inhibition titers than a LaSota live virus vaccine given by eye drop. However, poor protection from virus replication, shed and transmission occurred when the immunity was challenged by the respiratory route with velogenic ND virus and where inactivated vaccines were used. By the same criteria, LaSota virus stimulated excellent protection. In one of the groups of chickens vaccinated with an inactivated vaccine, protection from challenge against lesions of airsacculitis was poor. In the postchallenge period, the use of tracheal swabs proved more sensitive than cloacal swabs in isolating the velogenic ND virus and detecting virus-shed from individual birds.

Path Tues 4:15

Path Thurs 9:00 C. C. Yen and P. B. Hamilton, Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27650 Vitamin deficiencies can be classified into those augmenting, sparing, or having no influence on aflatoxicosis. Vitamin A deficiency during aflatoxicosis which has not been extensively investigated was found to present a mixed picture in young broiler chickens. For example, dietary aflatoxin at levels which by itself inhibited growth in a sufficient diet had a growth stimulatory effect, a strong mortality sparing effect, and prevented any decrease in spleen and pancreas size and in serum proteins during vitamin A deficiency. On the other hand, aflatoxin enhanced hypertrophy of the proventriculus during vitamin A deficiency. There were no such interactions on gizzard, heart and liver size, serum cholesterol and uric acid. The aflatoxin interaction with vitamin A appears even more complex in view of the severe decrease in vitamin A content of serum and liver during aflatoxicosis in birds fed diets either sufficient or deficient in vitamin A.

R. Yamamoto, Department of Epidem. and Prev. Med., University of California, Davis, CA 95616; A. H. Hamdy and D. D. Kratzer, Agricultural Division, The Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, MI 49001; Y. M. Saif, Department of Vet. Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691; S. H. Kleven, Department of Avian Med., University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30601; and J. A. Newman, Department of Pathobiology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55105

N. G. Zimmermann and B. C. Wentworth, Department of Poultry Science, University of WisconsinMadison, Madison, WI 53706

The efficacy of Linco-Spectin against natural Mycoplasma meleagridis (MM) infection was evaluated in four trials involving 1048 turkey poults. The poults were medicated for the first five days of life at 0, 1, 2 and 4 g/gallon of drinking water in two trials (OH and GA) and at 0 and 2 g/gallon of drinking water in the outer two trials (CA and MN). At 3 weeks of age the poults were bled for MM serology and killed; samples of tracheas and/or air sacs were taken for MM. isolation and the air sacs were examined for gross lesions. Data also were collected on feed consumption and weight gains. The results indicated relatively large locations by treatment interaction in some of the parameters measured (due to severity of MM infection by location); nevertheless, the data, overall, indicated that Linco-Spectin was effective as an aid in controlling MM infection. The suggested optimal dose was 2 g/gallon of drinking water for the first five days of life.

Short-term water deprivation (3—5 days) is detrimental to egg production in hen turkeys. Two 42 week old, semen producing Dwarf White torn turkeys were deprived of water for a three day period. Daily midmorning plasma samples were collected during the period of water deprivation. Following this period, midmorning plasma and semen samples were collected at 3—4 day intervals for three weeks. Semen volume and spermatocrit values were recorded. Semen quality was assessed by duration of fertility following a single insemination of 75 X 10 6 spermatozoa into virgin Dwarf White hens. Plasma LH concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay. Similar observations were made on two control toms. No significant changes were observed in plasma LH concentration, semen volume, spermatocrit or duration of fertility when semen producing Dwarf White male turkeys were deprived of water for a three day period.

EFFECT OF SHORT TERM WATER DEPRIVATION ON SEMEN CHARACTERISTICS AND LH CONCENTRATIONS IN MALE TURKEYS PhysAThurs 11:30

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on March 4, 2015

EFFICACY OF LINCO-SPECTIN WATER MEDICATION ON MYCOPLASMA MELEAGRIDIS AIRSACCULITIS IN TURKEY POULTS

INTERACTION OF VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY AND AFLATOXICOSIS