Abstracts of Papers to be Presented at the 70th Annual Meeting of the Poultry Science Association, Inc.

Abstracts of Papers to be Presented at the 70th Annual Meeting of the Poultry Science Association, Inc. (Listed alphabetically according to the surname of the senior author or the chairman or moderator of a symposium or panel discussion)

Selection for increased egg production was practiced in a flock (S) of the Chukar Partridges (Alectoris gracea)over six-generations, beginning in 1971. A randomly selected control line was initiated from the same base population and reproduced concurrently with the selection l i n e . Birds were reared under long days of 16 light and 8 hours darkness u n t i l 32 weeks old, followed by a short-day treatment under 8 light-16 darkness for 6 weeks. A f i r s t egg laying cycle was then induced by resuming the long-day treatment for 15 weeks. Second cycle production was induced similarly by a 10 week short-day period followed by 15 weeks of long-day treatment. Selection was based on f i r s t laying period egg number followed by hatching of progeny in the second period. During the f i r s t 3 generations selection response appeared very slight with average egg number around 20 eggs during the f i r s t period. However, almost linear increases of egg number from about 20 to 45 eggs occurred during the following 4 generations, thus doubling f i r s t period egg production. Second cycle production showed no selection response in the f i r s t 4 generations followed by an increase over controls of 10 eggs in the 6th generation. KEYWORDS:

Partridgej

s e i e c t i o n , Egg Number, Light Cycle

FEEDING DIFFERENT LEVELS OF TRYPTOPHANE TO GROWING MALE DUCKS. R. L. Adams* and W. J. Stadelman, Dept. of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907. Four experiments were conducted to study the effects of the dietary tryptophane level on the growing male White Pekin duck. In Trial 1, tryptophane levels of 0.21, 0.19, 0.18, and 0.16, at energy levels of 3080 and 3190 kcal were fed. Protein levels ranged from 18 to 15.2% and lysine levels from 0.915 to 0.70%. No significant differences between weights or between feed conversions resulted. In Trial 2, similar levels of tryptophane and energy were fed. All diets contained a minimum of 16.5% protein and 0.85% lysine. Differences between weights were non-significant. The lowest level of tryptophane, at both energy levels, resulted in significantly better feed conversions. In Trial 3, tryptophane levels of 0.21, 0.165 and 0.15% were fed. Energy was held at 3190 kcal, protein at 16.5% and lysine at 0.85%. Differences between weights were nonsignificant. A significant improvement in feed conversion resulted with each decrease in level of tryptophane.

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SELECTION FOR INCREASED EGG PRODUCTION IN THE CHUKAR PARTRIDGE. Kans Abplanalp*, Allen E. Woodard, L. R. Snyder and Avigdor Cahaner. Department of Avian Sciences^ university ol California, uavis, C7A 95i6"16 and Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University Rehovot I s r a e l .

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In Trial 4, tryptophane levels of 0.22 and 0.16 were fed. Energy was held at 3080 kcal; protein ranged from 17.4 to 17.0%, and lysine was held at 0.90%. Both levels of tryptophane were fed in two lighting regimes. No significant differences between weights or between feed conversions were found. It is not clear why feeding lower tryptophane levels sometimes result in improved feed efficiencies with the growing duck. KEYWORDS:

Tryptophane levels, White Pekin ducks

DAILY GROWTH RATE AND FEED CONVERSIONS OF DUCKS AS AFFECTED BY AGE AND TEMPERATURE, R. L. Adams*, Patricia Y. Hester, Ellen K. Wilson, Frank W. Pierson, and W. J. Stadelman, Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.

KEYWORDS:

growth rates, feed conversions, ducks

THE INFLUENCE OF INCREASED UNIFORMITY OF BODY WEIGHT IN PULLETS AT 19 WEEKS OF AGE ON SUBSEQUENT PRODUCTION. Olajumoke Akanbi*, Dept. of Poultry Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 and B. L. Goodman, Animal Industries Dept., Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901

Day-old pullets (Hisex-strain Leghorn) were fed a starter ration a_d libitum to 10 weeks of age. The pullets were individually weighed at 9 weeks of age. Between the 9th and 10th weeks, the pullets were sorted into weight groups. Treatment 1 included a random sample of pullets from the smallest third of the flock. The pullets were full fed from 10 to 19 weeks of age. Treatment 3 pullets from the middle third were full fed at the onset of the experiment but were restricted as necessary to maintain the desired weight. Treatment 4 pullets from the largest third of the flock were restricted to attain the recommended weight at 19 weeks of age. Treatments 2 and 5 were full fed and restricted fed, respectively. Although there were considerable differences among the mean weights of treatments 1, 3, and 4 at nine weeks of age, these differences generally decreased with age until there were only 15 g differences among these groups at 19 weeks. Separation of pullets by weight and feed restriction to 19 weeks of age in heavier groups resulted in 80.7% to 84.0% of the pullets within the range of the average weight + 10%. At 19 weeks of age, 96 pullets per treatment were further divided into eight replications and transferred to layer cages. Pullets in treatment 4 (heaviest third, restricted fed) were significantly older at 10 and 50% production than pullets in treatments 1, 2, and 3. The mean egg weights of pullets in treatments 4 and 5 were larger (P<.01) than those from the other treatments. Differences among treatments in hen-day production, grams of egg/hen day, grams of feed/ grams of egg, feed/hen day, Haugh units, shell thickness and mortality were not significant.

KEYWORDS:

Body weight, layer performance, pullets, uniformity

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Two trials were conducted with White Pekin ducks to study the effect of age and temperature on weight gain and feed efficiency during the latter stages of growth. Tn Trial 1, ducks were reared under constant temperatures of 18.3C or 29.4C. In Trial 2, fluctuating consumption data were collected weekly to 35 .days of age for both trials and daily from 39 to 52 and 36 to 61 days of age for Trials 1 and 2, respectively. Daily measurements for both trials showed both feed consumption and- daily gain not to be a gradual process. On certain days ducks ate considerably more than on previous or on following days. Some ducks gained much better on certain days than on previous or on following days. On certain days there was no change in the pen weight of the ducks; on one day they lost weight. On a daily basis, ducks as a group ate and grew better on specific days. It appears that body weight gains and feed conversions fluctuate on a daily basis and do not change gradually as expected. With the ducks grown at either 18.3C or at the fluctuating temperatures of Trial 2, feed conversions increased dramatically between 49 and 52 days. Daily fluctuations in feed conversions also became greater. The changes occurred 3 to 4 days earlier at 29.4C.

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EFFECT OF GOSSYPOL ACETIC ACID ON REPRODUCTIVE CAPABILITY OF DWARF SINGLE COMB WHITE LEGHORN ROOSTERS. Olajumoke Akanbi*, H. S. Nakaue, and G. H. Arscott, Dept. of Poultry Sci., Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 A two-part experiment was run to determine the effect of gossypol on the reproductive traits in male chickens. Twenty dwarf roosters were divided into four groups and orally dosed with gossypol acetic acid in gelatin capsules at 0, 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg of body weight for six weeks. Daily observations were made for thirteen weeks on individual birds for the entire experimental period. The parameters measured included weekly feed consumption; body weight gain; spermatocrit; semen turbidity, volume and grade, and fertility. Statistically, there was a significant reduction in feed consumption; body weight; fertility; semen grade and turbidity and spermatocrit among the treatments (P<0.05). Histological examinations indicated enlargement of acrosomes of the spermatozoa in all gossypol treatments. Testicular size and inactive spermatozoa were also observed from the stained tissues in all the experimental groups except the control. There was 75% mortality and 100% mortality for the groups receiving 40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg, respectively, while no mortality was noted in the 20 mg/kg and the control treatments. The morphological changes of acrosomes found in this experiment is similar to the observation made in human semen. Oregon Agric. Experiment Station Technical Paper No. 5841. Acrosomes, dwarf rooster, gossypol acetic acid, and fertility.

EFFECT OF WHEAT AND TEMPORAL EFFECT OF FISH MEAL 0M PLASMA ESTRADIOL AND THYROXINE LEVELS AND LIVER LIPID DEPOSITION IN CAGEH LAYERS. Yukio Akiba*and L. S. Jensen. Dept. of Poultry Sci., University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 In a previous study, we demonstrated significant correlations between plasma estradiol (E2) or thyroxine (T4) levels and liver lipid deposition in layers fed different diets (Fed. Proc. 40, 954, 1981). This study was conducted to assess the temporal effect of feeding a diet containing 10% fish meal (FM) on plasma Eo and T4 and to deternine the relationship between liver lipid and plasma E2 level in nens fed wheat or corn. In experiment 1, laying hens were fed a corn-soy (CS) or FM diet for 14 days and the diets were switched for another 14 days. Blood samples were taken at 0, 3, 7 and 14 days after feeding and switching for radioimmunoassay of plasma E2 and T4. In experiment 2, hens were fed a CS diet or a wheat-soy (WS) diet for 28 days and blood samples were collected at 27 days. Liver lipid content was significantly reduced by feeding the FM or WS diets compared to the CS diet. Plasma E 2 and T* levels were elevated by feeding the CS diet and reduced by feeding the FM diet. Plasma E2 but not T4 was significantly reduced by feeding the WS diet compared to the CS diet. A significant correlation (r = 0.608, P*0.01) was demonstrated between liver lipid content and plasma E2 level. These results suggest that plasma E2 and T. respond early to dietary change and emphasize plasma E2 level as an important factor in the induction of fatty livers in laying hens. K E Y W O R D S : fatty liver, liver lipid, fish meal, cereals, plasma estradiol, plasma thyroxine

EFFECT OF COMPUTER PACKAGE FOR LEAST COST FEED FORMULATION FOR POULTRY. S. Kotob R. Al-Ghunaim*, H. Al-Hamadi, M. Husseini and A. J. Salman. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Least Cost Feed Formulation (LCEF) is a technique whereby a feed formula is designed to meet nutritional requirements for poultyr (layers, broilers,...). The problem is formulated as a linear optimization problem, and it can be solved using linear programming techniques implemented on medium sized computers using standard packages. The IBM MPSX is one package that can be used to solve LCFF problems. Running the MPSX, requires knowledge in computer use and linear programming. As nutritionists, and feed manufacturers have little or no education in computers, an interface program between the user and the MPSX package is designed. The program named Interactive l,east Ciost F_eed ^Formulation (ILCFF) will enable nutritionists, with little knowledge of the MPSX system or IBM's Conversational Monitor System, to run the program. ILCFF will lead

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KEYWORDS;

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the user through different steps in the program by the use of option menus. Special features are built in ILCFF to enable to user to experiment with least cost feed formulation and to determine solution sensitivity to price changes, nutrition changes, and poultry type nutrition requirements. One option allows the user to make changes in prices of feeds. The system also displays nutritional components to allow the user to introduce any changes. The user can select the type of ration needed and, in turn, will fix the nutrition requirements. Other constraints are easily changed for poultry requiremetns in order to run the optimization package.

KEYWORDS: prices, interactive, leas cost, feed formulation, nutrition, linear programming.

White leghorn hens in egg production (36 weeks old) were fed a culture of Fusarium roseum grown on rice at levels 0, 1 and 2% of the diet for an 8 week period. This culture contained 15 ppm diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) and several other unidentified toxins. Following the 8 weeks of £_. roseum feeding, all hens were placed on control feed for 6 weeks. Birds were inseminated weekly with .05 ml of pooled semen from males given normal diets. No significant differences were found in body weight change or egg weights for the entire 14 weeks. Feed consumption was significantly reduced during the 7th-8th week for the 2% level. Egg production was significantly depressed at both 1 and 2% culture levels over the 8 week period. Fertility was decreased during the 5th to 8th week for the 2% level and hatchability of fertile eggs was depressed 99% by the 9th week for the 2% level. The majority of embryo mortality occurred prior to the 7th day of incubation. Once the toxic diets were removed, feed consumption, egg production and fertility returned to normal. Hatchability also returned to normal after 2 weeks on control feed. In a 2nd experiment, .5 ppm purified DAS and 3% F\ roseum culture was fed to leghorn females. Body weight, egg weight, feed consumption, egg production and fertility remained unchanged for the entire experimental period. Hatchability of fertile eggs however, was reduced 24% in 4 weeks by DAS and 99% by f_. roseum and returned to normal after withdrawal of toxic feed. DAS does not appear to be primarily responsible for the reduced hatchability.

K E Y W O R D S : laying hens, DAS, hatchability, mycotoxins reproduction, Fusarium roseum

INFLUENCE OF HIGH COPPER LEVELS ON THE TOXICITY OF NITARSONE AND ROXARSONE IN STARTING TURKEY DIETS. E. H. Al-Mashhadani* and T. W. Sullivan, Dept. of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583 Two experiments of 28 days duration were conducted to study the response of L. W. turkeys to toxic levels of either nitarsone or roxarsone, alone and in the presence of high copper levels. Birds were fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet containing 28% protein. Dietary treatments and tap water were given ad_ libitum and birds were maintained in battery brooders with raised wire floors. Dietary levels of .03 and .04% nitarsone alone significantly (P<.05) reduced body weight gain and feed efficiency at two and four weeks. Onehundred or 200 ppm of added copper from cupric sulfate significantly (P<.05) reduced the toxic effects of nitarsone relative to body weight gain, feed efficiency and survival. The 100 ppm level of added copper was as effective as the higher level. The .01% level of roxarsone alone was associated with increased body weight and improved feed efficiency in turkeys at two and four weeks of age. However, the .02% level of roxarsone significantly reduced body weight gain, feed efficiency and survival at two and four weeks. The addition of either 100 or 200 ppm of copper to diets containing roxarsone caused significant (P<.05) depressions in body weight gain, feed efficiency and survival. Combinations of high copper levels and roxarsone were more toxic than roxarsone alone.

KEYWORDS:

nitarsone, roxarsone, toxicity, high copper levels, starting turkeys

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THE EFFECT OF AN ISOLATE OF FUSARIUM ROSEUM AND DIACETOXYSCIRPENOL ON REPRODUCTION OF WHITE LEGHORN FEMALES. Neil K. Allen*and Robin L. Jevne. Dept. of Animal Sci., and C. J. Mirocha, Dept. of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108.

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GENETIC STOCK AND ENERGY LEVEL EFFECTS ON LAYER PERFORMANCE IN THE SUBTROPICS. Basil A. Al-Rawi* and Hugo Varela Alvarez, Department of Poultry and Animal Production, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia.

KEY WORDS:SUBTROPIC, ENERGY LEVEL, GENETIC STOCK

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SIX AND SEVEN-WEEK-OLD MALE BROILERS USING LIVE, CARCASS AND ABDOMINAL FAT WEIGHTS. NaohAman* and Walter A. Becker. Dept. of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Wft 99164 An experiment to determine the feasibility of slaughtering broilers at 6 weeks for information on selection at 7 weeks of age was conducted with 216 full-sib male broilers from 42 sires and 67 dams with 2 progeny/dam. One full-sib per dam was slaughtered at 41 and the other at 48 days of age. Means at 41 and 48 days of age were, respectively,: 1435, 1872 q (live wt), 887, 1200 q (carcass w t ) , 29.4, 41.8 g (abdominal fat wt), 2„04, 2.22% (abdominal fat/live wt) and 3.30, 3.47% (abdominal fat/carcass wt). Genetic and phenotypic correlations, respectively, between weeks were .59, .32 (live wt), .21, .29 (carcass w t ) , .48 .43 (abdominal fat w t ) , .45, .46 [% fat/live wt), 1.22, .45 {% fat/carcass wt). Selection against abdominal fat might be possible at 6 rather than 7 weeks of age in a sib or progeny testinq program. K E Y W O R D S : Broiler chickens, abdominal fat, live weight, carcass weight, correlations, indirect selection

EFFECT OF GIBBERELLIC ACID ON PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF AGED AND FORCE MOLTED CHICKENS IN CAGES. Donald L. Anderson* and Ruth P. Witkowsky, Dept. Veterinary and Animal Sciences, and Anthony M. Gawienowski, Dept. of B ochemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 Production characteristics of individually caged 72 week old brown egg type hens or 86 week old hens of a similar strain which had previously been subjected to different watering systems (continuous flow cups vs. intermittent flow troughs) and the stress and recovery of a force molting program were evaluated over a 4-5 week interval following 6 alternate day subcutaneous injections of gibberellic acid (GA 0 ). Egg production and feed consumption of the 72 week old hens maintained at constant temperature (20.0±1.0°C), humidity (55%) and light intensity (10 lux) was significantly greater (GA3 x Tine, P < .05) in the GA3 treated birds. This was accompanied by significantly larger eggs with concurrently thinner shells (GA3 x Time, P < .05). While 86 week old hens responded with similar trends the differences were of a lower magnitude and related in part to prior watering system. Although no statistically significant differences were found for egg production, feed consumption and egg weight as previously observed there was significantly greater shell thickness of eggs from the GA3 treated birds previously having been adapted to cups as compared to trough waterers

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Shaver and Hisex pullets were floor housed at 21 weeks of age and divided each into 3 different energy level rations: High, 3.00 Mcal/kg; Medium, 2.85 Mcal/kg; and Low 2.70 Mcal/kg. Each experimental unit was replicated in 5 pens with 26 birds each. Protein percent was constant (17%). Daily records were kept for egg production and mortality, but weekly for egg weight, and every 4 weeks for body weight and feed consumption. Results of the first 20 weeks indicated that Hisex reached 50% hen-day earlier than Shaver (23.7 vs 26.3 weeks). Energy level had no affect on that trait. Hen-day and Hen-housed egg production were higher in Kisex pullets, but they laid lighter eggs than Shaver (50.9 vs 53.8 g). This might explain the absence of difference between the 2 strains in egg mass. Pullets fed ration with High energy produced less eggs (hen-day and hen-housed) as compared to the other levels. Same trend was found on egg mass, however, egg weight was not affected by the energy level. There was no difference between the Medium and the Low energy for all the traits studied. Time period had effect on those traits as they varied during the different intervals. Shaver birds were consistently heavier than Hisex (1666 vs 1468 g), but there was no effect due to energy level. Shaver also consumed more feed per day than Hisex (121 vs 128 g/day). Feed intake per bird per day varied with energy level, being inversely related.

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(GA3 x Tine x Cups, P < .025). No effects of GA3 on body weight were observed in either trial. It is hypothesized that the differences in response between the two trials may be related to the levels of circulating female hormones since GA3 has been shown to have estrogenic as well as androgenic activity in chicks and other species. KEYWORDS:

gibberellic acid, hens, age, force molting, production

RELATIVE VALUE OF DIFFERENT CALCIUM SOURCES IN CHICK AND LAYING HEN DIETS. J_. 0. Anderson'-, P. C. Dobson and Orikl Jack, Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Science Department, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322.

Oyster shell and three commercial limestones were compared as the main calcium source for laying hens. Egg production was lower and the incidence of cage layer fatigue higher with one of the limestones during the period when all four were fed at a marginal level. When the level was increased, the performance was similar with the four sources. KEYWORDS:

Calcium, Chicks, Laying hens

THE UPTAKE OF GLYCEROL BY FOWL SPERMATOZOA IN A LINE SELECTED FOR FERTILITYOF FROZENTHAWED SEMEN AND A CONTROL LINE. <3._A. Ansah and R. B. Buckland*, Dept. of Animal Science, ilacdonald Campus of McGill UniversityrTFe^nne d^TTc ;Tevue, "C;ueb~ec, Canada H9X 1C0. The uptake of L Cj glycerol by fowl spermatozoa was measured in two experiments using seventh generation males (n=62) of a line selected for duration of fertility of frozenthawed semen and those of an unsc^ected control line (n=60). Significantly (P<.02) greater amounts of glycerol (CPM/109 cells) were taken up by the spermatozoa of the selected line than chose of the control line after 15 min (3063.97±1025.47 and 2745.60+895.64), 30 min (2933.83i868.64 and 2481.91+701.54 and 60 min (2916.33+985.76 and 2478.53+773.90) of incubation. The males of the selected line used in this study had significantly (P<.01) higher levels of fertility of frozen-tliawed semen than those of the control line with tne mean::SD for the selected and control lines being: duration of fertility (days) (4.81+2.20 and 2.36+2.07); percent fertility (2-8 days) (37.28+18.90 and 18.75+16.35) and percent fertility during duration of fertility (46.96±17.73 and 30.23+24.05). Rank correlations were estimated within line between glycerol uptake and fertility. In the selected line, the following correlations were obtained between glycerol uptake at 15 min, 30 min and 60 min, and duration of fertility (.17, .31, .24), percent fertility (2-8 days) (.15, .30, .21) and percent fertility during duration of fertility (.13, .21, .16) (r=0.25, P=.05). For the control line, these correlations were for duration of fertility (-.04, .03, .09), percent fertility (2-8 davs) (-.01, .03, .09) and percent fertility durino duration of fertility (.00, .01, .07). K E Y W O R D S : Fowl, Frozen Semen, Fertility, Spermatozoa, Glycerol.

FLEXIBLE PACKAGING FOR PICKLED EGGS. A. S. Arafa*„ Dept. of Poultry Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of flexible laminate pouch

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Broiler chicks were fed diets with either 0.9 or 1.5% calcium at two phosphorus levels. USP and reagent grade CaC03 in powdered form were compared to commercial limestone flours. Increasing the calcium level reduced performance more with the low phosphorus level than with the high. Increasing calcium with the purified and powdered sources produced the poorer performance than with the commercial limestones. The difference was more evident with male than with female chicks. Less efficient absorption of the calcium in the granular commercial limestones appears to be a factor in this difference.

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packaging (polyethylene/polyester) on the quality characteristics of pickled chicken eggs. Eggs were pickled in three different pickling solutions (Diiled, Kansas' Spicy, Sweet'N Sour) and stored at two different temperatures; 2° and 21°C. Pickled eggs were analyzed for % moisture, weight loss, shear force (tenderness), acid value, TBA, and physical appearance. The pH of the pickling solution was monitored throughout the study. Regardless of the packaging material, long term storage of eggs resulted in higher TBA values, higher shear force for egg white, lower shear force for egg yolk and lower egg moisture content. Superior quality characteristics were observed for pickled eggs packaged in flexible pouches as compared to those eggs packaged in conventional glass jars. Long term storing of pickled eggs at 2 C, regardless of the packaging material, prevented yolk swelling and splitting of the egg white, both of which were observed in pickled eggs stored at 21°C. Pickled eggs stored for 1 year at 2°C had a lower moisture loss rate (7.88%) as compared to those pickled eggs stored at 21°C (10.19%).. Data collected in this study indicated that polyethylene/polyethylaminate pouches could be utilized more conveniently and economically than the conventional glass jars without any adverse effect on the product quality. KEYWORDS: _. . . , ,. ... . ... Pickled eggs, flexible packaging, quality.

A strain of Lactobacillus acidophilus selected for its ability to grow in high concentration of bile salts was administered via the water to broilers under typical field conditions. Management, feed, and drug/antibiotic levels were those normally used by the producer. Trial 1 was conducted in Southern Missouri. The L. acidophilus was administered at the rate of 1 x 10 colony forming units (cfu) per day for the first 30 days to 4 houses containing 116,000 broilers. Two simillar houses containing 58,242 broilers served as control. Broilers receiving the L. acidophilus weighed 86 grams (6%) more than the controls. Feed conversion was also improved by 0.10 units (3%). Trial 2 was conducted in Arkansas with approximately 31,000 broilers on each treatment. Duration and dosage level was the same as Trial 1. The treated broilers had improved weight gains of 55 grams (3%) and feed conversion of 0.014 units (1%). Two buildings located at a Mississippi field research facility was used for Trial 3. Each building was split into 2 identical pens each holding 11,000 broilers. L.acidophilus was administered at the rate of 0.66 x 10^ cfu per bird for 52 days. Treated birds weighed 73 grams (4%) less than the control broiler. The treated birds had a 0.062 unit (3%) improvement in feed conversion. Trial 4 was also in Mississippi. L. acidophilus was administered at the rate of 2 x 10 cfu/bird each day. The procedure was similiar to Trial 3. Broilers receiving L. acidophius weighed 34 grams (2%) more than the controls and had an improved feed conversion by 0.074 units (3.6%). The average improvement of all trials in weight gain was 25.5 grams with a concurrent improvement in feed conversion of 0.0625 units. KEYWORDS: Lactobacillus acidophilus, broilers

SERUM PROTEINS IM TURKEYS INFECTED WITH EIMERIA MELEAGRIMITIS AND EIMERIA ADEKOBIW.S. P. C. Augustine*, USDA, Science and Education Administration, Animal Parasitology Institute, Beltsville, MD 20705, and 0^_P. i^ionjis^, University of Maryland, Denartment of Poultry Science, College Park, Maryl ,-n..'. /.07A". Diamond Unite Hybrid noults wire inocul' size of the inoculation dose. Slectrophoretic separation of seruir, from infected and control poults demonstrated 4 major fractions that migrated at the same rate as the alhumin andti, S , and Y globulin fractions of human serum. The changes in total protein levels of infected poults were apparently due to shifts in concentrations of the individual fractions. Albumin levels were significantly decreased in infected

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INFLUENCE OF LACTOBACILLUS ACIDOPHILUS ADMINISTERED VIA THE DRINKING WATER ON BROILER PERFORMANCE. L.G.Arends*, Midwest Nutritional Service, Stanhope, la. 50246 and R.Porubcan and T.Gulstrom, Chr. Hansen's Laboratory, Inc., Milwaukee, Wi. 53214.

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p o u l t s e v n with moderate i n f e c t i o n as compared with e i t h e r p a i r - f e d or ad l i b i t u m c o n t r o l s . In c o n t r a s t , the-J^ and - ^ g l o b u l i n f r a c t i o n s were s i g n i f i c a n t l y increased over both s e t s of c o n t r o l s . Blood volume (as a percentage of body weight) changed l i t t l e in p o u l t s infected with e i t h e r s p e c i e s . KEYWORDS: Turkeys, C o c c i d i o s i s , Serum p r o t e i n s

NUTRITIONAL INTERRELATIONSHIPS AMONG LYSINE, ARGININE AND ELECTROLYTES IN THE CHICK. R. E. Austic,* Dept of Poultry & Avian Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853

Supported in part by USPHS grant AM21615

THE EFFECTS OF PRESLAUGHTER ELECTROLYTE TREATMENT AND TEMPERATURE STRESS ON TURKEY MEAT QUALLTY. A. S. B a b j i , G. W. F r o n i n g * and D. A. Ngoka, D e p t . of Animal S c i . , U n i v e r s i t y of N e b r a s k a , L i n c o l n , NE 68583 N i n e t y torn t u r k e y s a t 26 w e e k s of a g e , w h i c h w e r e f e d D a w e l y t e e l e c t r o l y t e a t 0.10% l e v e l in t h e d r i n k i n g water t h r e e days p r i o r t o s l a u g h t e r , were e q u a l l y randomized i n t o t h r e e p r e s l a u g h t e r temperature environments for four hours: 1) c o n t r o l chamber a t 21C, 2) h e a t c h a m b e r a t 38C, and 3) c o l d chamber a t 5C. The b i r d s w e r e t h e n p r o c e s s e d u s i n g s t a n d a r d p r o c e s s i n g p r o c e d u r e s and t h e m e a t k e p t a t - 2 9 C u n t i l f u r t h e r a n a l y s e s . Carcass y i e l d , q u a l i t y a t t r i b u t e s , c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n , and c o l o r of t h e b r e a s t m u s c l e s w e r e e v a l u a t e d . Under t h e c o n d i t i o n s of t h i s s t u d y , p r e s l a u g h t e r f e e d i n g of e l e c t r o l y t e s d i d n o t p r e v e n t changes in muscle c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a f t e r exposure t o p r e s l a u g h t e r s t r e s s . Holding b i r d s a t h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e (38C) p r i o r t o s l a u g h t e r r e s u l t e d i n m e a t w i t h a l o w e r pH, WHC, c o o k i n g y i e l d , and a h i g h e r s h e a r v a l u e . Heme p i g m e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( m y o g l o b i n a n d h e m o g l o b i n ) from h e a t s t r e s s e d b i r d s was o b s e r v e d t o b e s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r t h a n t h a t n o t e d from t h o s e b i r d s in c o n t r o l or cold p r e s l a u g h t e r environments. The r e f l e c t a n c e s p e c t r a and H u n t e r l a b o r a t o r y c o l o r v a l u e s o f m e a t from h e a t s t r e s s e d b i r d s w e r e a l s o f o u n d t o be s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t t h a n t h a t n o t e d from t h e o t h e r p r e s l a u g h t e r e n v i r o n m e n t s . A cool preslaughter environment g e n e r a l l y improved meat q u a l i t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . C h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t e d by t h e s h o r t - t e r m p r e s l a u g h t e r e n v i r o n m e n t a l t e m p e r a t u r e s t r e s s . KEYWORDS: p r e s l a u g h t e r

temperatures,

stress,

electrolyte,

t u r k e y meat

THE EFFECT OF DIVERGENT SELECTION FOR 4-WEEK BODY WEIGHT AND LAYING HEN TOTAL PLASMA PHOSPHORUS IN COTURNIX QUAIL ON BODY COMPOSITION OF HENS AFTER 120 DAYS OF PRODUCTION. Wayne L. Bacon* and K a r l E. N e s t o r . D e p a r t m e n t of P o u l t r y S c i e n c e , Ohio A g r i c u l t u r a l R e s e a r c h and D e v e l o p m e n t C e n t e r , W o o s t e r , OH 4 4 6 9 1 The S5 and S6 g e n e r a t i o n s of f e m a l e q u a i l d i v e r g e n t l y s e l e c t e d f o r body wt (HW and LW) and l a y i n g h e n t o t a l p l a s m a p h o s p h o r u s (HP and LP) a n d t h e i r r a n d o m b r e d c o n t r o l ( R - l ) w e r e

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Dietary electrolytes have been found to influence the severity of the lysine-arginine antagonism in chicks. Trie present studies were conducted to assess this interaction under a broad range of dietary potassium and chloride concentrations. Potassium ranged from 0.4 to 1.8% of the diet and chloride ranged from 0.25 to 0.9596 in two experiments. In the first, a purified diet based on corn gluten meal supplemented with lysine was used to produce the lysine-arginine antagonism. In the second experiment a diet containing casein as the source of protein served this purpose. In both experiments the lysinearginine antagonism was marked when the diets contained high levels of chloride and low levels of potassium, and minimal when the diets were low in chloride but contained high levels of potassium. The severity of the antagonism did not bear a linear relationship to the concentrations of electrolytes expressed as meq/kg diet Na+K-Cl. Rather the growth of chicks fed excess lysine declined gradually as this value decreased from 550 to approximately 200, and decreased more abruptly as the value declined from approximatley 200 to 0. Kidney arginase activity and urea excretion were not significantly affected by electrolytes. However the activity of hepatic lysine- oe-ketoglutarate reductase was inversely related to Na+K-Cl. High and low values of Na+K-Cl cause alkalosis and acidosis respectively in chickens. Thus it appears that lysine metabolism is markedly affected by electrolyte and/or acidbase balance in the chick.

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sacrificed after 120 days of egg production and composition of carcasses, with neck, determined. In the S5 generation no differences were found in % carcass dry matter and % carr cass protein. Percent carcass fat ranked (highest to lowest) HW , HP , R-l , LP , LW . Percent ash ranked LW „ HW , , R-l , LP , HP . In the S6 generation,, % carcass dry matter ranked HW a , H P 3 , R-i a , LP , LW • % carcass protein ranked LW & , LP , R-l a C , HP C , HW C ; % a

a

a

n

a

n

n

carcass fat HW , HP , R-l , LP , LW ; % carcass ash did not differ with line. Significant (P<.05) negative correlations were present (for both generations) between % carcass dry matter and % protein, % carcass protein and % fat, and % carcass fat and % ash. Significant positive correlations were present for both generations between % carcass dry matter and % fat. Body wt change from early in production to sacrifice was least In the LW line in the S6 generation. Liver as a %, of body weight ranked HP , HW , LW , LP , R-l in the S5 generation and HP , LW , HW LP , R-l in the S6 generation. Number of ovarian follicles in rapid development ranked HW , R-l , LP , HP , LW in the S5 generation and HW „ HP , a L P , R-l , LW in the S6 generation. Egg production ranked R-l , LP , LW , HW , H P C in the S5 generation and R-l , LP , LW , HW , HP in the S6 generation; egg yolk wt ranked HW a , R-l 3 , H P a , LP , LW C in the S6 generation. KEYWORDS:

carcass composition, quail, body wt, plasma total phosphorus

SCWI, laying hens were selected 31 weeks following a forced molt (108 weeks of age) and examined for shell quality and uterine pH at oviposition. A similar examination was made at week 118. All hens were then force molted by feed removal and decreased photoperiod to achieve 30% body weight loss. Shell quality and uterine pH at oviposition were examined following resumption of lay at weeks 128 and 132. Correlations of shell quality to uterine pH were determined for each week separately, and for all times combined. Average shell quality and uterine pH values were compared for each sample time. Shell quality parameters were significantly higher at weeks 108, 128, and 132 than at week 118. Generally, pH was positively associated with shell quality. KEYWORDS:

Forced molt, shell quality, uterine pH

SPERM TRANSPORT IN THE TURKEY AFTER SURGICAL INSEMINATIONS. U.S.D.A., SEA-AR, Avian Physiology Lab., Beltsville, MD 20705

Murray R. Bakst*.

The objective of this study was to determine the fate of turkey sperm after surgical insemination into the infundibulum and magnum. Twenty-three Small White turkey hens were surgically inseminated with about 137 x 10 sperm 5 to 30 min postoviposition and killed 24 hr later. Oviductal segments (distal infundibulum; proximal, middle, and distal magnum; isthmus; uterus; vagina) were ligated and washed twice with 20 to 10 ml of phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The PBS wash was centrifuged and sperm were quantitated with a hemocytometer. About 98? of the sperm recovered after infundibular inseminations were in the infundibulum. The passage of an ovum did not affect the distribution of sperm. Of the sperm recovered after magnal inseminations, 63$ were in the infundibulum, 33? in the magnal segments, and a total of 3% in the isthmus, uterus, and vagina. Sperm numbers within segments varied slightly between hens with and without a hardshelled egg at the time of death. Light microscopy revealed few partially filled uterovaginal (UVJ) sperm-host glands limited to hens inseminated into the magnum. It is concluded that sperm inseminated into the infundibulum are not transported in an abovarian direction. While the majority of sperm inseminated into the magnum are transported in an adovarian direction, a small number of sperm may be transported toward the UVJ. These data suggest that turkey sperm persist for periods up to 24 hr in the oviduct lumen.

KEYWORDS:

Turkey, Sperm, Oviduct, Sperm transport

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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN UTERINE pH AND SHELL QUALITY BEFORE AND AFTER A FORCED MOLT OF LAYING HENS. Michael Baker* and J. Brake. Dept. of Poultry Science, Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, AL 36849

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HEAT GELATION OF MODIFIED EGG WHITE. H. R. Ball, Jr.* and S. E. Winn, Food Science Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27650 Optical properties and gel characteristics of egg white gels made with succinylated or oleic acid treated egg white indicates that ionic properties of egg white proteins influence rate of gelation and gel strength. Optical density of heated egg white is not a reliable indicator of rate of gelation as determined by a subjective gel score or a penetrometer determination of gel strength. Succinylated egg white yields translucent gels with penetration resistance similar to native egg white. Oleic acid modified egg white produces gels more opaque than succinylated egg white, but less than native, and with greater resistance to penetration. Differences in ionic properties affect initiation of gelling, but development of gel strength on further heating appears to be independent of ionic characteristics.

KEYWORDS:

e gg w hite,

succinylated, oleic acid, modified egg protein, gels

Freeze-thaw stability of cooked egg white and omelets frozen in still air at -20°C was improved by modifying egg white proteins. Control egg white after thawing lost 43% of its weight, while acetylated, succinylated, and oleic acid treated egg white lost 34%, 3%, and 13%, respectively. Thawed omelets made with a 60:40 mixture of egg white and native yolk lost 14% and 8% weight when egg white was modified with oleic and succinic anhydride, respectively. Omelets made with untreated egg white lost 26% weight. Some differences in texture profile data were also noted for omelets and cooked egg white due to modification, indicating that freeze-thaw stability of cooked egg products may be controlled by modifying egg white proteins.

KEYWORDS: e gg white, omelet, oleic acid, succinylated, acetylated, texture, freeze-thaw stability

EFFECT OF FIBER SOURCE AND LEVELS OF CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS ON PHYTATE HYDROLYSIS AND BONE MINERALIZATION IN THE CHICK. Gordon C. Ballam*, T. S. Nelson and L. K. Kirby. Department of Animal Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701

Chicks were fed a corn-soybean meal diet or this diet containing 15% rice bran, 15% wheat bran, 15% alfalfa meal, 10% cellulose or 10% cottonseed hulls. All diets contained 3190 kcal/kg of metabolizable energy and 22.8% protein. Each ration was formulated to contain either 1.0% calcium (Ca) and 0.50% available phosphorus (AP) or 0.85% Ca and 0.42% AP. The diets were fed for 3 weeks, at which time a digestion trial was conducted to determine the amount of phytate hydrolyzed. Percent bone ash was used to determine mineral availability. The amount of phytate hydrolyzed was dependent upon the amount of Ca and AP in the diet. Chicks consuming diets containing lower levels of Ca and AP, hydrolyzed more phytate than those fed the higher levels of Ca and AP. When the diets contained 1.0% Ca and 0.50% AP, the substitution of rice bran, wheat bran, alfalfa meal and cottonseed hulls into the diets had no effect on phytate hydrolysis while cellulose increased phytate hydrolysis. When the diets contained 0.85% Ca and 0.42% AP, phytate hydrolysis was increased with the incorporation of cellulose and alfalfa meal but was decreased with the incorporation of cottonseed hulls. Chicks consuming the diets containing the higher levels of Ca and AP had a greater percentage bone ash. Rice bran and cottonseed hulls significantly reduced bone ash. Wheat bran, alfalfa meal and cellulose did not effect the percent bone ash.

KEYWORDS: Chick, phytate, fiber, calcium, phosphorus

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FREEZE-THAW STABILITY AND TEXTURE OF MODIFIED EGG WHITE. H. R. Ball, Jr.* and S. E. Winn. Food Science Dept., North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27650.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

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TRENDS IN SUPPORT OF POULTRY RESEARCH IN THE STATE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS (SAES). B. D. Barnett* and G. J. Mountney. Cooperative Research, SEA, USDA, Washington, D.C. 20250.

KEYWORDS:

Research trends, SYs, Research support, combined departments.

A SPECIFIC GRAVITY METHOD OF DETERMINING TOTAL BROILER CARCASS FAT. A. G„ Barton, D. L. Fletcher* and H. M„ Edwards, Jr., Dept. of Poultry Sci., University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 Experiments were conducted to compare carcass specific gravity values with total carcass fat determined by traditional chemical analysis. Hale and female broilers reared separately to 4, 8 and 10 weeks of aqe were fed diets ranging in calorie to protein ratios of 61 un to 260. The birds were processed and specific gravity determinations were made on the New York dressed and eviscerated carcasses and comnared to abdominal fat pad weights and whole carcass chemical fat analysis. Results indicate that specific nravity measurements can be used to estinate whole carcass fat from either New York dressed or eviscerated broilers. Whole carcass chemical fat analysis indicated that total carcass fat ranged from 4 to 21% across the test diets. Specific qravity of New York dressed carcasses resulted in correlation coefficients as high as -.75 with the whole carcass chemical fat analysis. Specific gravity values for eviscerated carcasses resulted in correlation coefficients of UD to -.90 with chemical fat analysis. These results would indicate that specific gravity methods could be used as a rapid and nondestructive means by which to predict total carcass fat in New York dressed or eviscerated carcasses. KEYWORDS.

Broiler, specific gravity, carcass fat, fat analysis

GENETIC CORRELATION BETWEEN PECTORAL FEATHER TRACT LIPIDS AND ABDOMINAL FAT IN FEMALE BROILERS. Waltpr A. Rprkpr*, ,]nhn V. Spencer. I arry Wr Mirosh and John A. Verstrate. Dept. of Animal Sciences, Washington State Universtiy, Pullman, wfl 99164 An investigation to determine genetic relationships of lipids from the pectoral feather tract, as an indicator of body fat, and abdominal fat was conducted using 69 sires from a purebred male broiler line each mated to 4 dams with each dam providing 1 female for a total of 276 progeny. Birds were slaughtered at 50 days of age and the following measurements obtained: live body wt 1683 g, carcass wt 1079 g, abdominal fat wt 45.5 g, abdominal fat/live wt 2.68%, abdominal fat/carcass wt 4.19%, lipids in pectoral feather tract 55.7%, moisture in tract 33.7%. Heritabilities were: abdominal fat wt .47, % abdominal fat/live wt .60, % lipids in tract .46, % moisture in tract .27, Index (-abdominal fat wt + .1108 carcass wt) .62, carcass wt .16. Genetic and phenotypic correlations, respectively, between % tract lipids and % abdominal fat were .90, .47, % tract lipids and index -.41, 0.

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Poultry scientists are concerned with support of poultry research compared to other commodities and among geographic regions. Expenditures and scientist years (SY's) for research in poultry, beef, dairy, swine, soybeans, corn and potatoes were compared for 1S70 and 1978. Data on receipts were also assembled. Research expenditures by SAES for agriculture increased 138% from 1970 through 1978. For the sameperiod research expenditure increases among commodities were: poultry 69%, dairy 92%, swine and potatoes 131%, beef 154% corn 157%, and soybeans 333%. SY's changed 1970-78 as follows: poultry -15%, dairy -12%, potatoes +2%, swine +17%, corn +19%, beef +21%, and soybeans +91%. Increases in cash receipts during the same period were: all commodities 120%, potatoes 86%, poultry 92%, dairy products and hogs 95%, cattle and calves 106%, corn 132% and soybeans 250%. Increases of expenditures for poultry research among regions 1970-78 were: Southern 100%, North Central 75%, North Eastern 43%, and Western 35%. SY's for poultry research decreased as follows: North Central -0.2%, Southern -9.0%, North Eastern -22.9% and Western -32.9%. Combined department expenditures increased by 41%, whereas separate poultry departments increased 91%. This confirms the belief that support for poultry research continues to fall behind other commodities especially in the Western and Northeastern states.

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ABSTRACTS O F PAPERS

Selection against abdominal fat would reduce pectoral feather tract lipids even when an index which selects for carcass wt and against abdominal fat is used. K E Y W O R D S : Abdominal fat, feather tract, lipids, heritabil ity, genetic correlation, broiler chickens, selection index.

AN EVALUATION OF SMALL CARES FOR COMMERCIAL E W PRODUCTION. P. P. Bell*, P. R. Kuney, and L. A. Yates. Cooperative Extension, University of California, 21150 Box Springs RoadT Riverside, CA 92507. An experiment in 1978-79 comparing a wide variety of cage shapes and colony sizes showed significant correlations between feeder space per hen and egg production, feed efficiency, feed consumption and egg income minus feed cost. In addition, extremely high performance was obtained with 30.5 cm square cages with two layers per cage,.

Regression analyses of the results with the five types of small cages (excluding the control) indicates highly significant correlations between feeder space per hen and eqg production, feed consumption, eqg mass, average egg weight, mortality, cracked eggs and egq income minus feed cost. Each additional cm of feeder space per hen resulted in: 5.6moreeqgs per hen housed, .46 kg more feed per hen housed, .26 kg more egq mass per hen housed, a reduction in egg size of .25 g per egg, 2.3% less mortality, At fewer cracked eggs and $.12 additional egq income minus feed cost.

K E Y W O R D S : caqe Shape, Feeder Space

THE RELATIONSHIP OF LAYER PERFORMANCE TO IMMATURE B00Y WEIGHTS. P. D. Bell*, P. R. Kuney and L. A. Yates. Cooperative Extension, University of California, 21150 Box Springs Road, Riverside, CA 92507 An experiment with three strains of Single Comb White Leghorn pullets was conducted to study the relative performance of layers segregated into two weight classes at 1 day of age versus 18 weeks of age. At 1 day of age, approximately 250 chicks from each strain were weighed, divided equally into heavy or light weight classes and placed in brooder caqes. At 18 weeks, they were reweighed; half were maintained as originally designated and half were reclassified as heavy or light using their 18 week weights. Performance records were kept to 68 weeks of age. No significant egg production differences were observed between heavy and light pullets segregated at either age. Light pullets (at both separation ages) produced significantly smaller eggs. This amounted to 2.4 grams for the 1 day groups and 2.8 qrams for the 18 week groups. Total egg mass significantly favored the heavier birds when pullets were segregated at 18 weeks but no differences were observed in the 1 day groups. Light pullets separated at 18 weeks of age consumed significantly less feed (106g vs 118g) and had better feed efficiency (2.43 vs 2.55) than their heavy weight counterparts. No differences in feed consumption or feed efficiency were detected between pullets segregated at 1 day of age. A significantly greater egg income minus feed cost was observed in the lighter classes separated at both ages. This amounted to $.16 for the 1 day groups and $.35 for the 18 week groups. K E Y W O R D S ; Body weight, Layer performance

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In 1979-80 a second experiment was initiated to study a series of small cages. This study included 25.4 and 30.5 cm widths and depths in four combinations with two hens per cane, a fifth treatment using three hens in the 30,5 cm square cage and a control qroup placed three hens in a 30,5 cm wide by 40.7 cm deep cage. Six hundred and twenty-five Sinqle Comb White Leghorn pullets were used in this 48 week experiment,,

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

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THE INTERACTION OF AGE AND SEASON ON COMMERCIAL LAYER PERFORMANCE. P. P. Bell*, C. J. Adams, W. S. Coates, and P. R. Kuney. Cooperative Extension, University of California, 21150 Box Springs Road, Riverside, CA 92507. Projection of flock performance prior to housinq has become a routine practice on many commercial egg farms., Typically, such projections are developed either from breeder supplied data or from personal experience. Practically all, thouqh, are limited to varying performance as the flock ages, and few, if any, consider seasonal influences on performance. In 1977, a study of over 500 commercial laying flocks totaling 27 million hens from 30 commercial farms was initiated. The objective of this study was to develop standards of performance relative to age and season for various performance traits. The season of hatch had very little effect on average hen day production, however differences in egg production rates were observed between 20 and 25 weeks of age. The summer hatched pullets averaged 16.2% compared to 25.5% for winter hatched pullets during this period. Accumulated mortality (20 to 60 weeks of age) ranged from 10.2% for winter hatched pullets to 11.3% for fall hatched flocks. Average early mortality rates (20 to 30 weeks of age) ranged from .26% per week for spring hatched flocks to .38% for fall hatched flocks.

KEYWORDS:

Performance, Season, Age, Projection

BROILER YIELD STANDARDS: USE IN DETERMINING BROILER BODY COMPOSITION CHANGES. F.H. Benoff* and J.P. Hudspeth. Ext. Poul. Sci. Dept., University of GA, Athens, GA

30602

"Yield" of saleable product is a measure used to assess a broiler processing plant's efficiency. In addition to processing plant factors, yield can also be influenced by the composition of the broilers being processed. Dry yields of eviscerated carcasses, giblets and by-products for broilers were determined from a study involving the hand processing of 90 (45 male and 45 female) 49-day old broilers. Since these birds were hand processed under controlled conditions the yields were considered optimal. Regression equations relating product yield to live bird weight were derived for later use in determining body composition changes. To determine if a decrease in yield experienced by one Georgia processing plant was partially due to changes in broiler composition, 37 (20 male and 17 female) broilers were processed using the plant's stunner, killer and picker and subsequently hand eviscerated. Carcass, giblet, blood, feather and viscera yields were determined and these yields compared to yields predicted from the regression equations for comparably sized broilers. Yield of saleable product (i.e. carcass + giblet) was .73% points less than predicted for the males and .25% points less than predicted for females. Most of this yield loss was attributable to the reduced neck weights of both males and females. Feather and viscera weights were 2.01% and 1.00% heavier than predicted values for the male broilers suggesting that yield gains might be achieved by reducing feathering and altering feed withdrawal programs. JCKY WORDS:

Broiler yield, body composition

HOUSING ENVIRONMENTS AND SEASON EFFECTS ON BODY WEIGHT AND DOWNGRADES OF BROILERS. Fred H. Benoff*. Extension Poultry Science Dept., University of GA, Athens, GA 30602 This study was conducted to determine the effects of broiler house construction (i.e. conventional/post, CONVP; conventional/clear span, CONVCS; and darkout houses, DARK), feeder type (i.e. pan and chain feeders), drinker type (i.e. trough and round drinkers) and season on body weight (BW) and downgrades of commercially reared broilers. Downgrade data were collected by scoring over 600,000 broilers from about 2,000 truck loads of broilers for the presence or absence of breast blisters (BB) and injuries (INJ) (i.e., breast + drum + thigh + wing bruises). BW were truck load averages. BB frequency and BW were greatest for DARK house reared broilers compared to CONVP or CONVCS reared birds. INJ frequency was the least for DARK house birds. Chain feeders were associated with more BBs than pan feeders (13.5% vs 12.3%) and less INJ (9.9% vs 10.7%)

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Average daily caloric intake was 295 ME kcal between 25 and 60 weeks of age. Monthly variation in intake ranged from 4.0% above this average in January to 5.5% below in July.

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ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

while no differences in BW were observed. Broilers watered with round drinkers experienced a higher BB frequency (14.8%) than trough watered broilers (13.4%) but BW and INJ frequency were not different. Significant interactions among house, feeder and drinker types were found for BW, BB and INJ. BB and INJ frequencies were the lowest during the winter and spring and highest in the summer and fall while BW were heaviest in the winter and spring and lightest in the summer and fall. Independent variables (i.e. house, feeder, drinker, season, strain, age and density) explained 14% of the variation in BB frequency whereas over 307. of the variation in INJ and BW was attributable to the independent variables. KEYWORDS:

Housing, feeder, drinkers, season, downgrades

CHICK EMBRYOLOGY—AN EXTENSION PROGRAM FOR THE ELDERLY AND MENTALLY IMPAIRED. Joe Berry* Animal Science Department, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078

SALMONELLA CONTAMINATION IN HATCHING iGGS AND BROILER FLOCKS. K.K. Bhargava--, Research Department, Plains Poultry Limited, Wynyard, Saskatchewan, SOA 4T0; J.B. O'Neil, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University ot Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N OWO and M.G. Prior, Alberts Environmental Centre, Vegreville, Alberta, TOB 4L0. The Salmonella status of eight Saskatchewan broiler flocks was assessed starting from hatching eggs to eviscerated carcasses. No salmonellae were isolated from any samples of unincubated eggs. S.anatum and S.infantis were isolated from brooding equipment in two flocks prior to the placement of chicKS. All chicks were free of Salmonella ey.cept in one flock were S.saintpaul was recovered from 457-, of the samples of 48 hr fasted chicks. The incidence of contamination in three flocks at either 12 or 14 days of age averaged 31.7%. S.anatum was isolated from cruribi 1 " :;ed feed samples collected on day one in 3 of the flocks. Water sampled at time of chick placement was free of Salmonellae but these organises were recovered in three flocks at either 12 or 14 days. No isolates were obtained from fresh litter althougn litter at either 12 or 14 days revealed a contamination rate of 207, to 1007o in 5 of the flocks. Prior to processing, Sal. one llae were isolated from various segments of plant equipment in 5 of these flocks. The eviscerated birds from all flocks indicated contamination, ti' e range varied from 17o to 717o with an average of 19.87o. KEYWORDS:

Salmonella, Hatching 2ggs, Broilers

COMPOSITION OF OVIDUCAL WASHINGS FROM VIRGIN TURKEYS, G.P. Birrenkott* and M.E. Wiggins, Dept. of Poultry Science, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631 Fifteen large White virgin turkey hens in the first week of production were sacrificed and their reproductive tracts removed. Oviducts were ligated by segments consisting of (1) Infundibulum and magnum, (2) Isthmus, (3) Shell gland, and (4) Vagina. Each segment was washed with a fixed amount of sterile reagent grade distilled water. This fluid was recovered and analyzed for K, Na, Ca, Mg, Zn, and P by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Glucose and water soluble protein were determined colorimetrically. Segment weights were

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Two segments of society that are too often forgotten by those actively engaged in educational programs are the elderly and the mentally impaired. Extension has a responsibility to all people. One effort at Oklahoma State University to involve and interest the aged and mentally impaired is through the use of chick embryology. Long recognized as an educational tool for youngsters, chick embryology has also provided a successful experience for institutionalized individuals. In a nursing home for the elderly the small plexiglass incubator, fertile eggs and chicks were kept for one week. The oldsters eagerly awaited the hatching and lamented of their youthful days on the farm. The incubator, eggs and chicks were kept at the institution for the mentally handicapped a shorter amount of time as the residents there had a shorter attention span. These watched with youthful glee and could hardly stand to have the chicks taken away.

ABSTRACTS O F PAPERS

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recorded. Blood samples were taken at the time of slaughter and analyzed for the above components. .Significant differences in protein and ion concentrations were found between the oviducal segments. Differences were also found when analyses were performed on blood samples obtained from each hen and compared to the composition of oviducal segments. Positive correlations were obtained bwtween all variables. Zinc appears to be the one ion which is not statistically correlated with most of the analyzed factors. K E Y W O R D S : Turkey, Hen, Oviduct, Oviducal fluid.

IDENTIFICATION OF A NEW EPITHELIAL MUTANT IN CHICKENS, G.P. Birrenkott* and K.D. Smoak, Dept. of Poultry Science, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631

K E Y W O R D S : Embryogeny, Skin, Scales, Feather, Development, Mutant, chicken, Genetics

VITAMIN B-6 DEFICIENCY AND IMMUNITY IN BROILERS. T.L. Blalock*, J.P. Thaxton and R.L. Hunter, Dept. of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, MC 27670. Vitamin B-6 deficiency has been reported to cause a suppression of humoral immunity in adult chickens and ramnals. The objective of the present study was to assess humoral immune responses in broiler cockerels fed a washed soybean meal-dextrose diet containinn either .05. 1.0 or 3.0 mg added B-6/kg of diet (ppm). Birds were challenged at 4 weeks of age with 1 ml of a 7.5% saline suspension of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and identically rechallenged two weeks later. 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 day serum samples were collected following each challenge. Anti-SRBC antibody levels were determined by a microhemagglutination assay and relative levels of IcjM and InG were determined. Total and differential leucocyte numbers were determined on blood samples which were collected prior to primary immunization. Primary levels of hemagglutinins, IgM and IgG were not affected significantly. However, the hyperimmune response appeared to be increased by vitamin B-6 deficiency. Total leucocyte numbers were increased in deficient birds. KEYWORDS:

Vitamin B-6, deficiency, immunity

AFLATOXICOSIS IN MATURING LEGHOFJ" MALES. M. B. Blankfard, M. A. Ottinger, and J_. A. Doerr x , Dept. of Poultry Sci., University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742. In Japanese quail, aflatoxin retards testicular growth, depresses circulating peripheral androgen, and reduces the efficiency of mating. Leghorn cockerels were housed in wire floored grower batteries at 5 weeks of age. There were 7 birds per pen, 6 pens per treatment and 3 treatments consisting of control and 20 ppm aflatoxin fed weeks 11-14 or l'i-17. Body weights were progressively and consistently lower than controls through-

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Several epithelial mutants have been descibed in the chicken. These include the scaleless(sc), naked neck (Na), and naked (n). The scaleless mutant is probably the best characterized and is noted for the presence of abnormal feathering, spurs, reticulate scales,scleral ossicles and the absence of scutate scales. This report describes a male chick, the result of a cross between a Barred Plymouth Rock male and a sex-linked crossbred hen. The chick has only a few appartently normal feathers present at the extremities. The torso is smooth with an absence of defined feather tracts. The spurs and reticulate scales are also missing from the shank and footpad respectively. The shanks and dorsal surface of the toes have scales which appear morphologically similar to scutate scales. The beak, comb, wattles, and toenails which are also epidermal derivatives appear normal. This descovery may further the study of mesenchymal-epithelial interactions in embryogeny.

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out the treatment period and reductions ranged from 3 to 12?. Livers from aflatoxln fed birds were yellow and increased in size relative to body weight by as much as 38?. The early treatment period elicited the greatest effect on liver weights which did not recover to control values until the third week post-treatment. Relative testes weights were decreased by as much as 36? in the early treatment period, but only by 23? in the later treated birds. Additionally, there were frequent cases of mlsshapened testes among toxin fed birds. Peripheral testosterone levels were in the 2 to 3 ng/ml range for controls by week 12 with toxin treated birds showing testosterone depression during the first two weeks of treatment. However, by the third week of treatment, toxin treated birds had testosterone levels equivalent to control, and, after withdrawal of toxin, those levels rose above controls. Based upon control data taken prior to treatment, aflatoxin freeding began 1-2 weeks after the onset of gonadal development. Nonetheless, the data indicate that adolescent males in a commercially important species are susceptible to aflatoxin and that reproductive development is impaired. KEYWORDS: aflatoxin, leghorn, reproduction, testosterone

Reproductive efficiency and gonadal development have been reported to be sensitive to dietary aflatoxin. To determine whether these effects are direct or indirect the present investigation was conducted. Mixed sex juvenile Japanese quail were fed 0 or 10 ppm aflatoxin from l1* to 28 days of age. Dietary aflatoxin retarded growth of both sexes, body weights being significantly (P<0.05) lower than controls. Significant depressions of gonadal weight occurred in both sexes. Males were most sensitive with testes weights approximately 20? that of control males. Relative liver weights of toxin fed birds were not significantly different from controls. Plasma cholesterol was depressed from 1^6.1 to 119-5 mg? by aflatoxin. In addition, there was a significant difference in plasma cholesterol between sexes, both in treated and control groups. Analysis of testicular extracts showed that aflatoxin treated males had significantly more cholesterol per g of tissue (10.93 mg) than did controls (9.21 mg). Liver and testes samples were pooled for extraction and detection of aflatoxin by high pressure liquid chromatography. Low levels of aflatoxin (7-51* ng B-|/g) were found in the liver, but testicular extracts had no detectable aflatoxin. The absence of aflatoxin in the testes suggests that the effects of this mycotoxin on gonadal function are indirect. However, the 18? increase in testicular cholesterol suggests sufficient available androgen precursor but interference with androgen synthesis. The confirmation of that hypothesis and its mechanism remain to be considered. KEYWORDS:

aflatoxin, reproduction, testes, cholesterol

COMPARATIVE UTILIZATION OF THE ISOMERS OF VALINE AND ISOLEUCINE AND THEIR RESPECTIVE HYDROXY-ANALOGS BY THE CHICK. K. P. Boebel* and P. H. Baker, Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 Chick growth assays were conducted to evaluate the relative efficacies of the D- and L— isomers of valine (V) and a-hydroxy-isovaleric acid (OH-V) or isoleucine (I) and a-hydroxy0-methylvaleric acid (OH-1). Young male New Hampshire x Columbian chicks were fed crystalline amino acid (CAA) diets deficient in either valine or isoleucine. Graded levels of L-V or L-I were added to the V-deficient and I-deficient CAA diets, respectively. The D-amino acid or isomers of the hydroxy-analog were added to deficient diets at a level isomolar to the highest level of L-amino acid fed. Slope-ratio analysis was used to determine the comparative efficacies of amino acid and hydroxy-analog enantiomorphs. The isomers of V and OH-V were well utilized by the chick. Efficacy estimates were: DL-V, 84%; D-V, 72%; L-OH-V, 82%; DL-OH-V, 79%; and D-OH-V, 66%. As with V, the efficacy of DL-I was relatively high; ie., 85%. Although the D-isomer of I was not fed, its efficacy appeared to be greater than 50% based on the efficacy of DL-I. D-OH-I had an efficacy of zero. L- and DL-OH-I had efficacies of 84% and 49%, respectively. A second I assay was conducted to assess the efficacy of a-keto-g-methylvaleric acid (keto-I). As previously observed in our laboratory with the rat, keto-I (60%) was less efficacious than L-OH-I (81%) as a source of I for chicks.

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AFLATOXICOSIS IN JUVENILE JAPANESE QUAIL. M. B. Blankfard*, M. A. Ottinger, and J. A. Doerr, Dept. of Poultry Sci., University of Maryland, College Park, MD 207^2.

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The L-isomers of OH-V and OH-I appear to hold promise for use in nutritional therapy for humans suffering from chronic renal failure. The OH-analogs may have some advantage over keto-analogs m this respect. KEYWORDS:

Valine, OH-Valine, Isoleucine, Keto-Isoleucine, OH-Isoleucine, Efficacy

EFFICACY OF CALCIUM SALT AND FREE ACID FORMS OF METHIONINE HYDROXY ANALOG FOR CHICKS FED CRYSTALLINE AMINO ACID OR INTACT-PROTEIN DIETS. K. P. Boebel* and P. H. Baker, Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801

KEYWORDS: Methionine, Methionine Hydroxy Analog-Calcium Salt, Methionine Hydroxy AnalogFree Acid, Efficacy, Toxicity

RELATIONSHIP OF BODY FAT COMPOSITION TO HEAT TOLERANCE IN BROILER CHICKENS. S.J. Bowen and K.W. Washburn. Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens GA 30602. Several factors that alter the response of broiler chickens to heat stress also alter the body fat composition. An experiment was conducted to determine if there were body fat differences associated with differences in heat tolerance of broiler chickens. Seven to eight week old broilers from two commercial strains were subjected to temperatures of S0°C. The first and last four chickens from each group to succumb were labeled as heat intolerant and heat tolerant respectively. Chickens were feather picked, weighed, and abdominal fat was removed by peeling out the fat tissue in the body cavity posterior to the provcntriculus. A significant difference in percent abdominal fat was observed between the two strains but there was no significant difference in percent abdominal fat between heat tolerance groups within strains. KEYWORDS:

Chickens, Body fat, Heat tolerance

EFFECT OF INSEMINATION INTERVAL ON LEVEL AND DURATION OF FERTILITY IN THE TURKEY HEN. Francine A. Bradley*, F.X. Ogasawara, J.J. Borelli and C.L. Fuqua, Dept. of Avian Sciences, university OT Cal iTorma, uavis, uahTorma 95616. The objective of this project was to determine the effects of three different insemination intervals on the level and duration of fertility in the turkey hen. Thirty virgin turkey hens from a medium Broad Breasted White strain were randomly divided into three groups of ten birds each. Semen was collected from toms of the same strain and the semen evaluated in terms of motility, metabolic activity, and concentration. The

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Four chick assays were conducted to assess the efficacy of commercially available (Monsanto Chemical Co.) DL-hydroxy-methionine-Ca (OH-M) and DL-hydroxy-methionine-free-acid (OH-MA), and a freeze-dried preparation of DL-hydroxy-methionine-free-acid polymers (OH-MAP) relative to DL-methionine (M) . Young male New Hampshire x Columbian chicks were fed sulfur amino acid (SAA) devoid crystalline amino acid (CAA) diets or M-deficient semipurified feather meal diets supplemented with graded levels of M that would produce a linear growth response, or OH-M, OH-MA or OH-MAP at a level isosulfurous to the highest addition of M. The slope-ratio procedure was used to estimate the efficacies of OH-M, OH-MA and OH-MAP relative to M. Relative toxicities of these compounds were also determined. OH-M, OH-MA and OH-MAP were inferior (P<.001) to M when fed as the sole source of SAA in a CAA diet. Efficacies of OH-M and OH-MA, relative to M, were 87% and 78%, respectively. OH-MAP had an efficacy value of 69%, an indication that the higher-order polymers may not possess full M activity. All methionine hydroxy analogs were inferior (P<.001) to M as sources of supplemental M in the semipurified feather meal diet. Efficacies of OH-M and OH-MA were 84% and 77%, respectively. Again, OH-MAP was inferior to M, OH-M and OH-MA, having an efficacy of only 54%. The distinct superiority of M over OH-M and OH-MA in an intact-protein diet was unexpected. It may be explained by the extreme deficiency of M coupled with the excess of cystine in the feather meal diet. Toxicity as judged by magnitude of growth depression and severity of hemolytic anemia ancL_sr>l enic hemosiderosis was lower for the methionine analogs than for M.

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insemination dosage contained a minimum of 100 m i l l i o n spermatozoa d i l u t e d one part semen to two parts modified Lake's d i l u e n t . Each hen, without a hard-shelled egg in the shell gland, was inseminated three times. The three treatments consisted of the i n t e r v a l s at which the t o t a l of 300 m i l l i o n spermatozoa were inseminated: 1) three inseminations on day 1, 2) one insemination on days 1, 2, and 3, or 3) one insemination on days 1, 6, and 10. All eggs were collected and set at weekly i n t e r v a l s . The eggs were candled a f t e r seven days and p r i o r to t r a n s f e r . All candled out eggs were broken out for determination of f e r t i l i t y and early embryonic m o r t a l i t y . The mean f e r t i l i t y f o r Groups 1, 2, and 3 was 87.2, 85.6, and 47.7% for week 1 and 97.5, 95.2, and 73.6%, r e s p e c t i v e l y , f o r week 2. For both the f i r s t and second weeks the level of f e r t i l i t y in Groups 1 and 2 was higher and s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t from Group 3. The f e r t i l i t y levels during weeks 3 through 9 did not d i f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y between groups. The data suggest that the treatment has a greater e f f e c t on f e r t i l i t y in the weeks imrapdiAteJy following the inseminations than on the duration of f e r t i l i t y . KEV-WUKUS: Turkey; insemination i n t e r v a l ;

fertility.

SCWL hens were force molted by feed deprivation and photoperiod reduction. Hens were killed on alternate days during the feed deprivation period and body, liver, ovary, oviduct, and uterine weights were determined. Initial body weights of all hens and uterine lipid were also determined. Other hens were returned to feed when the body weight loss reached 20, 25, 30, or 35 percent of initial body weight. Postmolt egg production and egg shell quality were monitored for 20 weeks. Prediction equations using non-linear regression were established for each parameter. The form of the curve was an exponential for body weight (r - .9989) and liver weight (r = .7296). A sine form was used for ovary (r = .8850), oviduct (r = .9406), and uterine lipid (r = .6045). The relationship between body weight as a percent of initial and the other parameters was examined. Critical changes in uterine lipid and optimum postmolt egg production and shell quality were associated with a body weight loss of 30 to 35 percent. KEYWORDS:

Force molting, uterine lipid, body weight, shell quality

THE INTERRELATIONSHIPS AMONG DIET DENSITY, BIRD DENSITY AND PH0T0INTENSITY ON LAYER PERFORMANCE. P. J. Bray* and R.W. Leeper, Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 Pullets were housed in 30.5 x 45.7 cm cages on January 9 at 20 weeks of age. Mortality (M), hen-day rate of lay (%P) and egg weight (EW) data were summarized at 4-wk intervals from 22-66 wk. The 4144 pullets were divided into 144 outcome groups in a factorial; two_ diet densities (2.046 (HO) vs. 1.676 (LD) ME cal/cc); two_ bird densities (3 vs. 4/cage); nine_ light intensities (3.27, 2.30, 2.07, .89, .42, .28, .08, .02, and .01 foot candles (FC)), and four replicate groups. At low FC, M was similar (7.5%) at 3 or 4 birds/cage. At high FC M was higher at both densities and M at 4 was twice that at 3 birds. LD diet M was higher. V? was highest in the 2.80-.09 FC range, lower at 3.27 and lowest at .02 and .01 FC. Due to differences in M, %P on a hen-housed basis was higher at .02 that at 3.27 FC. %P at .01 FC was lower than for all other groups during the first 3 and last 2 4-wk periods; during the 4-9 periods it was equal to or often exceeded that of all other groups. Diet had no effect on %P. EU was greater with lower FC, the LD diet, and with 4 birds/cage. The differential due to bird density increased with time, presumably due to M of smaller birds in 4-bird cages. The EW differential between 3.27 and .01 FC was greatest early and late in the experiment. The small difference mid-point in the trial may have been associated with

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WEIGHT LOSS CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BODY, LIVER, OVARY, OVIDUCT, AND UTERINE LIPID DURING A FORCED MOLT AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO POSTMOLT PERFORMANCE. J. Brake* and Michael Baker, Dept. of Poultry Science, and J. G. Mannix, Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, AL 36849.

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similar rates of lay and/or the highest environmental temperatures which occurred at that time. K E Y W O R D S : Cage density, diet density, "lighting, egg weight, mortality, photointonsity

EFFECT Or AI-: INHIBITOR OF PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHESIS ON DEPOSITION OF ABDOMINAL FAT IN BROILERS. A. Brenes* and L. S. Jensen. Dept. of Poultry Sci., University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602

KEYWORDS: aspirin, abdominal fat, prostaglandin inhibition, broilers.

SHELL CHA.EACTFP.ISTICS OF EGGS FRO!?. HENS LAYING EGGS WITH VFPY GOOD OR "FRY POOR SHELL QUALITY. Palter M. Britton*. Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602

A group of 500 commercial layina hens was used to select two grouos of hens that consistently laid eggs with good or poor shell quality. The selection of the 6 0 hens for each of the groups was done when the birds were between the ages of 30 and 38 weeks using shell deformation as the measure of shell quality. The shell quality was evaluated at 46, 49, 63-67 and 71-79 weeks of age. There were no differences in egg weight or egg production for the groups throughout the period. Shell deformation values for the good shell quality group and poor shell quality group were 2.52 and 3.30, respectively, at 46 weeks of age and changed very little throughout the experimental period and were 2.6 0 and 3.4 0 for the 71-7 9 weeks of age period. Shell weight was highest for the 46 weeks of age birds (good 6.22 g and poor 5.22 g) and actually declined thereafter. Part of this decline could be attributed to a slight reduction in egg size in both groups associated with high environmental temperature. Differences in shell breaking strength and shell thickness were found between the two groups throughout the experiment. The amount of shell membranes was generally higher in the eggs from the good shell duality group, but the differences were not always significant. The experiment clearlv showed that it is possible to pick laying hens from a general population at the pullet stage that will continue to lay eggs with good or poor egg shells the entire year. K E Y W O R D S : shell nualitv, shell deformation, acre

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Prostaglandin E, (PGE,) has been reported to markedly inhibit glucagonstimulated lipogenisis in the adipose tissue and isolated fat cells of chickens. Since acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) inhibits synthesis of PGE^, experiments were conducted to determine if thin compound would affect abdominal fat deposition in broilers. Levels of 0, 200 and 2000 mg of aspirin per kg of diet were fed to broilers from 17 to 31 days of age in experiment 1, 14 to 28 days in experiment 2 and either 52 to 66 or 60 to 66 days in experiment 3. At the end of the experiments,- the chicks were killed and the livers and abdominal fat pads were removed and weighed. Blood samples were obtained in experiments 1 and 2 for determination of glucose and free fatty acids (FFA). Growth rate and liver weight per unit of body weight were not significantly depressed by aspirin in the younger birds but the 2000 mg level significantly depressed growth rate in the older birds. Abdominal fat as a percent of body weight was not sionj.ficant]y reduced by aspirin in exps. 1 and 2. A reduction was observed with the highest level fed in exp. 3, but this was associated with a marked growth depression. Neither blood glucose or FFA were significantly affected by dietary treatments. The results indicate that inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in broilers will not be effective in reducing fat deposition.

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SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR ASSESSING THE WELL-BEING OF ANIMALS IN MODERN PRODUCTION SYSTEMS. Keith I. Brown*. Dept. of Poultry Science, Ohio Agr. Res. and Dev. Center, Booster, OH 44691 The critical item in the current era is the ability of the individual and the population to adapt to the range of environments provided in modern production systems. To date the primary criteria used to evaluate the animals' ability to adapt have been reproductive efficiency, growth rate, and feed efficiency. Animal welfare organizations have called these criteria for assessing the animal's ability to adapt (welfare) into question. Are these criteria adequate and are they based on good science? Based on the interfacing of the ethologists view of behavioral homeostasis with stress physiology it is concluded that although various physiological and behavioral responses tell us how the animal is responding to stress, they do not tell us whether the response is successful. The interfacing of behavioral and physiological parameters tells us that the final best indicators of how well the animals have or have not successfully adapted are still reproductive efficiency, growth rate, and feed conversion. KEYWORDS:

welfare, behavioral homeostasis, stress, reproductive efficiency, growth, feed conversion, well-being

Broilers which were 4 weeks old were fed diets with different weights per cubic foot. The basal diet was mostly corn and soybean meal with no added fat. Other diets were made less dense by including a mixture of equal parts of alfalfa meal, oats and wheat middlings at 10 or 20% of the diet. Except for energy levels, all diets met nutrient requirements for that age broiler. Diets were fed free choice as mash or pellets. The metabolizable energy of each feed was determined. Broilers from each treatment were fed until the average weight was about 1750 grams. An equal number of males and females was then removed and killed. Each whole carcass was ground and dried, and a sample was taken to determine energy content by bomb calorimetry. Broilers fed pellets grew faster and reached 1750 grams about 3 days earlier than those fed mash. The M.E. of the pellets and mash per gram of feed was similar. Broilers fed pellets ate more kcal. of M.E. per day, deposited more carcass calories and thus grew faster, even though a cubic foot of pellets weighed less than a cubic foot of mash. A comparison of results from the four mash treatments showed that chickens which were fed the less dense feeds grew slower. The same trend was found from the pelleted diets. These results show that there is considerable error in a broiler's ability to regulate its caloric intake. KKY W O K D S : Metabolizable energy, pelleting, density, broilers

INTERRUPTION OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT BY COLD STORAGE-IN WHITE LEGHORN CHICKENS, LARGE WHITE TURKEYS, AND COTURNIX QUAIL. R. Jeffrey Buhr* and Ursula K. Abbott. Dept of Avian Sci., University of California, Davis, CA 95616 This investigation was conducted to determine the latest time and corresponding Hamburger-Hamilton stage that embryonic development can be stopped, by a 48 hour cold storage period at 12.8 C, without depression of hatchability in commercial strains of chickens and turkeys and the UCD random 908 line of Japanese quail. Embryonic development was interrupted in chickens incubated for 24, 48, 72, and 288 hours, turkeys incubated for 24, 48, 60, 72, and 84 hours, and quail incubated for 24, 40, and 48 hours. Hatchability was not significantly (P<.05) depressed in chickens interrupted after 24 hours (stage 5-), in turkeys interrupted after 60 hours (stage 11-), or in quail interrupted after 40 hours (stage 11-). Developmental interruption caused a significant (P<.05) depression of hatchability in chickens interrupted after 48 hours (stage 12+), and in turkeys after 72 hours (stage 14-).

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GROWTH AND ENERGY RETENTION OF BROILERS AS AFFECTED BY PELLETING AND BY DENSITY OF THE FEED. Randal N. Brue* and J. David Latshaw, Dept. of Poultry Sci., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210.

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This study suggests that the reported increased embryonic mortality due to interruption is later in development for these commercial strains of chickens and turkeys when stored at 12.8 C. Practical applications are discussed. KEYWORDS:

Embryonic development, temperature, chickens, turkeys, quail

AVAILABILITY OF MINERAL IN MEAT MEAL TO THE GROWING CHICK. Bul-bul, S.M.* and Braqq, D.B., Dept. of Poultry Science, University of British Columbia. Chicks were utilized in a study to estimate mineral (Ca, P, Mg, Mn, Zn and Cu) availability of 10 meat meal samples. A balance procedure was used to determine mineral availability in which a correction was incorporated for endogenous mineral output.

EFFECTS OF FEED-INTAKE MANIPULATION ON VARIOUS HYPOTHALAMIC NEUROCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN CHICKENS. Steven J. Bursian*, Werner G. Bergen and Donald Pol in, Dept. of Animal Sci., Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 Cockerels raised on a commercial starter diet were placed on one of two dietary treatments for 3.5 days at three weeks of age. One group was fed ad lib a purified starter diet adequate in all nutrients (control) and the other was fed ad lib a purified starter diet deficient in methionine (MD). At the end of the 3.5-day period feed was removed from all birds for 12 hours. One half the birds from each group were killed at the end of the 12-hour period and their brains removed for subsequent neurochemical analysis. The remaining birds were allowed access to their respective dietary treatments for three hours during which time feed intake was monitored every 30 minutes. At the end of the 3-hour period these birds were killed and their brains removed for subsequent neurochemical analysis. Neurochemical parameters measured were hypothalamic 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the amino acids including tryptophan. Feed intake during the 3.5-day period was significantly depressed in those birds receiving the methionine deficient diet. Similarly, feed-intake during the subsequent 3hour period following a 12-hour fast was significantly depressed in the methionine deficient group. Despite the effect of methionine deficiency on feed-intake, this dietary treatment had no significant effect on the neurochemical parameters measured. KEYWORDS:

Feed-intake, hypothalamus, neurochemistry

USE OF NITRITE-SORBATE COMBINATIONS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TURKEY BOLOGNA: Chemical and Microbiological Analysis. Diane M. Bussey, J. Ian Gray, Lawrence E. Dawson" and James F. Price, Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI. 48824 Turkey bologna chubs containing various levels of sodium nitrite (NaNO„) and potassium sorbate (KS) were analyzed by chemical and microbiological methods to evaluate the shelf stability of the products. Samples containing 20-40 ppm NaNO produced Hunter Colorimeter values (L, a, and b ) and TBA numbers which were not significantly different

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Results of this stud-y indicate that calcium and phosphorus were highly available from meat meals with values of 90 and 93% respectively. Magnesium, manganese, zinc and copper are also well utilized with means availability of 84, 73, 79 and 7 4 % respectively. Variation in availability of minerals particularly phosphorus, copper and zinc were observed among meat meal samples tested. This indicates variation in composition due to different raw material used in day to day manufacturing. Phosphorus may exist in different forms from one meal to another, as indicated by content and availability variation. Concentrations of individual minerals appear to influence availability of Mg, Mn, Zn and Cu. Availability values observed in this study indicate that meat meal is an excellent source of minerals, however, variation is an important factor.

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(p <-01) from the control (156 ppm NaN0„). Only turkey bologna manufactured without NaNO,. or with KS alone (0.26% and 0.39% levels) exhibited Hunter Colorimeter and TBA values significantly different (p <.01) from the control. The presence of N-nitrosamines in these products was investigated using the thermal energy analyzer system. Clostridium botulinum toxin assays of innoculated samples revealed that the combination of 60 ppm NaNO- and 0.26% KS was as effective as 156 ppm NaNO in inhibiting Clostridium botulinum growth and toxigenesis over a four week storage period. KEY WORDS:Bologna, nitrite, sorbate, TBA, Hunter colorimeter, N-nitrosamine, Clostridium botulinum.

USE OF NITRITE-SORBATE COMBINATIONS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF TURKEY BOLOGNA. Sensory Analysis. Diane M. Bussey, J. Ian Gray, Lawrence E. Dawson*, and James F. Price, Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824

Ki:v WDKDS:

Bologna, nitrite, sorbate, odor, flavor, sensory.

DIETARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY BOBWHITE AND SCALED QUAIL. J.R. Cain*, R.W. Moore, D.S. Smith, R.J. Lien, and J.W. Lee, Poultry Science Dept., Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 The purpose of this study was to determine if bobwhite and scaled quail alter their food consumption in response to the caloric content of their diet, and further to investigate the relationship between environmental temperature and calorie intake of these birds. Replicate pens (70cm X 70cm) each housed 5 quail in a controlled environment chamber. Temperature was maintained at 26°C and photoperiod at 12 hrs/day. A diet known to be adequate for bobwhite quail was used containing 14% crude protein and 4200 cal/g. Metabolizable energy consumption (total calories consumed in the diet minus fecal energy) averaged 22.3 Kcal/day/quail. Both species of quail were able to metabolize 82% of the total calories ingested from this diet consisting mainly of corn, mllo, soybean meal and alfalfa meal. When 10%, 20% or 30% sand was added to the diet, caloric consumption increased significantly. Additional pens of quail were subjected to temperature changes where chamber conditions were maintained at 10°, 20°, 30°, 40° and back to 20°C for 2 weeks at each temperature. Food consumption, body weight and fecal production were measured weekly and values for the second week at each temperature are reported here. Body weights did not differ significantly at 10°, 20° or 30°C, but decreased 3 to 7% at 40°C. Females ate 5 to 12% more than males at the two cooler temperatures even though they weighed about 6% less. Calorie intake changed 52% in males and 87% in females over this temperature range indicating a significant temperature by dietary interaction in quail. MYHOKDV

Bobwhite, Scaled Quail, Nutrition, Energy, Diet, Temperature

ANTICOCCIDIAL EFFICACY OF NARASIN IN FLOOR PEN TRIALS, M. E. CallenderjV, * T_. K. Jeffersl/, L_. V_. Tonkinsonl/, Js. J?. Schlegell/ and W. M. Reidj/, 1/Lilly Research Laboratories, Division of Eli Lilly and Company, P. 0. Box 708, Greenfield, IN 46140 and ^./Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 Narasin is effective against all species of chicken coccidia when tested in short-term

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Turkey bologna chubs containing various levels of sodium nitrite (NaNO ) and potassium sorbate (KS) were evaluated by organoleptic methods to determine the color, flavor, odor and overall acceptability of the products. Samples containing 20-40 ppm NaN0_ provided sensory scores that were not significantly different (p <.01) from the control (156 ppm NaN0„). Only the turkey bologna manufactured without NaNQ„ or with KS alone (0.26% or 0.39% levels) resulted in organoleptic scores significantly different (p <.01) from the control. NaN0„ in combination with KS provided lower sensory scores than the corresponding product prepared with NaNO. alone. Linear correlation and linear regression analyses of various attributes revealed that increasing flavor/odor intensity or decreasing off-flavor/off-odor intensity were associated with higher product acceptability.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

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battery cage experiments. The efficacy of narasin at concentrations of 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 ppm was evaluated in ten floor pen trials in which commercial broiler production conditions were simulated. To provide intentional exposure to different levels of coccidial challenge, the litter of some pens was seeded with oocysts of each of the pathogenic species of chicken coccidia, while some pens were left nonseeded. Weight gain, feed efficiency and lesion score data from the ten trials were analyzed as one randomized block experiment. Medication with narasin resulted in a significant reduction in lesion scores and significant improvement in weight gain and feed/gain ratios when compared with nonmedicated controls for both seeded and nonseeded pens. Each increase in narasin concentration up to 100 ppm for the seeded pens and up to 80 ppm for the nonseeded pens, resulted in a significant reduction in cecal lesion scores. Although maximum weight gain in the seeded pens was obtained with 40 ppm narasin, concentrations >_ 60 ppm narasin were significantly better than the 40 ppm concentration in improving feed/ratios. These results confirm the effectiveness of narasin in controlling coccidlosis in broilers exposed to oocysts in the litter of floor pens. Furthermore, a clear relationship between the response to narasin and the level of oocyst challenge was elucidated.

UTILIZATION OF RYE BY CHICKS: EFFECTS OF CHICK MICROBIAL STATUS, DIET GAMMA IRRADIATION OR SODIUM TAUROCH0LATE SUPPLEMENTATION. G.L. Campbell*, L.D. Campbell, Dept. of Animal Sci., University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man. R3T 2N2, and H.L. Classen, Dept. of Animal and Poultry Sci., University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask. S7N 0W0. Three experiments were conducted to clarify the nature of the anti-nutritional effects when rye comprises the cereal component of chick diets. In experiment I six treatments were compared: germ-free (GF) chicks fed irradiated (IR) (4 MR) rye, gnotobiotic chicks infected with mixed Streptoccus spp. fed IR rye, conventional (CO) chicks fed IR rye or non-irradiated (NIR) rye, and CO chicks fed IR or NIR wheat. The results indicate a marked improvement in growth due to the irradiation treatment of rye but not wheat diets. Further improvement in growth rate was attainable when IR rye diets were fed to chicks raised in a GF environment. Fat retention was severely depressed in CO chicks fed rye compared to the GF state. Gnotobiotic chicks infected with Streptococcus spp. had a similar reduction in fat retention, but to a lesser degree. A second experiment verified the effectiveness of combined irradiation treatment (2.5 MR) and GF environment. Conventional chicks fed NIR rye exhibited reduced growth, which coincided with reduced fat and amino acid retention. In comparison, differences between GF chicks fed IR rye or wheat were minimal. A third experiment demonstrated the effectiveness of added sodium taurocholate (.5%) to conventional chicks fed NIR rye or NIR wheat. Sodium taurocholate improved fat retention in tallow-containing rye diets to a much greater extent than similar wheat diets, suggesting bile acid metabolism may be altered in CO chicks fed rye. The consistent depression in fat retention of CO chicks fed rye supports the hypothesis that rye induces chronic steatorrhea. KEYWORDS:

Rye, irradiation, gnotobiotic, sodium taurocholate.

IMMUNITY IN YOUNG BROILER CHICKENS DURING SIMULTANEOUS AFLAT0XIC0SIS AND 0CHRAT0XIC0SIS. M. L. Campbell, Jr.* and J. A. Doerr, Dept. of Poultry Sci., University of Maryland, College Park, MD 207^2, and J. P. May and W. E. Huff, USDA-SEA-AR, Poultry Research Lab, Georgetwon, DE 199W. Broiler chickens are known to be sensitive to the combined effects of low levels of two important mycotoxins, aflatoxin and ochratoxin. Evaluation of immunooompetence during these combined toxicoses was conducted using 2x2 factorial design experiments in which 0 and 2.5 ppm aflatoxin and 0 and 2.0 ppm ochratoxin were fed to day old male broilers for three weeks. Body weights were depressed at 1 week of age by ochratoxin alone or in combination with aflatoxin; at two weeks, all treatments depressed growth; and at three weeks, there was a significant interaction between aflatoxin and ochratoxin on growth. The bursa of Fabricius was not affected by either toxin alone, but relative bursa weight was decreased significantly to 300 mg% from a control of 350 ng% by the combination. Total erythrocytes were reduced 13$ by aflatoxin, and packed cell volume and hemoglobin

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KEYWORDS! narasin, anticoccidial, coccidiosis, Eimeria, chicken coccidia, anticoccidial efficacy, ionophorous antibiotic, floor-pen trials

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ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

were lowered by a l l t r e a t m e n t s . D i f f e r e n t i a l white counts r e v e a l e d an a f l a t o x i n e f f e c t on lymphocytes ( d e c r e a s e ) and h e t e r o p l i l s ( i n c r e a s e ) and an o c h r a t o x i n e f f e c t on e o s i n o p h i l s ( d e c r e a s e ) . Serum t o t a l p r o t e i n was depressed and t h e i n t e r a c t i o n was s i g n i f i c a n t . Serum complement t i t e r s were reduced s i g n i f i c a n t l y from ^00 t o 163, and t h e i n t e r a c t i o n was s i g n i f i c a n t . These d a t a i n d i c a t e t h a t some markers of immune competence are s e n s i t i v e t o o c h r a t o x i n and t h a t o c h r a t o x i n and a f l a t o x i n t o g e t h e r can t h r e a t e n t h e immune s t a t u s of c h i c k e n s . v£Y WORDS:

a f l a t o x i n , . o c h r a t o x i n , immunity, complement, i n t e r a c t i o n

IMMUNE STATUS IN BROILER CHICKENS DURING CITRININ TOXICOSIS. M. L. Campbell, J r . * and J . A. Doerr, Dept. of P o u l t r y S c i . , U n i v e r s i t y of Maryland, College P a r k , MD 207^2, and R. D. Wyatt, Dept. of P o u l t r y S c i . , U n i v e r s i t y of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602.

KEYWORDS: c i t r i n i n , immunity, c h i c k e n s , p h a g o c y t o s i s

FEEDING BEHAVIOR OF TWO COMMERCIAL STRAINS OF EGG-TYPE CHICKENS IN REVERSE AND STANDARD CAGES AT TWO FEEDING LEVELS. J . B . C a r e y * A. W. A d a m s , & J . V. C r a i g , D e p a r t m e n t o f A n i m a l S c i e n c e s & I n d u s t r y , K a n s a s S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , Manhattan, Kansas 66506. E f f e c t s o f f e e d r e s t r i c t i o n a n d c a g e s h a p e on f e e d i n g b e h a v i o r o f two commercial egg l a y i n g s t r a i n s were examined. Feeding l e v e l s were ad l i b i t u m a n d 90% o f a d l i b i t u m . The h e n s w e r e h o u s e d f o u r p e r c a g e i n s t a n d a r d ( 3 0 . 5 x 4 5 . 7 cm) a n d r e v e r s e ( 4 5 . 7 x 3 0 . 5 cm) c a g e s . Throughout the production c y c l e , t h e hens were c o n t i n u o u s l y observed d u r i n g t h r e e s e l e c t p h o t o p e r i o d s (17*2 h r . ) E a c h c a g e o f h e n s w a s o b s e r v e d s e q u e n t i a l l y f o r 15 s e c o n d s f o r an a v e r a g e of 8 7 . 5 t i m e s p e r p h o t o p e r i o d . The d a t a r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e h e n s f e d w i t h i n c r e a s e d f r e q u e n c y a t t h e b e g i n n i n g and end of t h e p h o t o p e r i o d . H e n s f e e d i n g aid l i b i t u m d i d s o w i t h g r e a t e s t f r e q u e n c y l a t e i n t h e p h o t o p e r i o d whereas b i r d s r e s t r i c t e d t o 90% a d l i b i t u m fed more f r e q u e n t l y ' e a r l y i n t h e p h o t o p e r i o d . H e n s on 90%jad l i b i t u m f e e d i n g w e r e o b s e r v e d a c t i v e l y f e e d i n g e v e n when l i t t l e f e e d r e m a i n e d i n t h e trough. P e a k f e e d i n g f r e q u e n c i e s among h e n s h o u s e d i n r e v e r s e c a g e s w e r e h i g h e r than hens housed in s t a n d a r d c a g e s . H e n s i n r e v e r s e c a g e s , h o w e v e r , consumed less t o t a l feed. L i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e was n o t e d b e t w e e n t h e s t r a i n s . KEYWORDS:

feeding

behavior,

reverse cages,

feed

restriction

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Some mycotoxins, e . g . , a f l a t o x i n , have been shown t o i m p a i r both humoral and c e l l mediated immunity i n c h i c k e n s . C i t r i n i n , however, has not been s t u d i e d i n t h i s r e g a r d . Day-old b r o i l e r chickens were fed a s t a r t e r mash w i t h 0, 125, 250, o r 500 ppm c i t r i n i n for t h r e e weeks. Body weights were depressed a t 1 , 2 , and 3 weeks by 500 ppm c i t r i n i n , the d e p r e s s i o n r a n g i n g from 18 t o 133 g for t h e t r e a t m e n t p e r i o d . Water consumption was i n c r e a s e d by 250 ppm a t weeks 2 and 3 , by 52 and 5k% r e s p e c t i v e l y , and water e x c r e t i o n was i n c r e a s e d by 125 ppm a t 2 and 3 weeks. Kidney weights were s i g n i f i c a n t l y e l e v a t e d by 125 ppm c i t r i n i n ( c o n t r o l = 50h mg%, 125 ppm= 577 mg$), but p a n c r e a s , l i v e r , s p l e e n , and thymus were u n a f f e c t e d . Bursal weight and lymphoid f o l l i c l e count were normal i n a l l t r e a t m e n t s . T o t a l e r y t h r o c y t e counts were n o t a f f e c t e d but packed c e l l volume was s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n c r e a s e d by 500 ppm c i t r i n i n . D i f f e r e n t i a l l e u c o c y t e counts were normal, and t h e r e was no e f f e c t by c i t r i n i n on t h e c a p a c i t y of h e t e r o p h i l s t o phagocytize b a c t e r i a . Treated chicks immunized a t 22 days of age with sheep red blood c e l l s o r k i l l e d B r u c e l l a a b o r t u s a n t i g e n produced 7-day t o t a l a g g l u t i n a t i n g antibody t i t e r s e q u i v a l e n t t o c o n t r o l c h i c k s . Mercaptoethanol r e s i s t a n t (IgG) and s e n s i t i v e (IgM) l e v e l s were a l s o e q u i v a l e n t . Serum t o t a l p r o t e i n was unaffected and e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s r e v e a l e d a d e p r e s s i o n only of t h e prealbumin f r a c t i o n by 500 ppm c i t r i n i n . These d a t a confirm t h e n e p h r o t o x i c a c t i o n of c i t r i n i n i n c h i c k e n s , but they suggest t h a t c i t r i n i n does n o t i n t e r f e r e with e i t h e r humoral o r c e l l - m e d i a t e d immune f u n c t i o n s .

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THE EFFECT OF CAGE DESIGN AND FEEDING LEVEL ON PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL EGG LAYING CHICKENS. J. B. Carey* A. W. Adams, and J. V. Craig. Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506

KEYWORDS:

reverse cages, feed restriction

IMPROVING EGG PRODUCTION IN RING-NECKED PHEASANTS. G. H. Carpenter and Cal J. Flegal* Animal Science Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824. In response to the need to efficiently hatch and grow large numbers of Ring-necked pheasants, Michigan State University began a project in the early 1970's directed at increasing egg production in pheasant breeder hens. Recorded 120 day egg production for the years 1970 and 1971 combined was 32.9 percent per hen housed. By 1976, pheasant egg production had risen to 52.7 percent per hen housed for 120 days. Most of the increase in production was attributed to better management procedures. In 1977, an artificial insemination program was initiated in hopes of overcoming problems with low fertility. The artificial insemination program made working with large populations of pheasant breeder hens possible. This also allowed the application of a high degree of selection pressure to the population. In the years 1978 and 1979, pheasant 120 day egg production figures were 65.9 and 65.8 percent per hen housed, respectively. The movement from 32.9 to 65.8 percent per hen housed 120 day egg production would indicate a doubling of production over this ten year period. K K Y W O R D S : Pheasants, egg production.

LIMITED AND FULL FEEDING OF LAYERS DURING THE NON-LAYING PERIOD OF A MOLTING CYCLE. T. A. Carter* and J. B. Ward, Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27rJ50. Two experiments with two molting treatments were conducted comparing production efficiency, mortality, egg breaking strength, and body weight of layers. Feed was withheld from layers in Treatment 1 until 27 to 30 percent body weight loss was attained. The layers in Treatment 1 were then fed a pullet developer feed ad libitum until egg production reached 5 percent. Layers in Treatment 2 had feed withheld for 5 days; then fed a limited amount of pullet developer feed until 31 days after initial feed withdrawal (Experiment 1) or 30 percent body weight loss (Experiment 2 ) . The layers in Treatment 2 were then fed a pullet developer feed until 5 percent egg production occurred. The layers in Treatment 1 produced 4.5 more eggs per hen housed during Experiment 1 and 6.1 more eggs per hen housed in Experiment 2. There were no differences found between treatments in feed efficiency calculated to 5 percent egg production or per dozen eggs. Mortality was similar during Experiment 1, but Treatment 2 had slightly higher mortality during the non-laying period. Egg shell strength was similar through 22 weeks of lay.

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The effects of two types of cages, standard (30.5 x 45.7 cm) and reverse (45.7 x 30.5 cm) and two feeding levels, ad libitum and 90% of jad_ libitum on performance of four commercial strains of layer type chickens were examined. Hens were housed four per cage at 20 wk. Severe heat stress at 30 wk resulted in high mortality. The hens were reallotted to cages within treatments and maintained until 40 wk. Feed restriction then began and records on egg production, egg weight and feed consumption were kept until age 68 wk. Birds in standard cages laid eggs at a 9% greater rate, ate 9 g/day more feed, and had 3% better feed conversion than hens housed in reverse cages. Hens in standard cages also showed slight advantages for livability and total egg mass. Strain differences were observed for degree of depression in performance. Feed restriction resulted in significant reductions in egg production (4-16%) and similar reductions in feed conversion and total egg mass. Slight differences existed among strains in their response to feed restriction. Voluntary feed intake of the birds was lower than expected. Post-mortem examination showed no pathological cause for these effects. Residual effects of heat stress did not appear to be a factor as similar trends were noted among the hens prior to heat stress.

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A B S T R A C T S O F PAPERS

Treatment 2 had significantly better shell strength at 32 weeks of lay; although eggs from both treatments had good shell strength. Feed withdrawal for 5 days in August (Experiment 1) caused the layers to lose 15 percent of their body weight while in December (Experiment 2) a 21 percent loss occurred. A 27 to 30 percent body weight loss was accomplished in Experiment 1 (August) by withholding feed for 11 days while in Experiment 2 (December) only 10 days of feed withdrawal was necessary to reach the target weight. KEYWORDS:

Limited and Full Feeding

Molting

EVALUATION AND SUBSEQUENT CHANGE IN AN EXTENSION NEWSLETTER. Thomas A. Carter*, Department of Poultry Science Extension, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27650.

KEYWORDS:

Extension newsletter

Evaluation

EGG SHELL QUALITY FOLLOWING SHORT-TERM FEED DEPRIVATION. a n d W. M. B r i t t o n . D e p t . of P o u l t r y S c i . , U n i v e r s i t y of A t h e n s , GA 3 0 6 0 2

J . A. C a s o n * Georgia,

Experiments were conducted t o d e t e r m i n e t h e e f f e c t s of s h o r t - t e r m feed d e p r i v a t i o n a t v a r i o u s t i m e s of day on e g g s h e l l q u a l i t y i n c o m m e r c i a l layers. H e n s w e r e s u b j e c t e d t o o n e - t i m e f e e d d e p r i v a t i o n p e r i o d s o f 24 h o u r s , 7^ h o u r s e i t h e r i n t h e m o r n i n g o r a f t e r n o o n , o r 4 h o u r s e i t h e r i n mid o r l a t e a f t e r n o o n . Eggs from h e n s s u b j e c t e d t o a 2 4 - h o u r f e e d d e p r i v a t i o n had s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n c r e a s e d s h e l l d e f o r m a t i o n and s i g n i f i c a n t l y d e c r e a s e d s h e l l w e i g h t a n d b r e a k i n g s t r e n g t h when c o m p a r e d t o e g g s f r o m control hens. E g g s f r o m h e n s d e p r i v e d o f f e e d f o r 7% o r 4 h o u r s i m m e d i a t e l y b e f o r e t h e end of t h e l i g h t i n g p e r i o d a l s o had s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n c r e a s e d s h e l l d e f o r m a t i o n and s i g n i f i c a n t l y d e c r e a s e d s h e l l w e i g h t . Similar deprivations i n m o r n i n g o r e a r l y a f t e r n o o n h a d n o e f f e c t on e g g s h e l l q u a l i t y . Product i o n w a s n o t a f f e c t e d by a n y t r e a t m e n t . I t a p p e a r s t h a t l a c k of feed i n t h e l a s t few h o u r s o f l i g h t c a n h a v e a s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t o n e g g s h e l l quality. KEYWORDS:

Shell quality,

feeding

time

DIET AND GIZZARD EROSION IN CHICKS. Emilio Castro* and James McGinnis, Department of Aninal Sciences, Washington State U n i v e r s i t y , Pullman, UA 99164. The influence of d i e t formula variations and heat processing of f i s h meal on the incidence and severity of gizzard erosion in young chicks was studied. Including 40% of anchovy

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The North Carolina Extension newsletter, Poultry Pointers, experienced a sharp drop in readership in the last five years. A thirty-eight percent drop occurred when mailings were centralized rather than mailed by county Extension offices. Another sixty-eight percent drop resulted when the mailing list was purged utilizing a return card. This readership loss raised questions to the merit of the newsletter. An evaluation of the Poultry Pointers was conducted by requesting that industry persons, specialists, and county agents complete an evaluation questionnaire. A high percentage of the questionnaires were returned. The responses indicated a strong interest in continuing the newsletter with emphasis on in-depth information on specific topics and reports on applied research. The questionnaire answers also indicated that the target audience was not being reached in most cases. This was due to the ineffectiveness of purging a mailing list with a return card and lack of emphasis of regularly identifying clientele interested in the educational newsletter. In response to the questionnaire's findings, editorial pressure on newsletter content has been improved. Emphasis on identifying interested readership has already increased the mailings by one hundred thirty-four clientele.

ABSTRACTS O F PAPERS

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meal in the formula caused an increase in both incidence and severity of erosion. Subjecting the fish neal to additional heating (autoclaving or dry heat) appeared to increase the adverse effects of fish neal. The lowest incidence and severity of gizzard erosion were obtained with diets in which the fish neal was replaced by isolated soybean protein. In addition to the effects on gizzard erosion, addition of 40% fish neal to diets (replacing glucose) caused growth depression and increased the incidence and severity of leg deformities - perosis, shortening of bones, enlargement of joints, etc. The growth depression and leg deformities were not prevented by adding additional levels of selected minerals and vitamins to the diets containing the high levels of fish meal. Increasing the levels of Ca and P in the control diet by the amounts supplied by the added fish meal indicate that high levels of Ca were primarily responsible for the growth depression and increased incidence of leg deformities. K E Y W O R D S : Gizzard erosion, fish meal, growth depression, leg deformities, Ca.

Individual semen volume and sperm concentration were measured once a week from 23 to 53 weeks of age in 75 Large White breeder turkeys (February hatch). No males produced semen at 23 weeks of age. At 24 weeks 15? were producing semen and the cumulative ? of males producing semen during weeks 23 to 32 were: 0, 15, 32, 47, 67, 81, 96, 96, 97, and 100?. The average length of time for individual males to reach maximum semen production was 4.4 weeks (range 0-9 weeks) after the start of semen production. The cumulative ? of individual males producing maximum semen volumes during weeks 25 to 36 were: 1, 1, 5, 12, 16, 41, 64, 69, 89, 96, 99, and 100?. The withinflock distribution for maximal semen volume for individual birds was: 9?, .06-.15ml; 32%, .16-.25ml; 36?, .26-.35ml; 19?, .36-.45ml; 4?, > .45 ml. The within-flock distribution for average sperm concentration (sperm x 10"/ml) was 5?, 5.0-6.0; 15?, 6.77.5; 17?, 7.6-8.0; 16?, 8.1-8.5; 31?, 8.6-9.0; 7?, 9.1-9.5; 9?, 9.5-10.0. The flock averages for semen volume and sperm concentration were 0.28 ml and 8.4 x 10' sperm/ml ejaculate, respectively. There was no correlation between semen volume and age at the start of semen production or between semen volume and the length of time to reach maximum semen production. The within-flook variability in semen volume and sperm concentration was much greater than the within-individual variability. The withinindividual coefficient of variation, was .33 for semen volume and .15 for sperm concentration. KEYWORDS:

Turkey, Semen volume, Sperm concentration, Variability

MODERATION OF MONENSICN-INDUCED GROWTH DEPRESSION BY DIETARY POTASSIUM. H. Cervantes, L. S. Jensen*, and A. Brenes. Dept. of Poultry Sci., University of Georoia, Athens, GA 30602 Previous work in our laboratory showed that the magnitude of growth depression caused by monensin was greater in diets with animal proteins than with all plant proteins (Poultry Sci. 59: 1818). In a series of experiments conducted to further investigate this interrelationship, little or no growth depression was observed with either 100 or 120 rr.g monensin/kg diet whether or not the diet contained a high level of animal protein. It was necessary to add monensin at a level of 160 mg/day to achieve a significant (P< .05) growth depression. Broiler chicks were fed to four weeks either a corn-soy diet (CS) or an isocaloric diet with 20% fish meal (FF1) containing, concentrations of either 0, 120 or 160 mg monensin/kg and either 0 or 0.3% added K (as carbonate). Growth rate of chicks fed the FM diet with the higher monensin level was significantly depressed below all other treatments but adding K counteracted the growth depression. Another factoral experiment was conducted comparing the CS and FM diets with monensin levels of 0, 120 and 160 mg/kg, added K levels of 0 and 0.3% and dietary sodium levels of 0.18 and 0.28%. With respect to main effects on growth rate, a significant depression was observed with monensin and an increase with potassium, but no significant effects were observed with diet or Na. A significant interaction between monensin and K was observed. Similar effects were observed with feed/gain ratios except that a significant diet times K interaction was obtained. The

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VARIABILITY IN THE ONSET OF SEMEN PRODUCTION, SEMEN VOLUME, AND SPERM CONCENTRATION IN MALE TURKEYS. Helene C. Cecil . U.S.D.A., SEA-AR, Avian Physiology Laboratory, Beltsville MD 20705.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1638

results show that K moderates the monensin-iinduced growth depression and suggest that the difference between diets with and without animal protein is due to K concentration. K E Y W O R D S : Monensin, growth depression, potassium, sodium, fish meal, chicks

THE PRODUCTIVE RESPONSE OF LEGHORN HENS TO TEMPERATURE AND PHOSPHORUS LEVEL. 0. W. Charles*and Steve Duke. Dept. of Ext. Poultry Sci., University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602

KEYWORDS:

Phosphorus

Temperature

INCIDENCE OF EMBRYONIC MALPOSITIONS AND TERATA IN TURKEYS. Frank L. Cherms*. Nicholas Turkey Breeding Farms, Inc., P.O. Box Y, Sonoma, California 95476. A flock of 500 two-way cross Nicholas Large White hens mated with Nicholas Large White male line toms provided the eggs for study of embryonic mortality, malpositions, and terata. Eggs were set at two week intervals during a 20 week production cycle in Jamesway 252 incubators and hatched in Jamesway Still-Air hatchers. Eggs in each set were candled weekly with the deads being removed for examination. The incidence of malpositions in each four week period of lay from the start to the end of lay was 1.6%, 1.7%, 2.8%, 2.7% and 3.7% The b value for linear regression was .52. The increase in incidence of malpositions over time occurred mainly from increases in the two malpositions of head over right wing and head between the legs. Terata occurred in the following frequencies: .6%, .6%, .9%, .9%, and 1.9% with a corresponding b value of .3. Abnormalities of the beak accounted for a considerable amount of the increase in terata. KEYWORDS:

Turkeys, embryonic malpositions, terata.

EFFECT OF DILUENT AND AGITATION ON SHORT TERM STORAGE OF TURKEY SEMEN. Frank L. Cherms*, Nicholas Turkey Breeding Farms, Inc., P.O. Box Y, Sonoma, CA

95476.

Turkey semen was extended 1:1 with Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender 65-361 (BPSE) at room temperature, held for six hours at 13° C. and inseminated weekly at a dose of .025 cc per hen. This was compared to a control in which semen was extended 1:1 with BPSE and inseminated immediately at .025 cc ner hen. Fertility during six weeks of lay was 96.6% for the control and 91.2% for semen held six hours. A separate experiment was conducted in which the ability of two extenders (Lake's 20x and 7.1 "mm") to hold sperm cells in a viable state for 24 hours under constant agitation

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Practical type layer rations containing either .4, .5, .6 or .7% total phosphorus, (Phos.) were fed to replicate groups of SCWL hens in either a cool (10°C) or a hot (32°C) environment. Total eggs produced and feed consumed were recorded for each of 12, 28 day periods. Egg weight and shell quality were recorded each 28 day period and total weight gain was recorded quarterly. In the cold environment, each phos level (.4, .5, .6 or .7%) resulted in a corresponding increase in phos intake (472, 598, 725 and 889 mg/hen/day). No differences (within a given temperature level) were recorded for caloric intake and egg shell quality, although production rate was significantly (P<0.05) depressed at the highest level of phosphorus consumption, (889 mg/hen/day). In the hot environment feed intake was significantly (P<0.05) depressed and phos levels of either .4, .5, .6 or .7% resulted in an average daily phos intake of either 437, 495, 562 or 660 mg/hen/day. In contrast high environment temperature significantly (P<0.05) increased phos requirement so that increased phos intake resulted in a significant (P<0.05) increase in production rate. In general, egg shell quality was unaffected by phos level within a given temperature as measured by either Specific gravity, deformation or instron. High temperature and low phos significantly (P<0.05) increased mortality, while low temperature and high phos tended to increase mortality. Body weights were unaffected by either phos level or temperature.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

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by aeration was examined. Three cc of extender, containing one drop of Dow-Corning antifoam B emulsion, was added to 1.5 cc of semen collected in the afternoon, held at 14-15° C. for 24 hours, agitated with a small piston pump, and inseminated once at a rate of .05 cc per hen. Eggs were collected starting two days following insemination for a two week period. Fertility in week 1 was 48% for 7.1 "mm" and 30% for 20x. In week 2 fertility was 35% for 7.1 "mm"and 21% for 20x. A subsequent 24 hour experiment using 7.1 "mm" as the diluent was conducted using an aquarium air pump to agitate and with a series of multiple inseminations. At each A.I. all hens were inseminated twice in 20 minute intervals and weekly over the duration of the experiment. Semen was extended at a rate of 3 cc extender (containing one drop of antifoam) to 1 cc of semen, agitated constantly at 14° C. In four weeks fertility averaged 92.3%. KEYWORDS:

Turkey semen, storage

Egg weight losses of turkey eggs during incubation were observed at weekly intervals in three independent trials. At the conclusion of the incubation period, all ncn-hatching eggs were broken out and macroscopically examined to determine the time of death. Three classifications of eggs were made at that time. One group was eggs that hatched (H). One group was eggs resulting in early (days 1 to 14) embryonic mortality (E), and the third group was eggs containing embryos dying late (days 15 to 28) in the incubation period. Egg weight losses were observed as a percentage of the original egg mass and as the milligram of loss per week per square centimeter of computed shell surface area. L eggs lost significantly less of their original mass overall and at the conclusion of incubation as well as at the conclusion of weeks two and three. Similar results were noted in the weight losses per centimeter of surface area. M Y WOUDS:

Embryonic mortality, egg weight loss.

INCIDENCE OF DOUBLE YOLKED EGGS IN THE INITIAL STAGES OF LAY AS AFFECTED BY VARIOUS FACTORS. R. B„ Christmas* and R. H. Harms. Dept. of Poultry Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. Data from seven laying trials were summarized to determine factors affecting the production of double yolked eggs in the initial stages of lay. At least twelve strains were studied during each of these trials. There were significant differences in the incidence of double yolked eggs at the onset of lay as affected by the strain of laying hen. The season of year also affects the incidence of double yolked eggs. Summer housed hens produced a greater number of double yolked eggs than did those hens placed in the laying house in the late fall or winter months. Incidence of double yolked eggs and age at 50% production were significantly correlated in that the earlier maturing hens produced the greater number of double yolked eggs. Key Words:

double yolked eggs, season, strain, maturity

GROSS CHANGES IN ORGAN WEIGHTS DUE TO A FORCE MOLT IN TURKEY HENS. VLX-__CJ_e_a_Y_eX*, V. L. Christensen, and J. F. Ort, Dept. of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Ralefgh, N / C . 27650 An experiment was conducted using 48 Large White turkey breeder hens to examine the influence force molting has on various organs. One group (FM) of 24 hens was randomly divided into replicates and exposed to continuous light for 7 days and then restricted to 6 hours daylight for 8 weeks. Water was removed for 3 days and feed removed for 7 days. Another group (Con) was replicated and maintained as controls and received feed and water c[d libitum and 15-1/2 hours of light. Observations of absolute and relative weights of the ovary, oviduct, liver, heart, and spleen were made during all periods of the molt.

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TURKEY EGG WEIGHT LOSSES. DURING INCUBATION AND EMBRYONIC MORTALITY. V. L. Christen.seji* , Dept. of Poultry Science and F_^M_._ McCorkle, School of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N. C. 27650

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ABSTRACTS O F PAPERS

Absolute and relative weights of the ovary, oviduct, and liver were decreased in FM birds. Mo consistent trend was observed in the absolute or relative weights of the heart or spleen. Decreases in organ weights were observed to be a result of light and nutrient restriction. KEYWORDS:

Force molt, turkeys, organ weights

THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND STORAGE TIME ON THE RESPIRATION, MOTILITY AND FERTILITY OF CHICKEN AND TURKEY SEMEN. R. N. Clarke"and M. A. Ottinger, Dept. of Poultry Scl., University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, and T. J. Sexton, USDA-SEA-AR, Beltsville, MD 20705.

KEYWORDS: Chicken, Turkey, Semen storage

HULLESS BARLEY UTILIZATION IN CHICKEN BROILER DIETS. H.L. Classen*, Dept. of Animal and Poultry Sci., University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask. S7N 0W0, G.L. Campbell, Dept. of Animal Scl., University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man. R3T 2N2, B.G. Rossnagel, R. Bhatty, Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask. S7N 0W0. A total of 432 broiler chicks were used to examine the feeding value of hulless barley in broiler starter rations (0 to 3 weeks of age). To determine the impact of Increasing levels on broiler growth, hulless barley was substituted for 33.3, 66.7 and 100% of the wheat in a wheat-soybean meal control ration. Broiler growth was depressed In a linear manner with increasing levels of hulless barley. The mean 3 week broiler weights for the 0, 33.3, 66.7 and 100% hulless barley treatments were 465, 445, 419 and 404 grams respectively. Replacement of wheat with hulled barley resulted in a mean weight of 426 grams. In addition, the following treatments were applied to diets where hulless barley contributed 100% of cereal portion of the ration: gamma irradiation (10 MR) of the hulless barley; inclusion of 100 ppm lincomycin in the diet; inclusion of the enzyme cellulase 4000 (Miles Laboratories, Inc.) in the diet (1000 ppm); and autoclaving the hulless barley (20 minutes at 15 p.s.i.). Broilers from the irradiation, lincomycin and cellulase treatments were significantly (P<0.05) heavier than the birds fed the untreated 100% hulless barley diet, with mean 3 week weights of 484, 474 and 445 grams respectively. The irradiation and lincomycin treatments supported numerically superior growth to the wheat control diet. Autoclaving severely depressed broiler growth rate (270 grams). KEY WORDS:

Hulless barley

Broiler chicks

WATER CONSUMPTION MEASUREMENTS WITH ERR PRODUCTION-TYPE STOCK AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIPS WITH PARALLELING MANAGEMENT STATISTICS FOR BIRD PERFORMANCE, LIVABILITY, AND ENVIRONMENT MODIFICATION. Stanley Coates,* University of California Coooerative Extension, Santa Rosa, CA 95401, Carol Adams, Statistician, University of California, Cooperative Extension, Riverside, CA 92521

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A comparative study of chicken and turkey semen was conducted at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (USDA). Diluted (1:5;BPSE) and undiluted sperm quality was evaluated on the basis of respiration, motility, and fertility. Semen was stored at either kl°, 25°, 15° or 5°C and incubated for either three or six hours, with immediate measurements serving as unstored controls. Sperm respiration appeared to be temperature-dependent, exhibiting increasing values with increasing temperature. In all cases, diluted semen had a significantly (P<.05) higher level of respiration than undiluted semen of the same species stored under identical conditions. Conversly, sperm motility decreased with increasing storage temperature. Diluted chicken semen showed the highest level of fertility (75%) at 5°C after six hours storage. In contrast, the fertilizing capacity of turkey semen generally decreased upon dilution, especially at 25° and 15°C, while undiluted turkey sperm stored at these temperatures exhibited good fertility level. Furthermore, there was somo evidence of cold shock in diluted turkey semen incubated at 5°C, while low temperature storage was not detramental to the fertilizing capacity of diluted chicken sperm. Further characterization of the species differences may provide the information necessary for longer term semen preservation in the turkey.

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Through the detailed analyses of water meter readings from more than 400,000 birds in egg production, information on water use has been develooed. Both plastic and stainless steel automatic watering equinment was used. Statistical interrelationshios between water consumption and paralleling data on egg production, bird death loss, feed use, daily temnerature peaks and fluctuations are beinn develooed. Preliminary statistics indicate an average daily water consumption of aoproximatel" 17.5 liters per 100 hens. Birds with access to stainless steel eouinment required an average of two or more liters less water per day than did birds drinking from the olastic cuos. Bird water use was lowest during neriods of non-eaa production and hiahest when hens were producing maximum numbers of eggs. Linear regression analyses show sionificant relationships between water use and the factors: bird age, bird death loss, bird feed use, and both daily hinh and low temperature readings. Chanaes in egg production occur a period of time after major channes in bird water use. Through multiple regression procedures it can be shown that the most significant changes in egg production followed periods of combined increases or decreases in bird water use, feed consumption and daily oeak temperature. KEYWORDS:

Bird Water Consumption, Mananement Measurement

Relationships

Ninety one-hr-old crossbred chicks were held in an environmental chamber at 33 °C. Beginning with 12-hr-old, 10 birds were randomly assigned to 9 consecutive four-hour periods. Each bird had its rectal temperature (T r ) measured and was given a 0.5 ml injection of either saline or 500 yg of ^. typhimurium lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Chicks of a treatment were held without feed and water in individual compartments of chick pullmans for four-hour periods. A pair of chicks was exposed to a thermocline (20° to 40° C) for 60-min at 1 hr post-injection of either saline or LPS and 3 hr post-injection of LPS. An additional pair of saline- or LPS-injected birds was held at 33 °C for hourly T r recordings. Independent of thermocline exposure, LPS treatment produced a 0.5 C° fall (P<0.01) in T r at 1 hr post-injection which was followed by fevers (P<0.01) of 0.5 C° at 3 hr and 0.7 C° at 4 hr post-injection when compared to controls. The preferred ambient temperature (PT) of all treatment groups (33 °C) was the same temperature at which chicks were held prior to thermocline exposure. The post-thermocline T r of chicks introduced at 1 hr post-injection of LPS was 0.6 C° lower (P<0.01) than saline controls (40.4 °C). Chicks introduced to the thermocline at 3 hr post-injection of LPS spent about 20 min longer at their PT than did control birds. This study indicates that the newly hatched chick can mount an adequate febrile response without selecting a higher PT to behaviorally increase T r as do reptiles and neonatal mammals. KEYWORDS.

Fever, Behavioral Thermoregulation, Preferred Temperature, Thermocline > Pyrogen

THE FEBRILE RESPONSE OF NEWLY HATCHED CHICKENS. L. A. Cogburn* and N. W. Shappell. Dept. of Animal Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711 In an initial study, crossbred chicks were removed from an incubator while wet from hatching and placed in an environmental chamber at 33 °C. Twenty chicks were held without feed and water in groups of 5 birds within compartments of chick-pullmans. Rectal temperatures (T r ) were taken around 1-hr post-hatch and at hourly intervals after each bird was injected with either saline or 500 yg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, ^. tymphimurium) in a 0.5 ml volume. A second group of 30 3-hr-old chicks received either saline, 500 yg of j2. coli, or 500 yg of j[. typhosa LPS. In a subsequent experiment, Leghorn cockerels were raised with standard management in a heated battery-brooder under a 12L:12D photoperiod. Birds were held in environmental chambers at appropriate brooder-temperatures for LPS treatment at 3,8,15,22,29 and 35 da-of-age. Two replicates of 5 birds each received either saline, 10,50 or 250 yg of LPS around mid-photophase. Beginning with injection, T r was measured at hourly intervals for 5 hours. Regardless of bacterial origin, LPS treatment of 1- or 2-da-old birds produced a 0.8 C° rise (P<0.01) in T r above control values

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BEHAVIORAL THERMOREGULATION IN PYROGEN-TREATED CHICKS. L. A. Cogburn*. Dept. of Animal Science, Univ. of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711; P. C. Harrison, R. K. Balsbaugh and S. E. Curtis, Dept. of Animal Science, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801

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at 3-hr post-injection. Chicks that received LPS when 2-hr-old had a 1.4 C" higher (P<0.01) T r at 24-hr post-injection than the saline group (39.3 °C). Older LPS-treated chicks (3- to 35-da-old) typically showed an initial drop (P<0.05) in' T r of 0.6 C° around 1 hr post-injection which was followed by a persistent fever (P<0.05) of 0.6 C° at 3 hr post-injection. Across all ages, the dosage of LPS did not clearly affect T r changes that followed LPS treatment. Unlike neonatal mammals, the chick can physiologically respond immediately after hatch to bacterial pyrogen by elevating its body temperature. KEYWORDS:

Pyrogen, Lipopolysaccharide, Fever, Hypothermia

K M wokDs. Lighting, broiler breeders, fertility, hatchabi 1 i ty, egg production, floor eggs, breeder age, breeder strain differences, feed/dozen eggs, egg weight, specific gravity.

EVALUATION OF MEDIA AND INCUBATION CONDITIONS FOR RECOVERY OF Salmonella FROM PELLETED POULTRY FEED. N. A. Cox,* J. E. Thomson, and J. S. Bailey, Meat Processing Research Unit, USDA, SEA-AR, P. 0. Box 5677, Athens, GA 30613 Thirty grams of pelleted noultry feed were inoculated with nalidixic acid-resistant strains of Salmonella Heidelberg or 5. montevideo at levels of 1 (low), 20 (medium) or 40 (high) cells/g of feed, then 100 ml of either a preenrichment broth (Lactose) or an enrichment medium (Selenite Cystine or TT) was added. Incubation was at either 37 C or 43 C for either 24 h or 48 h. Four plating media (MacConkey with 100 Dpm nalidixic acid, BG Sulfa, Modified BG Sulfa, Bismuth Sulfite) were then streaked. The MacConkey with nalidixic acid served as the control to which the uLhei_ Llvree media were compared. After 24 h, colonies were selected from the plates and confirmed serologically to be the marker organism. Preenrichment was countemroductive in that positives were recovered by direct enrichment in Selenite Cystine or TT broth four times more often than with lactose preenrichment. TT broth also yielded 53% more positive recoveries than Selenite Cystine. No differences were found between 37 or 43 C incubation or 24 and 48 h incubation of the broth media. Overall efficiency of the plating media in the recovery of Salmonella, from feed as compared to MacConkey (control) was BG Sulfa, 65%; Modified BG Sulfa, 64%; Bismuth Sulfite, 40%. The most effective enrichment broth-plating medium combination was TT-BG Sulfa, which yielded 86% positive recoveries when compared to the control. No difference was found in positive recoveries from the medium and high inoculum levels; however, twice as many positives were obtained with each of these than when the samples were inoculated with one cell per gram. KEYWORDS:

Salmonella,

feed, poultry, bacteria.

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A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF FLUORESCENT VERSUS INCANDESCENT LIGHTING ON THE REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF TWO STRAINS OF BROILER BREEDERS. Marilyn A. ColemanfDept. of Poultry Science, The Ohio State University and Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center and Lance R. Minear, Director of Field Research, Goldkist Research Farms, 674 West Lane Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210. Two thousand eight hundred and eighty broiler breeders were used in a 2x3 factorial design with 8 replicates each. There were two breeds of hens (Arbor Acre and Hubbard) and three light treatments used during laying (incandescent, fluorescent lamps which had the same light spectrum as incandescent, fluorescent lamps which had the same light spec 9 trum as sunlight). Cobb males were used for both strains of breeder hens. Total ergs/cm"sec. were standardized for each light system using a specially designed photodiode-ampmeterdimmer system. Reproductive performance was monitored from 24-78 weeks of age. Traits measured included egg production, floor egg production, feed/dozen eggs, fertility, hatchability, liveability, egg weight, specific gravity of the eggs and embryonic mortality profiles. The lighting systems were so designed that the energy consumption could also be monitored. Data was analyzed using analysis of variance with breeder-hen strain, age, and lighting system as main factors. Although the fluorescent systems used less than one half of the energy requirements of the incandescent systems there was no significant difference in egg production or any other parameters measured due to lighting. There was a significant breed effect on egg weight and feed/dozen eggs. There was a significant age effect on egg production, feed/ dozen eggs, egg weight, specific gravity, fertility and hatchabi1ity. There appeared to be an interaction between breed and light treatment for number of floor eggs laid.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

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COMPARISON OF METHODS TO INOCULATE AND ENUMERATE Salmonella IN POULTRY FEED. Cox," J. S. Bailey and J. E. Thomson, Meat Processing Research Unit, USDA, SEA-AR, P. 0. Box 5677, Athens ,~GA 30613

N. A.

Consistent dispersion of inoculated Salmonella in poultry feed is needed for studies of methods to eliminate Salmonella from feed. Two hundred fifty g of either mash or pelleted feed were inoculated with 250 cells of a nalidixic acid-resistant marker strain of the

following Salmonella;

S. California,

S. Heidelberg,

S. montevideo,

S. senftenberg

or

S. typhimiArium. A Haring blender, twin-shell blender, or shaking in a plastic bag was used Lo agiLale Lhe feed and disperse the organisms. The 250 g of feed was then divided into ten 25-g subsamnles, and each was qualitatively analyzed for the marker organism. The twin-shell blender achieved the most even disnersion of inoculated cells (marker organism recovered from 93% of subsamples), shaking in a plastic bag was intermediate (90% recovery), and the Waring blender poorest (32% recovery).

KEYWORDS:

Salmonella,

feed, poultry, bacteria.

EFFECTS OF GAMMA IRRADIATION ON NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF LENTILS (LENS CULINARIS) FOR CHICKS. N.J. Daqhir*, Dept of Animal Sci., American University of Beirut, Lebanon, J.L. Sell and G.G. Mateos, Dept of Animal Sci., Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA. The effect of gamma irradiation ( Co) of two varieties of lentils (commercial Chilean and Red Chief) on chick performance was determined using a growth assay in which the diet contained approximately 40?i lentils. Total protein (N x 6.25) was not changed in lentils by irradiation (18 M rad) but protein solubility in water was decreased. Irradiation increased in vitro enzymatic digestibility of lentil protein by pepsin. The diet was formulated to derive half of the total protein (22B>) from lentils. Commercial Chilean gave better growth than Red Chief, but both varieties were inferior to the soybean control. Gamma irradiation improved slightly growth of the Red Chief variety, but not of the commercial Chilean. Irradiation tended to improve nitrogen retention by chicks for both lentil varieties. Metabolizable energy of the diets was improved by the irradiation of the lentil treatments particularly the ME of the Red Chief variety. KEYWORDS:

Chicks, lentils, irradiation, nitrogen retention, metabolizable energy

STUDIES ON THE TRUE METABOLIZABLE ENERGY OF FATS AT LOW-LEVEL DIETARY INCLUSION. Nick Dale and H. L. Fuller. Dept. of Poultry Sci., University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602" The true metabolizable energies (TME) of three fats were determined using S.C.W.L. roosters. Corn oil was assayed at a 2 1/2 percent level of inclusion on a carrier consisting of 2/3 corn, 1/3 dehulled soybean meal. Basal and test diets were fed to Uo roosters. The resulting TME was 10.78 kcal/g, with a standard error of +.57- In a second study two samples of tallow, containing 18-7 and 26.6 percent stearic acid, were also assayed at a 2 1/2 percent level of inclusion, again with kO replicates per treatment. The lor and high stearic acid tallows had TME contents of 11.56 +.77 and 12.57 ±.73 kcal/g. respectively. These results indicate that: (1) it is feasible to assay the TME of fats at a low level of dietary inclusion, and (2) at the level tested, the level of stearic acid in the tallow did not influence its TME content. As all TME values were In excess of the gross energy of fat, it was concluded that 2 1/2 percent supplemental fat was adequate to imnrove the absorption of other dietary constituents, thereby contributing to the extra metabolic effect. KEYWORDS: true metabolizable energy, corn oil, tallow, stearic acid, roosters, extra metabolic effect

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Various levels (10, 100 or 1000 cells/g) of tracer Salmonella were inoculated into pelleted feed. Direct plating and the Host Probable Number (MPN) procedures were evaluated for enumeration of these organisms. Neither procedure proved accurate in estimating known numbers of Salmonella in feed.

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USE OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES IN SPECIES DIAGNOSIS OF COCCIDIA. P. C. A u g u s t i n e . USDA, S c i e n c e and E d u c a t i o n A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , Animal I n s t i t u t e , B e l t s v i l l e , MD 20705

H. D. D a n f o r t h * and Parasitology

M o n o c l o n a l a n t i b o d i e s s p e c i f i c f o r E i m e r i a t e n e l l a were d e v e l o p e d by immunizing a B a l b / c B y J s t r a i n of mice w i t h s p o r o z o i t e s i n j e c t e d i . v . , and then f u s i n g the s p l e e n c e l l s o f t h e s e a n i m a l s w i t h P3-X63-Ag8 myeloma c e l l s in the p r e s e n c e of p o l y e t h y l e n e g l y c o l . The a n t i b o d i e s produced by the hybridoma c e l l s grown ^n v i t r o d e m o n s t r a t e d a number of a n t i g e n i c p a t t e r n s as d e t e r m i n e d by i m m u n o f l u o r e s c e n t a n t i b o d y (IFA) t e s t w i t h a i r - d r i e d JS. t e n e l l a s p o r o z o i t e s . A l l but one of the m o n o c l o n a l a n t i b o d i e s r e a c t e d o n l y w i t h v a r i o u s s t r a i n s of _E. t e n e l l a as t e s t e d by IFA, and w i t h no o t h e r s p e c i e s of c o c c i d i a . The one e x c e p t i o n was a c l o n e d hybridoma t h a t produced a n t i b o d y a g a i n s t the r e f r a c t i l e body of the s p o r o z o i t e . T h i s a n t i b o d y c r o s s - r e a c t e d w i t h s p o r o z o i t e s of s e v e r a l s p e c i e s of c h i c k e n and t u r k e y c o c c i d i a . Through the use of s e l e c t e d m o n o c l o n a l a n t i b o d i e s d i r e c t e d s p e c i f i c a l l y a g a i n s t s p o r o z o i t e s of JS. t e n e l l a , i t i s p o s s i b l e to s p e c i a t e E. t e n e l l a found in l i t t e r samples o b t a i n e d from f i e l d o p e r a t i o n s . E f f o r t s are c u r r e n t l y underway t o produce s p e c i f i c m o n o c l o n a l a n t i b o d i e s d i r e c t e d a g a i n s t o t h e r s p e c i e s of a v i a n c o c c i d i a to increase d i a g n o s t i c c a p a b i l i t i e s . diagnosis

THE EFFECTS OF HEATING A N D C O O L I N G LOCALIZED AREAS OF THE SPINAL CORD A N D BRAIN STEM O N THERMOREGULATORY RESPONSES OF THE DOMESTIC F O W L . M . J . Darre * , Department of Animal Industries, University of C o n n e c t i c u t , Storrs CT 06268 and P. C . Harrison , Department of Animal Science, University of I l l i n o i s , Urbana, II 61801 Six mature Columbian hens were surgically f i t t e d with hypothalamic and spinal thermodethermocouple assemblies. The birds were subjected to combinations of heating and cooling of the hypothalamus and spinal cord while exposed to 25 and 3 5 ° C ambient temperatures. Heart r a t e , respiratory rate and comb, shank, r e c t a l , hypothalamic, and spinal cord temperatures were recorded. Water temperatures at thermode inlets and outlets were measured and differences recorded to determine heat energy removed or gained by the hypothalamus or spinal cord during cooling or h e a t i n g , respectively. Results indicate that in the domestic f o w l , the spinal cord may possess a higher gain of thermosensitivity than the hypothalamus in e l i c i t i n g physiological and behavioral thermoregulatory responses. A l t e r a t i o n of the temperature of the spinal cord between the twelfth cervical and the second thoracic vertebra e l i c i t e d the appropriate change in comb and shank temperatures, indicating changes in blood f l o w to these areas. A l t e r a t i o n of the temperature of the P r e - o p t i c / A n t e r i o r h y p o thalamus e l i c i t e d l i t t l e or no change in any of the physiological parameters measured. KEYWORDS:

Domestic f o w l , hypothalamic thermode, spinal thermode, thermoregulation, l o c a l i z e d

thermosensitivity.

ANALYSES OF THE FREE ACID OF METHIONINE HYDROXY ANALOGUE IN SUPPLEMENTED FEEDS. R i c h a r d J . Day*, D i a n e E. Borowy, R o b e r t M. S c h i s l a . N u t r i t i o n Chemicals D i v i s i o n , M o n s a n t o I n d u s t r i a l C h e m i c a l s Company, S t . L o u i s , M i s s o u r i 63166

A method f o r t h e a n a l y s e s of t h e l i q u i d m e t h i o n i n e s u p p l e m e n t known a s m e t h i o n i n e h y d r o x y a n a l o g u e - f r e e a c i d (MHA-FA) , u t i l i z e d i n p o u l t r y d i e t s h a s b e e n d e v e l o p e d . Basec a t a l y z e d e x t r a c t i o n , e v a p o r a t i o n and c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n by GC a n a l y s i s r e s u l t s i n t o t a l r e c o v e r y of MHA-FA. C o r n - s o y f e e d s w i t h MHA-FA a t l e v e l s of 0 . 0 5 , 0 . 1 0 , 0 . 1 5 , 0 . 2 0 and 0.40% w e r e p r e p a r e d and e v a l u a t e d t o d e v e l o p s p e c i f i c c o e f f i c i e n t s of v a r i a t i o n f o r t h e method.

KEYWORDS:

Methionine hydroxy a n a l o g u e ,

amino a c i d s ,

broilers,

nutrition

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KEYWORDS: Monoclonal A n t i b o d i e s , E i m e r i a t e n e l l a ,

A B S T R A C T S O F PAPERS

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EFFECT OF BROODING DENSITY ON BROILER PERFORMANCE. J. W. Deaton*, F. N. Reece, J. L. McNaughton, and B. P. Lott. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration, Agricultural Research, South Central Poultry Research Laboratory, Mississippi State, MS 39762 A study was conducted to determine whether broiler performance is adversely affected when chicks are brooded under limited-area brooding densities or on a wire floor and then transferred and grown on a litter floor. Brooding broilers for the first 14 or 21 days at densities of 186 and 287 cm on wire or litter, followed by a growing density of 697 cm^ on litter did not adversely affect body weight at 14, 21, or 49 days, nor feed efficiency, breast blisters or deformed legs at 49 days. These comparisons were made with broilers brooded and reared on litter at a density of 697 cm^ . At 186 cm^ , the density is comparable with that of one-fourth house brooding; at 287 cm^, the density is comparable with that of one-third house brooding.

KEYWORDS:

Broiler, brooding, density, performance

ABDOMINAL FAT OF BROILERS AS INFLUENCED BY DIETARY LEVEL OF ANIMAL FAT. J. W. Deaton*, J. L. McNaughton, F. N. Reece, and B. P. Lott. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration, Agricultural Research, South Central Poultry Research Laboratory, Mississippi State, MS 39762 Previous work at this laboratory demonstrated that the quantity of abdominal fat in broilers increased as the energy level of the diet increased. Recent work was conducted in an attempt to determine the effect of dietary energy source on the quantity of abdominal fat in broilers. Three levels of dietary animal fat (4, 7, and 10%) in isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets were fed in place of a carbohydrate energy source. Three trials were conducted. As dietary animal fat increased, the amount of abdominal fat in broilers increased under both a moderate- and a high-temperature rearing regime. However, as dietary animal fat increased or as dietary energy level increased, the body weight gain in broilers tended to increase as well. Data are presented in an effort to assist in determining if the benefits of increased growth outweigh the disadvantages of increased abdominal fat when dietary fat is increased. KEYWORDS:

Fat, broilers, abdominal, dietary

NORTHERN FOWL MITE, ORNITHONYSSUS SYLVIARUM (CANESTRINI AND FANZAGO) INGESTS LARGE QUANTITIES OF BLOOD FROM WHITE LEGHORN HENS. John R. Deloach and Joyce A. DeVaney*. United States Department of Agriculture, AR/SEA, V. U. urawer GE, Co I lege station, TX 77841

Chicken erythrocytes were labeled in vitro with D i Cr then injected into White Le(.::orri hens heavily infested with northern fowl mites. The labeled erythrocytes had a iiaiT-life of about 3 days. The measured half-life was about one-fourth that of normal chickens, ana the reduction was attributed to blood loss from northern fowl mites. An increasing population of northern fowl mites was found to ingest up to 200 yl of blood/uay/100 mg mites, while a declining population of mites ingested 80 ul of whole Dlood/mg mites. It is estimated that a heavy mite infestation (50,000 mites) can ingest 6%/day of a hen's blood.

KEYWORDS:

Northern fowl mite; blood feeding; chickens; obligatory parasite feeding; Ornithon.yssus sylviarum

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Because the major part of the fossil fuel is used during the brooding period, it is visualized that wire brooding could be an extension of the hatchery phase of broiler production. A firm can have brooding farms where high-cost, energy-intensive equipment is used continually. After the brooding period, the broilers are then taken to the grower farm. The wire would have the probable advantage of automation for ease of handling the chicks.

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CURING AND SMOKING POULTRY. J.H. Denton* and D.B. Mellor, Texas Agricultural Extension Service and F.A. Gardner, Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843. A program try for home in 4-H youth programs for

has been developed outlining the techniques employed to cure and smoke pouluse. The program consists of a method demonstration, which can be employed programs, and a slide series for use by Extension.personnel in education clientele. A Fact Sheet is available as support material.

The program has been used successfully as a method demonstration by 4-H youth in State competition. It has also been quite successful as a tool for encouraging increased consumption of poultry. Many families have become interested in home production and home processing of food and this project fits in well with their needs. The basic program outlines the steps involved in curing and smoking poultry. Techniques are outlined from selection of curing ingredients and brine preparation through injection of the carcass and smoking procedure. KEYWORDS:

curing, smoking, demonstration

Ten strains of adenoviruses, representing 10 serotvnes, were inoculated intratracheally in 3-week-old IBDV infected and uninfected S P P chickens. I W infected chickens were given virulent IBDV bv eye-drop at one day of age. Adenovirus strains were propagated in chicken kidney cells. The chickens were necropsied on davs S and 12 post-adenovirus infection. No mortality was seen. Occasional birds showed respiratory rales. Gross pathologic alterations were minimal and limited to multiple scattered, pale lung foci in occasional birds; these alterations were in various grouos. Histopathologic alterations were limited to the lungs as interstitial multifocal, and occasionally diffuse, pneumonia in some birds from grouos of all serotypes tested. Tracheitis was seen with three adenovirus serotvnes. IBDV-infected birds had increased severity of pneumonic lesions as compared to IBOV-iminfected SP^ chickens with all adenovirus serotypes. No gross or microscopic changes were seen in uninoculated control birds. KEYWORDS:

Adenovirus infection

EFFECT OF THERMAL STRESS, LIGHTING AND FEEDING RECIMES ON PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS. M. F. Diab, M. D. Husseini* and A. J. Salman, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Two trials were conducted utilizing practical corn-soy type rations, containing 21% protein with 2900 or 3200 kcal/kg of energy, to study the effects of lighting programs (continuous vs. 7D & 7L) and two feeding regimes (restricted vs. continuous), under constant ambient temperature 32°C. 120 broiler chicks were utilized in each trial, for a period of six weeks. The data obtained indicated that broilers gained significantly more and feed was better utilized when subjected to the restricted lighting program and continuous feeding regimes as compared to the continuous lighting plus restricted feedings regimes. The birds also performed better when fed a high energy diet, regardless of lighting or feeding regimes used. The results indicate that using a restricted lighting program and a continuous feeding regime along with high energy diets, as used in this study, could be advantageous in growing broilers under constant high ambient temperatures. KEYWORDS:

Thermal stress, Broilers, Restricted Lighting Program, Continuous Feeding Regimes, High Energy.

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RESPIRATORY. TRACT LESIONS INDUCED IN CHICKENS BY VARIOUS ADENOVIRUS SEROTYPES. A. S. PhilIon*, R. W. Winterfield, H. L. Thacker and D. S. ^eldman. School of "eterinary Medicine, Purdue University, Tfest Lafayette, IN 47907

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1647

EFFECT OF NUTRITIVE VALUE OF KUWAIT PROCESSED SOYBEAN MEAL. M. F.JHab, M. D. Husseini" and A. J. Salman. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Four experiments were conducted in an attempt to evaluate the nutritive quality of Kuwait processed soybean meal (KSM). Tn experiment 1, L-lysine was added to KSM at levels of 0.0, 0.35, 0.7, 1.05 and 1.4% in semi-purified diets. Tn experiment IT the next protein utilization (N.P.U.) was determined for KSM in the presence of 0.3%, DL-Methionine and was compared with American Soybean Meal (ASM) and Isolated Soybean Protein (SBP). Tn experiment IV, the effects of supplementing DL-Methionine at 0.2, 0.5 and 0.7% along with 0.5% L-lysine, to practical diets containing KSM were investigated. Results show that KSM was significantly of lower nutritive value than ASM. Supplementing KSM with graded levels of L-lysine showed that maximal performance was obtained with 0.7% L-lysine. Adding 0.5 DL-Methionine and 0.5% L-lysine to diets containing KSM also improved broiler performance significantly. Plasma amino acids of broiler fed KSM were signifilower than those fed ASM, in addition to a severely depressed NPU value. This study revealed that KSM is low in L-lysine and DL-Methionine, most probably due to over heating during processing coupled with adverse storage conditions which have resulted in reduced availability of the two most limiting amino acids, DL-Methionine and L-lysine.

EFFECT OF LEVAMIS0LE AND VACCINATION ROUTES ON FOWL CHOLERA IMMUNITY IN TURKEYS. ^°!HL -W-- /i'SK* > Department of Poultry Science, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631 Ten week old broad-breasted-white turkey toms received a single vaccination, using 5 different routes, of the live CU fowl cholera vaccine: (l) control, (2) palatine cleft, (3) subcutaneous injection, (4) stick wing web, and (5) oral. One half the birds in each vaccination group received Levamisole (intubation) 48 hours before and 24 hours after vaccination (10 mg/kg body weight). Birds were bled weekly from 10 to 20 weeks and serum antibody titers were determined using the Schlink and Olsen procedure (Avian Dis. 24:10661071, 1979). At 21 weeks all birds were subjected to live, virulent challenge (strain X-73, P- multocida, drinking water route). In this study Levamisole showed no significant effect in increasing livability during live, virulent challenge or in increasing antibody levels (titers). All antibody titers were highest 2 weeks after vaccination and showed a significant decrease by 4 weeks except in birds vaccinated by the stick wing route whose titers remained high (1:64 to 1:128) throughout the trial. Non-vaccinates consistently exhibited the lowest antibody titers (1:2 to 1:4) throughout the trial. Antibody titers of other treatment groups were intermediate to those in the non-vaccinates and those receiving vaccine by the stick wing route. KEYWORDS:

Fowl Cholera, Turkeys, Vaccination Routes, Levamisole, Immunity, Antibody Titers

APPLICATION OF MICROCYTOTOXICITY FOR THE DETECTION OF CELL SURFACE AHTIGEHS ON AVIAN LYMPHOCYTES AND ERYTHROCYTES. Rodney R. Dietert*, Harris A. Lewin, and Lee B. Kass, Dept. of Poultry & Avian Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 A modification of the NIH standard lymphocyte tissue typing assay has been developed for use in the detection of cell surface antigens on avian lymphocytes and erythrocytes. The assay possesses the advantage of requiring only 1 pi of antiserum per test while exhibiting sensitivity which surpasses that detected by hemagglutination. In addition, both the time required for the assay (3 hrs) and the ease of scoring compare favorably with alternative techniques. Detection of membrane-bound chicken fetal antigen (CFA) employed 1 pi of rabbit antiserum, a 1 pi suspension of cells (2,000 cells), and 5 pi of guinea pig complement. For lymphocytes, one half-hour incubation of cells -F antiserum at 23°C was followed by a one hour incubation with complement at 23°C. The cytotoxic index (CI) was estimated microscopically by two independent observers following the addition of 1 pi of 0.4% trypan blue stain in phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.2). Erythrocyte '.r-io.lv. sis was performed in a similar manner except that complement incubation was performed at 37°C for 45 min and no vital stain was required to score the assay. Erythrocyte lysis

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KEYWORDS: Soybean Meal, L-lysine, DL-Methionine, Broiler.

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ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

was readily determined by estimating the ratio of free nuclei to intact erythrocytes. Implications of this technique for the detection of avian alloantigens will be discussed KEYWORDS:

microcytotoxicity, avian, lymphocyte, erythrocyte, cell surface antigen, chicken fetal antigen (CFA)

REDUCED LIGHT INTENSITY FOR EGG PRODUCTION. Donald C. Dobson* and Jay 0. Anderson, Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Science Department, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322.

KEYWORDS:

Light intensity, egg production and schedule

EFFECT ON YOUNG BROILER CHICKENS OF COMBINING LOW LEVELS OF DIETARY AFLATOXIN AND 0CHRAT0XIN A. J. A. Doerr*, Dept. of Poultry Sci., University of Maryland, College Park, MD 207^2, and W. E. Huff, USDA-SEA-AR, Poultry Research Lab, Georgetown, DE 199*(7. While synergic activity of growth inhibitory levels of aflatoxin and ochratoxin in broilers has been shown, less is known about the effects of combining lower concentrations. Dietary aflatoxin (0, 0.625, 1.25, and 2.5 ppm) and ochratoxin A (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 ppm) were fed to day old male broiler chicks for 3 weeks in a 'tx't factorial experiment. At 3 weeks o f age, body weights were depressed by either toxin at its highest level, but growth was not affected by any intermediate level combination. Mean body weights ranged from 562 g for controls to 395 g for the high level toxin combination. By contrast, liver weight relative to body weight was significantly increased by almost all intermediate combinations except for the lowest dose of each toxin. Control livers averaged 2.82 g% while the high level toxin combination mean was 3.55 g%. Intermediate combinations ranged from 3.01* to 3.1*1* g$. Liver lipid, which usually accounts for most of the liver enlargement during aflatoxicosis, remained normal when 1.0 or 2.0 but not 0.5 ppm ochratoxin was fed simultaneously with 2.5 ppm aflatoxin, which alone caused a 16% increase in liver lipid. Kidneys were enlarged by high dose combinations, but additionally this organ was sensitive to intermediate level combinations as well. The results indicate that low levels of two important mycotoxins, which alone or combined do not alter growth, can produce adverse affects and change the normal diagnostic picture. KEY WORDS:

aflatoxin, ochratoxin, synergy, liver lipid, kidney

EFFECT OF •.'•K i.'nive'-r.it;/

-LAYS? .DIETARY FEEDING SYSTEMS ON CAGED LAYER PERFORMANCE. Bill ni J. n. Bradley. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas ege station, Texas 77843

'^hirly-oix hundred egg-type pullets were subjected to four dietary feeding systems ?::'.:• !'• ''.'ivru^h 69 weeks of age as follows: System A--167= protein, 2950 kcal FE/kg from -'. • -B»;:3 of age, 19% protein, 2900 kcal ME/kg from 17 to 21.5 weeks of age, 167 protein ir. '.:'.'e. ' iyer phase; System B--187 protein in the layer phase; System C--167 protein, 2750 kc ••'.. )'3/kg from "/ to 16 weeks, 19% protein, 2700 kcal ME/kg from 17 to 21.5 weeks, and 167, protein in i:he 'layer phase; and System D--187, protein in the layer phase. From 0-12 weeks

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A successful commercial egg ranch with light trapped housing is utilizing light at a very low intensity. The intensity of light at bird level is less than 0.02 foot candles. Energy efficient dimmer switches are used to dim the lights. The houses are equipped with 25 watt bulbs on 10 foot spacing down each row. The lights are turned up for about 30 minutes in the morning and again about 30 minutes in the afternoon for checking birds and equipment. Six lines of 50-25 watt bulbs per line use about 12.5 amps when turned down and about 54 amps at full intensity. Egg production appears to be normal or above when compared to expected normal production. The light regime has been used for about six years. The lighting schedule used is an intermittent 12 hour program with 10 hours on starting at 6 a.m. and 2 hours on starting at 12 midnight. There are some side benefits from reduced light intensity in more docile birds and reduced pick outs. Light bulbs do not burn out as frequently.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1649

of age a"_l bird's received a 12% protein, 3000 kcal KE/kg diet. All birds were brooded and reare--! in oO conventional floor pens 3 m', and later housed two birds per cage in two conventional cage-type houses. Hen day production for the four dietary systems was 74.25% for System A; 75.25% for System B; 73.51% for System C; and 74.95% for System D. Birds subjected to System B had a significantly higher rate of lay and feed efficiency when compared with System C» Average egg sizes were 57.85, 58.85, 58.04, and 58.75g respectively. Energy levels during the groving period had little effect on egg size, however, the increased protein level during the laying period increased egg size significantly. Feeling systems had little effect on body weight during the laying phase. KEYWORDS: Feeding Systems, layers, vu) lets, protein, energy

SUGGESTED AMINO ACID LEVELS FOR FORMULATION OF GROWER FEEDS FOR COMMERCIAL EGG-TYPE PULLETS. Co R. Douglas*, D. M. Welch, and R. H„ Harms. Dept. of Poultry Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611.

KEYWORDS: Amino acids, grower diets, egg-type pullets.

FEATHERMEALS: PEPSIN DIGESTIBILITY AND AMINO ACID MEASURES. WILLIAM A. DUDLEY*. T. SNYDER. S.M.

KIM AND M. WINEGARNDER.

INC., LIVINGSTON, CA

RESEARCH AND NUTRITION DEPARTMENT, FOSTER FARMS,

95334

FIVE COMMERCIALLY PRODUCED FEATHERMEALS WERE COMPARED FOR CRUDE PROTEIN, PEPSIN DIGESTIBILITY O F THE CRUDE PROTEIN, CHEMICALLY DETERMINED CYSTINE AND METHIONINE, AND AVAILABLE CYSTINE EQUIVALENT CONTENT. A 10 DAY CHICK BIOASSAY WAS USED TO MEASURE AVAILABLE CYSTINE EQUIVALENT UTILIZING A SYNTHETIC AMINO ACID BASAL DIET CONTAINING 0.25% DL-METHIONINE AND 0.0% L-CYSTINE. GRADED LEVELS OF SYNTHETIC L-CYSTINE WERE ADDED T O ESTABLISH A STANDARD CURVE. A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN AVAILABLE CYSTINE EQUIVALENT CONTENT WAS FOUND AMONG SAMPLES. THE RANGE IN VALUES FOR PEPSIN DIGESTIBILITY, CYSTINE, AND METHIONINE CONTENT WAS 71.1% - 77.6%, 4.48% - 5.73% AND 0.36% - 0.41%, O N A DRY MATTER BASIS, RESPECTIVELY. PEPSIN DIGESTIBILITY OF THE CRUDE PROTEIN WAS N O T SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATED WITH CRUDE PROTEIN CONTENT (R = - 0 . 7 1 ) , METHIONINE (R = + 0 . 4 0 ) OR AVAILABLE CYSTINE CONTENT (R = - 0 . 5 9 ) , OR THE AVAILABILITY OF THE CYSTINE (R = + 0 . 8 6 ) . THE LATTER CORRELATION WAS NEARLY SIGNIFICANT. ONLY CYSTINE CONTENT WAS SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATED WITH PEPSIN DIGESTIBILITY (R = - 0 . 9 3 ) . KEYWORDS:

FEATHERMEALS.

PEPSIN DIGESTIBILITY.

GASTR0DU0DENAL MOTILITY AND ITS' REGULATION. versity of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108

AMINO A C I D MEASURES.

Oarj_E\_JJuke*^ Dept of Vet. Biol., Uni-

Gastrointestinal (GI) motility has been studied by detection of changes in intraluninal

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Two experiments were conducted to study the requirements for certain amino acids of commercial egg-type pullets from eight to twenty weeks of age. Ten corn-soy experimental diets fortified with vitamins, minerals and amino acids were used,, The levels of amino acids were changed each two weeks giving six periods of two weeks each from eight to twenty weeks of age. Requirements for the following amino acids expressed as percent of diet for periods one through six respectively were found to be: Methionine plus cystine 0.54, 0,51, 0,48, 0.46, 0,43 and 0.40; Lysine 0,64, 0,60, 0.57, 0.55, 0.52 and 0.48; Tryptophan 0.18, 0.17, 0.17, 0.16, 0,15 and 0,14, Levels of arginine found to be adequate were 0,96, 0.92, 0,92, 0.87, 0.83 and 0.78,

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ABSTRACTS O F PAPERS

pressures and smooth muscle electrical potentials, by transduction of contractile activity., via radiographic observation and by combinations of all of these techninues. Ilotilities of the stomach and duodenum are totally coordinated in a contraction sequence as follows: 1) the pair of thin muscles of the gizzard, 2) the duodenum, 3) the pair of thick muscles of the gizzard, and 4) the proventriculus. It has been shown that gastroduoc'.enal motility raav be regulated by the enterogastric reflex, vagal effe-ents. H-i.m-n-rl rtvi-hr-r -hr> -i-'-; ~ c i-oou, and GI hormones. In contrast to mammals, however, myogenic electric slow waves do not seem to be involved in the regulation of avian gastroduodenal motility although these waves do appear to participate in regulation of ileal and colonic motility. Avian ileal motility is generally similar to that of the mammalian lower small intestine, however the presence of continuous antiperistalsis in the colon of birds results in unique motility and regulatory processes in birds. KEY WORDS:Gastrointestinal, Motility, Regulation

The response of broiler and Leghorn type chickens to variable calcium and phosphorous levels was studied, utilizing a design to obtain surface analysis of results for weight gain and bone ash. The central composite rotatable design had diets with calcium levels of 0.83, 1.0, 1.4, 1.8 and 1.97%, and total phosphorous levels of 0.64, 0.72, 0.92, 1.12 and 1.20%. The design involved three replicates of each rotatable point and 15 replicates of the central point with 10 cockerels per replicate, or a total of 390 birds. Two experiments of two weeks duration were conducted with each type chicken. The surface analysis of the body weight data indicate that several combinations of calcium and phosphorous may produce maximum weight gain. Approximately 0.8% total phosphorous and 0.7% calcium were required in the ration to produce maximum bone ash in broiler chickens; while 0.9% total phosphorous and 1.2% calcium were required to produce maximum bone ash in Leghorn chickens. These results were consistent from trial to trial and the R^ values for bone ash were high, indicating calcium and phosphorous values were responsible for most of the changes in bone ash. The data on growth rate showed similar surfaces for the different experiments but the R^ values were low. The results of these studies demonstrate the problems associated with selecting levels of calcium and phosphorous to determine requirements with a series of levels of one nutrient at a set level of the other. K E Y W O R D S : Calcium, phosphorous, broiler, Leghorns, growth, bone ash

INFLUENCE OF CALCIUM AND PHOSPHOROUS LEVELS OF PRACTICAL TYPE RATIONS ON THE INCIDENCE OF TIBIAL DYSCH0NDR0PLASIA (TD) IN BROILERS. Hardy M. Edwards, Jr.* and R. Veltmann, Jr. Dept. of Poultry Sci., University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 Using a central composite rotatable design with dietary calcium levels of .63, .70, 1.10, 1.50 and 1.67% and total phosphorous levels of .53, .61, .81, and 1.09% practical type rations were fed for 2 weeks to commercial broiler cockerels. The design involved three replicates of each rotatable point and 15 replicates of the central point with 10 cockerels per replicate or a total of 390 birds. When the experiment was terminated the chickens were weighed, killed and one tibia used for scoring the incidence of TD. The incidence of TD ranged from 0 percent to 37 percent; the lowest incidence occurring in birds fed the diet containing .53% P and 1.10% Ca while the highest incidence occurred in birds fed the diet containing 1.01% P and .70% Ca. A high incidence of TD was associated with the diets containing high phosphorous and low calcium. A second experiment repeating four points on the design (.81 P, 1.1 Ca; 1.09 P, 1.1 Ca; 1.01 P, .70 Ca and .81 P, .63 Ca) with 100 birds per dietary treatment and examination for TD at 18 and 21 days confirmed the earlier experiment. The incidence of TD in birds receiving the 4 dietary treatments outlined above was 9, 12, 25 and 38 percent, respectively. In these experiments, low calcium, high phosphorous practical type rations apparently induce TD in broiler chickens. KEYWORDS:

Tibial dyschondroplasia, broiler, practical ration, calcium, phosphorous

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CALCIUM AND PHOSPHOROUS REQUIREMENT STUDIES WITH BROILER AND LEGHORN TYPE CHICKENS. Hardy M. Edwards, Jr.* and Greg M. Lanza. Dept. of Poultry Sci., University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1651

EFFECT OF AiaBIENT TEMPERATURE ON MP T ERAL3 RETETTTIOTT />TU) BALANCE OF THE BROILER CHICKS. O.El-Husseiny* and C.R.Creger. Dent of poultry Sci., Faculty of Agriculture Cairo University"^ Egypt and Texas A & H University , College Station, Tx 77843.

KEYWORDS;

Broiler, Ambient Temperature, Minerals, Retention.

EVALUATION OF THE FEEDING VALUE OF DRIED COW MANURE FOR BROILER CHICKS. 0. El-Husseiny1' A. K. Abou-Raya and M. Abou-Sido. Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt. Nichols broiler type chicks, 9 weeks old, were used in metabolism trials for evaluating the nutritive value of cow manure. The preliminary period being 7 days and the collection period 3 days. The chicks were fed on a diet containing 63.5% pure starch (fully digested and metabolized substance), 35.0% cow manure and 1.5% minerals and vitamins mixture. Samples of feed and exereta were assayed for energy and nitrogen. The metabolizable energy value of cow manure corrected for nitrogen (MEn) was found to be 1.784 ± 0.059 Kcal/gm dry matter of the cow manure being 96.4% of classical metabolizable energy. Nitrogen balance was 0.131 gm/day. The regression equation of MEn/100 gm as fed on percentage cow manure (CM) in the mixture was MEn/100 gm = 262.4 - 2.498 x % CM (r = 0.991). KEYWORDS:

broiler, cow manure, metabolizable

energy

EFFECT OF COW MANURE AND ANTIBIOTICS LEVELS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BROILER CHICKS. 0. El-Husseiny,* A.K.Abou-Raya and M.Abou-Sido. Dept. of Poultry Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt. A 3 x 5 factorial design with terramycin levels of 10, 20 and 30 ppm versus dried cow manure levels of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% were fed to day old Nichols broiler chicks. At the end of 56 days, all chicks were individually weighed and the amount of feed consumed were recorded. Body weight gain and feed efficiency values decreased with the increased level of cow manure. The level of terramycin appeared to be more efficient with lower levels of cow manure. Increasing cow manure and terramycin levels tended to decrease the fat percentages of both breast and thigh of slaughtered birds, while protein percentages were not affected by treatments. The physiological fuel values/kg dry meat decreased slightly with increasing both cow manure and terramycin levels in the diet. K E Y W O R D S : broiler, cow manure, antibiotic

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Eighty day - old Indian River broiler chicks were divided eaually and subjected -to two diff-erent room temperatures, namely 2?°C and 3?°C , for aperiod of 42 days. The chicks were grown under batter;/ brooder conditions in temperature controlled foom* and uniform lighting. All groups were fed the same diet. At the end of 42 days, all chicks were individiually weighed and the amount of feed consumed recorded, fannies of feed, excreta and carcase were assayed for Ca, C u , F e , K, ?.Tg, ITn, N a , P and Zn determinations. Lower body weight gains were observed "for the birds that were reared at air temperature of 32°C as compared to ??°C. Feed consumption showed a desression in the amount of feed consumed by the Chicks brooded at 32°Co The retention efficiency values of each element declined sharply with increasing temperature up to 3?°C, despite the achievement of weight gain. This decline was accompanied by an alteration in the composition of the carcass gain.

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NUTRITIONAL EFFECTS OF OLIVE MEAL IN BROILER CHICKS. 0. El-Husseiny-, Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt. Two hundred day-old Nichols broiler type chicks were equally divided to four groups with two replicates. Chicks were kept in a floor type pens for a period of 56 days. They were fed iso-caloric diets that contained 0, 10, 20 and 30 percent olive meal as a substitute for corn with equal quantities. At the end of 56 days, all chicks were individually weighed and the amount of feed of feed consumed were recorded. Samples of feed, excreta and carcass were assayed for nitrogen. Chicks which were received 10% olive meal had recorded the highest body weight gain, feed efficiency, dressing percent, flesh protein content and nitrogen retention value. The results revealed also that olive meal, that contains 17% protein could be used for broiler feed even when it represents 30% from the diet weight. KEYWORDS:

broiler, olive meal, feed efficiency

R. G. Elkin*, W. R. Featherston and

Studies were conducted to determine the physiological effects of feeding diets containing toxic levels of phenylalanine (phe) to broiler chicks. Marked reductions in weight gain and feed conversion concomitant with raised levels of circulating phe and tyrosine (tyr) were observed in birds fed a diet containing 2.52% L-phe and 0.47% L-tyr. Supraoptimal amounts of glycine, arginine and tryptophan (trp) were fed in an attempt to alleviate the toxic symptoms observed in birds fed high phe diets. Only trp supplementation was successful in partially alleviating the growth-depressive effects of phe toxicity. Excessive dietary phe caused elevations in serum and brain levels of phe and tyr, while cerebral concentrations of free isoleucine, leucine and valine were generally reduced. Trp supplementation increased both serum and brain trp levels. Results of two radiotracer studies with 14c-trp suggested that brain uptake of trp was inhibited by hyperphenylalaninemia. KEYWORDS:

1.

Phenylalanine toxicity

2.

Tryptophan

EFFECTS OF HEAT STRESS AND CAGE DENSITY ON PULLET COMPENSATORY GROWTH AND EARLY SUBSEQUENT LAYING PERFORMANCE. H.M. Engster*, and D.C. Snetsinger, Poultry Research Department Ralston Purina Company, St. Louis, MO 63188 White Leghorn pullets were grown from 0-20 weeks at cage densities of 275 or 225 cm / bird and environmental temperatures of 21, 24, 27, 29, or 32C. At each density and temperture, pullets were fed one of two feeding programs [standard-(S); compensatory growth-(CG)].j The S program consisted of starting (o-5 wks), growing (5-10 wks) and developing (10-20 wks) rations. The CG program consisted of the S starting ration (0-2 wks) and startinq (2-5 wks) and growing (5-10 wks) rations that contained 70% of the amino acid levels of the S starting and growing rations, and the S developing ration (10-20 wks). Pullets exposed to 32C were fed the S and CG programs, but were caged at only 275 cm / bird. At 20 weeks, pullets were housed at 2 hens/cage (413 cm 7 bird) at 21C for 16 weeks. A highly fortified layer ration was fed with pullet treatment identity maintained. Results show that pullet compensatory growth can occuV regardless of stress or temperature or cage density. Significantly higher feed/gain occurred from 2-10 weeks with pullets on the CG vs. S program. However, the opposite was true from„10-20 weeks. A larger decrease in 10-20 week feed/gain was noted in pullets at 225 cm /bird. Feed consumption from 0-20 weeks was 218 g/bird less with the CG vs. S program. Pullets grown at 21C had the highest hen-day production, egg weight but lowest subsequent feed/gain regardless of rearing denisty or feeding program. Pullets on the CG vs. S program had consistently lower egg production, primarily due to differences in days to 50% production. Egg weight and shell qualtiy were unaffected by pullet ration. K E Y W O R D S : Pullets, cage density, temperature, compensatory growth, laying performance.

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PHENYLALANINE TOXICITY IN THE BROILER CHICK.

J. C. Rogler, Dept. of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907

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INFLUENCE OF DIETARY FLUORIDE FROM SODIUM FLUORIDE (NaF) OR SOFT ROCK PHOSPHATE IN PULLET RATIONS ON GROWTH EFFICIENCY, BONE STRENGTH AND SUBSEOUENT LAYING PERFORMANCE. H.M. Engster*, D.C.Snetsinger, Poultry Research Department, Ralston Purina Company, ST. Louis, MO 63188 and^E.R. Miller, Del a ire Farms, Princess Ann, MD.

KEYWORDS:

Sodium fluoride, soft rock phosphate, pullets, laying hens, bone strength.

ATTEMPTS AT AEROSOL CONTROL IN A TURKEY BROODING BARN WITH NEGATIVE AIR IONIZATION. Howard. .L-. Erms *, Department of Animal Sciences, and Harry J. Beaulieu and Sajndra vh_ Parker, De'pirtmeTTt of Microbiology, Colorado State University, "Fort 'CollinV," Colorado 80~523.~ On the date of hatch, 22,000 large type turkey poults were assigned at random to either of two ends of a brooding barn at a density of 1.25 birds per square foot. On the test side of the barn, a continuously operating, negative ionization system was installed consisting of 60 evenly spaced negative ion generators and 60 positive collector plates, both suspended from the ceiling. Air sampling was performed simultaneously in both sides of the barn with High Volume air samplers with Andersen 4-stage fractionating heads and backup filters on each. This sampling yielded concentration of total suspended particulate matter as well as size distribution of the aerosol. Ion imbalance was measured on both sides of the barn with a commercially available ion counter and mobility discriminator with output to a picometer. Barometric pressure, relative humidity, temperature, and daily poult mortality were also recorded for each side of the barn. Statistical analysis of the data generated during the six week experiment shows a consistently lower level of respirable aerosol for the "ionized" side of the barn. Meteorological parameters were consistent between the two sides. The lowest mortaility representing an economic advantage was documented by the neg-ionized environmental side of the turkey brooder barn. K E Y W O R D S : Turkeys, Dust, Aerosol, Brooder Barn, Environmental Control, Neg-ionization, Mortal ity.

POSSIBILITY OF USING PROVENTRICULI FROM BROILERS AND TURKEYS IN FURTHER PROCESSED PRODUCTS E. 0. Essary*, Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 Proventriculi from broilers and turkeys have been evaluated for use in products which might be suitable for serving in fast-food type restaurants. Proximate analyses showed that proventriculi from broilers contained 58.7% moisture, 32.7% fat, and 8.3% protein. Those from turkeys averaged 72.1% moisture, 12.3% fat, and 13.4% protein. Proventriculi from broilers averaged 9.0 gm and those from turkey 7.0 gm. The difference in weight and proximate analyses was due to adhering fat on those from broilers.

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White Leghorn pullets were fed standard corn-soybean meal starting, growing and developing rations containing 0 or 250 ppm of fluoride from either NaF or soft rock phosphate. Dietary fluoride from NaF or soft rock phosphate caused no significant change in weight gain or feed consumption from 0-20 weeks. However, bone ash was significantly increased with those rations supplying 250 ppm of fluoride. The amount of fluoride incorporated in bone was ten times higher with soft rock phosphate vs. controls, while NaF doubled the amount of fluoride in bone compared to soft rock phosphate. Inclusion of NaF increased bone breaking strength by 9% vs„ controls while soft rock phosphate decreased breaking strength 14°', controls. Pullets were placed in a laying house from 20-36 weeks of age and fed a highly fortified laying ration containing no supplemental fluoride. Pullet fluoride treatment caused no effect on hen-day egg production, egg weight, egg mass, shell strength, feed consumption or feed efficiency. There was no significant difference in bone ash among treatments at 36 weeks of age. Fluoride content of bone ash was nearly equivalent between the two groups fed supplemental fluoride as pullets, but both were still elevated (76-83%) above controls. At 36 weeks, hens fed 250 ppm of fluoride from NaF during pullet rearing continued to show an increase in bone breaking strength above controls, while those fed fluoride from soft rock phosphate continued to show a decrease in bone breaking strength vs. controls.

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For preparation some of the proventriculi were marinated and some were tenderized using a steak mallet prior to cooking. Several cooking methods were used. On the basis of preliminary results proventriculi do not adhere together satisfactorily during cooking to enable them to be cooked in a loaf-type product, sliced, breaded, and fried. The best results were obtained by frying the individual pieces. Organoleptic scores for flavor, tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability were favorable. Based on the production in 1980 of 164 million turkeys and 4.0 billion broilers, there would be about 80 million pounds of proventriculi from broilers and 2.5 million pounds from turkeys for use in further processed products. KI-:Y W O K U S :

Proventriculi, Further processing, Proximate analyses

Influence of Cooking and Storage Conditions on pH and Hydrogen Sulfide Production in Hard Cooked Eggs. E. 0. Essary* and B. Haipin, Department Food Science & Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061.

The pH of yolks and whites of whole eggs stored in malic acid solutions after three weeks was 6.08 for yolks cooked under CO2, 6.10 for those cooked in oil, 5.87 for those cooked under N2, and 5.85 for those cooked in water. The pH of whites of these four cooking methods was 8.09, 8.80, 8.11, and 8.56, respectively. For yolks and whites cooked by the same methods but shredded and stored in retortable pouches or plastic bags, the pH of yolks was 6.19, 6.25, 6.29, and 6.34, respectively for whites 7.89, 9.04, 8.56, and 9.17, respectively. Hydrogen sulfide levels (x 10~5 ml/gm) in shredded eggs tended to increase as storage time increased. The least amount of hydrogen sulfide was noted in shredded eggs cooked under N2 (.006), and highest in shredded eggs cooked in water and stored in retortable pouches (.284). K K Y woKos:

eggs, H ? S production, cooking

Amino Acid Contents of Developing Chicken and Turkey Ova. E. 0. Essary*1 and R. Young 2 , Departments of Food Science & Technology1 and Biochemistry and Nutrition?, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 Ova were collected from chicken and turkey hens during processing, placed in weight groups and analyzed for amino acid content. The level of amino acids increased during the development of ova in both chickens and turkeys. The five amino acids in the smallest amounts (mg/gm) in ascending order in mature ova of chickens were half cystine 2.1, glycine 6.8, histidine 7.0, methionine 9.0, and proline 9.0. The five amino acids in chicken ova in the largest amounts in descending order were glutamic acid 29.8, aspartic acid 26.2, leucine 23.0, lysine 19.9, and serine 18.4. The five amino acids which increased in the greatest percentage during ova development were isoleucine 81.6, proline, 40.6, half cystine, 31.2, histidine 29.6, and methionine 25.8. Amino acids increased in turkey ova to a greater extent than in chicken ova. The same amino acids which were present in smaller and larger amounts in chicken ova were also present in smaller and larger amounts in turkey ova. KEY WORDS,

ova, amino acids, turkey, chicken

INVOLVEMENT OF THE B-CELL IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE HEMORRHAGIC ENTERITIS VIRUS OF TURKEYS. A. M. Fadly* and K. Nazerian. U. S. Dept of Agriculture, SEA, Regional Poultry Research Laboratory, East Lansing, MI 48823 The pathogenesis of hemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV) in pathogen-free turkey poults

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Shell eggs were cooked in water, corn oil, under nitrogen, and under carbon dioxide gases and stored after peeling in malic acid solution at pH 4.4 or shredded and packaged in plastic or retortable pouches. The whole eggs and shredded eggs were held in a 4.4°C cooler during evaluation.

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infected with virus at 3 days, 2 or 5 weeks of age was compared with that in poults that had been neonatally chemically bursectomized and exposed to virus at 2 or 5 weeks of age. The virus used in this study has been successfully propagated in cell culture. Results indicated that turkey poults exposed to HEV shortly after hatch failed to develop the clinical disease and mortality was absent. However, spleens from such poults were affected and virus was demonstrated by histological and electron microscopic examinations. Turkey poults exposed to HEV at the age of 2 or 5 weeks developed the clinical disease and mortality ranged from 30-100%. In addition to the splenic and intestinal lesions usually seen with HEV infection, the pancreas, bursa of Fabricius, and thymus were severely affected. In contrast, neonatal chemical bursectomy completely prevented the clinical signs, gross lesions and mortality induced by HEV in poults at 2 weeks and 5 weeks of age. These findings strongly suggest that an intact B-cell system is necessary for HEV to induce disease in turkeys. KEY WORDS: Hemorrhagic enteritis, Turkeys, Virus, Pathogenesis, Bursa of Fabricius, B-Cell

Incubation eggs from 3 strains of Leghorn laying hens were saved over a three week period and labelled by week. All normal egg production and quality traits, age at first egg and body weights were measured individually on the resulting pullets (3687 housed) throughout the year. Age of hatching egg had no significant effect on any trait except for small effects on egg weight at 240 days (C.4 g) and 450 days (0.5 g ) , 240 day Kaugh Units (0.7) and 148 day body weight (19 g ) . There was a significant strain by age of hatching egg effect on brooding mortality. Overall brooding mortality was low (1.4%) and varied from 2.7% for strain 3 to 0.57„ for strain 4 for chicks hatched from eggs saved in the final week. Although there was a small effect of age of hatching egg on egg size, this does not appear important enough: to offset the advantage of saving hatching eggs for up to 3 weeks in a breeding program in order to reduce hatch effects which are frequently quite large; and to offset the large management advantages of fewer hatches. KEYWORDS:

Ag e of hatching eggs, laying hens, management.

THE EFFECT OF HATCHERY RELATED STRESS ON SUBSEQUENT GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND MORTALITY OF COMMERCIAL POULTS. R.C. Fanguy, W.F. Krueger* and N.L. Warren, Poultry Science Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 The first 180 of 340 poults to hatch from a setting of commercial turkey eggs were wingbanded and their hatch time (+2 hrs) recorded along with initial hatch weights. Banded poults were assigned to six treatment groups of thirty birds each. Treatment groups 1 through 6 were held within the hatcher 0, 24, 48, 74, 96 and 120 hours, respectively. At the end of their designated holding period each group was reweighed, moved to poult boxes for 24 hrs, weighed again and then placed in battery brooders with feed and water provided jicl libitum. Body weights of each group were recorded at 24 hr intervals for 5 days and growth curves constructed. Sex was determined by autopsy at the time of death or at the termination of the experiment. The percent males within treatment groups ranged from a high of 63.3% to a low of 53.3% indicating males predominate early in the hatch. Overall, the ratio was 57.8% male: 42.2% female (Chi square = 4.36*). Using adjusted hatch weights, poults were found to loose 6.5% of their body wt/day within the hatcher and another 9.1% during the 24 hr holding period in poult boxes. Group 1 lost an additional 11.7% during the first 24 hrs on feed and water. This contrasts with a 16.4 increase in body weight during the first 24 hrs of battery brooding for the other treatment groups. Poults held in the hatcher 72 hrs + were significantly lighter than poults in groups 1 - 3 at the termination of the experiment. The 72 hr + groups also experienced mortality in excess of 30% during the experimental period. Kl'.Y WOKDS: Turkey, Hatchery

Stress, Growth curves

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EFFECT OF AGE OF EGG ON LAYING STOCK PERFORMANCE. R.W. Fairfull and R.S.Gowe*. Animal Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada f.lA 0C6.

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STUDIES ON THE TOXICITY OF FAT FOR CHICKENS. Geraldine Farrow* and F. H. Kratzer. Dept. of Avian Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616. Experiments were conducted to investigate an apparent case of feed fat toxicity in the layer industry in which feed fat was suspected of causing mortality and reduced egg production. Heavy iron contamination (6,300 ppm) was found in the fat and there was a possibility that it had been heated excessively. Experiments were conducted with chicks in which heated or unheated soybean oil (SBO) was fed to chicks at 2, 7, 10 and 20% levels with normal or toxic levels or iron (5,000 ppm). Heated SBO was fractionated to determine whether a particular fraction was toxic. Dietary iron was less growth depressing with 10% SBO than 2%. The 20% SBO diet caused greater mortality and the birds became greasy. No single fraction proved more toxic than others. In another experiment birds intentionally smeared with oil suffered greater mortality (38%) than controls (4%). Heated SBO caused greater mortality than unheated SBO. In general, the physical effect of fat was a problem when used about 10% of the feed. Iron contamination was probably not responsible for fat toxicity and high dietary fat tended to reduce iron toxicity. Heating fat for 51 hours at 230 C was not detrimental. chicks, fat, growth, mortality

ROUTES OF BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE HEAD OF TEE PEKIH DUCK. IL_ E_.__Fed_de* and X_-_?-_._GuJJj_. Depts. of Anatomy and Physiology, and Surgery and Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 Most avian anatomical textbooks indicate that blood is supplied to the herd through branches of the brachiocephalic arteries; however, anastomoses between the dorsal intercostal arteries (snail branches of the descending vertebral artery) end the dorsal intercostal rami of the aorta have been described in the chicken (Daunel, J. J. In: Sisscn and Grossman's The Anatomy of the Domestic Animals. Edited by P.. Getty, 5th ec, vol. 2, W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, pp. 1968-2010, 1975). We investigated the routes of blood supply to the head of euthanized adult Pekin ducks (av. 2.5 kg) by clamping the brachiocephalic arteries and infusing metalic mercury into a cannulated sciatic artery rt a pressure head between 110 and 170 mm Hg. Filling of the arterial system was continuously observed by fluoroscopy and required about 12 ml of mercury. Of 10 ducks studied, 7 had anastomotic connections between dorsal intercostal rami of the aorta and branches of cither the right or left descending vertebral artery which allowed mercury from the aorta to fill blood vessels leading to the head. One duck had an anastomotic branch between the right external iliac artery and the right pectoral trunk which allowed mercury to fill arteries in the head and 3 ducks had no demonstrable vascular communication between the aorta and branches to the head. These data suggest that a small blood flow fron nonbrachiocephrlic sources can reach the head. However, because of the small size of the anastomotic branches, it is unlikely that this flow constitutes a significant fraction of the total flow to the head. KEYWORDS: Ducks,

Cardiovascular system, Aortic branches, Blood flow to the head

SURVIVAL OF MYCOPLASMA MELEAGRIDIS IN FROZEN-THAWED TURKEY SEMEN. William T. Ferrier* and Frank X. Ogasawara, Dept. of Avain Sciences; Herrad B. Ortmayer and Richard Yamamoto, Dept. of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 956T6 Semen from 15 turkeys was pooled and divided into two groups and diluted with glycerated freezing medium. One group contained naturally occurring levels of Mycoplasma meleagridis while the other was inoculated with a 24 hour culture of the organism. Both groups were frozen under identical conditions. Semen was evaluated for motility and livedead analysis during various stages of cryopreservation. The number of viable mycoplasmas in both group was determined prior to and at 1, 2, and 6 months post-freezing. The experiment was repeated twice. Semen motility and live-dead evaluation showed no apparent trends outside of the normal decline seen during various stages of cryopreservation. There was no significant de-

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KEYWORDS:

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cline in M. meleagridls levels in either treatment groups in both trials when samples were tested at intervals up to 6 months. The naturally infected semen contained approximately 10 colony forming units (cfu)/ml while the inoculated semen, 1(P cfu/ml . 'It was concluded that viable numbers of M. meleagridis do not substantially decline in turkey semen during cryopreservation and subsequent thawing. Consideration must be given to potential pathogens in turkey semen cryporeserved for long-term storage. KEYWORDS:

Mycoplasma meleagridis, turkey semen, cryopreservation

CHICKEN EGG YOLK: A NOVEL MODEL FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODY FOR RADIO-IMMUNOASSAY. R.H. Fertel, J.Z. Yetiv. R.D. Schwarz, J.E. Greenwald, J.R. Bianchine, Dept of Pharmacology, and M.A. Coleman*, Dept of Poultry Science, Ohio State Uninversity, Columbus, OH 43210.

The ability to produce antibody for a specific compound had a high degree of individual variability. The maximum titers were obtained by the third booster. Titers remained hiqher in the hens producing antibodies binding more than 35%. Any identifiably qood antibodyproducing-hen was able to produce antibodies which could be diluted 1:10,000 with less than 3% cross reactivity to other similar products. Since only a small amount of antibody is needed per assay, each egg could produce over 1,000,000 assays. Although most of the antibody in the yolk ranged between 10 - 100% of the titer found in the sera, some hens produced twice the titer in the yolk of that produced in the sera at a given time. Since each hen is consistant in the production of antibodies, once they are developed, and most of the chickens lay 5-6 eggs a week, one chicken could supply antibodies for RIA for billions of assays. The antibodies are stable and appear to retain their utility after repeated freezing and thawing. In preliminary studies this new method of RIA antibody production is also good for numerous compounds other than prostoglandins.

K E Y W O R D S : Antibody, Egg, Radio-Immunoassay

PATHOGENICITY OF EIMERIA M T I S OF CHICKENS AND EFFICACY OF SIX ANTICOCCIDIAL DRUGS. Steve H. Fitz-Coy* and S. A.~~Edgar, Dept. of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Alabama 36849 Studies were conducted with two of the many isolates of Eimeria mitis recovered from broiler farms in the United States (particularly broiler states) where mild outbreaks of coccidiosis had been diagnosed. This species usually has been considered nonpathogenic. Severe infections with the two isolates suppressed growth, impaired feed efficiency and caused depigmentation of 3- to 8-week-old broiler chickens, but did not cause mortality. Also, each isolate caused a sharp, significant drop in egg production of S. C. White Leghorns beginning the eighth day after inoculation. Most hens experienced a full body molt, but most had returned to full production within 4 weeks. The effect of comparable infections were not as great on meat-type hens. One isolate (C2) was significantly more pathogenic than the other (B4), but neither caused noticeable lesions. Six drugs tested against infection in 3- to 8-week-old broilers included halofuginone, lasalocid, monensin, nicarbazin, zoalene and amprolium + ethopabate. Drugs were efficacious in that order based on weight gain and feed efficiency; however, most differences among the first three drugs were not significant. Some drugs were more effective against one isolate than the other. K E Y W O R D S : Chickens, Coccidiosis, Pathogenicity, Anticoccidials

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Sixty white Leghorn hens just coming into egg production were injected subcutaneously with prostoglandin-protein conjugates. Prostoglandins uses include either Fl*<., F2^,E1 , E2, Dl, D2 or thromboxane. The hens were given seven boosters in all. A booster was given every three weeks. After each booster, eggs were collected and yolk antibody titers and cross reactivities were determined. The yolk antibodies were compared with conventionally obtained antibodies (i.e. those from rabbit sera) in radio-immunoassay (RIA) preparations to determine their utility as an antibody source for RIA.

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EFFECT OF THE RECESSIVE WHITE GENOTYPE ON EARLY GROWTH RATE AND BODY SIZE. Thomas W. Fox* and J. Robert Smyth, Jr., Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003.

K E Y W O R D S : recessive white, growth rate, adult body weight, pleiotropy

BLOOD CONSTITUENTS FROM A STRAIN OF EGG PRODUCTION CHICKENS. P. W. Francis,* Dept. of Animal and Range Sciences, M. Ortiz, Dept. of Experimental Statistics, R. K. Roberson, Dept. of Animal and Range Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003 Blood serum samples from 128 egg production pullets were analyzed for 23 blood constituents in a Technicon Auto Analyzer. The analyses began when the birds were 26 weeks old and were continued at three month intervals until the birds were 108 weeks old. This was through a complete laying period. The means obtained did not all agree with values that have been published in the literature. Similarly, considerable differences were found between the published ranges in values and the minimum and maximum values obtained in these analyses. Glucose had a mean of 241 mg/dl and a range of 55 to 306 mg/dl. Uric acid had a mean of 6.01 mg/dl and a range of 2.47 to 8.08 mg/dl. Cholesterol had a mean of 199.9 mg/dl and a range of 68 to 940 mg/dl. Triglycerides had a mean of 3400 mg/dl and a range of 180 to 10,000 mg/dl. One bird yielded a 0 level of tryglycerides. Calcium had a mean of 32.0 mg/dl and a range of 11 to 64 mg/dl. Inorganic phosphorus had a mean of 5.42 mg/dl and a range of 2.1 to 9.9 mg/dl. Many more birds were used in these analyses than have been used to obtain the published data. In addition, all determinations were done in an automated system rather than by individual chemical analysis. The results should be important for future comparisons. KEYWORDS: Laying pullets, blood serum, glucose, uric acid, cholesterol, triglycerides, calcium, and inorganic phosphorus

HATCHABILITY OF WHITE CHINESE GOOSE EGGS. P. H. Francis,* R. H. Roberson, Dept. of Animal and Range Sciences, and M. Ortiz, Dept. of Experimental Statistics, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003. Sixteen hatches of eggs were made weekly from the same flock of 46 female and 19 male White Chinese Geese for two years. The geese were maintained on an alfalfa pasture with the NMSU breeder ration and water available at all times. Hatching was done in a Jamesway #252 incubator between March and the first of July. There was no significant difference in fertility between the first year (85.8%) and the second year (84.8%). Hatchability of all eggs set was 49.8% the first year and 52.8%

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Previous studies from this laboratory have demonstrated a relationship between the C + and £ alleles at the recessive white locus and body weight at 8 and 26 weeks of age. Recent studies on the same randombred population 20 and 21 generations later have been conducted, while one experiment involved a genotype comparison using a broilertype ration vs_. a replacement starter ration. The progeny studied were produced by females housed in single bird cages and inseminated with pooled semen from 20 males. The gene frequency for the recessive white gene (c) was .58+ .023 and the recessive white segregates were approximately 351 of the progeny produced. The 8 week body weights of the recessive white progeny ranged from 88.7 + 91.1 percent of the weight of the colored segregates (C+/_) a "d i n all cases the effects of genotype on 8 weeks body weight were highly significant (P < .005). The recessive white genotype also reduced the 26 week body weight of females and 35 week egg weight. Observations within the colored progeny (C+/-) indicated that the presence of the Columbian gene (Co) resulted in a small but consistent depressing effect on 8 week weight. This relationship may have implications for the development of color sexing meat stocks. These results confirm our earlier observations of the depressing effect of the recessive white locus on early growth and support the conclusion that this relationship represents a pleiotropic effect and not the result of linkage disequilibrium.

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the second year. The difference was not significant. Highly significant differences were obtained between the years for egg weight at days 0, 7, 14, and 21 during incubation. Eggs not hatching were significantly heavier the second year (123.0 gm) than in the first year (108.8 g m ) . Similarly, gosling weight was significantly heavier the second year (91.1 gm) than in the first year (75.6 g m ) . Shell thickness was significantly thinner the second year at hatching (.503 mm) than the first year (.546 m m ) . The distributions of egg weight, gosling weight and shell thickness were significantly different between years. The heavier egg and gosling weights and thinner egg shells were associated with second year production. KEYWORDS: White Chinese Geese, hatchability, fertility, egg weight, gosling weight, and shell thickness

PROTEIN AND METHIONINE REQUIREMENTS OF STARTING RING-NECKED PHEASANTS. Maria de Fatima F. Fuentes and C.J. Flegal*. Animal Science Department, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824.

KI.Y uoKUS: Pheasants, protein and methionine.

INFLUENCE OF THE RATIO OF BASAL FAT TO TEST FAT ON THE TRUE I1ETAB0LIZAELE ENERGY OF SEVERAL FATS. H. L. Fuller*and N. M. Dale. Dept. of Poultry Sci. , University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of basal dietary fat on the true metabolizable energy (THE) of widely differing test fats. Two samples of blended fats and one sample of tallow were tested using a simplified corn soy basal diet with all of the fat extracted and with the extracted fat added back in increasing increments up to 10% of the diet. The test fats were added at levels of 5-15% resulting in ratios of basal fat to test fat of 0:15 to 10:5. The TME of tallow and one of the blends was improved as the ratio of basal fat:tost fat was increased up to 7.5:7.5, at which point there were no significant differences in TME among the fats. Even at a narrower ratio (5:10) the TME of the tallow was equal to or higher than that of either blend. Fatty acid absorption was determined using the fat-free diet to determine endogenous fat excretion. Absorption of 18:0 and to a lesser extent, 16:0 was improved as the ratio of basal:test fat was increased from 0:15 to 7.5:7.5. The TME of the tallow was the same when fed with the extracted (fat-free) basal as with the unextracted basal suggesting involvement of two separate mechanisms. When fed with the unextracted basal the absorption ot the tallow would be improved by the residual or basal fat. This was verified by determination of fatty acid absorption. When fed with the extracted basal, the presence of tallow appeared to improve the absorption of the basal diet thereby increasing the TME of the tallow by extrapolation. KEYWORDS:

True metabolizable energy, tallow, blended fats, fatty acid absorption, stearic acid, palmitic acid.

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Twelve isocaloric practical diets containing 24, 26 and 28% protein and .40, .44, and 51% methionine within each level of protein were fed to starting Ring-necked pheasants from zero to four weeks of age. The minimum optimum levels of methionine for each protein level were calculated based on final body weight. For the 24% protein level the calculated minimum optimum methionine level was .637% of the diet, which lay outside the region of experimentation. Therefore, it should not be considered a reliable value without further research including higher levels of methionine. For pheasant fed diets that contained 28% protein levels, the minimum optimum levels of methionine calculated were .463 and .475% of the diet, respectively. The total sulfur amino acids requirements were .893 and .935% for the dame diets, respectively. The overall mean body weight of birds fed the 28% protein diets was significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of birds fed 24 and acid 26% protein diets. Feed consumption, feed conversion and mortality were not significantly affected by methionine and/or protein levels used.

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PALATABILITY OF PROCESSED MEAT PRODUCTS WITH REDUCED SODIUM CHLORIDE FORMULATIONS. E. J. Furumoto* and W. J. Stadelman. Dept. of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907~ Ground breast and thigh of chicken were formulated into one of four treatments (1.5% NaCl; 0.75% NaCl and 0.75% KC1, 0.75% NaCl , 0.75% KC1 and 0.1% lactose; 0.75% NaCl, 0.75% KC1 and 0.1% fumaric acid). Ten taste panelists evaluated the product as steam cooked rolls. Saltiness, flavor and overall acceptability were scored hedonically with a seven point scale. Significantly different main effects were found for breast meat saltiness and flavor and thigh meat acceptability. Newman-Keuls testing revealed no differences. Fresh sausage patties were prepared using the same four treatments described previously. In addition, a 0.3% level for lactose and fumaric acid was used. A duotrio test found that seven panelists could distinguish (P < 0.05) between reference (1.5% NaCl) and all other treatments except for 0.3% lactose.

KEYWORDS:

reduced sodium chloride, meat products, salt, potassium

EFFECTS OF TOTAL SULFUR AMINO ACIDS, COPPER AND MONENSIN ON GROWTH AND FEATHERING OF BROILERS. P. I. Gard, R. H. Wellenreiter*, C. N. Murphy, B. F. Schlenel and L. V. Tonkinson. Animal Science Division, Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Greenfield, Indiana 46140. A series of eight trials involving 176 pens of broilers (203,200 birds) was conducted to determine the effects of total sulfur amino acids (TSAA), monensin and copper as supplied by copper sulfate on growth performance and feathering Darameters. TSAA (90, 100 and 105% of the NRC requirements), monensin (100 and 121 ppm) and copper (0 and 250 ppm) were evaluated in a 3 x 2 x 2 factorial design. Growth performance data (final weight and feed efficiency) were obtained when the birds were 49 and 56 days of ape. Feathering data (feather score, percent barebacks and floor feathers) were collected when the birds were 43 to 49 days of age. The monensin effect on the growth performance and feathering parameters was independent of the copper and TSAA effects. Broilers fed monensin at 100 ppm had significantly heavier final weight, poorer feed efficiency, improved feather score, fewer barebacks and more floor feathers than broilers fed monensin at 121 ppm. Growth performance was significantly improved by 250 ppm of copper, and feed efficiency was significantly improved by the 105% TSAA level. A significant TSAA by copper interaction for the floor feather parameter indicated that adding copper to a diet containing only 90% of the TSAA reouirement resulted in a significantly greater number of barebacks and poorer feather score. This study indicates the use of copper sulfate could result in feathering problems in diets marginal in TSAA. The data further indicate that monensin had no effect on the TSAA requirements of broilers as measured by growth performance and featherina. K E Y W O R D S : broiler growth, feathering, total sulfur amino acids, copoer, monensin

MULTIPLE ALLELIC GENES (Rs) LINKED TO THE B COMPLEX THAT COilTROL TUMOR REGRESSION INDUCED BY ROUS SARCOMA VIRUSES (RSV). G. H. Gebriel and A. W. Nordskog*, Dept. of Animal Sci., Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 Experiments with Rs genes linked to B , B , and B of the B--:iistocompatibility complex, segregating in Leghorn inbred line Hil, demonstrated that tumor regression is controlled by a multiple-allelic series at a single locus. Tumor expression of the 3 homozygote and 3 heterozygote combinations showed that B^ and Bl J are more or less recessive to Bl2 but differ distinctly one from the other. Rs genes linked to Bl2 and to Bl behaved as a fully dominant/recessive allelic pair. Rs genes linked to B-*-^ and B^-5 behaved as an

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Generally, for both studies, panelists had difficulty establishing saltiness differences among treatments. Complicating factors may be sample variability, individual taste preferences, and taste threshold levels.

ABSTRACTS O F PAPERS

1661

incompletely dominant pair. The study was based on 223 birds 5 weeks of age challenged the win.^-web with Bryan high titer RSV subgroup A virus. KEYWORDS:

in

B complex, tumor regression, RSV

IMMUNIZATION OF BROILER BREEDER PULLETS KITH AN INACTIVATED INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE VACCINE. J. J. Giambrone*, Dept. of Poultry Science, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station and M. K. Eckman, Cooperative Extension Service, Auburn University, Alabama 36849

K E Y WORDS:Immunization, Broiler Breeder, Infectious Bursal Disease

CALORIE-PROTEIN DEFICIENCIES AND THE IMMUNE RESPONSE OF THF CHICKEN. I. HUMORAL IMMUNITY. Bruce Click*, E.J. Day and Doris Thompson. Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi~State University, MAFES, Mississippi State, MS 39762 How dependent is the immune system of chicken on the Calorie (C) and Amino Acid (AA) levels of the diet? This question was addressed by formulatinn diets that were 2/3 deficient in C&AA. Feeding the 1/3C - 1/3AA, 1/3C and 1/3AA diets for 5 weeks, in general, reduced the primary response to 5% sheep-red-blood cells (SRRC), but not to 0.5% SRBC. Birds on the C/AA. deficient diets were returned to a basal diet at 5 weeks of ane and three weeks later reimmunized with SRBC. The secondary response, Inmunoolobulin G(IgG) titer, of these birds was significantly lower than the controls. Total serum protein was significantly depressed during the feeding of the 1/3AA diet. Transferrin, IgG, and IgM were not affected while albumin was significantly reduced. Gain in body weinht was significantly reduced in all groups receiving the deficient C/AA diets. Three weeks after repletion, all groups gained egually. The 1/3AA diet significantly suppressed bursa but not splenic growth. A moderate loss of medullary bursal lymphocytes occured in the birds fed the 1/3AA diet. Severe restriction of C/AA will significantly reduce but will not eliminate humoral immunity. Further tests are necessary to evaluate the effect of the suppressed humoral immunity on the birds ability to resist a pathogen. K E Y W O R D S : Calorie-protein, Antibody, Immunoglobulin, Albumin

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PLASMA ESTROGEN LEVELS AND ,.OOD CALCIUM OR SHELL QUALITY. A.A. Grunder*, K.G. Hollands and C.P.W. Tsanp, An.'raal Research Centre, Agriculture Ottawa, Ont., Canada, K1A 0C6 Blood ionized calcium (Ca++) and/or plasma total Ca levels, estrone (E ) , estradiol (E ) and their sulfate conjugates E S and E S were assayed in samples collected at various times after oviposition during three experiments utilizing White Leghorn hens. Experiment 1 involved 37 hens from two experimental high production strains (1 and 4 at 124 w k ) ; each strain contained hens that laid eggs of high or low specific gravity (SG) . Experiments 2 and 3 involved 23 and 37 hens, respectively, from Strain 1 that were aged 59 and 36 wk from consecutive generations; each hen produced 4 consecutive eggs. In Experiment 1 Strain 1 had higher (P<.01) E 1 , E E S levels and plasma Ca levels (P=.07) than Strain 4 at 6.75 hr after oviposition. "Although the differences in hormone levels between SG groups were not significant (P>.05), the high SG group had higher nlasma Ca (F<.01) than the low SG

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The immunization of broiler breeder pullets with an inactivated infectious bursal disease (IBD) vaccine under field conditions was examined. Seventeen to 22-week-old pullets from several broiler breeder flocks were injected subcutaneously behind the neck with an experimental, inactivated oil immulsion infectious bursal disease vaccine. Virus neutralization antibody titers to IBDV were determined at various intervals from vaccinated as well as non-vaccinat'ed sister flocks. Maternal antibody titers to IBDV in day-old broiler progeny from both IBDV-vaccinated and non-vaccinated flocks were also determined. In addition, broiler breeder performance including hen house production, fertility and hatchability and broiler progeny performance including livability, weight gain, feed efficiency and % condemnation parameters were examined.

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group (24.;" vs_. 22.5 mg %) . Results of Experiment 2 showed that H S and 1! +1- S at 20 hr after opposition 1 were each correlated (r=.48, :i<.0i) with plasma Ca 6 nr after oviposition2. P.asma V. 6 hr after oviposition 2 was correlated with blood ••ionized C a + + at that time (r=.47, P<.05), and with shell weight (r=.42, P<.05), shell thickness (r=47, P<.()5) and shell weight per unit surface area (r=.41, P = .05) of tlie egg of oviposition 3. In Experiment 3, E 20 hr after oviposition 1 was correlated with plasma Ca 6 hr after oviposition 2 (r=.32, P=.05),and E S (r=-.51, P<.01) and E +E S (r=-.44, P<.01) 6 hr after oviposition 2 were correlated with shell weight at oviposition 3. -Although strain differences were observed for plasma estrogen levels, moderate correlations between estrogen and Ca levels as well as shell strength were inconsistent between ages and/or generations. KEYWORDS:

Plasma estrogens, calcium, shell quality.

Experiments have shown that fababeans when supplemented with methionine are a suitable protein source for growing and laying chickens, at levels less than 20% of the diet. However at levels of 25% or higher in the diet, egg size is depressed. A study was designed to determine the effect of 25% fababeans in the diet of breeding hens. 128 Shaver-288 hens were randomly housed in 32 cage units of 4 birds each. Two diets wheat-soybean control and 25% fababean test, were randomly allocated to 16 cages each. Twenty young sexually mature roosters were placed in individual cages and 10 each received one of the two diets. Production data was summarized for 4-28 day periods and two fertility tests were conducted after 2 and 10 weeks of feeding the experimental diets. One half of each group of females were each inseminated with 0.05 cc mixed semen from males fed the-control diet and the other half was inseminated with semen from the fababean fed males. Eggs were collected for 5 consecutive days for fertility testing. Feed consumption (P<0.01) and egg size (P<0.05) were significantly reduced when fababeans were incorporated into the diet. However henday production (%) and feed conversion were not significantly affected. Albumen height (P<0.01), % shell (P<0.05) and % yolk (P<0.05) were significantly increased whereas albuncn weight was reduced P<0.05. Fertility of females fed fababean diets was depressed 11 and 16.4% units in test 1 and 2 respectively. These differences were highly significant (P<0.01) however fertility of the male was not affected and no interaction was realized. Two further studies were conducted to substantiate the findings and identify the causative agent(s). KEYWORDS:

Fababeans, vicine, convicine, hen breeder diets, production, fertility

SELECTED CATION CONCENTRATIONS IN BROILER CHICKS RECEIVING MONENSIN OR LASAL0CID. M.J. Gwyther*and W.M. Britton. Dept. of Poultry Sci., University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602

Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of several ionophores (monensin and lasalocid) on plasma levels of selected cations (_Na+, K+, Ca+2, and Mg+2). In the first experiment, male Hubhard chicks received monensin at 0, 100, of 200 ppm in the feed for It weeks. Plasma levels of Na+, K+, Ca+ and Mg+2 were determined "by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. No significant differences in these cations were observed in any of the treatments'. In the next experiment, male Hubbard chicks received diets that contained 0, 120 or 160 ppm of monensin. These diets also contained additional Na+ and K+. Plasma concentrations of Na+, K+, Ca+2, and Mg+2 were determined and no significant differences were observed in any of the dietary treatments. Values for plasma Na+ and K+ ranged from 109-112 meg/L and 4.01-4.76 meq/L, respectively. Plasma -values for Ca+ 2 and Mg+2 ranged from 6.42-8.30 mg % and 1.71-1.95 mg % respectively. In the third experiment, male Hubbard chicks received lasalocid at 0, 100 or 200 ppm in the feed for 4 weeks. Plasma concentrations of Na+, K+, Ca+2 and Mg+2 were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Significant increases in plasma concentration of Ca. (p<0.025) were observed in birds receiving lasalocid at both levels. Birds receiving 100 ppm lasalocid showed a significant increase in plasma K+(p<0.05). KEYWORDS:

Monensin, Lasalocid, Na, K, Ca, Mg, tissue.

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FABABEANS (Vicia faba L.) AS A PROTEIN SOURCE IN BREEDER DIETS. Wilhelm Guenter* and Ronald R. Marquardt. Dept. of Animal Sci., University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2 and David S. Muduuli, Dept. of Soil Sci., Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

ABDOMINAL FAT IN PARENTS AND BROILER PROGENY.

1663

N. R. Gyles* and Ali Maeza. Dept of

Animal Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. 72701 A high fat and a low fat line of meat-type chickens were maintained. Twelve sires and sixty dams were used to produce four hatches of broilers per line. At 8 weeks of age each broiler was weighed and probed at the vent in four different measures for abdominal fat. The chickens were slaughtered and carcass shell and abdominal fat weights were taken. The parents were weighed at 12 months of age and slaughtered. Carcass shell and abdominal fat weights were taken.

KEYWORDS,

ABDOMINAL FAT, BROILERS, EGG PRODUCTION, FERTILITY.

HERITABILITIES FOR REGRESSION AMD PROGRESSION OF ROUS SARCOMAS IN THE CHICKEN. N. R. Gyles*, C. J. Brown, C. E. Whitfill, Dept of Animal Sci., University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. 72701, and L. Warren Johnson, Dept of Poultry Sci., Auburn University, Auburn, AL. 3684 9 Pedigreed chickens from 4 inbred regression lines and 4 inbred progression lines were challenged with Rous sarcoma virus. Variance components for hatch, line, and sire expressed as percentages of the total variance for each parameter of regression and progression of tumors in the wing-web were obtained. Some parameters measured specific stages of regression or progression, and other parameters measured the entire process of regression or progression. Heritabilities of each parameter were estimated. The results demonstrate the importance of the B blood group antigens with rernrd to early response of the host chicken against the tumor, and on the entire process of tumor regression. The coefficient of variation for each of the parameters was very large. Researchers in this area of work should be aware of the large variation in expression of regression and progression of tumors, because these large variations make it necessary for treatment to be carefully evaluated to determine any significant effects. The heritability for number of days from wing-web inoculation with virus to complete regression of the tumor was 38-501.60 with a coefficient of variation of 42%. The heritability of number of days from inoculation to death of chicken of the progression lines was 26.101.72 with a coefficient of variation of 47%. Additive genetic variation is strongly implicated in the defense of the chicken against early tumor growth and during the entire process of regression. Environmental variation is important in influencing the point in time of tumor growth when the first reduction in size of tumor occurs. There is evidence of genetic variation exclusive of the ILrils-l pene locus that assists the chicken to resist tumor growth. KETTTORDS:,, .,_,.,. . . Heritability, regression, progression, Rous sarcoma.

EFFECT OF DIETARY FLUORINE (as NaF) ON F CONCENTRATIONS IN BLOOD, SOFT TISSUES, 30NE AND EGCS OF THE LAYING HEN. P^ter_Hahn* and Wilh.elm_Guenter. Dept. of Anir-al Sci., University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CANADA, R3T 2N2. The effect of graded levels of dietary F on laying hen performance has been documented in the past. The present study was designed to examine the effect of dietary F on plasma, soft tissues, bone and egg F levels. The effect of Al on F metabolism was also evaluated. Two hundred seventy (270) SCWL layers were fed a basal diet containing the following F and/or Al levels; Control; 100 ppm F; 30 ppm Al; 100 ppm F/30 ppm Al; 100 ppm F/40 ppm Al; 1300 ppm F; 1040 ppm Al; 1300 ppm F/1040 ppm Al and 1300 ppm F/520 ppm Al. After 112 days of feeding, blood, tissue, bone and egg samples were collected. High F intake resulted in significant depression in feed intake and hen-day production and elevation in serum, tissue, bone and egg F levels. In general the addition of Al to the diets

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Correlations between the probe values and measures of abdominal fat were close to zero. The fat in broilers was firm as compared with an oily textured fat in parents. The abdominal fat expressed as a percentage of live body weight in female parents of the high fat line was 3.7 as compared to 3.2 for the low fat line. However the males of the high fat line had 0.4 percent abdominal fat of live weight, and the males of the low fat line had no abdominal fat. The parents had no feed restriction throughout life. Correlations were determined between amount of abdominal fat in broiler progeny and parents, with a view to using the values in the parents as a criterion of selection for low abdominal fat. Relationships were determined between abdominal fat in parents and egg production and fertility.

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1664

minimized the effect of high F feeding. The mean V concentration for low vs high dietary F intake was respectively: plasma, 0.23 to 10.1 ppm; Liver 4.2 to 19.9 ppm; Kidney, 2.9 to 31.3 ppm; pectoralis muscle, 3.6 to 6.7 ppm; tibia muscle homogenatc, 3.9 to 21.1 ppm and bone, 538 to 2600 ppm. The majority of the F transferred to the egg was incorporated into the shell (2.S to 307.1 ppn). Relatively low levels were found in albumen (fresh), 0.4 to 1.0 ppm and yolk (dry, fat free), 3.1 to 18.4 ppm. The data suggested that dietary F is readily accummulatcd in bone and kidney however liver and muscle were not as responsive. Majority of F in the egg was incorporated into the shell. Dietary Al on a short term basis was effective in protecting the hen from Fluorine toxicosis as a result of high dietary F intake. KEYWORDS:

Fluoride, laying hen, blood, tissue, bone, concentrations

EFFECTS OF PREBREEDER LIGHT SOURCES AND NUTRITION AND BREEDER NUTRITION AND NEST TYPES ON LARGE WHITE TURKEYS' REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE. M. E. El Halawani, P. E. Waibel, and S. L. Noll*, Dept. of Animal Science, Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108

Lighting effects. The best egg production (56.4%) was obtained from hens reared under incandescent lamps at 180 lx from 8-30 weeks. Egg production of hens exposed to 5 lx intensity was 49.5%. Turkeys subjected to high sodium vapor lamps (1900 lx) had 53.2% egg production. In the second study, hens reared under high sodium vapor lamps produced the best egg production (56.6%); hens subjected to 30 lx produced 52.8%. Nutrition effects. Various nutritional supplements (10 ppm chromium as CrCl '6H 0, 3% cement dust, 300 I.U. vitamin E/kg, 0.015% ethoxyquin) were fed separately from day of age through the breeding period. The best egg production (53.9% or 54.2%) was from hens fed chromium or a diet containing all the supplements plus 2.5% fish solubles, 0.10% fermentation residue product, 0.025% zinc methionine sulfate, and 55 ppm bacltracin-MD, respectively. Egg production of hens fed the simplified corn-soy diet was 49.4%. In the second study, the diet with all supplements was fed during the breeding period only and resulted in 55.5% egg production, which was 1.5% greater than hens fed the reference diet (25 pens each treatment). Nest types. The type of nest used was found to influence the proportion of eggs laid on the floor. For pens equipped with open, community, community with door, semi-trap, and trap nests the proportion of floor eggs was 13.4, 16.6, 25.9, 28.8, and 47.3 percents, respectively. KEYWORDS:

TURKEYS,

BREEDERS,

ENVIRONMENT,

NUTRITION,

REPRODUCTION

FIRMNESS AND MICROBIAL QUALITY OF HARD COOKED EGGS STORED IN CITRIC ACID. K. K. Hale-, L. M. Potter and R. B. Mart in, Department of Poultry Science, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 2963' Studies were conducted to determine the effects of citric acid concentration (0.2 vs 0.85?), grade after cooking and peeling (select vs yolk exposed), filling temperature of preservation media (5° vs 70°C) and Staphylococcus epidermidis inoculation (none vs 30,000 CFU/ml) on pH, microbial quality, turbidity of the preservation media and shear values of the cooked albumen. Eggs were cooked in egg flats in 90°C water, cooled in 15°C water and peeled by hand. Approximately 2% of the eggs cracked during cooking. The preservation solution also contained 0.1% sodium benzoate; solutions were combined with the peeled eggs in the egg:solution ratio of 2:1 (w/w). After 4 hr the pH of the preservation solution averaged about 4.0 with 0.'85% citric acid and about 5-5 for the 0.2% citric acid. The pH of all solutions increased with time of storage at 4°C. Shear force values increased from initial values of 0.7 kg/g to 0.8 kg/g for eggs preserved in 0.2% citric acid and to 1.1 kg/g with the 0.85% citric acid. Microbial quality of the eggs was enhanced by filling with the 70°C solution, the 0.85% citric acid or by using select grade eggs without exposed yolk. KEYWORDS-

H a r d cooked eggs, citric acid, shear, microbial quality

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Two studies were conducted with Large White female line hen turkeys which relate prebreeding and breeding variables to reproduclve performance. A simplified corn-soybean meal diet served as reference throughout the studies.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1665

EFFECT OF COOKING CHICKEN BROILERS IN MICROWAVE AND ELECTRIC OVENS ON RETENTION OF INOSINE 5'-MONOPHOSPHATE AND INTENSITY OF FLAVOR NOTES.

K. N. Hall*. Dept of

Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268, and R. A. Kluter. Food Science Laboratory, U. S. Army Natick Laboratories, Natick, MA 01760

This study was designed to investigate whether microwave oven cooking, which retains more of the flavor potentiator, inosine 5'-monophosphate would cause chicken broilers to have more intense flavor.

(IMP), than electric oven cooking Frozen broiler halves were

cooked without prior thawing in microwave and electric ovens.

A meat flavor panel

selected the following terms to describe flavor notes of broilers cooked by both methods: rare meat, meaty, steamed chicken, chicken broth, fatty-oily, sour, sweet, and salty. Concentrations of IMP were measured for white and dark meat, pectoralis and iliotibialis Broilers cooked in a microwave oven at 600 or 1645 watts retained

more IMP than broilers cooked in an electric oven at 163 or 177 C.

Although there were

major differences in concentration of IMP, the flavor panel detected no difference in the intensity of flavor notes between broilers cooked under these conditions. KEYWORDS: chicken broilers, microwave and electric oven cooking, flavor intensity, inosine 5'-monophosphate.

LAURICIDIN AND SPICE EXTRACT INHIBITION OF CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM IN TURKEY FRANKFURTER SLURRIES. Michelle A. Hall*, and Arthur J. Maurer, Dept. of Poultry Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706. A solution of Lauricidin (a monoglyceride) in propylene glycol, and alcohol extracts of mace, bay leaf, nutmeg, white pepper and black pepper were added to turkey frankfurter slurries to determine their effectiveness at inhibiting Clostridium botulinum. These additives were used alone and in conjunction with sodium nitrite. Twenty replications per treatment were challenged with 0.5 ml of strain 62A Clostridium botulinum containing 45-50 spores. The slurries were incubated anaerobically at 30 C C for 4 days. Mice were then injected with the slurry supernatant to determine whether toxin had been produced. A 5% Lauricidin solution was effective against Clostridium botulinum growth. Spice extracts (31 ppm mace or 125 ppm of bay leaf, nutmeg, white pepper or black pepper) in conjunction with up to 120 ppm sodium nitrite, however, allowed death in the white mice due to botulism. KEYWORDS:

Clostridium botulinum, nitrite, Lauricidin, spice extracts, turkey franks, botulism

THE EFFECT OF VOMITOXIN CONTAMINATED WHEAT ON THE PALATABILITY OF LAYING DIETS BY WHITE LEGHORN HENS. R.M.G. Hamilton*, Animal Research Centre, B.K. Thompson, Engineering and Statistical Research Institute and H.L. Trenholm, Animal Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6. A group of 30 pullets was allowed to choose between either a control diet containing no vomitoxin or one containing .35 ppm vomitoxin from white winter wheat. A second group was given a choice between the control diet and one containing .7 ppm vomitoxin. The control and experimental diets were wheat-soybean based and contained 71.0% wheat. Each hen was housed in an individual wire cage to which was attached two feed containers. The control diet was placed in one feed container and the vomitoxin-containing diet in the other. The feed containers were weighed and rotated each day from left to right or vice versa during the experimental period. Feed and water were provided ad libitum from 206 and 220 days of age.

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muscles, respectively.

1666

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

In both groups, daily feed intake of the control diet was greater (P- .05) than for the vomitoxin-containing diets (control vs^ .35 ppm - 64.7 and 55.7 g; control v_s .7 ppm - 66.8 and 48.7 g, respectively). Although the birds showed a clear preference for feed containers located on the left, there was little evidence that the choice of diet was related to the preferred location of the feed container. Plots of the daily feed intakes of individual birds indicated that while some hens had a definite preference for the control diet, others preferred the vomitoxin-containing diets or had no preference. There were significant (P<.001) differences among days for feed intake. KEYWORDS:

vomitoxin, wheat, palatabillty, diet, laying hen, mycotoxin, poultry, trichothecenes.

FEED INTAKE, EGG PRODUCTION AND SHELL QUALITY OF HENS GIVEN DIETS THAT CONTAINED VOMITOXIN CONTAMINATED WHEAT. R.M.G. Hamilton*, Animal Research Centre, B^_K. Thompson, Engineering and Statistical Research Institute, and H.L. Trenholm, Animal Research^Centre, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6.

KEYWORDS;

feed intake, egg production, shell quality, laying hens, vomitoxin, wheat, mycotoxin, poultry, trichothecenes.

UNCONVENTIONAL MEAT HARVESTING. Douglas Hamm," Meat Processing Research Unit, RRC, USDA, SEA-AR, P. 0. Box 5677, Athens, GA 30613 The eviscerated carcass is the starting unit for most of today's further processed poultry meats. This is the case for either breast filets or raw material for mechanically deboned poultry meat (MDPM). As a commodity, the whole carcass has undergone little change over the years; yet today's demand is for selected cuts. Breast and leg (drumstick and thigh) meats, which are in strongest demand-—in some cases, the only demand—constitute about 65% of the meat of the carcass. Except for the wings at about 10%, the remainder of the carcass has very low demand. Breast and leg meat can be efficiently collected without eviscerating the bird, thus greatly reducing processing costs. This is accomplished using radically redesigned shackles which firmly hold the bird at four points allowing movement of the bird in a near horizontal position. Present studies in our laboratory are using the defeathered, noneviscerated bird as the input material, thus eliminating the entire evisceration line as presently constituted. Indications are that with fewer operators on the line than at present, deskinned breast and leg meat, along with wings and liver, can be collected, KEYWORDS:

deskinning, breast meat, leg meat, noneviscerated cut-up, hot cut-up.

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Wheat-soybean diets containing no, .35 and .7 ppm vomitoxin from white winter wheat were fed to 306 White Leghorn pullets from two control strains and four 2-way strain crosses. Feed and water were provided ad libitum from 192 to 262 days of age. Egg and shell weight, shell thickness, specific gravity, non-destructive deformation, quasi-static compression fracture strength, albumen height and blood spots were determined on eggs laid between 243 and 247 days of age. The hens were weighed at the beginning and end of the experiment. Postmortem examinations were done on 3 hens from diet-strain group at the completion of the experiment. Diet had no (P>.05) effect on body weight gain, feed intake and efficiency (kg feed/dozen and kg feed/kg egg), egg nroduction and yield, albumen height, blood spots, specific gravity and compression fracture strength. Egg and shell weight, shell thickness and percent shell decreased in a linear manner (P<.05) with increasing levels of dietary vomitoxin. Deformation also was different (P<.05) among vomitoxin levels but the pattern was less clear with .35 ppm vomitoxin-containing diet giving the highest value. Three hens, one from each diet, died during the experiment. There were differences (P<.05) among strains for all the variables measured but, except for deformation, there were no (P>.05) diet x strain interactions. Gross observations indicated no organ damage related to vomitoxin ingestion.

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1667

USING PROJECT MEETING GUIDES TO TEACH 4-H POULTRY SUBJECT MATTER. M. L. Hamre*, Dept. of Animal Science, and T. D. Zurcher, 4-H Program, Agricultural Extension Service, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108

KEYWORDS:

4-H, poultry project, teaching

INCIDENCE OF DEEP PECTORAL MYOPATHY IN TURKEYS DUE TO BREEDING AND ALTERED EXPRESSION FROM FORCED EXERCISE. J A. Harper*, P. E. Bernier, and L. L. Thompson-Cowley. Dept. of Poultry Sci., Oregon State University, Corva'llls, OR 97331 During 11 generations of selection for deep pectoral myopathy in a closely inbred line of Medium White (MW} turkeys the incidence by 72 weeks of age increased initially from 2.5% only in females to 80% in males and 90% in females. In every generation males showed a lower incidence than females. The defect is a polygenic trait with expression altered by modifiers. Comparisons were made with or without aspirin added to diets at a level of .4 g/kg from 8 to 28 weeks of age, along with non- or forced wing exercise at 20 weeks of age, to determine effects on incidence of the myopathy in the susceptible line. Aspirin had little effect upon changing the expression of the ischemic defect. The forced exercise for combined sexes showed a 69.3% and 74.2% incidence at 24 and 28 weeks of age, while 1n nonexercised birds the expression was 12.6% and 29.1%, respectively. Wild turkeys with or without wing exercise showed no myopathy at the same ages as was also observed for another unselected MW strain, Large White (LW), and LW X Black variety progeny. The unselected MW line females when exercised had a 3.33% myopathy incidence, which was comparable in the six previous generations, and the LW a 40% expression. The results suggest forced wing exercise as a method for screening genetic carriers at a pre-breeding age. The early expression is comparable to that generally observed by 72 weeks of age. Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station, Technical Paper No. 5842 . KEYWORDS,

TURKEYS - GENETICS - BREEDING - MYOPATHY

THE EFFECT OF ADDED DIETARY FAT LEVEL ON THE CARCASS COMPOSITION OF TOM TURKEYS. R. J. Hasiak* and B. P. Murphy. Dept. of Animal Sci., Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011. Turkeys were grown in confinement to 140 days of age during two winter and two summer growth trials. The diets contained from 0% to 8% added dietary fat. Moisture, fat and crude protein analyses of the breast and thigh meat from turkeys grown during the winter trials indicated no compositional changes occurred as the dietary fat levels increased. However, during the summer growth trials, the fat content of the thigh meat increased and the protein content decreased (P<.05) as the dietary fat level increased. Seasonal comparisons indicated that the breast and thigh meat of the winter reared birds contained more moisture and less protein than those of the summer reared birds.

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Many techniques have been used by 4-H leaders to help members develop project and life skills. Learning by doing or learning through discovery can be an effective project teaching technique. A series of project meeting guides has been developed to assist junior leaders, project leaders and parents to conduct short learning-by-doing educational activities with minimum preparation and limited prior subject matter knowledge. The following steps can be taken to help members learn by discovery: 1) make supplies and materials available; 2) present members with a realistic situation which includes a problem or task to accomplish; 3) allow the members individually or in teams to work on the task in a problem-solving situation; 4) follow-up with further questions and reinforce their efforts with encouragement and praise. The project meeting guide written for each topic outlines the importance of the topic, explains what the 4-H'ers will accomplish, provides suggestions for preparing for the meeting and facilitating the activity, ideas for discussion and summarizing the activity and some other activities and experiences that might grow out of the experiences learned. Project meeting guides have been prepared for a number of the suggested topics. In addition to the project meeting guides, kits will be assembled to provide the materials and supplies necessary for conducting each activity. Materials being developed can be used in a wide variety of learning situations at the local, county and state level.

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Water holding capacity studies of the breast and thigh meat indicated an inconsistent relationship to increasing levels of added dietary fat. However, seasonal comparisons indicated that the water holding capacity of the breast and thigh meat of winter grown turkeys was greater than that of summer grown turkeys. KEYWORDS^

Turkey, Fat, Composition, Meat

FACTORS AFFECTING THE MIGRATION OF ACETYL-TRIBUTYLCITRATE INTO CHICKEN DURING MICROWAVE COOKING. J. L. Heath and M. Reilly. Dept. of Poultry Sci., University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742

K E Y W O R D S : acetyl-tributyl citrate - plasticizer - microwave cooking - chicken meat infrared spectra - model food systems

THE EFFECT OF AMBIENT TEMPERATURE AND DIETARY ENERGY LEVEL ON REPRODUCTION IN THE RED-LEGGED PARTRIDGE. J.C. Hermes*, A.E. Woodard, R.L. Snyder, P. Vohra, Dept. of Avian Sci., University of California, Davis, CA 95616 The effects of temperature and dietary energy on various reproductive parameters were studied in the Red-Legged partridge (Alectoris gracea) cycled through two consecutive 12week production periods. In experiment 1, 118 pair of partridge were divided into three groups, and kept at either 18.3°, 23.9°, or 29.5°C. Each temperature group was divided into four subgroups and fed a diet containing either 2600, 2800, 3000, or 3200 kcal/kg of ME. The energy to protein ratio was held constant at 186. In experiment 2, chambers with the lowest and highest temperatures were changed from 18.3° to 15.6°C, and 29.5° to 32.2°C, respectively. Only the lowest and highest energy diets were fed. In both experiments, the birds kept at higher chamber temperatures and fed high energy diets consumed about 6 and'7 grams less feed/bird/day, respectively, than other groups. Hatchability was as much as 12$ higher in groups fed the high energy diet. In experiment 2, birds kept at 32.2°C laid 7 and 11 fewer eggs/bird than those kept at 15.6° and 23.9°C, respectively. The ratio of egg mass to feed consumption was best for the group fed the high energy diet. The best performance was obtained in the group kept under a constant temperature of 23.9°C and fed the high energy diet. KEYWORDS:

Partridge, Temperature, Metabol i zab le Energy, Reproduction

EFFECT OF CAP0NIZATI0N AND DIETARY METHYLTEST0STER0NE ON INCIDENCE OF LEG WEAKNESS IN MALE TURKEYS. Patricia Y. Hester*, Frank W. Pierson, and Ellen K. Wilson. Dept. of Animal Sciences. Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN ^7907 Four treatment groups were employed to determine the effect of caponization and die-

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A series of experiments were conducted to study the migration of the plasticizer acetyltributyl citrate (ATBC) from a plastic film into poultry meat and model food systems. The amount of this commonly used plasticizer was found to decrease in the plastic film during microwave cooking of poultry products. This was determined by comparing the infrared spectra of the film used to cover the chicken to unused film. The peak at 1730 cm - ! was substantially reduced in the used film relative to a standard band at 2920 cm"''. Subsequent experimentation determined by chemical analysis that the compound was acetyl-tributyl citrate and that it moved from the film into the chicken meat. Experiments using comminuted chicken meat and model food systems in a test cell indicated that the migration of the ATBC was time related with a plateau being reached after cooking for 8 min. During the first 2 min of cooking 27% of the total ATBC migrated into the meat and during the second 2 rnin period 33% migrated for a total of 60% in the first 4 min. Studies with the model food systems in the test cell indicated that ATBC migrated into and was retained by the lipid portion of the system. Increasing the lipid portion of the system to levels of 2,5, 10,20 and 30% corn oil tended to increase the amount of ATBC found.

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tary methyltestosterone supplementation on the incidence of leg deformities in male turkeys. One group was subjected to surgical caponization and a second to sham operations. The other two groups were nonsurgical controls and toms whose testicles were left intact, but fed 110 ppm of 17 a-methyltestosterone. Mean body weights and feed/gain ratios were determined at 5, 10, 15, and 20 weeks of age. A final evaluation of all birds was performed at 20 weeks of age to ascertain the overall incidence of leg abnormalities,. In addition, a 6 ml blood sample was collected from a random sample of toms at 20 weeks of age to determine plasma concentrations of androgen and corticosterone. Capons demonstrated a significantly higher incidence of leg abnormalities than controls or testosterone fed birds but did not differ significantly from the shams. These data correlated well with the levels of plasma androgen in that capons had significantly lower levels of plasma androgen than controls or testosterone fed turkeys, but concentrations did not differ significantly from shams. Plasma androgen concentrations or leg weakness incidence were not significantly different among shams, controls, or testosterone fed birds. Body weights, feed/gain ratios, mortality, and plasma corticosterone were similar for all four treatment groups. K E Y W O R D S . Caponization, Methyltestosterone, Leg Weakness, Turkeys

A total of 575 male turkeys were randomly distributed among 23 pens and raised under standard management practices. From 5 until 19 weeks of age, birds in each pen were examined once each day, 5 days a week, for the presence of leg deformities exemplified as bowing, swelling, or medial displacement of the hocks. Immediately upon the detection of a leg weakness, 6 ml of blood were collected; similar samples were obtained from a healthy bird selected at random from the same pen. Determinations were made of packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, total leukocyte count, and the plasma levels of uric acid, inorganic phosphate, calcium, alkaline phosphatase activity, testosterone, and corticosterone. Lame birds were found to have significantly higher total leukocyte counts and plasma corticosterone concentrations than healthy controls, the other parameters being unaffected. KEYWORDS: Leg Weakness, Turkeys, Blood Parameters

INDUCTION BY EXERCISE OF DEEP PECTORAL MYOPATHY AND ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN PLASMA CREATINE KINASE LEVELS IN FEMALE TURKEYS. Keith G. Hollands*, Allan A. Grunder and Jan S. Gavora, Animal Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0C6 Fourteen female turkey hens, 57 weeks of age, from a Small White turkey flock under selection for deep pectoral myopathy were used in this experiment. Each bird was exercised once, and again an hour later, by encouraging maximal beating of the wings while being held upright, but off-balance, by the shanks. Blood was serially sampled 15 times by wing venipuncture, from just prior to exercising to 8 days post-exercise. From autopsies performed one week after the last bleeding, it was found that deep pectoral myopathy had been induced in 6 of the 14 hens. Maximum creatine kinase (CK) values for the normal birds, approximately 4700 Sigma units, occurred between 1 and 2 days post-exercise while the maximal values for the affected birds, approximately 18,500 Sigma units, occurred 2-3 days post-exercise. From 2 to 8 days post-exercise, there were no overlapping CK plasma values between the affected and normal hens. The maximal separation of the CK means occurred on the 3rd day post-exercise. KEYWORDS:

Deep pectoral myopathy,

CK plasma levels,

exercise.

COCCIDIAL INFECTIONS IN OCHRATOXIN A-COHPROMISED BROILER CHICKENS. W. E. Huff'-, USDA, SLA-AR, Poultry Research Laboratory, Georgetown, DE 19947, and M. P. Ruff, USDA, SEA-AR, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705. A 2 X 6 factorial experimental design was used to evaluate the effects of coccidial

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PHYSIOLOGICAL COMPARISONS BETWEEN LAME VS. HEALTHY TURKEY TOMS. Patricia Y. Hester*, Frank W. Pierson, and Ellen K. Wilson. Dept of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907

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infections in ochratoxin A-compromised chicks. Ochratoxin A was incorporated into the feed at the dose levels of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 ug of toxin per g of feed (ppm), and fed to the birds from 1 day of age. Birds from each treatment were inoculated with either Eimeria acervulina or Eimeria tenella at 14 days of age. Ochratoxin A decreased the severity of lesions caused by both E. acervulina and E. tenella, but did not prevent infection. Packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, relative weight of the kidney, and plasma protein levels were altered in a manner consistent with the independent effects of ochratoxicosis and coccidiosis. A combination of ochratoxin A and either species of coccidia produced a greater decrease in body weights, increase in feed conversions, and decrease in plasma carotenoid levels than either disease alone. The relative weight of the liver and level of plasma uric acid were altered in a manner that was dependent on the species of coccidia used. These data indicate that ochratoxin A and coccidial infections can interact to limit broiler performance and that some responses are directly related to the species of coccidia. KEY WORDS: Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria tenella, ochratoxin A, coccidiosis, broiler chickens

Various physical parameters of 117 corn samples were evaluated to determine the effectiveness of density segregation to predict aflatoxin contamination of corn. A separate laboratory found that 53 of the 117 corn samples were aflatoxin positive with the values ranging from 1 to 586 ppb. These samples were provided to our laboratory in a blind fashion, and the percent moisture, density (g/100 m l ) , and the blue-green, yellow fluorescence (EGY) was determined for each sample. The samples were then segregated into buoyant and non-buoyant fractions with water or a 30% sucrose solution. The buoyant and nonbuoyant fractions were then dried and the percentage of buoyant corn was determined. The samples were ranked with respect to the percentage of buoyant corn. Only 58% of the BGY positive samples were found to be aflatoxin positive. In the 59 samples with the highest amount of buoyant corn in either water or sucrose, only 52.5 and 42.4 percent, respectively, were aflatoxin positive. Corn kernels from the buoyant and non-buoyant fractions of each sample were surface sterilized and plated on three separate raedias to determine the amount of fungal contamination. These data indicate that there was a significantly higher (P<.05) incidence of fungal contamination in the aflatoxin positive samples, however, these data also indicate that there was a significantly (P<.05) higher incidence of fungal contamination in the non-buoyant fraction of these samples. These data provide reason to suspect that segregation of corn by density is an inefficient method to predict either aflatoxin contamination or fungal contamination of corn. KEYWORDS: aflatoxin, segregation, mycotoxins, corn, density

G R O W T H , H E A R T W E I G H T , C A R D I A C L I P I D AND P A T H O L O G Y OF C H I C K E N S FED R A P E S E E D AND O T H E R V E G E T A B L E O I L S . H. W. Hulan 1 ", A. H. Corner 2 , P. M. Nash1 and F_.__G_. Proudfoot'. 'Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, Kentville, N.S. B4N 1J5. 2 Animal Pathology Division, Animal liseases Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Nappean, Ontario. A total of 384 male SCWL chicks of the Hyline strain were randomized in 24 Petersime battery units of 16 birds per unit. Four replicate pens were fed either a basal diet containing no added oil or a diet supplemented with 20% by weight of either soybean oil, Tower rapeseed oil (RSO), Candle RSO, Regular (HEAR) RSO or R-500 RSO with levels of erucic acid, ranging from 0.1 to 51.C%. Four birds from each unit were killed at 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks for pathology and cardiac lipid analysis. Feeding RSO had no consistent effect on body weights, heart weights or the heart to body-weight ratio. Only the diet containing R-500 (containing 51.6% erucic acid) consistently increased cardiac lipid levels as measured gravimetrically. Feeding Tower RSO low in erucic acid (0.1%) resulted in lower levels of cardiac lipids than when the basal diet was fed and at 4 weeks this differencewas significant. Maximum deposition of the long-chain monoenes, erucic and cicosenoic acids, had occurred in the cardiac lipids of chicks after 8 weeks or, diet, and the levels remained high throughout the 16-week trial. The relative concentration of these longchain monoenes in the cardiac lipids was positively correlated to the dietary levels of

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THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DENSITY SEGREGATION TO ESTIMATE AFLATOXIN AND FUNGAL CONTAMINATION OF CORN. W. E. Huff*. DSDA, SEA-AR, Poultry' Research Laboratory, Georgetown, DE 19947, and W. M. Hagler, Dept. of Poultry Sci., North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27650.

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these acids. The level of 16:0 in cardiac lipids was significantly reduced by feeding RSO in general and the level of other alkenyl groups (18:0 and 18:1) was also significantly reduced when the high erucic acid RSO's (HEAR, R-500) were fed. Lesions considered of pathological significance were found in heart, liver and skeletal muscle of chickens fed RSO's high in erucic acid. KEYWORDS: chicken, vegetable oils, growth;, cardiac lipids, pathology

PERIPHERAL PLASMA LEVELS OF PROSTAGLANDIN Aj_, E1 and F 2a IN TURKEY HENS. R.M. Hulet*, A.J. Pescatore, B.J. Marquez, Poultry Science Dept., and M.S. Amoss, Dept. of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX 77843

KIY WORDS:

Prostaglandin, Fertility, Turkey, Oviposition

THE UTILIZATION OF CORN STILLAGE IN BROILER DIETS. J. H. Hunt, Jr.* and J. M. Vandepopuliere, Dept. of Poultry Science, J. R. Fischer, Dept. of Agriculture Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211. Two studies of 4 weeks duration each were conducted to determine the effects of using stillage (whole corn stillage, approx. 90% HjO) in broiler diets. In the first study 100 broiler chicks were randomized by weight into groups of 10, with two groups fed each of 5 diets. The diets consisted of the control plus 2 diets formulated with stillage included at 10 and 20% on a dry matter (DM) basis and 2 diets formulated with a portion of the stillage sample that had been dried to approximately 90% DM (DDG+S). In the second study 200 broiler chicks were randomized into groups of 10, with 5 diets of 4 replications each. The diets consisted of a control plus 4 diets utilizing stillage at 8%, 16%, 24-% and 32% of the DM of the diet. Broiler weight and feed intake were determined weekly. Within each study there was no significant difference (P<.05) in body weight. In the first trial the stillage diets were consumed on a level equal to that of the control but less than the DDG+S diets, there was however, a significantly better feed conversion on the stillage diets. . In the second study the DM consumption on the two diets containing 24% and 32% stillage was significantly less than other diets. It was also noted, that as the moisture level of the diet increased, there was a linear decrease in the consumption of water. There was no significant difference in the moisture levels of the feces. These studies indicate that stillage can be utilized up to 32% (DM basis) in a broiler diet. KEYWORDS:

Corn Stillage, DDG+S

EFFECT OF RANCIDITY ON THE FEEDING VALUE OF RICE BRAN FOR CHICKENS. Ahmed Hussein* and F. H. Kratzer. Dept. of Avain Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of rancidity on the feeding

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A study was conducted to quantitate the endogenous levels of prostaglandin PGAi, PGE-L and PGF2a in high fertility, low fertility and non-laying turkey hens. Turkey hens were classified by their first 10 week performance on the basis of egg production and fertility. Mean percent fertility of 98.83 and 59.95 percent was found in the high fertility and low fertility groups, respectively. Peripheral blood was collected for two days at 11, 15 and 20 weeks of production between 0200 and 2200 hours (13 collections/day). Radioimmunoassay systems specific for PGA^, PGEi and PGF2awere used to quantitate plasma values. Concurrent peaks were observed for PGE-^ and PGF2a at time of oviposition. Mean surge values of PGEX and PGF 2a were 904.5 + 90.1 and 1899.2 + 188.9 pg/ml, respectively. PGF2a exhibited a longer duration of the peak than PGEi . No detectable peak was observed for PGA^ values. There was no difference in the levels of PGA-^, PGE-^ or PGF2a between high fertility and low fertility hens. Mean plasma levels for all egg producing hens tested were: PGA;L, 214 + 45.6; PGE^ 399.3 + 46.5; and PGF2a, 857.7 + 11.4; the non laying birds mean plasma levels were: PGA^, 112.3 + 11.4; PGE^, 227.8 + 20.9, and PGF2(X, 485.5 + 44.9 pg/ml.

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value of rice bran, acceptability of roasted chickens to which it was fed and to determine the effect of EDTA on the development of rancidity in rice bran. Five experiments were conducted with chickens. Diets contained 60% of rice bran and 40% basal diet. Fresh rice bran and rice bran stored with EDTA caused significant reductions in growth of 25% and 30% respectively, while rancid rice bran diet caused a highly significant reduction in growth of about 40%. The efficiency of feed utilization was not different between treatments. There was no significant effect of the experimental treatments on the flavor of the chicken meat. The rancid rice bran and the rancid rice bran with EDTA added after storage caused highly significant reduction in growth of 32% and 34% respectively while fresh rice bran diet caused a reduction of 20%. The addition of EDTA to the fresh rice bran caused highly significant improvement in growth response. The feed conversion was improved with fresh rice bran and EDTA. Thiobarbituric acid test results showed no significant effect of any treatment on the rancidity of the skin fat or the adipose tissue. EDTA caused a significant improvement in growth when added to fresh rice bran and there was no significant difference with the addition of EDTA to autoclaved rice bran diets. In two experiments there were no significant differences between TME or AME values for fresh or rancid rice bran or with the addition of EDTA. Rancidity - Rice Bran - Feeding Value — Chickens

EFFECT OF DIETARY ENERGY, PROTEIN LEVELS AND HYPERTHERMIA ON THE NUTRITION REQUIREMENTS OF BROILERS IN KUWAIT. M. D. Husseini*, M. F. Diab and A. J. Salman, Agroproduction Dept., Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. 960 day old broiler chicks were divided into 6 dietary treatments consisting of 20%, 22% and 24% protein and 3000 and 3400 kcal/kg of energy. The birds were grown in 2 x 2 m. floor cages and housed at either 30 or 50 birds per cage in conventional housing. The range for day and night ambient temperature was from 34.1°C to 41.5 C and from 20°C to 33°C consecutively. Broilers fed the 20% protein and 3400 kcal/kg energy diet produced the highest body weight gains and feed efficiency whereas birds fed the 24% protein and 3000 kcal/kg energy diet produced the least body weight gains and feed efficiency. Feeding the high energy diets produced the highest body weight gains regardless of protein levels used. Birds housed 30 birds per cage gained more, had better feed efficiency and lower mortality than birds housed 50 birds per cage. Results indicate that broilers under high ambient temperature can reach a reasonable marketable weight in 6 weeks. Broilers will gain more and have better feed efficiency when fed low protein high energy diets and grown under lower house density. It is felt that growing birds one more week under pad and fan cooling, the birds will gain enough weight to reach a dressed weight of 1100 g. per broiler. KEY WORDS:

Broilers, Energy, Protein, Ambient temperature, Bird density.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM COMPONENTS IN FEMALE TURKEY EMBRYOS. Mohamed 0. Hussein*, B.C. Wentworth and N.G. Zimmermann. Dept. of Poultry Sci., University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706. The development of the right mullarian duct, the left mullarian duct and the left ovary was traced in female turkey embryos between day 10 of incubation and day 13 post hatching. Photographic negatives were obtained from a fixed mount for 7-15 samples of Bronze embryos dissected on a flat surface with the reproductive system components exposed. Area measurements taken from projection of these photographic negatives were used to compare the development of each of the reproductive system components. The right mullarian duct shows a progressive increase in size up to day 17 of incubation then starts regressing to reach its minimum observed size by day 28 of incubation. This size is then maintained post hatching up to the 13th day without any apparent tendency for further increase or decrease in size. The left mullarian duct shows progressive development in size all through incubation period and during post hatching period covered in this experiment. The left ovary shows a continuous increase in size during the incubation and post hatching periods as well. In contrast to chicken embryos, no rudiment of the right ovary could be detected in these turkey embryos.

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KEYWORDS:

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Statistical analysis of the data showed a significant change of size for the three components during the incubation and post hatching periods except for the right mullarian duct during post hatching period which was found to be non-significant at P < 0.01. The development of the left mullarian duct and the left ovary was found to be positively correlated to each other while the development of the right mullarian duct was negatively correlated to both. KEYWORDS:

Turkey, embryos, ovary, mullarian ducts

EXTENDING THE SHELF-LIFE OF BROILER MEAT. A. I. Ikeme* and W. J. Stadelman. Dept. of Animal Science, Smith Hall, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.

Results of the initial experiment showed that untreated samples remained edible for 7 days when stored at 4°C and for 14 days when stored at -2°C. Samples stored at 15°C were considered spoiled by the second day. In the second experiment samples were dipped for 10 sec. in boiling water and then dipped in solutions 1 or 2 for 60 sec, drained for 3 seconds and packaged in polyethylene bags. Samples were stored at 15°C, 25°C and 4°C respectively. AT 15°C control samples were considered spoiled by the second day. Samples dipped in solution 1 could be edible by the 4th day and those dipped in-solution 2 had a 6 day shelf-life. At 4°C, longer than a 28 day shelf life was observed. At 25°C samples dipped with solution 2 or 1 remained unspoiled for 2 days and 1 day, respectively. Dipping in solution 1 or solution 2 had no adverse effect on the organoleptic characteristics of oven-cooked or barbequed samples. Throughout the entire storage period, solution 2 dipped samples had lower microbial counts than samples dipped in solution 1.

KEYWORDS:

Modified starch, broiler shelf-life, microbiological spoilage organisms.

INOSITOL PENTAPHOSPHATE CONTENT IN CHICKEN ERYTHROCYTES FROM AGE-DEPENDENT DENSITY POPULATIONS. Russell E. Isaacks. Research Laboratories, Veterans Administration Medical Center and Uept. of Med., University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33125 White leghorn cockerels (4 mo.) were made anemic (30% reticulocytes in whole blood) by phlebotomy. Five populations of erythrocytes (RBC) were prepared from blood of these anemic birds based upon age-dependent density by centrifugation. The ... relative increase in age of fraction 1 (younger cells) through fraction 5 (older cells) was verified by increased hemoglobin concentration and decreased reticulocyte count, cell volume, and uptake of 59p e iabel. The acid aqueous-soluble phosphates from each RBC population were extracted, fractionated by ion exchange column chromatography, and the concentration of inorganic phosphate (Pi), ATP, and inositol pentaphosphate (inositol-Ps) quantitated by phosphate analysis. Determination of Pi, ATP, and inositol P5 in fraction 1 (younger cells, 7.4% retics) from the initial blood withdrawn gave 4.3, 5.7, and 18.6 ymoles Pi/ml RBC, respectively. After three days of phlebotomy, Pi, ATP, and inositol-P5 concentrations in fraction 1 (retics 88%) were 12.6, 10.6, and 12.3 umoles Pi/ml RBC, respectively. After seven days recovery from phlebotomy, the values for Pi, ATP, and inositol-P5 in fraction 1 (35% retics) were 5.0, 5.4, and 19.0 umoles Pi/ml RBC, respectively. It is concluded that reticulocytes entering circulation contain approximately 60% of the level of inositol-P5 in the mature erythrocyte. It appears that synthesis and final accumulation of inositol-P5 occurs during maturation of reticulocytes in circulation. KEYWORDS:

erythrocytes, age-dependent density, inositol pentaphosphate

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The normal spoilage microflora of poultry meat stored at -2°C, 4°C and 15°C, respectively, were enumerated and identified after different periods of storage. A second experiment was conducted to determine the effects of citric acid, posassium sorbate and modified corn starch on the spoilage microflora and shelf life of poultry meat. A portion of the wing consisting of ulna and radius with attached skin and muscle was used in these studies. Solutions 1 and 2 contained citric acid, potassium sorbate and modified corn starch at different levels. The pH of solution 1 was 3.2 and 2 was pH 2.4.

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EFFECT OF DIETARY PROTEIN AND ENERGY ON PERFORMANCE, BODY COMPOSITION AND PRODUCTION COSTS OF BROILER CHICKENS. Starr E. Jackson*, J.D. Summers and S. Leeson. Dept. of Animal & Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario.

KEY WORDS: protein, energy, body composition, production costs

ANTICOCCIDIAL EFFICACY OF NARASIN IN BATTERY CAGE TRIALS, T. K. Jeffers, L. V. Tonkinson* and M. js. Callender, Lilly Research Laboratories, Division of Eli Lilly and Company, P. 0. Box 708, Greenfield, IN 4614C Narasin is a polyether monocarboxylic acid antibiotic. The efficacy of narasin at concentrations of 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 ppm was evaluated against recent field isolates of the pathogenic species of chicken coccidia in an extensive series of short-term battery cage trials. These trials were designed to characterize the anticoccidial efficacy of narasin against coccidia typifying those present in commercial broiler production houses. Overall statistical analyses of the results of these studies revealed that each concentration of narasin produced a significant reduction in cecal and intestinal lesion scores when compared with the infected nonmedicated controls. Each concentration of narasin also produced a significant improvement in weight gains and feed/gain ratios when compared to the infected nonmedicated controls. Maximum weight gain of birds infected with Eimeria tenella alone was obtained at a narasin concentration of 60 ppm, but if infected with jJ. tenella plus intestinal species of coccidia, weight gain of birds medicated with 80 ppm narasin was significantly greater than that of birds medicated with 60 ppm narasin. Weight gain improvement decreased at narasin concentrations 2. 100 ppm. The results of these studies confirm the effectiveness of narasin in controlling coccidial infections produced by recent field isolates of the pathogenic species of chicken coccidia, and further reveal a significant dosage response, whereby, 80 ppm narasin is significantly more effective than is 60 ppm narasin in controlling moderate to severe coccidial infections. KEYWORDS: narasin, anticoccidial, coccidlosis, Eimeria, chicken coccidia, anticoccidial efficacy, ionophorous antibiotic, battery cage trials

FIELD EXPERIENCE TRIALS COMPARING NARASIN-AND MONENSIN, T. K. Jeffers, D. C. Young*, JJ. L_. Snyder, L_. J_. Camp, C. N. Murphy, and IS. J?. Schlegel, Lilly Research Laboratories, Division of Eli Lilly and Company, P. 0. Box 708, Greenfield, IN 46140 Narasin is effective against all species of chicken coccidia when tested in batterycage and floor-pen studies. To confirm the efficacy of narasin under practical broiler production conditions, the drug was fed at concentrations of 60 ppm (Treatment A) and 80 ppm (Treatment B) to broiler chickens being raised by six different commercial broiler

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Broilers of a commercial strain were used to cliaracterize the effects of wide ranges of dietary protein and energy on performance, body composition and returns over feed costs. Dietary treatments encompassed 6 levels of dietary protein (16,20,24,28,32,36%) and 6 levels of metabolizeable energy (2600,2800,3000,3200,3400,3600 kcal/kg). While an increase in dietary protein and energy produced larger, more efficient broilers, carcass composition varied inversely according to which dietary nutrient was aiEfered. Although carcass protein varied widely when expressed on a pereentage basis, it remained relatively constant when expressed on an absolute basis. This is in contrast to carcass fat, which increased on an absolute weight basis with increases in the level of dietary energy and decreased with increased levels of dietary protein. Examination of economic parameters demonstrated that returns over feed costs remain essentially constant providing dietary protein and energy were balanced with respect to nutrient requirements. Prediction of performance responses with regression analysis indicated that the precision of the estimate could be improved with the inclusion of variables other than diet. While much work remains to be done in this area, the present data are of interest in developing production models.

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producers in five different geographic areas. Monensin was fed in each trial at a concentration of 100 ppm or 121 ppm (Treatment C) as a reference control. The usual management practices of each of the integrated broiler companies were practiced throughout the respective trials. Nine trials were conducted and approximately 100,000 broilers were tested for each treatment. No adverse reactions attributable to treatments were observed in any of the nine field experience trials and the performance results obtained with narasin medicated birds were generally comparable with those obtained with monensin medicated birds in the same trial. The overall average total mortality for treatments A, B and C was 3.7%, 3.7% and 3.8%, respectively. Average live weight per bird at trial termination for birds medicated with treatments A, B and C was 1.76 Kg, 1.76 Kg and 1.73 Kg, respectively; while overall feed/gain ratios were 2.01, 1.97 and 1.99, respectively. These findings support the conclusion that narasin at final feed concentrations of 60 and 80 ppm can be safely and effectively used as an anticoccidial agent in commercial broiler production facilities. KEYWORDS: narasin, monensin, coccidiosis, field trials, chicken coccidia, broilers, ionophores, anticoccidials

Although monensin has been extensively used as an anticoccidial in the U.S. since 1971, previous surveys on the monensin sensitivity of field strains of coccidia suggest that monensin resistance is not readily developed. More than 300 Eimeria isolates obtained from broiler production houses since 1974 were tested for monensin sensitivity. The criterion of monensin resistance was that the lesion score of the monensin medicated group be y_ 50% of that of the nonmedicated infected group. Most isolates were controlled by monensin despite long periods of drug exposure, but a few (approximately 10% of the total tested) exhibited greatly reduced monensin sensitivity as evidenced by the severity of lesions in 100 ppm monensin-medicated birds. However, these isolates responded to an increased dose of monensin and there is no evidence to suggest that monensin-resistant strains of Eimeria have produced coccidiosis breaks in monensin-medicated broiler flocks. Furthermore, monensin retained significant activity against gametogony (oocyst production) of strains having reduced sensitivity expressed by the relative degree of asexual development (lesions) in monensin-medicated birds, suggesting that such strains may be a small proportion of the total coccidial population in a broiler house. The low incidence of isolates having markedly reduced sensitivity to monensin, coupled with the absence of definitive evidence of the contribution of those isolates to an overall lack of coccidiosis control in the broiler house, supports the notion that chicken coccidia do not readily develop resistance to monensin. KEYWORDS: monensin, Eimeria, drug sensitivity, drug resistance, coccidia, chicken coccidia, ionophore.

EFFECTS OF COCCIDIOSIS ON DIGESTION OF NUTRIENTS IN BROILER CHICKENS. K. C. Jeng and S. A. Edgar, Dept. of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Alabama 36849 Four and 5-week-old broilers suffering mild to moderately severe infections of Eimeria acervulina or E_. maxima (no mortality) gained significantly less than uninfected controls during a 10- or 14-day period postinoculation. Undigested protein in the lower small intestine or feces was greater during the peak of infection than before or after infection or in uninfected controls. £_. acervulinainfected and E_. maxima-infected chickens had 24.5% to 42.1% more undigested protein than uninfected controls. Analyses of intestinal contents and feces revealed that coccidiosis likewise interfered with digestion of carbohydrates. Undigested protein and carbohydrate were determined by chemical and physical methods. Trypsin activity in intestinal contents decreased markedly during infection and proportionately more large particles of undigested ground corn and soybean meal of the ration passed in the feces when compared to uninfected chickens.

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SENSITIVITY OF FIELD STRAINS OF COCCIDIA TO MONENSIN: THE FIRST TEN YEARS OF DRUG EXPOSURE, T\ K. Jeffers*, Lilly Research Laboratories, Division of Eli Lilly and Company, P. 0. Box 708, Greenfield, IN 46140

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It is believed that interference with digestion is in part responsible for poor absorption and impaired feed efficiency during coccidial infections. The same phenomena were demonstrated with certain feeding regimes in uninfected chickens. K E Y W O R D S : Coccidiosis, protein, carbohydrate, digestion

EVIDENCE THAT THE CREPUSCULAR PEAK OF LH IS A DAILY RHYTHM. P.A. Johnson* and A. van Tlenhoven. Dept. of Poultry and Avian Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. 14853

KEYWORDS: LH, Photoperiod, Ovulation

EFFECT OF LIGHT RESTRICTION ON THE FORCED MOLTING OF TURKEY BREEDER HENS. N_._Paul Johns_ton- and David W.^Richards. Department of Animal Science, Brigham Young University, Provo," UT 84602 Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of light restriction on the forced molting of turkey breeder hens. In the first trial 100, fifty-week old Sierra breeder hens were placed on five different levels of light per day (4, 5, 6, 8, & 9 hours). Feed was removed for the first two weeks. At the end of the fifth week all birds were returned to fourteen hours of light daily. Approximately eight weeks after the initial l:-ght restriction hens began laying their first eggs. Production peaked most rapidly for birds restricted to the fewest hours of light. There were no significant differences between treatments in the number of eggs laid following the molt. In the second trial 51 of the above birds at 78 weeks of age were molted again with daily light restrictions of 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9 hours for three weeks. Following light restriction periods all birds were exposed to 14 hours of light daily. Feed was removed for the first 14 days. Eg? laying commenced during the eight week for all treatments. Birds that had been restricted to one hour of light, reached and maintained peak production longer and laid significantly more eggs following the molt. Egg production for 100 days following the nolt averaged approximately 45% for the first trial and ranged from 30% to 45% after the second molt. KEYWORDS: Turkey,

Breeders,

Forced-Molted,

Light

ASSOCIATION OF AFLATOXIN WITH PRODUCTIVITY IN BROILERS. F. T. Jones,* W. M. Hagler, and P. B. Hamilton, Dept. of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27tTbT) The present study was undertaken to ascertain whether aflatoxin was produced in feed

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A small rise in plasma LH associated with the onset of darkness (a crepuscular peak) has been reported in laying hens (Wilson and Sharp, J. Reprod. Fert. 35: 561, 1973; Johnson et^ _al. , Poult. Sci. 59: 1625, 1980). The present experiment was conducted to determine whether this crepuscular peak is a neural phenomenon evoked by the "lights off" stimulus or an endogenous daily rhythm. A total of sixteen laying hens were bled via a brachial vein cannula at short (20 minute) intervals for a 4 h period on the evening prior to the C ovulation. In the control group (n=8 hens) the birds were bled from 1400h to 1800h (lights off 1600h through 0200h), while in the experimental group (n=8 hens), bleedings were conducted between 1400h and 1800h but the lights did not go off until after the last blood sample was drawn (lights off 1800h through 0200h). Digital palpation on the morning following the blood sampling revealed that ovulation was normal in all 8 of the control hens, normal in 6 of the 8 experimental hens, and blocked in the remaining 2 hens. There was a significant peak in plasma LH concentration at the onset of darkness (p<0.01, paired t test) in the control group and a significant peak was also detected at the expected time of "lights off" in the experimental group (p<0.05, paired t test). It remains to be determined whether this endogenous rhythm of LH provides the stimulus to induce subsequent preovulatory hormonal changes in the presence of an ovulable follicle. Preliminary attempts to block the crepuscular peak with the ultra-short acting barbiturate, Brevital (10 and 25 mg/kg), have so far failed.

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in the absence of clinical signs of a toxicosis and whether aflatoxin could be associated with flock productivity parameters. Aflatoxin, microflora, and moisture were determined in samples taken weekly of 1) poultry feeds from six producers from each of five broiler companies, 2) poultry feeds collected from feed mills servicing these companies, and 3) corn samples collected from these feed mills. Temperature and relative humidity (RH) was measured weekly in each poultry house. A productivity index based on the prior year's performance was calculated for each producer. Mean concentrations of aflatoxin were 1.15 ppb in corn, 6.02 ppb in feeds from feed mills, and 8.75 ppb in feeds from farms. Mean aflatoxin concentrations in feed from the farms was correlated negatively with the productivity indices (r = .129, P = .05) which were not significantly correlated with bacterial, coliform or fungal counts (P = .16, P = .17 and P = .28 respectively) which in turn were not correlated significantly (P = .98, .81, .72, respectively) with aflatoxin. Feed age and house RH but not house temperature and feed moisture were correlated positively with mean aflatoxin concentration. These data indicate that aflatoxin is formed in broiler feed following manufacture and that the low concentrations produced are associated with poor flock productivity in the absence of overt disease. KEYWORDS:

Aflatoxin, Broilers, Productivity

Preovulatory quail hens (28 days of age) were fed diets containing either vitamin D3 (20 ug/Kg diet) or la-hydroxyvitamin D3 (la-0H-D3, 5 yg/Kg), and were implanted (or not) with silastic tubing implants of 17B-estradiol benzoate and/or testosterone propionate (TP) over a period of 3 weeks. Plasma levels of 176-estradiol (E2B) were significantly elevated in hens receiving estradiol implants (in ng/ml, x±SE; implanted /l.83+0.39, no implant/below detection limit), but there was no significant effect of E2B-treatment on circulating 1,25dihydroxyvitamin D levels (l,25-(0H)2D)(in pg/ml; E2 implanted/158±20.9, no implant/ 179+17.4). A marked effect was seen in plasma calcium levels in response to the E2S treatment(in mg/100 ml; implanted/131±4.3, no implant/15.4±1.46). Neither tibia breaking strength nor calcium balance was affected by the treatments, although a trend towa.rd a more positive balance was observed in the E2B, D3-treated group. However, the percentage of medullary bone was increased by E2S treatment, and to a lesser extent, by dietary treatment with lct-0H-D3. These data may be interpreted collectively as follows: 1) E2S and TP implantation do not have a major effect upon circulating plasma levels of 1,25-(0H)2D in the preovulatory quail hen, and 2) la-0H-D3 and E20 implantation lead to an earlier deposition of medullary bone and may convey a long term advantage against the gradual drain on skeletal calcium reserves during egg production, even though these treatments did not have a significant beneficial effect upon bone strength over a short experimental period. K E Y W O R D S : Vitamin D,"estrogen, bone, calcification, quail

ELECTRICAL ENERGY USED TO PRODUCE EGGS IN TWO TYPES OF POULTRY HOUSING—ENVIRONMENT CONTROLLED AND OPEN. L, W. Kalch* and C. F. Hlnton III. Dept. of Poultry Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611„

The increasing cost of electricity and its effect on egg production costs in two types of poultry housing, environment controlled and open, in Central Florida was studied. The majority of eggs in Florida are produced on contract. Since the producer is responsible for the cost of electricity, the electricity used in operating the two types of houses should have a direct effect on contract payments c This is especially true since the change to environment controlled housing was initiated by the contractor. Results of this study indicated that the environment controlled houses required 0.132 kilowatt hours (kwh) per dozen eggs compared to 0.0568 kwh in the open type houses„ The cost per dozen eggs at $0.06 per kwh was $0.00792 (8/10
electrical energy, poultry housing, egg production, kilowatt hours, cost.

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EFFECT OF DIETARY VITAMIN D STEROIDS AND SEX HORMONE IMPLANTATION ON BONE CALCIFICATION IN PREOVULATORY JAPANESE QUAIL. David W. Kaetzel, Jr. and Joseph H. Spares, Jr., Department of Poultry Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742

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PREDICTION OF LIVE BROILER WEIGHT BASED ON HATCHING EGG WEIGHT AND BODY MEASUREMENTS A. H. Kanoun, Department of Animal Production, University of El-Fateh, Tripoli, Libya, and G. R. J. Law*, College of Agricultural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO 80523 Two strains of broiler type chickens (WL and VC) which varied in body conformation were used to deterimine the relationship of egg weight, body weight and shank length at various ages, to live weight at broiler age (BW7). Response for fast growth was observed in the VC strain and large skeleton as a response was observed in the WL strain. Difference between strains became very prominent as the birds advanced in age. Measurements of body weight at 3 weeks (BW,) showed a significant positive linear relationship, but had a small effect on final weight. The results indicated that prediction of body weight for broiler birds at 54 days of age by measuring shank length at age younger than 5 weeks is not reliable in these two strains.

KEYWORDS-

Broiler Weights, Hatching Egg Weight, Body Measurements, Predictions of Weight

EFFECTS OF PELLETING WITH AND WITHOUT ANTIBIOTICS ON EGG PRODUCTION. A. B. Kashani*, R. A. Nelson and C. W. Carlson. Dept. of Animal Sci., South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007 A low density diet composed of 16.6% corn, 63.5% oats, 1.4% soybean meal, 3.3% alfalfa meal, 5.7% meat meal with mineral and vitamin supplements was fed in mash and pelleted forms to investigate the effect of pelleting on egg production parameters and feed utilization. Bacitracin-MD and zinc bacitracin at 0 and 40 g per ton were added to both forms of the diet, while 10- or 20-gram per ton levels were added to mash only. Layer type pullets (24 wk old, in cages) were used (12 birds replicated eight times per treatment) over 14 28-day periods. Pelleting the low density diet alone improved hen-day egg production significantly (72.51 vs. 79.01%). The improved egg production rate was concomitant with increased feed consumption (120.6 vs. 132.1 g per day) but with no marked effect on feed conversion (38.1 vs 38.3 g egg per 100 g feed). Additions of antibiotics to the mash diets resulted in improved production during the last five periods of the study with no beneficial effects for earlier periods. Antibiotics in pellets were without effect throughout the study. A second experiment involved two strains of layers to further ascertain the effect of pelleting on egg production. The data from the first six periods show a beneficial response due to pelleting of the above diet (77.5% vs. 81.8%). Feed intake was again increased (117.3 vs. 1-24 g per day) with a slight improvement in feed conversion favoring pelleting (39.7 vs 40.1 g egg per 100 g feed). Addition of aureomycin (50 g per ton) fed one week of each period was of no effect. KEYWORDS: Bacitracin, Aureomycin, Pelleting, Egg production

GENETICS OF BODY WEIGHT OF RING-NECKED PHEASANT (PHASIANUS COLCHICUS) POPULATION. John F. Kassid, Cal J. Flegal, and Richard J. Balander*. Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, EAst Lansing, Michigan 48824. In a population of Ring-Necked Pheasants a divergent selection program was initiated for high and low twelve-week body weight. Data were collected from 8 sires, 59 dams, and 1197 offspring over a period of two generations. Experimental results indicated that the heavy selected line gained more weight by plus selection than was lost from the light selected line by minus selection. Data transformation to logarithmic and percentage scale did not appear to give a noticeably better fit than the actual scale. Thus, there was little evidence that size genes were acting multiplicatively. Average heritability estimates calculated from parent-offspring regression and from realized heritability techniques after omitting all values that fall outside the possible

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2 2 Within a strain, the r or R increase values were always higher for body weight as a predictor of final weight than shank length at the same age and sex. Thus, body weight is the simplest and most accurate parameter to be used as a criterion for growth selection from 5 weeks of age onward. The effect of egg weight on final weight (BWy) was not significant in both experiments for the two strains.

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biological range of heritability were found to range from .29-.47, .44-.64, .41-.66, .20.77 and .33-.63 for body weights at one-day, 4-weeks, 8-weeks, 12-weeks, and 18-weeks of age respectively. These results suggest the existence of high additive genetic variance, which in turn, indicate that mass selection would be the best single procedure to use to select for body weight. KEYWORDS: Pheasant, body weight, genetics

INFLUENCE OF ANTICOCCIDIAL DRUGS ON LOSSES OF BROILER CHICKENS FROM HEAT STRESS Kavous Keshavarz* and Larry R. McDouqald. Dept. of Poultry S c i . , University o f Georgia, Athens, GA 30602

Eleven heat related m o r t a l i t y peaks coincided with maximum d a i l y temperatures o f 37.8 C or above and r e l a t i v e humidity o f 80-98%. Severe heat stress m o r t a l i t y occurred in nicarbazin-treated birds at 18-29 days of age, while heat related m o r t a l i t y was low w i t h other dietary treatments. Total heat related m o r t a l i t y with nicarbazin treated birds was s i g n i f i c a n t l y higher (59.2%) than the other treatments (8-18.6%). Two battery t r i a l s were conducted in c o n t r o l l e d environmental rooms to f u r t h e r investigate the i n t e r a c t i o n of environmental temperature and nicarbazin. Performance was affected (with no m o r t a l i t y ) at 32.2°C, but at 37.8°C, there was 50% m o r t a l i t y w i t h i n 24 hrs. These results confirmed the i n t e r a c t i o n between nicarbazin and environmental temperature. Ki-Y WOKUS:

Heat s t r e s s , salinomycin, monensin, a r p r i n o c i d , halofuginone, amprolium/ ethopabate, n i c a r b a z i n , clopidol

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE (MSW) IN DIETS FOR CHICKS. Eldon W. K l e n h o l z , B e r n a d e t t e R. Zoldak, I r e n e A. R o l t s c h , Kurt J . B e v e r n i t z and George H. Emert. Biomass R e s e a r c h C e n t e r , U n i v e r s i t y of A r k a n s a s , F a y e t t e v i l l e , AR 72701. MSW and o t h e r c e l l u l o s i c s a r e i n c r e a s i n g l y used a s f e e d s t o c k f o r p r o d u c t i o n of b i o c h e m i c a l p r o d u c t s or a l t e r n a t i v e s t o p e t r o c h e m i c a l s . In o r d e r t o p r o p e r l y e v a l u a t e such f e e d s t o c k s , i t i s i m p o r t a n t t o s t u d y t h e raw f e e d s t o c k s a s w e l l as t h e v a r i o u s r e s i d u e s t h a t r e s u l t d u r i n g t h e p r o c e s s i n g . The f o l l o w i n g s e a r c h f o r p o t e n t i a l p r o b l e m s was c o n d u c t e d b e c a u s e some r e s i d u e s from such p r o c e s s e s have p o t e n t i a l as animal foodstuffs. Day o l d male b r o i l e r c h i c k s r e c e i v e d p e l l e t e d d i e t s c o n t a i n i n g 0 , 5 , 1 0 , 2 0 or 40% MSW ( l i g h t f r a c t i o n from g a r b a g e p r o c e s s o r s ) o r A v i c e l (powdered wood c e l l u l o s e ) for a t o t a l of 20 d a y s . B i r d s were housed in h e a t e d b a t t e r i e s and g i v e n c o n t i n u o u s l i g h t . The 5% MSW d i e t gave c h i c k p e r f o r m a n c e i d e n t i c a l t o c o n t r o l c h i c k s . The 10 and 20% MSW r e d u c t i o n s i n growth r a t e b u t no o t h e r d e v i a t i o n s MSW d i e t r e d u c e d a l l p e r f o r m a n c e f a c t o r s ( g r o w t h , and l i v a b i l i t y ) .

r e s u l t s t h a t were d i e t s gave s l i g h t from c o n t r o l s . The 40% feed e f f i c i e n c y , h e a l t h

I t was c o n c l u d e d t h a t n e i t h e r A v i c e l nor t h e lower l e v e l s of D i e t a r y MSW were d e t r i m e n t a l in c h i c k d i e t s . Only t h e very h i g h e s t MSW l e v e l had any d e l e t e r i o u s e f f e c t s on t h e s e a n i m a l s . MSW,

M u n i c i p a l S o l i d Waste, c e l l u l o s e ,

chicks

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The a n t i c o c c i d i a l efficacy of a number of drugs was investigated in a 53-day floor-pen experiment. The experiment coincided w i t h prolonged periods of hot weather and provided a good opportunity to study the interactions o f a n t i c o c c i d i a l drugs and environmental temperature.

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EFFECT OF BREEDS, WEIGHT, AGES AND SEX ON YIELD.

S.M. KIM*. T. SNYDER. W.A. DUDLEY

AND M. WlNEGARDNER. RESEARCH AND NUTRITION DEPARTMENT, FOSTER FARMS, INC., LIVINGSTON, CA 95334 FIVE BREEDS OF BROILERS WERE COMPARED FOR BODY WEIGHT GAIN AND FEED CONVERSION USING BOTH SEXES AT 51 AND 57 DAYS OF AGE. AT 52 AND 58 DAYS OF AGE, 60 BROILERS FROM EACH TREATMENT WERE PROCESSED THROUGH A COMMERCIAL PLANT. CHILLED CARCASS WEIGHT WAS MEASURED INDIVIDUALLY. EACH CARCASS WAS CUT UP INTO FOUR SEGMENTS OF BREAST, LEG, BACK AND WING AND WEIGHED INDIVIDUALLY. THERE WERE SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN WEIGHT GAIN AMONG BREEDS AT 51 AND 57 DAYS OF AGE AS WELL AS PERCENTAGE CHILLED YIELD AMONG BREEDS AT BOTH PROCESSING AGES. BOTH WEIGHT GAIN AND AGE HAD SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS ON PERCENTAGE CHILLED YIELD. THE EFFECTS OF WEIGHT GAIN AND AGE WERE NOT IN THE SAME DIRECTION OR OF THE SAME MAGNITUDE FOR THE VARIOUS BREEDS WITH THE RESULT THAT SOME BREEDS HAD A LARGER YIELD AT 57 DAYS THAN AT 51 DAYS WHILE FOR OTHER BREEDS THE YIELD WAS LARGER AT 51 DAYS. AVERAGING ALL BREEDS, AS THE CHILLED CARCASS WEIGHT INCREASED THE PERCENTAGE YIELDS OF BREAST AND WING DECREASED, WHILE THE YIELDS OF LEG AND BACK WERE INCREASED. AGE HOWEVER HAD A NEGATIVE EFFECT ON YIELDS OF BREAST AND LEG AND A POSITIVE EFFECT ON BACK A T BOTH AGES, COCKERELS HAD SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER PERCENTAGE YIELDS FOR L E G AND WING, WHILE PULLETS H A D HIGHER PERCENTAGE YIELDS FOR BREAST AND BACK. KEYWORDS:

BROILER.

BREED.

YIELD. A G E .

INFLUENCE OF ANTIOXIDANiS AND PACKAGE ENVIRONMENT ON STABILITY OF TURKEY PRODUCTS. Nanny King*, L.n. Dawson, Y. Naidu, R.R. Harte and J.I. Gray. Dept. of Food Science * Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Leosina, HI 4R824 Commercially orepared turkey patties and linht meat roasts were packaged usino Sar-ne;;, polyethylene and a hutylated -vr'rnxyanisole (EHA) irnnrFonnteri ooextruded polyethylene films. Packaoino conditions included loose wrapped, vacuum packaged ano nitrooen flushed environments. All products were stored at -18°C up to 6 months. Lipid oxidatidn (warmed over flavor) was monitored hy thioharhituric acid (TBA) values, and sensory panel scores. TBA values n f turkey -masts vers ipitially hioh (2 to 5) and fluctuated at this level during stoTsne. At the end of thp storage period, mean TBA values of product were lowest for nitrooen nacl'ane, 4.0 vs ^.2 (vacuum) and 4.4 (loose), and lowest fnr pwp film - 3.7 vs 4.0 (Saranex) and 4.7 (polyethylene). Initial TBA values nf turkev patties were lower than for roasts. Patties with breadinn har1 qn nverane TP.Q vrlue nf .1.99. These values increased slinhtly durirr frozen st.OT-aoe. RHfl from the oackane film miarated intc the turkey fat and may have contrnlled the extent o f lipid oxidation. KEYWORDS: Turkey Products, Oxidation, TBA values, Warmed over flavor, BHA

INFLUENCE OF PENICILLIC ACID AND OCHRATOXIN A ON VARIOUS PARAMETERS IN THE GROWING CHICK. L. F. Kubena*, USDA, SEA/AR, College Station, TX 77841; T. P. Phillips, Veterinary Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843; P. A. WitzeTyUSDA, SEA/AR, College Station, TX 77841; and N. D. Heidelbaugh, Veterinary Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 Studies were conducted to determine the influence of penicillic acid (P.A.) and ochratoxin A (O.A.) administered at various levels singly on laying-breed male chicks. The LDJ-Q of a single dose of P.A. administered by intraperitoneal injection was found to be

approximately 86 mg/kg of body weight. With a single oral dose, the LD gD was found to be 550-600 mg/kg of body weight for P.A. and 4 mg/kg of body weight for O.A. In subsequent studies, sub-lethal multiple exposure of chicks maintained as controls with no treatment, controls dosed with 0.1 M NaHCO,, groups dosed with P.A. at 60 mg/kg of body weight, O.A.

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AND WING.

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at 1.0 mg/kg of body weight, or P.A. and O.A. in combination was investigated. All chicks were dosed orally every second day for 26 days. When compared to the controls, body weights were lower for chicks dosed with O.A. singly or in combination with P„A. Dosing with P.A. singly did not influence body weights. Retarded growth is an early sign seen in ochratoxicosis. Our results are consistent with this finding and show that the decrease in weight gain in the combination group was due to the effects of O.A. and not P.A. The combination group had a death rate of 10% with no deaths in the other treatment groups. Similar results were obtained from a parallel study in mice. The efficiency of feed utilization was reduced in the chicks dosed with O.A. singly but not when in combination with P.A. indicating that the increase in lethality of the combination group is not due to a combined effect on .growth processes. Further investigation of these effects are warranted.

K E Y wcmDs-- mycotoxins; ochratoxin A; penicillic acid; chicks; body weights

It is believed early bursal damage might be detectable by monitoring bursal size. Bursal weight and diameter were monitored in 17 commercial flocks in California each week between 1 and 8 weeks of age and every 2 weeks from 8 to 20 weeks of age. Sera and bursal impression smears were analyzed for Agar Gel Precipitin (AGP) and fluorescent antibody (FA) reactions to the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) antigen, respectively. Bursal tissue was also evaluated histologically. Diameter measurements were highly correlated to weight measurements through all ages. No size differences due to strain of bird were detected. Bursal development as indicated by diameter and weight was shown to be biphasic. Maximum size (about 1.72 cm) was reached by 6 weeks of age. A regression in size followed between 8 and 12 weeks amounting to an average of 21.8 percent loss in diameter. Usually, size increased again, reaching a second peak averaging 1.68 cm at about 16 weeks of age. Regression phases corresponded to positive reactions to AGP and FA analyses, and were due to atrophy to bursal follicles. Magnitudes of the second growth phase were inversely related to the degree of histological damage observed. KEYWORDS: Bursa of Fabricius, Monitoring Growth Pattern.

EFFECTS OF SHORT-TERM FEED REMOVAL FROM MATURE LAYING HENS. D. R. Kuney*. P. D. Bell. C. J. Adams. Cooperative Extension, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521. An experiment using 212 69-week-old Single-Comb White Leghorn layers was designed to evaluate immediate and long-term performance responses to 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours of feed removal. Hens were housed in two-bird, 30.5 cm wide by 25.4 cm deep, wire cages and randomly assigned to the 5 treatment groups for the duration of the 8-week study. Twenty-four hours without feed resulted in a 30 percent loss of production for only 1 day, while the longer feed removal periods caused depressed production ranging from 25 to 35 percent over the entire first 4 weeks of the experiment. No differences in rate of production were detected during the second 4-week period. Egg weight was reduced an average of 2.1 g within 24 hours of feed removal in all treated groups. Subsequent egg weights at 4 and 8 weeks post feed removal were similar to control weights. Reductions in shell thickness averaged 58 microns within 48 hours of feed removal. At 8 weeks a positive correlation between shell thickness and length of feed removal was detected. Average thicknesses were 358, 353, 351, 348, 335 microns for the 0, 96, 72, 48 and 24 hour treatment groups, respectively. A positive linear relationship also existed between length of starvation and average haugh unit scores measured at 8 weeks. KEYWORDS: Feed Removal, Laying Hens

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SIZE MONITORING OF THE BURSA OF FABRICIHS IN GROWING SINGLE-COMB WHITE LEGHORN PULLETS. D. R. Kuney*, A. A. Blckford, R. A. Ernst, D. A. McMartin, Cooperative Extension, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521.

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SLOPPY TOMS MADE FROM MECHANICALLY DEBONED TURKEY MEAT. Cheryl M. Lauqhren*, and Arthur J. Maurer, Dept. of Poultry Science, University ofl^sTonsin,~Wa~uTso'n, WI 53706.

K E Y WORDS.Sloppy Toms, mechanically deboned turkey meat, MDTM, turkey products

INFLUENCE OF RYE ON WATER AND ELECTROLYTE METABOLISM OF ADULT ROOSTERS AND ON SALT REQUIREMENT OF GROWING CHICKENS. B.D. Lee* and L.D. Campbell. Dept. of Animal Sci., University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R3T 2N2 A study of water and electrolyte metabolism (Na,K and CI) was conducted with 24 roosters (SCWL) fed either corn or rye diets supplemented with 1.0 and 0.4% levels of salt. A water-extracted rye diet and a corn diet containing 12% freeze-drled water extract of rye (rye extract), both supplemented with 1.0% salt, were used to determine the effect of water extraction process of rye on water and electrolyte metabolism. Each bird was colostomized to facilitate the separate collection of urine and feces. Data were collected before and after the operation to allow a detailed interpretation of the effect of each diet oa water and electrolyte metabolism. Data obtained led to the conclusion that the dietary fiber present in rye and water-extracted rye decreases Na absorption in the gut. Data of Na concentration of dried feces indicated that the dietary fiber present in rye and waterextracted rye does not function as a monocation exchange resin in the gut. Alternatively, it is suggested that the dietary fiber present in digesta of the lower gut functions as a diluting agent, exerting an effect of a physical barrier to the movement of Na toward intestinal mucosa. Experimental evidence also indicated that the rye extract reduces Na absorption in the gut by mechanisms different from that of dietary fiber. A series of feeding trials were conducted to reexamine the optimum level of dietary salt for growing chickens fed rye diets. Growth rate and feed conversion efficiency of young chickens fed rye diets improved significantly when the dietary salt level increased from 0.3% to 0.6%, but not to the level of performance obtained with corn-fed birds. KEYWORDS: R y e ) water, Electrolyte Metabolism, Salt Requirement, Colostomy, Chicken.

PERFORMANCE OF WHITE LEGHORN PULLETS SUBJECTED TO RESTRICTED FEEDING DURING GROWING PERIOD. K. Lee* Department of Agriculture, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, Arkansas 71601 Two hundred and forty, one-day old SCWL pullets were randomly assigned to each of four replicates of the following treatments: (1) full-feeding (control), (2) 80% of full-fed (20% restriction) from 8-20 weeks of age (RF-20), (3) 70% of full-fed (30% restriction) from 8-20 weeks of age (RF-30); and (4) 70% of full-fed from 8-14 weeks of age followed by 80% of full-fed from 14-20 weeks of age (RF-30,20). From 20-52 weeks of age, birds in all treatments received the same diet ^d_ libitum. Data were analyzed at the 5% level of probability.

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Mechanically deboned turkey meat (MDTM) was substituted for ground turkey in a National Turkey Federation Sloppy Tom recipe. The product was served in buns and subjected to various taste tests before and after canning and frozen storage. It was also compared to a similar Sloppy Joe product made with ground beef. Proximate analyses and cost calculations were included in the project. According to the 459 responses obtained at the 1980 Wisconsin State Fair, over 80% of the people rated the MDTM Sloppy Toms as good or excellent. The main reasons given as to why they would use the product were convenience and acceptability by the family. A descriptive sensory analysis of Sloppy Toms served fresh or after frozen or canned storage indicated a preference for the canned sauce, followed by fresh and frozen products. The only significant differences among the products were that the canned product was more reddish in color and the frozen sauce was less juicy. In a consumer preference test with 197 responses at the University of Wisconsin Dairy Sales Room, Sloppy Toms received a mean score of 4.45 and Sloppy Joes a mean score of 5.59 (based on a 1-7 scale; 7=like very much and l=dislike very much). The Sloppy Tom sauce was slightly higher in moisture and lower in protein than the Sloppy Joe product. The cost of the Sloppy Tom product was about 10.3^/100 g whereas the Sloppy Joe cost was nearly 23.4c/100 g.

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Restricted feeding caused a significant delay in sexual maturity. Consequently, restricted fed birds produced significantly less eggs than the control birds from 20-28 weeks of age. At 28 weeks of age, birds in RF-20 and RF-30 groups produced eggs with significantly higher albumen height than the control birds. From 20-52 weeks of age, percent henday egg production and feed efficiency were not significantly different among treatments. The highest mortality was recorded in the RF-30 group. At 52 weeks of age, egg weight, albumen height and egg shell thickness were not significantly different among treatments. KEYWORDS:

restricted feeding.

sexual maturity.

egg production.

egg characteristics.

THE ONTOGENY OF CHICKEN LYMPHOCYTE RESPONSE TO PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININ. Lucy F. Lee and Larry I). Bacon. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, SEA, Regional Poultry Research laboratory, East Lansing, MI 48823

KEYWORDS-

Lymphocyte, Phytohemagglutini n-M , Strain differences

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIET-INDUCED RICKETS IN BROILER CHICKS. Steve R. Lee- and W.M. Britton. Dept. of Poultry Sci., and Phil Long and G.N. Rowland, Dept. of Vet. Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 Rickets was induced in male broiler chicks by feeding diets that were deficient in calcium (Ca) (0.3%, 0.6%), phosphorus (P) (0.2%, 0.3%), vitamin D, (Vit D~) (0, 100 I.C.U), or contained excess of Ca (Ca/P=2.6, Ca/P=3-2) or magnesium (Mg) [0.6%, 0.8%). Twentyeight day body weights showed the greatest reduction for chicks fed low P or high Mg diets when compared to controls. Tibia and femur % ash values were depressed for all treatment groups as compared to controls. Chicks fed low P exhibited the lowest % ash values, followed by high'Mg diets, high Ca diets, low Vit D3 diets, and low Ca diets in increasing order. Femur % ash values seemed to be a more sensitive indicator of rickets than did % tibia ash values. Mechanical breaking strength of tibiae showed differences between treatments and controls with Vit Do deficient bones being more flexible and exhibiting higher values and with the other treatments inducing more brittle bones and exhibiting lower breaking strengths. Histopathological examination of tibiae and femurs of chicks fed the various treatments indicated that low Vit D3 and low Ca diets induced a marked increase in the proliferating zone and a decrease in the hypertrophied zone. Besides the rachitic lesions observed, these two groups shoved an increased percentage of lesions similar to tibial dyschondroplasia. Low P and high Ca diets induced in chick tibiae and femurs greatly widened hypertrophied zones with little or no effect on the proliferating zones. Similar effects were noted for the high dietary Mg group except not to the same extent. Plasma Ca, Mg and P values along with bone Ca, Mg and P values also support the tenet that the rachitic lesions were all different and depended on specific dietary manipulations. KEYWORDS:

Rickets

_ Ca

_Vit

D

_ T i t i a i dyschondroplasia

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A sequential study of lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin-M (PHA) v/as carried out in 6 , 7^, N and P strains of chickens. 6 and N strain chickens are relatively resistant to"Marek's disease whereas 7 and P are relatively susceptible. The chickens, free of common poultry pathogens, were reared intermingled in Horsfall-Eauer isolators. PHA tests were carried out on 8-10 birds per line using a whole-blood assay at 2-, 4and 8-week intervals. Line N was significantly lower in PHA response than 6 or 7 at all times tested, and was lower than P at 8 weeks. The response of all four strains to PHA at 2 weeks was suboptimal. Another experiment studied the same four strains at 8-, 15-, 20-, and 30-weeks of age using both whole blood and purified lymphocytes. The whole-blood assay showed that the N birds were significantly lower in response than 7 at 8-, 15-, and 30-weeks of age, than 6 at 8- and 15-weeks, and than line P at 15-weeks. 7 had a higher mean response to PHA than 6„ in 5 of 7 times tested, but the difference was only significant at 30-weeks. The purified lymphocytes responded similarly, although the strain differences were not significant at 20- and 30-weeks of age. These data indicate that the four strains of chickens differ in their lymphocyte responsiveness to PHA, with line 7 as a high responder, line N a low responder and lines P and 6 as moderate responders.

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FATTY ACIP BINDING PROTEIN ACTIVITY IN THE LIVE" CF LAYING HENS AND QUAIL. I'. S. Li 1 burn'' end L. S. Jensen. Eept. of Poultry Sci. , F. D. f'orrov and P. J . Martin. Dept. of Foods and N u t r i t i o n , University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602

KEYWORDS.-

f a t t y acid binding p r o t e i n , l i v e r , laying hens, quail

POTENTIAL OF POULTRY PROCESSING t'ATERS FOR REUSE. H. S. Lillard and _D.__Hamm,* Richard B. Russell Agricultural Research Center, USDA, SEA-AR, P. O. Box 5677, Athens, GA 30613 Water from the bird chiller was shown to be reusable when renovated in a pressure leaf filter by diatomaceous earth filtration and chlorination to near potable duality (Lillard. 1978). Chiller water constitutes about 5% of effluent from modern poultry processing plants. Processing water from ten point sources was evaluated for potential clean-up and reuse. Criteria used to evaluate the potential of these waters for renovation by diatomaceous earth filtration were levels of: suspended solids, dissolved matter, grease, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). Concentration (mg per liter) of suspended solids, dissolved matter, plus grease in processing water was: total effluent before air flotation 1739; total effluent after air flotation 1061; the gizzard machine 879; the liver-heart flume 3762: the gizzard flume 4182; the neck flume 10938; the liver-heart chiller 3599; the gizzard chiller 2276; the neck chiller 10136; and the bird washer 3171. Kater from the gizzard splitter after screening and total effluent after air flotation had the lowest levels whereas water from the neck chiller and neck flume had the highest levels of suspended solids, dissolved matter and grease. All ten water sources tested were found suitable for renovation by diatomaceous earth filtration. However, the higher the level of compressible solids, the shorter would be the filtration cycle. KEYWORDS:

Process water, waste water, water reuse, water renovation.

EFFECT OF SORBIC ACID-ICE ON MICROORGANISMS OF BROILER MEAT. Y.L. Lin and X J L , Chen*. Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762. Cut-up broiler parts were ice-packed and held at 2-4°C with crushed ice which was made with either tap water, water containing 0.075% sorbic acid or water containinn 0.10°/ potassium sorbate. Psychrotrophic microbial counts of the parts were nade before packinn and at 4-day intervals after packing. At each sampling tine, drips were renoved and the ice was supplemented. Based on a log microbial count of 7.0/cm2 as a spoilage indicator, the average shelf-life of broiler parts ice-oacked with 0.075% sorbic acid-ice and 0.10% potassium sorbate-ice, was 11.5 and 3.6 days longer than the ice-packed controls. The acidification effect of sorbic acid and its uniaue activity aoainst certain nicrooroanisns minht be responsible for this extended shelf-life. Both sorbic acid-ice and potassium

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In adult r a t s , sex differences e x i s t in the concentration of f a t t y acid binding protein (FABP). This p r o t e i n , in the r a t , has a molecular weight of approximately 12,000 and i t s concentration correlates well with the enhanced u t i l i z a t i o n of labeled oleate seen in adult fei.ales and estrogen-treated immature animals. The existence of a s i m i l a r protein in the cytosol of avian hepatocytes would seer probable. Akiba and Jensen (1981) have shown elevated plasma estrogen levels i n laying hens predisposed by d i e t to excessive l i v e r l i p i d accumulation. This led to speculation on the existence and r o l e of an FABP in laying b i r d s . Liver samples from laying hens and laying Japanese auail were homogenized i n a 20 mfi Tris-HCl b u f f e r , pH 7.9. The 20% homogenate was centrifuged at 10,000 G and the supernatant recentrifuged at 105,000 G f o r 90 minutes. Ten ml of high speed supernatant were chromatographed on sephadex G-75 and the post-column f r a c t i o n s tested f o r FABP a c t i v i t y using palmitate-Cl4 i n a ligand binding assay. The s p e c i f i c binding observed i n those fractions corresponding to the 12-14,000 molecular weight range appear to confirm the existence of a s p e c i f i c f a t t y acid binding component in the cytosol of laying hens and quail.

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sorbate ice decreased the incidence of pram-negative rod-type organisms and increased the incidence of gram-positive cocci on broiler parts after 4 days of storage at 2-4°C. After 28 days of storage, for all the treatments, qran-nenative rod-type organisms dominated the microbial population on broiler parts. KEYWORDS:

Sorbic acid-ice, Broiler meat microornanisms.

EVALUATION OF LATHYRUS (lathyrus sativus L. var. Seminis Albi) AS A FEEDSTUFF FOR POULTRY. .RolandJK^C^^Low* and .^nald__R^Jlargua_rdt, Dcpt. of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg.

KEYWORDS:

Lathyrus s_ativus - nutritional value - methionine - heat labile and water extractable factor

POST-STRESS PERFORMANCE OF YEARLING HENS. Phillip C. Lowe* and Vernon A. Garwood. USDA-SEA, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907 The objective of this experiment was to determine whether temporary feed withdrawal would cause a prolonged effect on performance of laying hens. A total of 820 randombred White Leghorn hens 72 weeks old were randomly assigned to 4 levels of feed restriction. Hens were randomly assigned in pairs to 20 x 40 cm laying cages with the cage defined as the experimental unit. Feed was withheld at the start for 0 (control), 2, 4, and 6 days according to treatment level. Egg production was recorded for experimental units on three days each week for 25 weeks following stress. Egg and body weights and egg specific gravity were measured at 10 weeks post-stress. Egg weight and specific gravity were also measured at 20 weeks post-stress. Mortality was recorded during the experiment. The experimental design can be regarded as simulating field situations in which feed is unintentionally withheld. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance to determine treatment effects on the measured traits. Egg production was significantly (p<.05) depressed or ceased for a few weeks in the 2, 4, and 6-day treatments. However, during a later part of the experiment, production in those treatments exceeded that of the control; so overall averages among treatments were not different at the end of the experiment. Egg and body weights and mortality were unaffected by treatments in this experiment. Egg shell strength as indicated by specific gravity was significantly (p<.05) higher in the control and 6-day treatment than in the others at 10 weeks; but these differences had about disappeared by 20 weeks post-stress. These and other results of this experiment indicate that temporary feed interruption has a temporary adverse effect but no long term effect. KEYWORDS:

stress, feed withdrawal, hens

THE EFFECTS OF FEEDING THIOUREA TO LAYING HENS ON EGG PRODUCTION, HATCHABILITY AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF HOUSE FLY EGGS SEEDED ON THEIR WASTES. J. J. Lyons* and J. M. Vandepopuliere, Dept. of Poultry Science and R. D. Hall, Dept. of Entomology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 Thiourea (NH 2 CSNH 2 ) at concentrations of 0, 375, 750, 1125, 1500 and 1875 ppm was

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A series of experiments were conducted with growing chicks in an attempt to evaluate the use of lathyrus as a feedstuff for poultry. The results indicate that several factors may affect the utilization of lathyrus by growing chicks. Methionine was present in relatively low levels and was shown to be the first limiting amino acid in lathyrus. Proportional decreases in growth performance were observed in chicks fed increasing levels of lathyrus, and both energy and protein were less available in lathyrus than in a soybean meal-wheat based diet. Autoclaving for a short period (5 minutes) improved the palatability of the lathyrus to a much greater degree than feed conversion efficiency while heat treatmeat for a longer period of time (30 minutes) resulted in the reverse pattern. A lyophilized water extract of lathyrus was growth depressing and the nutritional quality of water extracted lathyrus was improved but was still inferior to that of a diet containing soybean meal and wheat. In summary, it may be concluded that methionine is the first limiting amino acid in lathyrus and that lathyrus contains one or possibly two heat sensitive, factors that depress appetite and nutrient utilization.

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added to a corn-soy laying diet and fed to caged White Leghorn hens in three experiments. In the first experiment wastes produced by 24 hens fed these diets were collected and frozen to destroy the fly larvae and eggs. The wastes were thawed and 500 g samples were inoculated with 100 stock colony house fly eggs and incubated for three weeks. No flies developed in any of the wastes produced by the thiourea fed hens; however, 39 and 50 adult house flies emerged from the two control (0 ppm) samples. In the other two experiments 120 hens were fed the thiourea for 4 and 37 weeks. In the 4-week trial thiourea levels of 750 ppm and greater reduced egg production significantly. In the 37-week trial egg production was significantly reduced in all groups fed thiourea. Incubation time and embryonic mortality were evaluated for eggs produced during the 4-week trial. Incubation time and embryonic mortality increased with increasing levels of dietary thiourea. KEYWORDS:

Thiourea, House fly, Incubation time

An experiment was designed to determine if antisperm antibodies are related to fertility declines in turkey hens. One hundred turkey hens were randomly distributed into four equal groups and were inseminated at biweekly intervals with 2.0 x 10^ spern cells. One group was additionally injected intravenously (IV) with sperm cells, whereas another group was injected intraperitoneally (IP) with sperm cells. Another group was not injected, but the oviduct was injured (INJ) to induce trauma at the tine of the initial insenination. The fourth group was not injected or injured and served as controls (C). Antisperm antibody titers were measured using a modification of Friburg's microagglutination procedure. Fertility, hatchability and antibody titers were observed over a 16 week laying cycle. Fertility decreased significantly (P<.01) with time from 98.9% to 84.1%. Hatchability decreased significantly (P<.01) with time from 36.0% to 72.5% then increased to 76.9% at the end of the experiment. Antibody titers increased significantly (P<.01) with time and by treatment (I.V. = 3.8; L P . = 4.0; INJ. = 3.7; C = 2.6 - Log Base 2 Values). A negative correlation was noted between I.V. or INJ titers and fertility. KEYWORDS:

Antisperm Antibodies, Fertility, Hatchability, Turkeys

THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS PRE-PRODUCTION FEEDING REGIMES ON PERFORMANCE OF BROILER BREEDER FEMALES. G. R. McDaniel. Department of Poultry Science, Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, AL 36849. Three hundred seventy-five broiler breeder females reared to 16 weeks of age on a restricted feeding program similar to that practiced by industry were divided into three equal groups and placed in individual cages under a constant 15-hour lighting schedule. An increase in daily feed intake was started at 17, 21, and 25 weeks for Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The objective was to achieve 3.0 kg of body weight at 21, 24, and 29 weeks of age for Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Group 1 matured significantly earlier than Groups 2 and 3 and also maintained a higher rate of production through 34 weeks of age. No significant differences were observed in production from 35 weeks through 42 weeks of age in any of the three groups. At 28 weeks of age, egg weight was greatest for Group 1; however, no significant differences were observed throughout the remainder of the experiment. No differences were noted in specific gravity among the three groups. KEYWORDS:

Broiler breeders, feeding, production

POSSIBLE ROLE OF PROSTAGLANDINS IN C0CCIDI0SIS Larry R„ McDougald,* Dept. of Poultry Sci., Urn"versity of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 Coccidiosis (Eimeria tenella) is characterized by inflammation and hemorrhage, and the extracts of infected ceca initiate blood clotting when injected intravenously into

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN'ANTISPERM ANTIBODIES AND FERTILITY OF TURKEY HENS. f_.__M._ McCorkle*, School of Veterinary Medicine, and V. L. Christensen and J. P. Thaxton, Dept. of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27650

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other chickens. Involvement of prostaglandins in inflammation and blood clotting mechanisms suggested a series of experiments to clarify the possible involvement of prostaglandins in pathogenicity of coccidia. The prostaglandin inhibitors, sodium acetysalicylate (aspirin) and endomethacin, were given to chickens in the diet at 0.5% or 0.015%, respectively. In experiments with light, moderate or severe infections with Eimeria tenella, the drugs consistently reduced death losses from coccidiosis, reduced cecal lesion scores and lessened the inflammation and thickening of cecal tissues. Extracts from antiprostaglandin-treated ceca did not cause death when injected into other birds. The inhibitors had'no effect on growth of £. tenella cultured in vitro in chick kidney cells, ruling out a direct effect on the parasite. These results suggest that abnormal prostaglandin synthesis or release in infected tissues is responsible for much of the pathogenicity of £. tenella. K E Y W O R D S : Coccidiosis, Eimeria tenella, pathogenicity, prostaglandins, aspirin, endomethacin

Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase activities were examined in liver and kidney tissues of two genetic lines of chickens selected for their plasma uric acid levels. Previous work demonstrated that the high uric acid line (HUA) has significantly greater de novo uric acid synthesis rates in kidney tissue compared to the low uric acid line (LUA). In addition, xanthine dehydrogenase activity in liver and kidney tissues is significantly higher in the HUA compared to the LUA line. The activity of phosnhoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase, which provides a key substrate for the rate limiting step in de novo purine biosynthesis, was found to be significantly elevated (P<.05) in liver and kidney tissues of the HUA line. The mean value of kidney PRPP synthetase activity was 32.14 + .702 nanomoles PRPP and 20.96 ± 1.575 nanomoles PRPP produced/mg protein/hour, respectively, for the FUA and LUA lines. The PRPP pool size in kidney tissue was also significantly higher in the HUA line. The mean level of PRPP was 319.77 ± 37.23 picomoles/gram of wet tissue compared to 176.73 + 12.40 picomoles PRPP/gram of wet tissue in the LUA line. The mean values of liver PPPP synthetase activities were 12.97 ± .586 nanomoles PRPP and 10.39 ± .458 nanomoles PRPP nroduced/mg protein/hour, respectively, for the HUA and LUA lines. The PRPP pool size in liver tissues was significantly higher in the HUA line as well. The mean level of PRPP was 550.66 ± 72.46 picomoles/gram of wet tissue compared to 313.64 ± 31.43 picomoles PRPP/gram of wet tissue in the LUA line. KEYWORDS:

Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate Synthetase, Uric Acid, Purines

VARIATION IN NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF BARLEYS AND EFFECT OF ANTIBIOTIC AND ENZYME SUPPLEMENTS ON CHICK GROWTH. Janes McGinn is*, Bruce Manning, C.W. Nam and C.N. Coon. Dept. of Animal Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99154 A chick bioassay of 58 barley cultivars and breeding lines showed a marked variation in their growth depressing effects. Some barleys incorporated into the bioassay diet at a 50X level supported growth essentially the same as the control diet, while others gave very poor growth. Three experiments were conducted with newly hatched broiler chicks in which two varieties of barley, Karl and 9044, replaced corn in a practical starter diet. Chicks were fed the diets for 2 weeks. Iri experiment 1 the addition of e-glucanase (150 units/Kg) to barley diets significantly (P<0.05) improved body weight and feed conversion for the 9044 barley diet. Both barleys with 3-glucanase supported improved growth that was not significantly (P^O.05) different from the control diet. In the other two experiments 3 antibiotics (procaine penicillin-SOppm, 1incomycin-4g/ton or II.D. bacitracin-SOppm) were added singly or in combination with g-glucanase to determine their effects on chick growth, feed efficiency and fecal characteristics. A fermentation treatment of the 2 barleys was also evaluated for its effect on chick performance. The combination of antibiotics with B-glucanase added to both barley diets and the fermentation treatment gave significantly (P<0.05) improved growth that was not different from the corn controls. Addition of M0

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PURINE METABOLISM STUDIES IN THE HIGH AND LOW URIC ACID CONTAINING LINES OF CHICKENS: PHOSPHORIBOSYL PYROPHOSPHATE (PRPP) SYNTHETASE ACTIVITIES AND PRPP POOL SIZES. Douglas C. McFarland* and Craig N. Coon. Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164.

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bacitracin alone to the 9044 barley diet gave growth that was equivalent to the corn con trols. 6-glucanase and [ID bacitracin addition to the barley diets, greatly reduced the sticky feces problem. K E Y W O R D S : Barley, antibiotics, enzymes, chick growth

THE LOUISIANA 4-H EGG COOKERY PROJECT. W. Fraulene McKnight* and C. W. Pope. Coopperative Extension Service, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 The Louisiana 4-H Egg Cookery Project is a consumer-oriented project in which participants study eggs, the structure of an egg, grading, sizing, marketing, nutritional value and functions in foods. Approximately 5,000 4-H'ers ages 9-17 participated in the project in 1980-81. The primary resource materials used in this project are an egg fact sheet and slide-cassette set.

BLOOD CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM RESPONSE TO ESTROGEN III CAGED AND FLOOR-HOUSED TURKEY HENS. John P. McMurtry* and Lowell T. Frobish. Nonruminant Animal Nutrition Laboratory, ASI, AR, SEA, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705. Sixty Large White hens, 30 weeks old, were divided into 6 groups. All hens were maintained on 6 hr light and fed a standard layer ration containing 3.5% calcium. Thirty floor-kept hens were divided into 3 groups. Ten hens were injected twice with 25 and 75 mg estradiol 17-Q in corn oil at 1 week intervals, respectively. Remaining 20 floor hens served as controls (corn oil only or no injection). Anaerobic blood samples (10 ml) were drawn prior to treatment and at weekly intervals after injections. The following parameters were monitored: blood pH, ionized and total calcium, and magnesium. Thirty caged hens were treated and handled similarly. Ionized calcium (Ca ) was determined potentionmetrically while total calcium and magnesium were quantified by atomic absorption. Prior to estrogen treatment, there was no difference in any of the parameters between floor and caged hens. Estrogen (25 mg) slightly increased Ca in both groups from 1.21 to 1.29 mM/liter compared to controls. Total calcium increased from 3.4 to 8.7 mil in floor hens and 13.7 mM in caged hens. Estrogen (75 mg) elicited a greater response in that^erum total calcium increased 54% to 19.4 mM in floor vs 21% (12.5) in caged hens. Ca remained unchanged. As percent of total, Ca ranged from a high of 35% prior to treatment to 6-7% after. Serum magnesium response was similar to total calcium. Serum pH remained unchanged, ranging from 7.5 to 7.6. It would appear that mechanisms other than estrogen affect Ca levels and that floor-housed hens are capable of mobilizing more calcium than caged hens albeit Ca is not greatly altered. KEYWORDS. Turkey, Calcium, Magnesium, Estrogen.

A LINEAR PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUE FOR EVALUATING HIGH MOISTURE FEED INGREDIENTS FOR LAYER RATIONS. Kenneth H. Maddy, Division of Agriculture, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287 The nutritional and economic evaluation of feed ingredients by linear programming (LP) requires special modifications where large differences in dry matter (DM) content exist between ingredients. A technique has been developed to permit such evaluations and Distillers Grains + Solubles (DG+S) containing 5, 25 and 91% DM and Condensed Fermented Corn Extractives (C F Corn Extr) were evaluated by the parametric LP technique to define their levels of incorporation into a layer feed formulation. Conventional LP constraints using weight of feed as the limiting function did not permit any level of 5% DG+S to be

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Participants in this project are required to prepare an egg dish which contains at least 6 eggs and to take a written exam which is taken from the egg fact sheet and slidecassette set. Participants progress through parish and area contests to the State Contest. j a -a1 s t a t e Contests are conducted at shopping center malls where dishes are displayed and judged. In addition to providing a learning experience for youth, displaying the dis hes in nails provides tremendous exposure for the extension service and poultry industry

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ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

used, while the slide weight modification permitted less than 0.1% to be used. By formulating to a fixed level of dry matter containing nutrients balanced to calories, and releasing the weight constraint, with moisture as the only weight variable, all products were accepted to their full nutritive value in relation to the costs of nutrients from competitive ingredients. Since the fixed quantity of DM is formulated to contain the required levels of all essential nutrients, and the moisture level is the only weight variable, total feed intake becomes a function of either meeting the balanced calorie requirements or the water intake capacity of the bird. KEYWORDS:

Linear Programming, feed formulation, laying hen nutrition, dry matter

EFFECT OF BODY WEIGHT ON FEED INTAKE AND PERFORMANCE OF LAYING HENS. M a d r i d * , P . M. M a j o r i n o and B^__L_.__Reid, D e p t . of Animal S c i . , U n i v e r s i t y of A r i z o n a , T u c s o n , AZ 85721

Artu.ro.

KEYWORDS: Egg p r o d u c t i o n ,

body w e i g h t

CAPON EXPERIMENTATION. Farm, Elk River, MN 55330

Norman P. Magruder.*

Cargill Research

There is a paucity of nutrition or any other research on capons. This is a collection encompassing some highlights of 5 separate experiments. Through work and study with a processor improved grades were maintained. The basic program consists of 4 diets: starter, 2 0 % protein, fed from 0-5 wks; 2 developer diets, fed from 6-14 wks. and a finisher fed from 15-18 wks. The amount of specific diet/period is approximately 2.0 kg, 2.8 kg, 5.2 kg and 4.0 kg, respectively. The body weight at marketing i s from 4.1 kg to 4.5 kg. The key to success with capons is a high percentage of A grades. The main method in attaining this is to limit feed the capon from 8-14 wks. of age. In one test non-restricted birds had a 66.7% grade A while those restricted achieved 80.6% grade A. K E Y W O R D S : capons, nutrition, feeding programs

MINERAL UTILIZATION IN LAYING HENS. P. M. Majorino* and B. L. Reid, Dept. of Animal Sci., University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 An experiment was conducted with laying hens to evaluate the effect of

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Four h u n d r e d and s i x t e e n ( 3 0 w e e k - o l d ) White L e g h o r n p u l l e t s were d i v i d e d i n t o f o u r g r o u p s on t h e b a s i s of body w e i g h t . The a v e r a g e i n i t i a l body w e i g h t s were 1 . 8 3 , 1 . 6 6 , 1.55 and 1.39 k g , r e s p e c t i v e l y . A s o y b e a n raeal-milo d i e t was f o r m u l a t e d t o p r o v i d e 15.5% p r o t e i n and 2820 k c a l metabolizable energy/kg. A l l d i e t s were fed ad l i b i t u m f o r e i g h t c o n s e c u t i v e 28-day p e r i o d s . A v e r a g e feed c o n s u m p t i o n s were 1 1 7 . 6 , 1 1 1 . 8 , 1 0 8 . 0 and 1 0 0 . 3 g / b i r d / d a y during the e x p e r i m e n t . Egg p r o d u c t i o n on a h e n - d a y b a s i s was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t f o r t h e f o u r w e i g h t g r o u p s , b u t egg o u t p u t ( g e g g / h e n / d a y ) was d i r e c t l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h b o d y w e i g h t . Egg w e i g h t s w e r e 6 4 . 3 , 6 2 . 1 , 6 0 . 8 and 5 8 . 5 g for the four g r o u p s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . Feed c o n v e r s i o n s were a l s o r e l a t e d t o body w e i g h t w i t h 1 . 7 4 , 1 . 6 4 , 1.54 and 1.45 kg f e e d / d o z e n e g g s b e i n g r e q u i r e d . The amounts of f e e d r e q u i r e d p e r g egg p r o d u c e d were 2 . 2 4 , 2 . 1 7 , 2 . 0 9 and 2 . 0 4 g , respectively. The r e s u l t s of t h i s e x p e r i m e n t r e f l e c t t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n m a i n t e n a n c e r e q u i r e m e n t s i n r e l a t i o n t o body w e i g h t . M a i n t e n a n c e n e e d s were c a l c u l a t e d as 2 1 3 , 199, 189 and 174 k c a l / b i r d / d a y f o r t h e f o u r g r o u p s . P r o t e i n c o n s u m p t i o n s v a r i e d from 1 8 . 2 g f o r t h e h e a v i e s t t o 1 5 . 5 g f o r t h e l i g h t b i r d s i n t h e s t u d y .

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supplemental tallow on calcium, phosphorus, manganese, zinc, copper and iron utilization. Mineral intake requirements and efficiency of utilization for production and maintenance were also estimated. White Leghorn hens housed in individual cages were fed diets containing five levels of supplemental tallow (1 - 9%) ad libitum. Following an adaptation period, the hens were fed each of the experimental diets for 14 days at three feeding levels: ad libitum, 80 and 60% of full feed, in order to provide a range in consumption for regression analyses. Data from egg production, feed consumption and mineral analyses of feed, fecal, whole egg, and carcass samples were used to calculate daily balance for each mineral. Regression analyses of mineral balance on intake showed no significant effect of dietary fat level on utilization for any of the minerals under study. The slopes of the regression lines estimated the efficiency of dietary utilization as 26.8, 37.0, 1.6, 19.1, 10.7 and 6.0 % for Ca, P, Mn, Zn, Cu and Fe, respectively. Multiple regression analyses employing data from all dietary treatments were used to determine mineral intake requirements and efficiency of utilization for production and maintenance. KEY WOKDS: Mineral utilization, tallow, laying hen

5WT6 Purified diets based on isolated soybean protein (RP-100) and starch were formulated to contain all nutrients except the ones under test. The test diets were supplemented with the following levels of either thiamine hydrochloride (ppm) 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, and 3.5, or riboflavin (ppm), 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3. Each of the test diet was fed to duplicate groups (10 birds each group) of 4-day old Japanese auail for 35 days. Daily mortality and twice a week body weights were recorded. The growth data were analyzed at a significance level of 5%. Only 2 birds survived to 28 days on 1 ppm thiamine hydrochloride diet. The body weights of 94.8, 105.7, 103.3, 99.4 and 97.4 g, respectively, after 35 days on the other diets suggest a dietary requirement of 1.5 ppm supplemental thiamine hydrochloride. All the birds died on the diet containing 0.75 ppm riboflavin. Only 3 survived on 1 ppm riboflavin. The final body weights of 45.3, 72.6, 103.0, 100.0 and 103.9 g on diets containing 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 ppm riboflavin, respectively, suggest a requirement of 2 ppm supplementary riboflavin. Our data suggest that the purified diet needed 1.5 ppm supplementary thiamine hydrochloride and 2 ppm riboflavin for growing Japanese auail. K E Y W O R D S : Quail, Vitamins and Purified Diets

THE EFFECT OF DEXAMETHASONE METOPIRONE AND DIETARY SALT ON SEXUAL MATURITY AND CORTICOSTERONE LEVELS IN THE WHITE LEGHORNS. Maqdi T. Malek*. Department of Animal Science, Southern University, Batan Rouge, Louisana 70813 Sexually premature Leghorn pullets were used to determine the effect of two different adrenocortical inhibitors (Dexamethasone or metopirone) and dietary salt on sexual maturity and plasmal corticosterone. Dexamethasone injections with or without additional injections of ACTH or qonadotrophins caused a significant (P<.05) decline of corticosterone levels. Metopirone injections caused a significant (P<.05) increase in plasma corticosterone levels. Additional injections of ACTH along with metopirone caused further enhancement of corticosterone levels (P<.01). High or low levels of dietary salt with or without additional injections of ACTH or gonadotrophins caused a highly significant (P<.01) increase in plasma levels of corticosterone. There was a significant decline (P<„0) in the number of pullets reaching sexual maturity at 22 weeks of age in all treatment. None of the birds fed either high or low sodium diets reached sexual maturity even with ACTH or gonadotrophins injections.

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THIAMINE AND RIBOFLAVIN REQUIREMENTS OF GROWING JAPANESE 0UAIL FED PURIFIED DIETS. T. K. Mak* and Pran Vohra. Dept of Avian Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

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These results clearly indicated, not only that the adrenal cortical secretions are involved in the reproductive process and sexual maturity but also that maintenance of the physiologic levels of its hormones are necessary for reproduction. KEYWORDS:

Adrenal, Dexamethasone, Metopirone, Reproduction

PEFORMANCE AND YIELD COMPARISONS OF FIVE COMMERCIAL BROILER CROSSES. G^_W_._J
The Arbor Acre maternal progeny had greater chilled eviscerated carcass yield than HxH progeny. Yield of abdominal fat was greater for the Hubbard maternal crosses than for the other crosses. The yield of liver, gizzard and neck differed significantly between crosses but heart and back yield were not affected by cross. Breast yield was greatest in the RxAA and smallest in the VxH of the crosses tested. However : the opposite was true for wings and legs and thighs yield with VxH having a higher yield of these parts than RxAA. KEYWORDS:

broiler crosses, performance data, eviscerated yields, parts yield

MANAGEMENT AND PARTICLE SIZE EVALUATION OF PROCESSED NEWSPAPER LITTER. and G. W. Chaloupka.

G. W. Halone*

Substation Division, University of Delaware, Georgetown, DE 19947

Processed newspaper (PN) of two particle sizes were evaluated as broiler litter under two management conditions. Two trials with 5,600 broilers each were conducted using the following litter treatments: 1) hardwood sawdust (SD), 2) 1.27 cm diameter PN, 3) 1.27 cm diameter PN topped on a SD base, 4) .635 cm diameter PN and 5) .635 cm diameter PN topped on a SD base. Treatments 1, 2 and A were placed at 7.62 cm depth while 3 and 5 received 5.08 cm of SD base with a 2.54 cm PN topping. Following trial 1, the litter cake in each of the 5 replicate pens/treatment was rotary tilled and chicks placed on the used litter in trial 2. The pooled data from trials 1 and 2 revealed broilers reared on treatment 1 had significantly reduced 10, 28 and 49 day body weights compared to treatments 2-5. In addition, a significant increase in mortality was observed with treatment 1 at both 28 and 49 days of age. Body weight and mortality differences between the treatments were more pronounced with the new litter (trial 1) than with the used litter (trial 2 ) . Litter treatment had no significant effect 0 R feed conversion, litter cake or total disease condemnations. Feathering at 42 days was statistically inferior with treatment 1 while the skin pigmentation was improved when compared to all other treatments. There was a significant increase in litter moisture and numerical increase in litter cake with treatments 2 and 4. Reducing PN particle size and using PN as a topping reduced the breast blister incidence when compared to the SD control. Only treatment 2 had significantly greater incidence of blisters when compared to SD. KEYWORDS:

broiler litter, processed newspaper litter, litter particle size

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Significant broiler cross differences were observed in egg weight; chick weight: 28 and 52 day body weight and feed conversion; breast, flank and back feathering; breast blister and skin pigmentation rating; and breast gauge determination. Additional parameters determined included percent fertility, hatchability, and saleable chicks; 28 and 52 day percent mortality; percent leg disorders; percent bruises and percent disease condemnations. The AAxAA (combined sexes) weighed significantly (P < .05) more than other crosses at 52 days of age; IRxIR weighed significantly less than other crosses. Hubbard maternal progeny had poorer feed conversion at both 28 and 52 days of age compared to all other crosses.

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CYCLIC CHANGES IN PLASMA PHOSPHORUS OF LARGE WHITE TURKEY AND BROILER BREEDER HENS. J. M. Manley, R„ D. Miles*, F. B. Mather, 0. M. Junquiera and R. H. Harms. Dept. of Poultry Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611. Experiments were conducted to determine if plasma phosphorus of the Large White turkey and broiler breeder hen followed a similar cyclic pattern during the egg laying cycle as previously reported for the White Leghorn hen.. One-hundred ten-month old individually caged Large White turkey hens were used for blood sampling. All hens were fed a diet containing 16.4% protein,.0„76% total phosphorus and 2.60% calcium. Hens laying an egg the day prior to blood sampling were identified and randomly assigned to one of 4 groups of 15 hens each. Hens within each group were bled at 0, 6, 18 and 24 hours past oviposition, respectively,, Only blood from hens laying a 3rd consecutive egg was used for analysis. Results indicated plasma phosphorus was lowest at oviposition and higher at each subsequent bleeding period following oviposition (5.27, 5.65, 6.65 and 6-75 mg/dl, respectively). A similar study was conducted with individually caged broiler breeders fed a diet containing 15.53% protein, 3.40% calcium and .,55% total phosphorus. In this study hens were bled only at oviposition and 21 hours past oviposition and results indicated the same cyclic trend in plasma phosphorus (4.04 and 6.02 mg/dl, respectively).

FEED AND WATER INTAKE OF JAPANESE QUAIL FOLLOWING LONG-TERM SELECTION FOR 4-WEEK BODY WEIGHT. H. L. Marks*. USDA, SEA, Southern Regional Poultry Breeding Project, c/o UGA, 107 Livestock-Poultry Bldg., Athens, GA 30602 Four trials were conducted to investigate feed and water intake of P, T, and C quail lines when reared under different nutritional environments. P-line quail were established by long-term selection for high 4-week body weight on a 28% protein diet, T-line quail were similarly established on a 20% protein diet containing 0.2% thiouracil (TU) and C-line quail were from a nonselected control population. Through 6 days of age, feed intake of T-line quail under the 28% protein environment was significantly higher than feed intake of P-line quail. This difference did not exist from 6 to 14 days of age. Feed intake of T-line quail under 20% protein environments was always numerically higher than feed intake of P-line quail under these environments. Water intake of T-line quail was higher than water intake of P-line quail under all environments. P-line quail tended to have higher feed efficiencies regardless of environment. The ability of quail selected under a 20% protein + 0.2% TU environment to perform well when placed under a 28% protein environment was primarily due to increases in feed and water intake rather than changes in feed efficiency. Contrariwise, the poor performance of quail selected under a 28% protein environment when olaced under a 20% protein + 0.2% TU environment was due to their inability to maintain adequate feed intake levels. KEY WORDS: Feed and water intake, Japanese quail, long-term selection.

BODY COMPOSITION, MUSCLE CELLULARITY AND SKELETAL CHANGES IN JAPANESE QUAIL FOLLOWING LONG-TERM SELECTION FOR 4-WEEK BODY WEIGHT. Dennis R. Campion, H. L. Marks*, J. 0. Reagan, and J. B. Barrett. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration, Athens, GA 30602 Body composition, muscle cellularity and skeletal changes associated with selection for high 4-week body weight in Japanese quail under different nutritional environments were investigated. P-line quail were established by long-term selection for high 4-week body weight on a 28% protein diet. T-line quail were similarly established on a 20% protein diet containing 0.2% thiouracil. Nonselected C-Tine email were maintained on a 28% protein diet. Quail progeny from all lines in this study were fed a 28% protein diet. Body and muscle weights of P- and T-line quail were similar at 10 days of age, however, at 56 days body and muscle weights of T-line quail were smaller than those of P-line quail.

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Plasma phosphorus, cyclic nature, turkeys, broiler breeders.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1693

Whole body compositions o f P- and T - l i n e quail were s i m i l a r . P- and T - l i n e quail possessed a greater apparent number of muscle f i b e r s than C-line q u a i l . Total muscle DNA content was lower i n T - l i n e muscles compared to P-line muscles at 56 days o f age. No differences w i t h i n age were observed among lines f o r myofiber diameter, f i b e r type composition, f o r concentrations of DNA, RNA and p r o t e i n , or f o r protein/DNA and RNA/DNA r a t i o s . At 10 days the w e i g h t , length and diameter of the humerus and femur bones were greatest i n T - l i n e q u a i l ; these same parameters were intermediate between C- and P-line quail at 28 and 56 days of age. I t was concluded that s e l e c t i o n f o r rapid growth rate per se caused apparent f i b e r number to increase. Selection under the low protein d i e t appeared to prevent expression o f the maximum number o f muscle DNA u n i t s . KEYWORDS: Japanese q u a i l , long-term s e l e c t i o n , composition, c e l l u l a r i t y , DNA, RNA, f i b e r number

An air classified protein concentrate of fababeans when incorporated into the diet at a level of 12% caused a 5% reduction in egg size. In contrast, the testa portion of fababeans or the starch fraction did not contain the factor that caused egg size reduction. The factor retained it's activity following autoclave treatment at 121°C for 30 minutes and was soluble in water or a mixture of water and ethanol. A highly active white precipitate that was crystalline in structure was obtained from the ethanol-water extract following acetone fractionation, water extraction and recrystallization. The analytically pure compound had a melting point of 242-244°C, it contained 17.4% nitrogen but did not react well with ninhydrin. These and other properties were identical to those of vicine [2,6diamino-4, 5 dihydroxypyrimidine, 5-(S-D glucopyranoside)] a compound known to be present in fababeans at a level of approximately 1%. Vicine when fed to laying hens lowered the ratio of yolk height:diameter, increased the incidence of blood spots, increased erythrocyte hemolysis and elevated plasma lipid and lipid peroxide levels. Convicine, a compound that has a structure similar to that of vicine and found in fababeans, also causes a reduction in egg size. It may be concluded that the principal egg weight depressing factors in fababeans are vicine and convicine. These compounds may produce prooxidants that cause lipid peroxidation, erythrocyte hemolysis and interfere with normal lipid metabolism in the hen. KEYWORDS: Fababean (Vic_i_a faba), egg size depressing factor, vicine, blood spots, hemolysis, plasma lipid levels.

FERTILIZING CAPACITY OF TURKEY SPERM CELLS FROM POOLED VS UNP00LED SEMEN. B.J. Marquez*, A.J. Pescatore and R.M. Hulet, Poultry Science Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 Turkey hens (144) were inseminated every two weeks with U.025ml of either pooled or unpooled semen from twelve selected (six/group) males. Half of the hens receiving unpooled semen were mated with the same males for the entire cycle and the remaining hens were inseminated each A.I. with one of six males. A different male was used at each insemination. Mean fertility for all hens for 20 weeks was 90.4%. In male group 1, there was no significant difference in fertilizing capacity between pooled and unpooled. In group 2, the unpooled semen had significantly higher fertilizing capacity than the pooled. Katchability was highest in eggs from hens in the unpooled same male group (74.66) and lowest in the pooled group (70.66). There was no reduction in fertility due to inseminating the hens with the same male for the entire season at two week intervals.

KEYWORDS: Fertility, Turkeys, Artificial Insemination, Hatchabllity

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ISOLATION AND MODE OF ACTION OF AN EGG SIZE DEPRESSING FACTOR IN FABABEANS (Vicia faba L . ) . RonaldR. Marquardt*, Lloyd D. Camp_bell, Ger^on__01ab_o_ro and Dayid^S. Muduuli, Dept. of Animal Sci., University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2.

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CAGE TYPE AND DENSITY EFFECTS IN CLOSED HOUSING. G. A. Martin, T. A. Carter,* J. R. West and J. B. Ward. Dept. of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27650 Forty-two hundred 147-day old pullets from five commercial strains of Leghorn-type and two commercial strains of brown-egg layers were housed in a light and air controlled (LAC) house equipped with 30.5 x 40.6 cm. (12 x 16 in.) and 40.6 x 30.5 cm. cages with three or four birds per cage at the Piedmont Research Station during the last two years. Performance, efficiency, and egg quality data were recorded for a 350-day laying period.

The effects of reducing cage space from 24 to 32 birds/M (64 to 48 sq. in. per bird) were generally adverse, highly significant, and of about half the magnitude of crowding effects in previous experiments in curtain-side housing. KEYWORDS:

Cage Type, Closed Housing, Layer Performance, Bird Density

PREC0CCI0US PUBERTY IN CHICKS FOLLOWING PARASAGGITTAL KNIFE CUTS TO THE HYPOTHALAMUS. J. H. Mass* and W. J. Kuenzel, Dept. of Poultry Sci., University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742. Parasaggittal hypothalamic knife cuts were administered to two-week-old broiler chicks to determine their effects on food intake, body weight, and otogeny of reproductive function. Three types of bilateral cuts were made: Anterior (preoptic through mid hypothalamus), Posterior (mid hypothalamus through mamillary region), and Full (preoptic through mamillary region). The chicks were grown out under constant light and fed ad libitum for the duration of the experiment. Male chicks receiving full cuts showed a reduction in rate of body growth and marked accelerated development of combs two to three weeks after surgery. At eight weeks of age the testes of chicks with full cuts were significantly larger than operated controls (full 6.65 +. .921g, sham 1.36 +_ .482g n=9,5 P<.01). The experiment was repeated and at nine weeks semen was obtained from two birds with full cuts. A sperm count of one ejaculate showed a 2.01 million sperm/CC. Hens were artifically inseminated, eggs were set, and chicks hatched; however, hatchability was low at 50%. Histological examination revealed that effective cuts damaged five major fiber tracts: supraoptic decussation (S.D.), anterior commissure (A.C.), occipito mesencephalic (0.M), the hypothalamic projection of the occipito mesencephalic (H.0.M), and stria terminalis (S.T.). It is not known which fiber system controls the onset of puberty in birds. We hypothesize that the H0M or the ST are responsible for the production or release of a substance which initiates development of the reproductive system in chicks. KEYWORDS.

Brain, otogeny, testicular development

PERFORMANCE OF LAYING TURKEYS GROUPED ACCORDING TO DAILY FOOD INTAKE. F. B. Mather* and R„ H. Harms. Poultry Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611. To determine if performance could be improved if hens were grouped and fed according to their previous food intake, the individual food intake of 120 Nicholas Large White turkey hens in cages was measured between 36 and 38 weeks of age. Based on that rate of consumption, the hens were divided into four treatment groups; two high intake (HI) and two low intake (LI), each having six replicates of a 5-bird sub-group. A control diet was fed to one HI group and one LI group. In addition, separate diets were formulated for one HI

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Twenty-seven variables were fully analyzed and of shallow cage effects for white-egg strains the only significant differences were 2 grams per bird day more feed consumption, 2.1% more cracked eggs and 1.7% fewer B quality eggs during the last 14 weeks, 59 grams heavier final body weight, and 1.6 Haugh Units less interior egg quality. Some nonsignificant shallow cage effects were 0.8% more mortality, 0.4% more income lost to downgrade eggs, 27 gm. (0.06 lbs.) more feed per dozen eggs, 0.12% higher production rate, 0.95 less eggs per bird housed, and $0.15 less income per bird over feed and chick cost. Shallow cage effects on brown-egg strains were generally smaller and included 3.6% less mortality, less than 0.1% more income lost to downgrades, 5.9 more eggs per bird, and $0.05 less income per bird over feed and chick costs.

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1695

group and one LI group. The experimental period was for 10 weeks when the hens were 39 to 49 weeks of age. There were no significant differences in rate of egg production or total number of eggs which appears to indicate that there was no benefit from grouping birds based on previous food intake. KEYWORDS.

Laying turkeys, daily food intake, egg production.

ANTICOCCIDIAL DRUG RESISTANCE: EFFECTS OF AMPROLIUM AND DINITOLMIDE ON SPORULATION OF FIELD ISOLATES OF EIMERIA ACERVULINA. G. F . K a t h i s * a n d L. R. I t e D o u a a l d . Dept. of P o u l t r y S c i e n c e , U n i v e r s i t y of G e o r g i a , A t h e n s , GA 3 0 6 0 2

KEYWORDS:

c o c c i d i a , amprolium, d i n i t o l m i d e ,

sporulation

INTERACTION OF R0XARS0NE©AND COPPER IN BROILER CHICKS. P. V, M a u r i c e , " * J . E. Jones and Nancy J . R e h r e r , Dept. o f P o u l t r y S c i e n c e , Clemson U n i v e r s i t y , Clemson, SC 29631 We have p r e v i o u s l y r e p o r t e d a r e d u c t i o n i n o i l y b i r d syndrome by h i g h d i e t a r y copper (Poultry Sci. 59:1636). T h i s l e d us t o examine d i e t a r y f a c t o r s w h i c h may a l t e r copper m e t a b o l i s m in b r o i l e r s f e d a commercial type d i e t . Two e x p e r i m e n t s were conducted w i t h c h i c k s t o s t u d y t h e e f f e c t o f 3~ni t r o - 4 - h y d r o x y p e n y l a r s o n i c a c i d (RoxarsoneVV) on g r o w t h and h e p a t i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f c o p p e r , manganese and z i n c . In e x p e r i m e n t 1 , d a y - o l d c h i c k s were f e d d i e t s c o n t a i n i n g 400 mg/kg added copper (as c u p r i c p e n t a h y d r a t e ) w i t h and w i t h o u t 0.005% R o x a r s o n e ® . I n c l u s i o n o f the o r g a n i c a r s e n i c a l r e s u l t e d i n a s i g n i f i c a n t d e c l i n e i n h e p a t i c copper c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( 2 0 v s l 2 5 mg/kg) w i t h a c o n c o m i t a n t i n c r e a s e i n manganese ( 6 v s l l mg/kg) and z i n c (46vs69 mg/kg) l e v e l s i n the l i v e r . Growth was s i g n i f i c a n t l y improved by a d d i t i o n o f the a r s e n i c a l (520vs453 g a t 3 wks). Experiment 2 was designed as a 2x4 f a c t o r i a l w i t h 0 and 0.005? Roxarsone© and 0 , 2 0 0 , 400 and 800 mg/kg added c o p p e r . Growth and feed c o n v e r s i o n were depressed at t h e two h i g h e s t l e v e l s o f copper and i n g e n e r a l t h e r e was a l i n e a r d e c l i n e i n body w e i g h t as d i e t a r y copper i n c r e a s e d . R o x a r s o n e ® c o u n t e r a c t e d the r e d u c t i o n i n g r o w t h caused by 400 and 800 mg/kg copper (491vs437 g and 362vs303 g a t 3 w k s ) . The r e s u l t s show t h a t Roxarsone® (1) a l l e v i a t e s the g r o w t h d e p r e s s i o n induced by h i g h d i e t a r y c o p p e r ; (2) reduces h e p a t i c copper a c c u m u l a t i o n under copper l o a d i n g and (3) i n creases t h e l e v e l o f i r o n , manganese and z i n c i n t h e l i v e r . These responses may be a s c r i b e d t o an i n t e r a c t i o n o f t h e t r a c e elements w i t h a r s e n i c or the o r g a n i c m o i t e y o f Roxarsone®. KEYWORDS:

A r s e n i c a l , copper, growth,

liver,

manganese,

zinc

DIETARY THYROID HORMONES AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO HEAT STRESS. J . P. May*, USDA, SEAAR, P o u l t r y Research L a b o r a t o r y , RD 2, Box 600, Georgetown, DE 19947. Two t r i a l s were conducted t o determine the e f f e c t of d i e t a r y t h y r o x i n e (Ti,) and 3 , 5 ,

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The e f f e c t s o f d r u g s on s p o r u l a t i o n o f o o c y s t s o f E i m e r i a a c e r v u l i n a w e r e s t u d i e d i n o n e l a b o r a t o r y s t r a i n a n d n i n e f i e l d i s o l a t e s of c o c c i d i a . The l a b o r a t o r y s t r a i n w a s c o m p l e t e l y c o n t r o l l e d by a m p r o l i u m o r d i n i t o l m i d e but f i e l d i s o l a t e s were incompletely c o n t r o l l e d . The p e r c e n t s p o r u l a t i o n o f o o c y s t s p r o d u c e d f r o m t h e l a b o r a t o r y s t r a i n ,was r e d u c e d , b u t o o c y s t s f r o m f i e l d i s o l a t e s were g e n e r a l l y not e f f e c t e d . The e f f e c t of d r u q s on s p o r u l a t i o n was f u r t h e r s t u d i e d by s e r i a l p r o p a g a t i o n of t h e l a b o r a t o r y s t r a i n i n t h e p r e s e n c e of d i n i t o l m i d e . A f t e r 5 p a s s a g e s , d i n i t o l m i d e h a d l i t t l e e f f e c t on t h e s p o r u l a t i o n o f oocysts produced curing medication. T h e s e r e s u l t s show t h a t c o c c i d i a c a n develop r e s i s t a n c e t o t h i s p a r t i c u l a r t y p e of drug a c t i o n a f t e r r e p e a t e d exposure t o t h e d r u g , and t h a t under f i e l d c o n d i t i o n s , reduced s p o r u l a t i o n c o n t r i b u t e s l i t t l e t o t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s of amprolium or d i n i t o l m i d e .

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ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

3'-triiodothyronine (T3) on survival time during heat stress. Broiler chicks were reared on litter and given corn-soybean meal diets and water ad_ libitum. All chickens were fed the control diet until they were 28 days old in Trial 1 and 35 days old in Trial 2. The experimental groups in Trial 1 wore (1) control, (2) .50 ppm T 3 , and (3) .60 ppm Ti,. In Trial 2, the experimental groups were (1) control, (2) .75 ppm T3, and (3) .90 ppm T[(. Survival times during heat stress were determined for females and males after they had been fed the hormone diets for 22 to 25 days in Trial 1 and 11 to 13 days in Trial 2. Blood samples were obtained prior to the heat stress and serum T3 and T^ concentrations were determined by double-antibody radioimmunoassay. Dietary T^ resulted in increased serum T^ concentration with no change in serum T3 concentration. Dietary T3 resulted in increased serum T3 concentration and reduced serum Ti, concentration. Survival time was shorter for chickens fed T3 than for the T^-fed chickens or controls while survival times for chickens fed T^ were not significantly different from the controls. KEYWORDS: thyroid hormones, thyroxine, T3, T^, heat prostration

Five commercial turkey flocks placed in houses with a history of Newcastle disease and Alcaligenes rhinotracheitis in the previous placement were chosen. Blood samples were taken approximately each two weeks and Newcastle disease and Alcaligenes faecalis titers were determined. Each of three flocks were spray or fog vaccinated with La Sota virus at about 2 weeks while the other two flocks were B, Newcastle virus vaccinated at day 4 and again at about 3 weeks. Serological tests showed a loss of protecting antibodies for Newcastle disease in these flocks. Three flocks had a livability of 45, 45 and 70% respectively; all of these showed an acute rise in Newcastle disease antibodies and antibodies to Alcaligenes faecalis suggesting a double infection. One flock with 88% livability showed antibodies for Alcaligenes faecalis, but no acute rise in Newcastle disease titer and the flock with 91% livability showed no antibodies for Alcaligenes faecalis and no acute rise to Newcastle disease. KEYWORDS:

Newcastle, turkey, antibodies, Alcaligenes faecalis, rhinotracheitis _ coryza

THE OMELET EVENT. D.B. Mellor* and J.H. Denton, Texas Agricultural Extension Service, and F.A. Gardner, Poultry Science Department, Texas A&M University College Station, Texas 77843. Omelet events are becoming more popular in Texas all the time. Since the first "Omelet Rodeo" in 1975, events have been held from El Paso to Beaumont and the Panhandle to the Rio Grande Valley. An omelet event can be an omelet-cooked-before-their eyes-supper-for profit by a 4-H club in a community or it can be a do-it-yourself lunch or supper for a club group. The omelet event has become a popular way to raise money for 4-H clubs and to provide a meal/entertainment for meetings such as Homemakers Clubs, Program Building Commmittees and Awards Programs. Omelet equipment is available for use by county 4-H clubs from each of the 14 Extension District Headquarters on a loan basis. The first equipment (3 sets - 6 burners, 6 pans, & 6 spatulas to the set) was purchased with Extension Funds and training was begun with these. Additional equipment was funded through the Texas Egg Council and by individual club purchase. There are over twenty sets presently in use by Extension in Texas. Almost any size group can be served by the assembly line system utilized in omelet events. One serving line can service 100-110 customers per hour for a 3 egg omelet supper, with more lines as needed. The omelet event offers an opportunity for 4-H clubs to earn money, learn by doing, provide a community service and have fun. Getting ready for and conducting such an event requires good organization and cooperation. County Extension agents who have held omelet events are enthusiastic about helping other counties plan and set up an event. Omelet

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CIRCULATING NEWCASTLE DISEASE ANTIBODIES AND MORTALITY RELATED TO TURKEY CORYZA AND VACCINE BREAKS. Chester F. Meinecke *, R. L. Duncan and J. K. Skeeles, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701

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events seem to be made to order for fairs, trail rides, breakfasts, catered events and raaiiv..O-tiier activities. KEY WOKIJS: omelets, egg, 4-H

SODIUM SALTS AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE GROWTH AND SKELETAL DEVELOPMENT OF BROILERS. J. W. Merkley*, USDA, SEA-AR, Poultry Research Laboratory, RD 2, Box 600, Georgetown, DE 19947, and E. R. Miller, Delaire Farms, Inc., Princess Anne, MD 21853.

No differences were noted in the rate of water consumption between broilers in the treated pens and those in the control pens receiving tap water. The growth rates, mortality, and feed conversion were not affected by the sodium salts in either- trial. In both trials the breaking strengths of humeri from treated broilers were significantly (P<.01) stronger than humeri from control broilers. The sodium fluoride increased breaking strength 40 percent and sodium silicate 21 percent over the controls. Tibiae breaking strengths were significantly (P<.05) increased only in sodium fluoride treated broilers. The percent bone ash data followed a similar pattern. Sodium fluoride significantly (P<.01) increased bone ash while sodium silicate had a lesser effect. KEYWORDS: electrolytes, sodium fluoride, silicon, bone ash, bone strength

FLUORINE DEPOSITION IN BONE AS RELATED TO PHYSIOLOGICAL STATE. J. Norberto Michel*, H.R. Bird, and M.L. Sunde, Department of Poultry Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706. Chicks were fed either a corn-soy basal or this diet with added fluorine (about 250 ppm) from raw rock phosphate. These diets were fed continuously from hatching to 39 weeks of age to both males and females. Birds were sacrificed at 4, 13, 27 and 39 weeks and the tibiae were analyzed for F on an ash basis. At 4 and 13 weeks there were no siqnificant difference between males and females fed either the basal diet or the added F. However the birds getting the added F showed 6-7 times higher F levels. At 27 weeks males and females analyzed 767 ppm F and 1066 ppm F respectively when fed the basal diet. The values for the added F were 3175 and 4550 respectively. The values at 39 weeks of age were 904, 1530, 4512, and 6837 respectively. This suggests that females concentrate the F in the bones after sexual maturity. This may explain why mechanically deboned meat made from fowl is hiqher in F than when made from broilers or stags. K E Y W O R D S : Fluorine, tibiae, sex difference period

EFFICACY OF NEO-TERRAMYCIN WATER MEDICATION AGAINST E. COLI AND S. TYPHIMUEIUM INFECTION IN CHICKENS. Thomas T. Miqaki* and Jerold W. Harqis. Animal Health Dept., Pfizer Inc., Terre Haute, IN 47808 Six trials were conducted to determine the relative efficacy of neomycin, oxytetracycline and Neo-Terramycin water medication regimens in chickens. Salmonella typhimuviian and Escherichia coli were the etiologic agents used to produce the enteric and respiratory disease models, respectively. The levels of drugs used were: neomycin sulfate, 106 ppm,

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Two trials were conducted in which the diets of broilers were supplemented with either sodium fluoride (NaF) or sodium silicate (Na2Si03) added to the drinking water. Sodium fluoride provided 120 ppm sodium and 100 ppm fluoride while the same level of sodium (100 ppm) and 74 ppm silicon was provided by the sodium silicate. All groups received a standard corn-soybean meal diet and their respective drinking water ad_ libitum. Floor pens with hard wood shavings were used for rearing. Live weights and feed conversion were determined every two weeks until the broilers were killed at day 54.

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ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e , 106 ppm and the combined drug, Neo-Terramycin, 106-106 ppm. Evaluation was based upon weight gain, m o r t a l i t y and,in the r e s p i r a t o r y disease model, lesion scores. rleo-Terramycin was c l e a r l y superior to neomycin i n the respiratory disease model and superior to oxytetracycline in the enteric disease model. KEYWORDS:

neomycin, oxytetracycline, Neo-Terramycin, S. typhimurium, E.

coli

EFFECT OF VIRGINIAMYCIN ON LAYING HEN AND BROILER PERFORMANCE. Richard D. Miles*, Douglas M. Janky and Robert H., Harms, Department of P o u l t r y S c i e n c e , U n i v e r s i t y of F l o r i d a , G a i n e s v i l l e , FL 32611,

KEYWORDS: Virginiamycin, l a y i n g h e n s , b r o i l e r s , performance, p i g m e n t a t i o n .

EFFECTS OF MICROWAVE ENERGY ON SKIN MICROFLORA OF MARKET POULTRY.

Byron F. Miller*. Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado S t a t e University, Fort C o l l i n s , Colorado 80523, and J e s s e W. Goble. USDA, SEA, B e l t s v i l l e , Maryland 20705. Microwave energy has been proposed as a means of promoting feather r e l e a s e in market p o u l t r y . Microbiological counts on the surface of b r o i l e r skin were made before and a f t e r scalding in 140°F, a g i t a t e d , hot water for two minutes. Comparable microbiological counts were made on the skin of b r o i l e r s exposed t o microwave energy for two minutes in a domestic microwave oven a t 650 w a t t s . Total aerobic p l a t e counts were measured by a s e p t i c a l l y removing 30mm pieces of skin immediately before and a f t e r t h e experimental t r e a t m e n t . Each skin sample was blended for 2 minutes in 100 ml peptone s o l u t i o n , d i l u t e d and p l a t e d on t r i p t i c a s e soy agar p l a t e s in d u p l i c a t e . Hot water scalding reduced skin microflora by 99% from counts in the range of 10 5 to 1 0 3 . The microwave treatments reduced skin microbial counts by 90% from 10 5 before treatment t o 101* a f t e r t r e a t ment. The r e s u l t s from microwave processsing i n d i c a t e s a c t u a l d e s t r u c t i o n of the microflora, while the r e s u l t s of t h e a g i t a t e d , hot water treatment r e f l e c t s mechanical removal of organisms as well as microbial d e s t r u c t i o n . KEYWORDS:

microwave, feather r e l e a s e , skin microflora, scalding

TESTING A CALIPER FOR MEASURING ABDOMINAL LEAF FAT THICKNESS IN LIVE BROILER CHICKENS. Larry W. Mirosh* and Walter A. Becker. Dept. of Animal Sciences, Washington State U n i v e r s i t y , Pullman, WA 99TP Non-destructive methods f o r selecting b r o i l e r breeders against abdominal f a t is a problem

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Virginiamycin was added to d i e t s of 240 laying hens and 1152 b r o i l e r s t o e v a l u a t e i t s effect on performance. The l a y i n g hen study was a randomized block design with 4 t r e a t m e n t s and 12 b l o c k s . The Virginiamycin l e v e l s were 0, 10, and 20 ppm and were added t o a d i e t with low pigmentation p o t e n t i a l (50% yellow corn and 50% white c o r n ) . A normal d i e t cont a i n i n g 100% yellow corn and 0 ppm Virginiamycin was a l s o fed. A randomized block design was used in the b r o i l e r study with 4 t r e a t m e n t s and 16 b l o c k s . Nine male and nine female chicks were i n each block,, A d i e t with low pigmentation p o t e n t i a l contained 0, 5 and 10 ppm Virginiamycin,. A d i e t c o n t a i n i n g 100% yellow corn and 0 ppm Virginiamycin was a l s o f e d . Virginiamycin supplementation r e s u l t e d i n s i g n i f i c a n t l y (p^.,05) b e t t e r egg production (as % H-D, 76.45 v s . 7 3 . 9 5 ) , feed conversion (as kg/doz, 1.529 v s . 1.598) and egg s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y (1.080 vs., 1.078). Virginiamycin hens produced 2 gm„ s m a l l e r eggs throughout the s t u d y . There were no measurable d i f f e r e n c e s in Haugh u n i t s or yolk p i g m e n t a t i o n . Feeding Virginiamycin to b r o i l e r s r e s u l t e d i n h e a v i e r b i r d s than e i t h e r c o n t r o l feeding program. A dose response r e l a t i o n s h i p e x i s t e d i n which supplementing with 10 ppm Virginiamycin r e s u l t ed i n s i g n i f i c a n t l y h e a v i e r b i r d s . Feed conversion r a t i o was s i g n i f i c a n t l y b e t t e r for t h e Virginiamycin supplemented b i r d s . Virginiamycin s i g n i f i c a n t l y improved shank pigmentation in t h e d i e t s with low pigmentation p o t e n t i a l ,

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for commercial geneticists. The purpose of this experiment was to test a caliper for measuring thickness of abdominal leaf fat between the cloaca and abdominal surface in live broilers and to correlate thickness with abdominal fat weiqht. Thickness on left and riqht sides of abdomen were measured on 108 males (40 days) at 20 mm cloacal depth and on 108 full-brothers (47 days) at 20 mm and 35 mm cloacal depths and on abdominal mid-line at 35 mm cloacal depth. Broilers were slaughtered the followinq day and abdominal fat weight recorded. Means of left and right sides were 2.96 mm (40 days), 4.24 mm (47 days) at 20 mm and 4.17 mm (47 days) at 35 mm. Mean of two replications on mid-line of abdomen was 4.84 mm at 35 mm. Correlation coefficients (r) between caliper means of both sides and abdominal fat weight were .29 (41 days) and .45 (48 days) at 20 mm and .54 (48 days) at 35 mm. At midline of abdomen, r = .30 (48 days) at 35 mm. Correlations between left and riqht sides of abdomen for both ages ranged from .59 to .73 and r = .92 between replications at mid-line of abdomen. Correlations indicate caliper measurements at 35 mm cloacal depth in live broilers (49 days) might be used in a selection index to decrease fat and increase muscle on birds intended for breeding.

STARCH DIGESTION. E.T. Moran, Jr. Dept. of Animal and Poultry Scl., University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada NIG 2W1 Starch forms the largest single nutrient in feed and supplies the major part of total energy. In grain, starch is synthesized by and contained within the endosperm cells as granules. Large and small populations of granules exist. Each size granule is organized into laminar layers having organized and amorphous areas where amylose and amylopectin are speculated to be found, respectively. Presumably, the large granules arise early in endosperm cell life when amylose is packaged in conjunction with accessible water to form a stable arrangement. Small granules fill the remainder of the cell space at a later time when water is lacking and each amylose helix is less firmly associated. Avian pancreatic alpha amylase parallels the mammalian sources being an endohydrolase cleaving alpha-l,4-linkages. Alpha amylase functions at a more rapid rate on amylose than amylopectin when free in solution but to the converse in granule form. Granule size, amount and nature of amylose are influential in determining digestion of various source starches. Amylase action is greatly facilitated by gelatinization and destabilization of granule integrity. Fowl are innately adept at digesting most starches, however, heat processing treatments and dietary amylase supplements have often proven of value. KEYWORDS:

Starch, Amylase, Digestion

ATMOSHPERIC PRESSURE AND EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT OF TURKEYS. Robert E. Morenq* and Abdollatif M. Karmous. Dept. of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523. In the Rocky Mountain states, as well as other specific areas of Central and South America, difficulties have been reported incubating and hatching eggs at locations over approximately 984 meters (3,000 feet). Problems associated with embryonic development, in high altitude environments, tend to be magnified as the altitude increases and have been generally attributed to lowered atmospheric pressure and resulting in lowered oxygen availability. In order to pursue the potential effects of pressure differential, turkey eggs were utilized in view of the fact that turkey embryos provide a more sensitive indicator of this stress effect than do chicken embryos. Eggs produced by a commercial strain selected and bred for over five generations at 1475 meters (4,500 feet) with the aid of supplemental oxygen during incubation, were incubated and hatched without supplemental oxygen at 1640 meters (5,000 feet). Pressurized chambers provided a basis for simulating sea level environments, although difficulties were experienced with remote operation of incubators within these laboratory

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K E Y W O R D S : Caliper, cloacal depth, fat thickness, abdominal fat, correlation coefficients, broiler chickens

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POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL RESIDUES IN BODY FAT AND EGGS FOLLOWING AN INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT. B. R. Moss* and J. Witmer. Animal and Range Sciences Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717.

KEY WORDS: Polychlorinated biphenyls., egg and body fat residues.

PROTEIN LEVELS AND THEIR EFFECT ON BROILER GROWTH AND ENERGY UTILIZATION. Nureldin Musharaf* and J. David Latshaw, Dept. of Poultry Sci., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210. An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of increasing dietary protein in broiler finisher feeds on growth and energy utilization. Diets containing 18, 20, 22 and 24% crude protein were formulated with the protein supplement made of equal amounts of cotton seed meal and peanut meal. Synthetic amino acids were used to meet essential amino acid requirements. All diets contained equal amounts of ether extract, ash and crude fiber. Experimental diets were fed free choice beginning when broilers were 28 days old. Males were housed separately from females. The metabolizable energy of the feeds was determined using a procedure for total excrement collection. Males were fed the experimental diets for 21 days and the females were fed for 25 days. At this time several broilers from each treatment were randomly selected for carcass energy determination. Males fed the 18% protein diet weighed less after 21 days than the other males. Females fed the 18 and 20% protein diets weighed more than those fed 22 and 24% protein. The feed/gain ratio was slightly higher for both males and females fed the 18% protein diet than was found from higher protein levels. Calculated metabolizable energy values of the diets decreased slightly as protein level increased. However, determined M.E. values increased as the protein level increased. The kcal. of energy released through metabolism daily (daily heat production) increased slightly with increasing protein levels. KKY W O U D S :

Broilers, protein levels, energy utilization

DIRECT ANALYSIS FOR CHOLESTEROL OXIDATION PRODUCTS IN FRESH AND HEAT TREATED EGG YOLK LIPIDS. Edward C. Naber* and Matthew P. Biggert, Dept. of Poultry Science, The Ohio State University and Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210. Certain oxidation products of cholesterol exhibit a much greater biopotency for in-

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An industrial accident in Montana during the summer of 1979 contaminated meatmeal with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) which resulted in widespread contamination of poultry and other products. One-hundred seventy-five 33-week old Shaver strain layers fed PCB contaminated feed for an undetermined period prior to October, 1979, were purchased from a Montana producer in November, 1979. The first record of contaminated feed for this flock was a grower supplement mixed on 8/14/79 containing 1.9-2.2 ppm PCB (Arochlor 1260) which was subsequently mixed with grains resulting in 0.11 ppm PCB in the total diet. When the pullets were about 24 weeks of age (9/21/79), the PCB concentration was 0.6 ppm in the eggs and 0.14 ppm in the layer feed. Upon notification of this report, the producer switched to a noncontaminated feed. Subsequent tests of six individual samples showed a PCB concentration of 5.9 ppm in the body fat of the birds at 30 weeks of age. After purchase, the birds were placed in floor pens, maintained on a 14 hr light period and given a 15% protein layer diet and water ad libitum. The percent lay and PCB levels determined from a composite sample of one dozen eggs at different ages were: 35 weeks; 79%, .12 ppm: 43 weeks; 76%, .05 ppm; 49 weeks; 76%, .04 ppm: 55 weeks; 77%, .021 ppm: 65 weeks; 72%, .007 ppm: 73 weeks; 48%, .012 ppm. Body fat composited from three birds sacrificed at 35, 49, 55 and 73 weeks contained 1.6, .6, .21 and .23 ppm PCB. Although the contaminant persisted in the bird, was in the eggs for an extended period, and above FDA tolerance level of .3 ppm in eggs at 24 weeks and of .3 ppm in body fat at 30 weeks, the level in both eggs and body fat were below tolerance levels at 35 weeks.

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ducing atherogenesis, cell cytotoxicity and as an enzyme inhibitor than cholesterol itself. These unsuspected contaminants of cholesterol may have complicated many early studies on the biological effects of cholesterol feeding. Previous results (Poultry Science 59: 1642, 1980) have shown that reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatography can be used to identify and quantify a variety of cholesterol oxidation products produced by heating of pure cholesterol or egg yolk. Because the analysis of egg yolk involved saponification of the yolk lipid prior to analysis under harsh chemical conditions, it appeared possible that the oxides of cholesterol found may have been artifacts of the saponification procedure. Present studies have adapted direct absorbtion high pressure liquid chromatography of egg yolk lipid without need for a saponification step to identify and roughly quantitate cholesterol oxides. With this method it has been possible to show that lipid from fresh freeze dried egg youk contains very small amounts of certain cholesterol oxides, notably 7-ketocholesterol. Heating of fresh freeze dried egg yolk at 100°C for 100 hours enhances the amount of 7-ketocholesterol and other unidentified oxides present in a methyl tert butyl ether extract of the yolk. Specific cholesterol oxides that have been identified in 7-ketocholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol. KEYWORDS:

Cholesterol, oxidation, egg yolk, atherogenesis

Large White (Nicholas) turkey males were fed 0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 ppm added fluoride (F) from sodium fluoride in a corn-soybean assay diet containing tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and 10 ppm F. A control treatment utilized defluorinated phosphate (DP) in an otherwise identical formulation. There were 4 replicate pens of 16 birds per treatment; turkeys were removed periodically for study. The 800 ppm F level was discontinued at 8 weeks of age, at which time 2 of the 4 replicate pens in the F-assay treatments were placed on the 25 ppm F diet. The treatment fed 0 F showed significantly (P <.05) depressed body weight at 8 weeks of age; these turkeys weighed 0.47 kg less than those fed 12.5 to 100 ppm F at 18 weeks of age, regardless of whether they remained on their original levels or were on 25 ppm F during 8-18 weeks. Turkeys fed 200, 400, and 800 ppm F showed increasingly depressed growth; turkeys removed from these treatments at 8 weeks of age showed growth recovery. Turkeys fed 800 ppm F during 0-8 weeks of age exhibited severe leg deformities in addition to being stunted. Birds fed TCP were significantly lower in body weight a 4 weeks of age than those fed DP; this difference disappeared by the termination of the experiment (18 weeks of age). Increasing levels of dietary F resulted in large increases in F in bone ash. At higher levels of F supplementation (200-800 ppm), a slight depression in bone ash and somewhat elevated plasma alkaline phosphatase activity were observed at 4 weeks of age, but not at 8 weeks of age. KEYWORDS.

TURKEYS, FLUORIDE, NUTRITION

EFFECT OF MOUNT ST. HELENS VOLCANIC ASH DUST ON BROILER PERFORMANCE AND HEALTH AND ON HOUSE ENVIRONMENT. H. S. Nakaue and M. L. Pierson*, Dept. of Poultry Sci., and P. H. Heifer, School of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 An experiment involving 1300 broilers was carried out in an uninsulated, windowless negative pressure ventilated house to study the effects of Mount St. Helens' volcanic (V) ash (A) dust (D) on broiler performance and health and on house environment. VA from the June 12, 1980 eruption was used. The birds were exposed to VAD from 20 to 48 days of age. The four treatments were control or no VAD exposure; one direct {Di} application (Ap) of VA (10 kg/m 2 ) on wood shavings litter; and either VAD blown in the pens for 1 hr (VAD1) or 3 hrs (VAD3) in the morning and afternoon, daily. No significant differences were observed among treatments on mean body weights for males, females, combined sexes, feed conversion, mortality, level of atmospheric ammonia in the pens or carcass condemnations. There was some recycling of VAD during the period when VAD was not blown in the pens. Respiratory VAD levels (particulates ranging in size from 0.5 to 10 urn) were significantly higher in either Di Ap or VAD3 than the control of VAD1

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INFLUENCE OF DIETARY SODIUM FLUORIDE ON PERFORMANCE OF LARGE WHITE MALE TURKEYS. N. A. Nahorniak* and P. E. Waibel, Dept. of Animal Science, and W. G. Olson, H. E. Dziuk, and M. M. Walser, Col. of Vet. Med., Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108

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treated pens. Mean litter moisture levels were significantly lower for the VAD3 pens than either Di Ap, control or VAD1 treated pens. Lung tissues from birds exposed to VAD1 or VAD3 treatments had moderate lymphoid hyperplasia and macrophage infiltration with debris in the airways including crystalline material in the macrophages. No histological effects were observed in the turbinates from birds in all treatments. Oregon Agric. Experiment Station Technical Paper No. 5840 . KEYWORDS:

Volcanic ash, dust, ammonia, broiler house environment, respiratory

CHLORIDE REQUIREMENT OF YOUNG CHICKS. Choong-woo Nam*and James McGinnis. Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, UA 99164

tract

Dept. of

Day old Hubbard (White Mountain X White Rock) b r o i l e r chicks were fed diets containing graded levels of chloride that ranged from 0.05% to 0.16% with increments of 0.01% for 2 weeks. Calcium chloride was used as the source of supplemental c h l o r i d e , while dietary sodium was supplied with sodium c i t r a t e to give a t o t a l sodium level of 0.15%.

I t appears that the level of dietary chloride required by young chicks fed a corn-soybean meal d i e t is 0.13% or higher f o r maximum growth and feed e f f i c i e n c y . KEYWORDS:

Dietary c h l o r i d e , growth, feed e f f i c i e n c y , water intake.

DIETARY FACTORS THAT AFFECT WATER INTAKE IN CHICKS. Choong-woo Nam* and James HcGinnis. Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, UA 99164. Three short-term battery t r i a l s were conducted to study effects of animal products (AP) and soybean meal (SBM) on growth and water intake. In the f i r s t t r i a l s , chicks were fed diets containing d i f f e r e n t levels of AP such as f i s h meal (FM) and meat scraps (US). The 0% d i e t contained 35% SBM. As the level of AP in the d i e t increased water consumption, expressed as a r a t i o of water to feed, decreased. Chicks fed 0% FM d i e t consumed the least amount of water, whereas, those on 0% d i e t consumed the highest amount of water. Body weights were more or less s i m i l a r f o r a l l groups. In the second t r i a l , an 8% FF1 d i e t was supplemented with additional potassium to make the d i e t a r y potassium level equal to that of 0% AP d i e t . Added potassium in the 8% d i e t s l i g h t l y increased water intake but the consumption of water was not comparable to t h a t of chicks fed the 0% AP d i e t . The results indicate that the 0% d i e t contained something other than higher potassium that stimulates water intake. In the t h i r d t r i a l , isolated soy protein (ISP) was used in the formulation of d i e t s . Chicks on a 20% ISP d i e t consumed less water than those on a 35% SBM d i e t . Replacing ISP with 8% FM or IIS in the 20% ISP d i e t did not change the water consumption. However, with 8% FM or ITS in the place of SBM, water intake was reduced. I t appears t h a t SBM contains an u n i d e n t i f i e d f a c t o r ( s ) that stimulates water intake by chicks. KEYWORDS: Water intake, soybean meal, animal products, potassium, p r o t e i n .

COMPARISON OF THE CAPACITY OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF BROILER AND LEGHORN-TYPE CHICKS. Mark Newcombe*, John P. Summers and S. Leeson, Dept. of Animal and Poultry Sci..University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario. NIG 2W1. Current evidence indicates that the leghorn will eat, essentially, to meet its energy

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As the level of dietary chloride increased, body weights increased almost l i n e a r l y u n t i l they reached a plateau at 0.13% c h l o r i d e . Average weight of chicks fed 0.15% chloride d i e t was 240 grams at 2 weeks of age, whereas, those fed the 0.05% chloride d i e t weighed only 158 grams. When the average body weights were plotted as a function of graded levels of c h l o r i d e , the shape of the curve was hyperbolic, reaching a maximum at 0.15% c h l o r i d e . The chloride level which gave maximum growth was almost double the estimated value in NRC (1977). The results on feed intake and feed conversion rate more or less followed the reponse in body weights. When the chloride level increased, feed intake and feed e f f i c i e n c y increased. The e f f e c t of chloride levels on water intake was somewhat d i f f e r e n t . There were sharp increases in water intake in the range of chloride levels from 0.05% to 0.09%. No further e f f e c t was observed with chloride levels between 0.09% and 0.16%.

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requirements, whilst the broiler chicken will eat to satisfy its "appetite". A proportion of this energy consumed by broilers is laid down in the depot fat reserves and it is important that a better understanding of the factor(s) controlling feed intake in broilers be obtained. In the present study, the capacity of the digestive tract of 3 week old leghorns and broiler chicks were compared when empty and after being allowed to eat for 4 hours following a period of starvation. Results to date indicate that the gut capacity of the leghorn as a percentage of live body weight is significantly greater (P < 0.05) than that of the broiler. It appeared that the broiler chicks were normally eating close to their capacity and the period of starvation had little effect upon their feed intake. Leghorn intestinal length, as a percentage of live body weight, was also significantly greater (P < 0.05) being nearly twice the value obtained for the broilers. It is possible that these results may have significance in terms of the rate of passage of feedstuffs through the gut. KEYWORDS:

g u t capacity, feed intake, intestinal length.

Five experiments were conducted in order to evaluate the supplemental value of detoxified jojoba meal for broiler chick performance. Solvent extraction, heat and chemical methods, as well as lactobacilli treatments, were used to detoxify the meal. Of the seven samples tested, only the L. acidophilus #1911 detoxified meal supported adequate growth when added to the diet at a level of 10%. Compared to the basal diet, feed conversion was poor with 5% supplementation of this meal, and was worse at the 10% level. This was apparently due to the low metabolizable energy content of the meal. Failure of detoxified jojoba meal to support maximum growth reflects its low nutritive value. This was evidenced by low availabilities of lysine (33.7%) and methionine (43.4%), and by low starch digestibility (21.7%). The true metabolizable energy content of jojoba meal was determined as 1.71 kcal/g on an air dry basis in laying hens. KEY WORDS: Jojoba meal, chick growth, amino acid availability

AHEMERAL LIGHT-DARK CYCLES AND EGGSHELL QUALITY. Jon 0. Nordstrom*, Department of Animal Sciences, Western Washington Research & Extension Center, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA 98371 The effect of ahemeral light-dark cycles on shell quality and laying hen performance near the end of the laying year was measured using 1342 SCWL laying hens. The hens were housed in multiple-bird cages in 18 separate, windowless, fan-ventilated rooms. Hens were exposed abruptly to either a 26 hour cycle (16L:10D) or a 27 hour cycle (16L:11D) at 56 weeks of age. The control hens remained on a 24 hour cycle (16L:8D). The experiment was terminated when the hens were 76 weeks of age. Shell weight and, consequently, shell quality, expressed as shell weight (mg) per sq cm egg surface area (SWUSA), were significantly increased after one week exposure to either ahemeral cycle. The increase in shell weight was greatest for the hens on the 27 hour cycle, but because egg weight also was significantly increased by this treatment, there was no difference in SWUSA between the two ahemeral cycles. For both cycles, SWUSA was as great or greater through 72 weeks of age than was measured with these hens at 53 weeks of age prior to the experiment. The ahemeral cycles had no significant effect on albumen quality, rate of lay adjusted to a 24 hour basis, hen body weight, or mortality. There was a significant improvement in feed efficiency for the hens on the 27 hour cycle. K E Y W O R D S : Age, Ahemeral cycles, Eggshell quality, Eggshell weight, Egg weight, Lighting

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EVALUATION OF JOJOBA MEAL FOR POULTRY DIETS. J. D. Ngou*, P. M. Majorino and B. L. Reid, Dept. of Animal Sci., University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721

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FIELD TESTING OF AHEMERAL LIGHT-DARK CYCLES FOR IMPROVING EGGSHELL QUALITY. Jon 0._ Nordstrom and D. K. Andrews*, Department of Animal Sciences, Western Washington Research " & Extension Center, Washington State U n i v e r s i t y , Puyallup, WA 98371

KEYWORDS:

Ahemeral

CyCie,

Eggshell q u a l i t y , Field t r i a l ,

Lighting

THE EFFECTS OF CARBONATED DRINKING WATER ON EGG SHELL QUALITY DURING HIGH ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE. T. W. Odoi.i* and P. C. Harrison. Dept. of Animal Sci., University of Illinois, IL 61801, and M. J. Darre. Dept. of Animal Industries, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268. Forty-eight SCWL pullets (30 weeks of age) were housed 2 per cage inside a large Honeywell environmental chamber. The chamber temperature was held at approximately 23°C and the photoperiod was maintained at 14L:10D. Following a two week acclimation period, half of the birds received carbonated water (Trt 1) as their drinking source while the other half remained on tap water (Trt 2 ) . After a period of seven days (Feriod 1) the chamber temperature was raised to 35°C for the next seven days (Period 2) after which it was lowered back to 2j°C for a seven day recovery period (Period 3 ) . Data on water pH, egg production, egj weight, percent egg snell and egg specific gravity were recorded over the three experiuental periods. during the course of the experiment water pH for Trt 1 and Trt 2 averaged 5.i7 and 7.79, respectively. Percent hen-day egg production averaged across periods was 78.9 for birds in Trt 1 and 73.6 for birds in Trt 2. There were no significant differences i Q e Sg weight between perioas or treatments within period. Percent egg shell and egg specific gravity were lower (P<.0001) for Period 2 than for Periods 1 and 3. Statistical analysis of treatment effects within periods showed a significant increase in percent egg shell (P<.0002) and egg specific gravity (P<.01) in Trt 1 birds over Trt 2 birds during Period 2. Differences among treatments in percent egg shell and egg specific gravity were not significant during Periods 1 and 3. These results show that the use of carbonated drinking water during periods of hot weather can help relieve the associated problem of high environmental temperature induced egg shell thinning. KEYWORDS: Eggshell quality. High environmental temperature, Carbonated water.

CARBON DIOXIDE STIMULATED CALCIUM TRANSPORT IN THE ISOLATED SHELL GLAND OF THE DOMESTIC CHICKEN. T. W. Odom* and P. C. harrison. Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801. Six SCWL hens were chosen from a population of 44 hens beginning their second year of production. Trie criteria for selection was palpation for the presence of a calcifying egg in the shell gland. Hens were killed by cervical dislocation and the shell glands immediately removed, cut down the logitudinal axis into two pieces and immersed into a beaker containing warm physiological saline (41°C) buffered (tris hydroxymethylaminomethane) to a pH of 7.45. The transport chamber consisted of a 100 ml beaker (reservoir side) with a plexiglass lid that held secure a 1.4 mm diameter plastic tube (sampling side). To load

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F i e l d t r i a l s were conducted using a 28 hour l i g h t - d a r k cycle (20L:8D) on SCWL hens near the end of a laying cycle to study i t s effectiveness i n improving eggshell q u a l i t y on commercial poultry farms with l i g h t - t i g h t housing. A 28 hour cycle was used since t h i s l i g h t i n g schedule repeats every 7 days, s i m p l i f y i n g employee work schedules, e . g . , eggs are gathered only 6 days per week. T r i a l s were conducted on three farms having shell q u a l i t y problems. T r i a l 1 involved 118,500 hens of three s t r a i n s , 92 to 95 weeks of age. These hens had been molted at 65 weeks o f age. T r i a l 2 involved 23,700 hens, 53 weeks of age, and T r i a l 3 involved 65,000 hens, 57 weeks of age. Neither of the l a t t e r two flocks had been molted. The hens in t r i a l s 1 and 3 were housed in m u l t i p l e - b i r d cages, while the hens in t r i a l 2 were housed in colony cages. The r e s u l t s suggest that shell q u a l i t y , measured by incidence of cracked eggs or by egg s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y , was improved in hens exposed to the 28 hour l i g h t - d a r k c y c l e . Rate of l a y , adjusted to a 24 hour b a s i s , was not adversely affected unless production was above 70% at the time of exposure to the ahemeral c y c l e . Egg weight was increased, and there was a tendency f o r increased feed consumption. M o r t a l i t y was not affected by the 1ight treatment.

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the chamber a piece of shell gland tissue was stretched over the end of the plastic tube and warm buffer was delivered to the reservoir and sampling side of the chamber. Calcium 45 was added to the reservoir in a concentration of 1 uCi/ml of buffer. The buffer on both sides of the tissue was continuously aerated with 95% O2 and 5% CO2. Following a 2 hour equilibration period, 0.05 ml samples were drawn from the sampling side every 20 minutes. After 6 samples had been drawn, the buffer in the reservoir was titrated to a pH of 7.72 with tris base and immediately returned to pH 7.45 by bubbling CO2 gas through a micropipette. This produced an increase in the CO2 tension from 0.65 mm Hg to 6.5 mm Hg. Six more samples were then drawn and rates of unidirectional calcium flux before and after CO2 addition were determined by counting all samples in a liquid scintillation counter. The results show that enriching the reservoir buffer with CO2 produces approximately a 45% increase in the unidirectional (serosa to mucosa) calcium flux which suggests that the CO2 tension is irportant in maintaining a maximum calcium flux across the shell gland. KEYWORDS:

Calcium transport, Shell gland, Carbon dioxide.

Intravenous injection of carrageenan caused a temporary blockade of the ellipsoidassociated antigen trapping cells of the spleen. The blockade was shown by an abronation of carbon-binding capacity resulting in an inpaired phanocytic activity of these cells and a depressed antibody response against sheep red blood cells (SPBC) and 1ipopolysaccharide (LPS). The antigen trappinq cells phagocytozino the carrageenan, detached from the ellipsoid region and migrated towards the red pulp. The shift in localization of these cells and the exhaustion of their phagocytic capacity might have contributed to the suppression of antibody response against SRBC and LPS. Carrageenan did not interfere with the splenic macrophane's ability to phagocytose carbon particles. Therefore, our data sunnest that the antigen trapping cells are essential for antibody production against SRBC and LPS.

KEYWORDS:

Antigen trapping cell, Antibody, Carrageenan, Carbon-bindinn, Ellipsoid, Phagocytosis, Spleen

MIXED LEUKOCYTE REACTIONS IN CHICKENS.

W. C. Olson* and C. H. Tempelis.

School of

Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Ca. 94720, and H. Abplanalp, Dept. of Avian Sciences, University of California, Davis, Ca. 95616 Peripheral blook leukocytes (PBL) from several inbred lines of chickens were added to allogeneic or syngeneic spleen cells in one-way mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC). Spleen cells were treated with mitomycin C or x-irradiation, or obtained from F, hybirds for use in one-way MLC. Optimal conditions necessary for a mixed leukocyte reaction included incubating an equal number of PBL (responders) and spleen cells at a final concentration of 1.5-3.0x10° cells/culture for 4 days at 39°C. Cultures were pulsed with lyCi -^-thymidine during the final 18-20 hours. Stimulation of PBL was not seen in cultures containing syngeneic spleen cells, but was apparent when spleen cells were from chickens differinq at the B-locus. The level of responsiveness varied among the lines tested, but did not correspond to a particular B-type. In particular, PBL from line UCD 058 responded 2-3 times greater than the line UCD 011, which has the same B-group antigen, B15. Furthermore, spleen cells from line UCD 058 induced greater stimulation than those of other lines. These results indicate that mixed leukocyte determinants are associated with the B-locus but the level of responsiveness may be controlled by genes other than those within the major histocompatability complex, [^supported by the American Cancer Society, Grant No. IM 196]. K E Y W O R D S : Mixed leukocyte reaction/ B-locus/ responsiveness - chicken

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EFFECT OF CARRAGEENAN ON THE ELLIPSOID-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN TRAPPING CELLS OF THE SPLEEN. I. 01 ah*, Y. Yanamoto and B. G1ick. Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State7~MS 39762

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DIPL0P0DIA-5: A NEW DIPLOPOD MUTATION OF DOMESTIC FOWL. O.S. Olympio*, R.D. Crawford, and H.L. Classen. Dept. of Animal and Poultry Sci., University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask. S7N 0W0.

KEYWORDS:

Diplopodia

Mutant

Domestic Fowl

DETECTION OF ANTIBODIES TO MYCOPLASMA MELEAGRIDIS IN TURKEYS BY MICRO-ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (MICRO-ELISA). Herrad B. Ortamayer and Richard Yamamoto*. Dept. of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 A functional ELISA test was developed to detect antibodies to Mycoplasma meleagridis (MM) in turkeys. The organism was lysed in carbonate buffer, pH 9.5, to prepare highquality antigen for absorption to microplates. Immunolon microplates (Dynatech) were most suitable for absorbing the MM antigen. The optimal concentration of antigen for absorption was determined by protein analysis and by titration (about 1 to 10 micrograms per microplate well). Turkey sera used at 1:50 or 1:100 dilution in the test gave optimal differentiation between known positive and negative sera. A horsradish peroxidase-conjugated rabbit-anti-chicken IgG (Cappel) was effective in detecting antibodies of turkey origin. The substrate for the peroxidase consisted of hydrogen peroxide and 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS). These reagents were standardize to optimal concentrations by titration. A satisfactory ELISA test was found to show an OD415 reading using a Titer Tech Reader (Flow Lab) in the complete control of approximately 0.05 to 0.1 and in the negative sera, of less than 0.2. A positive sample usually gave a reading of 0.4 or greater. A test to negative (T/N) serum ratio of 2.0 or greater was considered positive. The test clearly differentiated known positive and negative samples from an experimental group of turkeys infected with MM and on selected groups of field samples, and compared favorably with the rapid plate test, micro-agglutination, and micro-hemagglutination-inhibition. KEYWORDS:

Mycoplasma meleagridis, serodiagnosis, micor-ELISA

PLASMA TESTOSTERONE AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOR IN" THE AGING MALE JAPANESE QUAIL. M. A. Ottinger*, and C. S. Duchala, Dept. of Poultry Sci., University of Maryland, College Park, MD 207^2. Studies were conducted to examine endocrine and behavioral parameters related to reproduction. Five age groups were tested for mating behavior and plasma testosterone, testes weight and brain monoamines were measured. Four week old males had a mean testes weight of 0.^3 gms and plasma testosterone concentration of l.k ng/ml plasma. Males of this age did not show sexual behavior. Other age groups examined were 8, 19, 23 and 27 months of age. Testes weights varied between 2.5 and ^.0 gm, but did not differ significantly between the groups. Although plasma testosterone did not differ significantly between age groups, among those males 19 months of age or older there was a higher

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A new diplopod mutation was observed in a flock of Brown Leghorns in 1977. It is caused by an autosomal recessive lethal gene. In matings of heterozygotes, 472 (26.9%) diplopod mutants were found among a total of 1820 offspring. The abnormal embryos typically possess two or three digits in place of the hallux and pollex. Digits II, III and IV of the feet are normal but slightly reduced. The long bones of the wings and legs are shorter than normal. There are one or two extra metatarsal bones in each foot. The fibula invariably extends the whole length of the tibia. The upper beak is reduced in length; the lower beak, however, is longer than normal. The mutation reduces tongue length, causes abnormalities in the hard palate and the laryngeal mound, and delays osteogenesis and feather development. The diplopod embryos are smaller and lighter than normal. Though some of the mutants can pip the shell, none has ever hatched. Peak of mortality occurs between the 19th and 20th days of incubation. The name diplopodia-5 is .suggested for the phenotype of this mutation and dp-5 is proposed as the gene symbol. Preliminary results indicate that dp-5 is non-allelic to dp-3. It differs genetically from dp-4 which is sex-linked. It is phenotypically different in several minor details from the four diplopods so far described. Linkage tests between dp-5 and R (rose comb), P (pea comb) and I_ (dominant white) proved negative.

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proportion with reduced plasma testosterone (<3 ng/ml plasma). Host males that were 8 months of age had circulating concentrations of testosterone greater than 3 ng/ml plasma. Sexual behavior showed a marked decline with age. Hales that were 27 months did not mate successfully. In the 23 and 19 month old males 3 and k males showed mating behavior, respectively. Finally, all 8 month old males mated. These data may provide some explanation for the decline in fertility and hatchability that occur with age in quail. KEYWORDS:

Japanese quail, testosterone, behavior.

REPRODUCTION AND BEHAVIOR IN THE BROILER BREEDER MALE: EFFECTS OF EARLY NUTRITION. K. A. Ottinger'"', J. H. Spares, Jr., L. Kallay and R. Clarke, Dept. of Poultry Sci., University of Maryland, College Park, MD 207^2.

j / r y WORDS-

broiler breeder, endocrinology, behavior

THE EFFECTS OF STRAIN, SEX, DIET, AGE AND LIGHTING ON BROILER PERFORMANCE AND PROCESSING PARAMETERS. L. E. Ousterhout*, Department of Animal Sciences, Western Washington Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA 98371 Two b r o i l e r t r i a l s , each with 36 pens of 100 b i r d s , were conducted using pelleted and crumbled feeds with processing in commercial plants. Birds were weighed i n d i v i d u a l l y . In both t r i a l s , sex, age and n u t r i e n t density had s i g n i f i c a n t effects on most parameters measured. Dressed and leaf f a t y i e l d s increased dramatically with age and from increased n u t r i e n t density and were higher with females. Live weights averaged 2146 g at 49 days. In Experiment 1 , where birds were from two male strains crossed with three commercial female s t r a i n s , those from a male s t r a i n selected f o r reduced f a t deposition had a lowered l e a f f a t y i e l d while maintaining dressed y i e l d with leaf f a t removed, a l b e i t at s l i g h t expense in l i v e weight and m o r t a l i t y . The female s t r a i n affected l i v e weight, c a l o r i c e f f i c i e n c y , m o r t a l i t y , leaf f a t y i e l d and conformation. Narrowing the amino acidrenergy r a t i o s gave a poorer c a l o r i c e f f i c i e n c y and increased leaf f a t y i e l d s . In Experiment 2, the use of i n t e r m i t t e n t l i g h t i n g (30 min l i g h t : 9 0 min dark) compared to 24 hour l i g h t s improved dressed y i e l d at no cost in l i v e weight or c a l o r i c efficency. The three commercial strains used d i f f e r e d in l i v e weight, c a l o r i c e f f i c i e n c y , m o r t a l i t y , undergrades and dressed and leaf f a t y i e l d s . While the factors evaluated in these t r i a l s can be affected by d i e t , age, and l i g h t i n g , long term improvements in f a t deposition and the other parameters w i l l depend p r i m a r i l y on genetic developments. K M \WIKIIS B r o i l e r s , dressed y i e l d , i n t e r m i t t e n t l i g h t i n g , n u t r i e n t density, f a t deposition, feed e f f i c i e n c y , m o r t a l i t y , genetics

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Experiments were conducted to examine the effects of early nutrition on later reproductive performance in the broiler male. In Experiment 1, birds were fed 60?5 (breeders recommendation) or 85$ of ad libitum feed intake for the first 20 weeks of age. Feed intake was also restricted thereafter. The same design was used in Experiment 2 with 60% or 51? of ad libitum feed intake. Monthly blood samples were taken for testosterone radioimmunoassay and measurements were taken of comb size and body weight. Sexual behavior was observed and dominance order was ascertained in a pen. In Experiment 1, the 85/' treatment group showed increased plasma testosterone (1.3 to 3-5 ng/ml plasma), comb development and sexual behavior by 2k weeks compared to 28 weeks in the 60? treatment group males. However, higher fertility and hatchability were observed in the more restricted males after k2 weeks of age. In Experiment 2, the 60% treatment group matured earlier than the 51? treatment group; however, the more restricted birds again appeared to have a reproductive advantage during the year. Behavioral studies showed that the dominant male in a pen had significantly higher (P<.05) plasma testosterone and mating frequency. These data indicate that early nutrition plays an important role in the onset and maintenance of reproduction.

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THE EFFECT OF SOLUBLE SULFATE IN SPARING THE CHLORIDE REQUIREMENT OF CHICKS. L_. E. Ousterhout*, Department of Animal Sciences, Western Washington Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA 98371.

KEYWORDS:

Mineral requirements, b r o i l e r s , sodium, c h l o r i d e , c h l o r i n e , sulfate

THE EFFECTS OF FEEDING LEVEL AND RATION COMPLEXITY ON BROILER BREEDER PERFORMANCE. L. E. Ousterhout*, Department of Animal Sciences, Western Washington Research and Extension Center, Washington State U n i v e r s i t y , Puyallup, WA 98371 A b r o i l e r breeder laying t r i a l was conducted from 25 to 69 weeks of age using 720 Hubbard hens divided into 24 pens of 30 hens, each with 3 males. Eight pens were fed to hold body weights close to the breeder's recommendations, eight pens to hold weights about 200 g heavier and eight pens to hold weights another 200 g heavier. Half the pens were fed a simple corn-soy-phosphate-lime-stone Measurement Feeding level d i e t . The other pens were fed a d i e t that Low (average) Medium High, also included meat and bone meal, dehydrated 3450 a9 Live weight (60 wk) 406TJ:g a l f a l f a meal, wheat m i l l r u n , selenium and 5 Daily gain - 32-69 wk l O a9 ethoxyquin. Males were rotated among pens u c 147 gB Daily feed - 37-69 wk 132 g 160 g on the same treatment. 51.5% Rate of lay 25-69 wk 45.5^ s 52.7°£ Eggs were set each two weeks. Results Feed/egg 312 b 9 f o r feeding levels are tabulated in the 302"g 298% Specific gravity 1 . 0 8 0 V 1 - 0 7 7 a 1.078 b accompanying t a b l e . Hens fed the complex 92.8%, 91.9%,. 85.8%' Fertility ration l a i d s i g n i f i c a n t l y more eggs, required c Hatch of f e r t i l e eggs 93.0%' 91.9%ab 91 3% less feed per egg and per chick, even though b a 78.3% 84.0% 86.3% Hatch of eggs set t h e i r eggs had a s i g n i f i c a n t l y lower f e r t i l b aD a .445 .429 .398 Chicks/hen day i t y , than the hens fed the simple r a t i o n . No 346ag Hen fed/chick 381 9 treatment effects on m o r t a l i t y were found. b a D 66.6 g Egg weight 68.0 g This t r i a l i l l u s t r a t e s the problems that Day-old chick weight 45.4ag 4 6 J b g 46.8 c g face one when he t r i e s to decide on a feeding program f o r b r o i l e r breeders. hi "i UUKD*.

B r o i l e r breeders, h a t c h a b i l i t y , feeding level

fertility,

GEHETIC CONTROL OF LYMPHOCYTE MITOGENIC STIMULATION. P. K. Palmer-, M. J. Rees, Y ^ Dubberke, I. Y. Pevzner, and A. W. Nordskog, Dept. of Animal Sci., Iowa State Unviersity, Ames, IA 50011 The ability of peripheral blood lymphocytes to respond to initogenic stimulation (in vitro) has been used as a measure of immune competence. Three partially inbred lines, GH, IIH, and 19, each of 3 B locus blood types, were tested with 2 mitogens: Phytohemaglutin

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A series of four battery t r i a l s u t i l i z i n g a t o t a l of 460 lots of 8 chicks evaluated the sodium and chloride requirements of b r o i l e r s during the 0-3 week period and the sparing effect of soluble sulfate on the chloride requirement. Adjustments to a corn-soy-phosphate basal d i e t were made using sodium c h l o r i d e , sodium s u l f a t e , sodium bicarbonate, calcium chloride and calcium carbonate to achieve desired n u t r i e n t levels. Diets were analyzed f o r sodium and chloride. Growth and feed e f f i c i e n c y improved with increased dietary sodium and plateaued at levels of .10% and above, s l i g h t l y lower than the NRC requirement of .15%. Responses to increased chloride levels were dramatic and independent of the sodium l e v e l . Performance did not plateau u n t i l dietary chloride approached .30%, well above the NRC estimated requirement of .08%. Soluble s u l f a t e spared the chloride requirement, .10% allowed improved performance approximately equal to a similar increase in chloride. Growth increased approximately 6% when .10% sulfate was added to chloride levels of about .10% and 3% when sulfate was added to chloride levels of .15 to .20%. No sulfate response was found at higher chloride l e v e l s . I t appears that the variable sulfate responses reported by others may have been affected by the chloride levels fed and that the v a r i a b i l i t y in the chloride requirement reported in the l i t e r a t u r e may be due to variable levels of sulfates in the diets fed.

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(PIIA) and Concanavalin A (ConA). ConA but not PHA gave significant line differences. Blood types within lines were not significant. The average stimulation index (SI) for ConA was 10.3, 03.0, and 30.1 for lines GH, HN, and 19, respectively. The optimal dose of ConA was indenendent of lines or blood type. The SI was calculated from counts per minute (cpm) of 7.5 x 10 stimulated cells as a fraction of cpm of nonstimulated control cells using a tritiated thymidine label and a Beta counter. KEYWORDS: Mitogen, lymphocyte, chickens, ConA

INTERACTION OF ASCORBIC ACID AND CORTISOL ON HUMORAL IMMUNITY IN BROILERS. S.L. Pardue*, and J.P. Thaxton, Dept. of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27G50.

Supplemental ascorbic acid was nrovided in the diet at a level of .1%. Birds designated as stressed received 4 intramuscular injections of 2 mn cortisol/500 g body weight at 12 hour intervals. Twenty-four hours after the last injection of Cortisol half of the birds received .5 ml of a 3.5% saline suspension of sheen red blood cells (SRBC) and all remaining birds received .1 ml of a Brucella abortus (BA) suspension. The birds were bled at 2 day intervals for 8 days following antigen challenqe to assess humoral immune responsiveness. Plasma levels of ascorbic acid were analyzed by reduction of 2-6 Dichlorophenolindoohenol at 0 and 10 days oost immunization. Cortisol sinnificantly reduced anti-SRBC levels, body weight and ascorbic acid levels; however, anti-BA levels were not consistently suppressed. Supplemental ascorbic acid significantly increased circulating levels of olasma ascorbic acid and anti-SRBC levels. No consistent effect of ascorbic acid on anti-BA levels and body weights were noted. K E Y W O R D S : ascorbic acid, Cortisol, immunity

MICROBIAL CONTRIBUTION TO DRY MATTER AND AMINO ACID CONTENT OF POULTRY EXCRETA. C. M. Parsons*, L. M. Potter, R. D. Brown, Jr., T. D. Wilkins, and B. A. Bliss. Departments of Poultry Science, of Biochemistry and Nutrition, and of Anaerobic Microbiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 A physical separation procedure was developed to determine microbial contribution to dry matter and amino acid content of poultry excreta. The procedure included repeated mixing of excreta in saline, filtration, and low-speed and high-speed centrifugation. Excreta were separated into microbial, insoluble and soluble fractions. Total facultative and direct microscopic counts of bacteria in the fractions indicated that 90% of microbial cells were recovered with the procedure. Purity of the microbial fraction was ascertained by comparison of its amino acid composition with that of pure microbial cells in poultry excreta. Microbial contribution to dry matter and amino acid content of poultry excreta were estimated to be 11 and 25%, respectively. The results indicate that bacteria represent a substantial proportion of amino acids in poultry excreta and that measurement of amino acid digestibility with fecal collection methods may not be valid. KEY WORDS: Poultry, Intestinal microflora, Amino acids, Amino acid digestibility, Microbial cells EFFECTS OF DIETARY PROTEIN AND CARBOHYDRATE AND OF INTESTINAL MICROFLORA ON EXCRETION OF AMINO ACIDS BY POULTRY. C. M. Parsons*, L. M. Potter, and R. D. Brown, Jr. Departments of Poultry Science and of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 The effects of dietary protein and carbohydrate and of intestinal microflora on

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Numerous reports suggest that supplemental ascorbic acid decreases the frequency and severity of many infectious processes. Few reports have described the effects of supplemental ascorbic acid on the immune system of the chicken. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine the immunological effects of dietary ascorbic acid in stressed and non-stressed broiler cockerels.

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excretion of amino acids by poultry were investigated. In Experiment 1, adult roosters were force-fed casein, gelatin, corn gluten meal or feather meal alone or with corn starch and cellulose. Excreta were collected quantitatively for 12, 24 and 48 hours after feeding. Average digestibility of amino acids in casein, gelatin and corn gluten meal was 96% and that of feather meal was 82%. Average digestibility of amino acids in feather meal was approximately 3% lower for a 48-hr than a 24-hr excreta collection period. All protein sources significantly (P<.05) affected amino acid composition of excreta during 12 hours post-feeding. Feather meal also significantly (P<.05) affected amino acid composition of excreta after 24 hours post-feeding, indicating that more than 24 hours were required for complete intestinal clearance of undigested amino acids. In Experiment 2, excretion of endogenous amino acids was compared among fasted roosters, intact roosters force-fed low-fiber or high-fiber N-free diets, and surgically-modified (SM) roosters fed a low-fiber N-free diet. Feces were obtained from the terminal ileum of SM roosters. Excreta or feces were collected quantitatively for 48 hours after force-feeding. Roosters fed a high-fiber diet excreted substantially more (P<.05) amino acids than fasted roosters or roosters fed a low-fiber diet. Excreta of roosters fed the high-fiber diet contained higher (P<.05) levels of alanine and lower levels of proline than feces of SM roosters, indicating substantial bacterial synthesis of amino acids in the gut.

INDUCED CESSATION^OF EGG PRODUCTION (FORCED MOLTING) BY ADDITION OF GUAR MEAL TO THE DIET. M.B. Pate! and James McGinn's. Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164. Thirty-six-week-old hens were fed a control diet and the diets containing 10% raw (RGM) and autoclaved (AGfl) (102°C, 15 min) guar meal containing 13% crude protein. Each diet was fed to five groups of 15 individually caged hens for 33 days. On 33rd. day, four of the five groups on each guar meal diet were switched to the control diet and fed that diet for 93 days. The fifth group of hens on each guar meal diet continued to receive the same diet for another 24 days, after which they were also switched to the control diet to determine the long term effect of the guar meal feeding on production parameters. Egg production was recorded and weight and egg shell weight were determined periodically. The hens fed the RGM and AGM diets laid at 0% and 8% levels after one week of feeding.The average egg production and feed consumption during the 33 day period for the control, RGM and AGM diets were 81, 9 and 27% and 111, 48 and 72 g, respectively. The average egg weight on the same diets during that period was 57, 55 and 53 g. respectively. The guar meal fed hens began to shov.' recovery in egg production within one week after they were switched to the control diet and the production reached over 05% within two weeks. The force molted hens continued to lay about 10 to 15 percentage points above the hens fed the control diet continually. Even though feeding raw guar meal for 57 days delayed the return to egg production, the peak in egg production was not lowered. The egg shell weights (mg/cm ) for the control, RGM and AGM treatment were 75, 81, and 79 after the nolt. The force molted hens laid at a rate of over 90% for a period of at least a week. K E Y W O R D S : Guar meal, egg production1,™! tinr;, egg shell.

EFFECT OF AUTOCLAVING TIME AND TEMPERATURE AND SUPPLEMENTATION WIJH HEMICELLULASE AND PENICILLIN ON THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF GUAR MEAL. M.B. Pate! and J. McGinnis. Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 991G4. Three two-week battery trials (BT) and a seven-week floor pen trial (FT) were conducted with broiler-type chicks. Three groups of 10 chicks and four groups of 20 chicks were assigned to each treatment in the BT and FT, respectively. The guar meal (Gil) contained 37% protein and was autoclaved at 100, 121 or 132 C for 3, 15 and 30 minutes before incorporating into the diet at 10 or 15% replacing corn and soybean meal. The effect of dry heating (150 C for 6 hours) and water treatment (1:1 w/v) was also studied. Hemicellulase was added at levels ranging from 16.5 to 250 ppm. Addition of raw GM at any level depressed growth and p.utoclaving significantly improved it. However, the different temperatures and times of autoclaving did not give different growth. Hemicellulase added at a level of 16.5 ppm gave significant improvement in growth and higher levels were not significantly better. Hemicellulase also reduced sticky feces caused by feeding of GM. The

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KEY WORDS: Protein, Carbohydrate, Intestinal microflora, Amino acids, Poultry

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penicillen effect on growth was not significant. In the floor pen trial, the autoclaved GM added at 10% depressed chick growth at 2 and 4 weeks, but not at 7 weeks. The 15% level was growth depressing throughout the trial. Hemicellulase counteracted the growth depression observed with the 15% GM diet by the 7th. week. Water treatment or dry heating of guar meal had no significant effect on body weight. K E Y W O R D S . Guar meal, chick growth, hemicellulase, penicillin, heat treatment.

AVOPARCIN - GROWTH-PROMOTING FEED ANTIBIOTIC. J. M. Pensack*, G. T. Wang, and K. L. Simkins. Agricultural Research Division, American Cyanamid Company, Princeton, NJ 08540.

KEYWORDS: avoparcin, Streptomyces candidus, broilers, weight gain, feed efficiency

STEROID HORMONE PROFILES OF HICH FERTILITY VS LOW FERTILITY TURKEY HENS. A.J. Pescatore*, R.M. Hulet, B.J. Marquez, Poultry Science Dept., and M.S. Amoss, Dept. of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 Turkey hens in production for ten weeks were classified into three groups based on egg production and fertility. The three groups were 1) high fertility, 2) low fertility and 3) nonproducers. Mean percent fertility of the high fertility hens and the low fertility hens was 98.83 and 59.95, respectively. Peripheral plasma levels of 176 estradiol and progesterone were quantified by radioimmunoassay at 11, 15 and 20 weeks of egg production. Thirteen samples/day were collected between 0200 and 2200 hours. A surge of progesterone prior to ovulation was detected in the plasma of high fertility and low fertility turkey hens. In high fertility turkey hens the preovulatory peak of progesterone occurred 7.5+.51 hours prior to oviposition. In low fertility turkey hens the preovulatory peak of progesterone occurred at 3.33+.51 hours prior to oviposition. This difference in the timing of the peaks was highly significant (P£. 01). The values of the progesterone peaks ranged from 1000 to 3500 pg/ml. On days when no ovulation occurred the surge of progesterone was absent. On days when no ovulation or oviposition occurred the mean progesterone level of the high fertility turkey hens (549.54 pg/ml) was significantly higher (P_<.01) than that of the low fertility turkey hens (425.25 pg/ml). Mean peripheral plasma level of progesterone in the nonproducers was 144.85 pg/ml. There was no significant difference between the peripheral plasma levels of 17(3 estradiol of the high fertility turkey hens (57.5 pg/ml) and the low fertility hens (58.5 pg/ml). Estradiol was not detectable in the plasma samples of the nonproducing hens.

M Y WOKDS: Fertility, Progesterone, Turkeys, Estradiol, Ovulation

THE EFFECT OF FREQUENCY OF INSEMINATION AND SEMEN DOSAGE ON FERTILITY AND PRODUCTION PARAMETERS OF TURKEY HENS. A.J. Pescatore*, B.J. Marquez and R.M, Hulet, Poultry Science Department, Texas A&M University, Kleberg Center, College Station, TX 77843 Ninety large white turkey hens were randomly assigned to one of six artificial insemination (AI) treatments. The AI treatments (based on volume of semen inseminated and interval between inseminations) were as follows: l)0.025ml semen, weekly interval; 2)0.0125 ml semen, weekly interval; 3)0.025ml semen, biweekly interval; 4)0.0125ml semen, biweekly

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The effects of feeding avoparcin, a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by fermentation of a strain of Streptomyces candidus, to broiler chickens in Asia, Australia, Europe, and the United States were determined. Avoparcin, at various dietary levels, was evaluated in 31 field experiments involving 35,000 chickens in 11 countries encompassing management systems closely resembling the procedures practiced in local broiler chicken facilities, and a variety of climatic conditions, breeds, and feedstuffs. Avoparcin significantly improved live weight and feed efficiency at the dietary levels tested (5.5 to 22 ppm). These data also demonstrated that avoparcin at 10 ppm in feed was effective for increasing the rate of weight gain (3.27.) and improving feed efficiency (3.8%) of broiler chickens.

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interval; 5)0.025ml semen, triweekly interval; and 6)0.0125ml semen, triweekly interval. Semen was used undiluted within 30 minutes after collection. The turkey hens were housed in individual cages with feed and water provided ad_ libitum. At 30 weeks of age the hens were placed on a 16L:8D light regime. Eggs were collected three times a day (0800, 1300 and 1700 hours) and set weekly. For the eighteen week production period, there was no significant difference in fertility between the 0.025ml weekly (99.35%), 0.0125ml weekly (98.4%) or 0.025ml biweekly (99.18%) groups. Hens in the 0.025ml weekly and 0.025ml biweekly groups produced eggs with significantly higher (P_<.05) fertility than the 0.0125ml triweekly (95.3%) and 0,025 ml triweekly (94.2%) groups. There was no significant difference in fertility due to semen volume for the weekly or triweekly groups; however, there was a significant difference (P£.05) between the semen volumes with the biweekly insemination schedules. Frequency of insemination had no effect on egg weight. The mean number of eggs per week was higher (P<_.05) for the biweekly group (3.83) than for the triweekly (3.58) group. Hens in the weekly AI group produced 3.69 eggs per week. M Y WORDS: Fertility, Insemination, Turkeys

A factorial experiment was conducted with two levels of dietary protein (17-5 and 2.6%) and three vaccination regimes (inactivated oil-emulsion, live [LaSota strain], and unvaccinated) against Newcastle Disease at 10 days of age. There were two trials (Summer and Fall, 1980), with 3 pens of 15 male broiler chicks each per cell. Birds fed the high protein diet grew significantly better (P<.05) in the fall trial (1731 g at 6 weeks vs. 1622), but not in the summer (1304 g vs. 1244); no growth differences were noted due to vaccine. At three weeks of age, the hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titers from the live vaccine were significantly (P<.0l) higher than from the inactivated vaccine. Antibody titers from the inactivated product were elevated (P<.05) in birds fed the low protein diet in the fall trial. At 6 weeks of age, antibody titers were affected by vaccine (P<.05)but not by dietary protein. Antibody titer levels were higher from the inactivated vaccine than from the live vaccine in the summer trial; but these results were reversed in the fall trial. Post challenge results using the Texas GB strain of Newcastle did not reveal any significant differences due to dietary protein content, season of the year or type of vaccine. KEYWORDS:

Broiler . Newcastle Disease . Newcastle Vaccination . Protein

EGG WEIGHT CONTROL AND SHELL QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN POST MOLT LAYERS. C.F. Petersen*, E.E. Steele, E.A. Sauter, and J.F. Parkinson. Department of Animal Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843. Last year it was reported that egg weight increase of first year pullets could be reduced with resulting improvement in shell quality by dietary methionine restriction. The current experiment was conducted to determine if the same results could be obtained with the same hens following a force molt. The hens were force molted at 70 weeks of age and returned to experimental treatments at 78 weeks. Fifteen replicates of 3 hens each were fed the same methionine intakes as received during the pullet laying year. The four treatments (180 hens total) included average daily methionine intakes of 300, 285, 270 or 255 mg per hen per day for a 24 week period. Egg production averaged over 75% and was not affected by methionine intake. Body weight gain followed methionine intake but only small differences occurred. Egg weight was significantly influenced by methionine intake. Intake of 300 mg methionine resulted in larger eggs (<.05) than 285 mg and 285 mg intakes resulted in larger eggs (<.05) than either 270 or 255 mg intake levels. Egg weight for the 255 mg treatment during the post molt period was approximately equal to the 300 mg intake obtained during the pullet year

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EFFECT OF DIETARY PROTEIN LEVEL IN THE ANTIBODY RESPONSE AGAINST NEWCASTLE DISEASE IN COMMERCIAL BROILERS. G.M. Pesti*, Dept. of Poultry Sci., P. Villegas and D.Pesti, Dept. of Avian Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 •

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treatment. Egg shell quality as measured by specific gravity was improved with decreasing levels of methionine intake with the 255 mg intake being significantly better ( <.05) than the higher levels. Shell quality of the lower methionine intake was equal to that obtained with the same birds during the premolt treatment previously reported. The experiment was conducted at an environmental temperature of 21°. KhV WORDS:

Shell quality, egg weight, specific gravity, Methionine

EFFECTS OF BROODER DESIGN ON NIGHT EATING OF BROILER CHICKS. Ralph E. Pfost*, University of California Cooperative Extension, Parlier, CA 93648. Three brooder designs vs. broiler chick behavior studies were conducted during the winters of 1980 and 1981 in Fresno, CA. Time-lapse photographs were made of each trial. Temperatures were also recorded at various locations in the brooding areas.

It took six nights for the chicks under the second brooder to eat and drink all night long, it took five nights under the third brooder, and it only took two nights under the pancake brooder. Eating, drinking and location of chicks had more to do with time of day than temperatures in the brooding area. K E Y W O R D S : brooder, eating, broiler chicks

AGNET COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF POULTRY FEEDS. Phillip E. Plumart* and C. Wendell Carlson. Animal Science Dept., South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007 The AGNET (Agricultural Computer Network based in Lincoln, NE) system has been used in developing formulas to be recommended to poultrymen for grower and layer feeds for layer-type chickens. Formulas developed by typical hand calculation procedures were checked for nutrient adequacy through AGNET and in turn AGNET was used to develop similar rations on a least-cost basis. Based on prices prevailing in December 1980, it was necessary to set minimums to force alfal'"' meal (17%) and yellow grease into formulas in order to have them comparable to hand caxeulations. The AGNET derived formulas were then compared with the handcalculations to establish recommendations. Use of AGNET has been very helpful, however one must examine the computer formulae very carefully to eliminate illogical solutions. Usually there is an explanation for the unusual solutions. Introducing maximums for amino acids was one problem to resolve. For example, when restricting alfalfa or when forcing in yellow grease, a lysine supplement was also introduced but at excessive levels, thereby causing a 73.3% increase in cost. KEYWORDS:

AGNET

Computer Analysis

Layer Feeds

Grower Feeds

TRAINING EXTENSION PROFESSIONALS. C. W. Pope* and W. Fraulene McKnight. Extension Service, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803

Cooperative

The rapid turnover in young extension professionals and the type of training they require has necessitated a new approach to agent training. In 1979, Louisiana Extension

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The first brooder studied was a standard propane pancake brooder 82 cm above the litter. The second brooder was a diesel fired hot water brooder containing two stacks of three pipes under an "A" frame insulated wooden hover 82 cm high in the center, 2.4 m wide and 140 m long, lowered to within 6 cm of the litter at the edges. The third brooder was a modification of No. 2. It was only 40 cm high, 1.5 m wide and 140 m long, with a 30 cm skirt of clear plastic film hanging from the edges to within 6 cm of the litter. This let more light under the brooder.

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Service started a twofold, in-depth training program for all agricultural agents. This program has had two approaches - overall training for new agricultural agents and indepth training in basic agriculture for all extension field professionals. The two programs have had satisfactory impact on the attitude of agents and brought about improvement in the performance of extension professionals. This training has also resulted in more activity in the poultry project areas because more of the extension professionals understand poultry production and the method of handling it for 4-H youth programs.

SECRETION OF PROLACTIN BY^SUPERFUSED TURKEY ANTERIOR PITUITARY CELLS ATTACHED TO CYTODEX BEADS. J. A. Proudman and H. Opel. U.S.D.A., SEA-AR, Avian Physiology Lab., Beltsville, MD 20705

These studies indicate that PRL secretion in the turkey is under stimulatory control as in the chicken, but unlike mammalian species. No evidence was obtained for a stimulatory role for serotonin or TRH. Dopamine can inhibit PRL release in vitro, but its role in controlling secretion remains uncertain. KEY WORDS: Turkey, Prolactin, Pituitary cell culture

COMPARISON OF RADIOIMMUNOASSAY (RIA) PROCEDURES FOR LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH) BY MEASUREMENT OF CHANGES DURING THE OVULATORY CYCLE OF TURKEY AND BROILER HENS. J. A. Proudman and H. Opel, U.S.D.A., SEA-AR, Avian Physiology Lab., Beltsville, MD 20705, C. G. Scanes, Dept. of Physiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, and M. A. Ottinger, Dept. of Poultry Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742. Although much of the information available today concerning circulating levels of LH in avian species has been obtained using either the RIA procedure of Follett et_ al. (1972) or that of Wentworth et al. (1976), no direct comparison of these procedures in a single physiological study has been made. The present report details such a comparative study of LH secretion relative to ovulation in turkeys and chickens. Twelve Small White turkey hens were sampled at 2-hr intervals for a 24-hr period encompassing the expected time of the C^ ovulation. Nine broiler-breeder chickens were sampled 8 times during the 20 hr preceeding lay of the C 2 or Co egg. All birds were maintained on a 14L:10D light schedule. Three hens of each species did not ovulate when expected and were excluded from calculation of the mean data. The preovulatory surge of LH in both species was shown by both RIA procedures to occur 6-4 hr prior to ovulation. The profiles of LH secretion in turkeys as determined by the two assays were virtually identical (r = .77; P £. .0001). A poorer correlation was obtained in the assay of chicken samples (r = .36; P = .003), due primarily to assay differences seen in the first and last samples drawn (1300 and 1700 h r ) . KEY WORDS: LH, Radioimmunoassay, Ovulation, Chicken, Turkey

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Turkey pituitary cells cultured _in_ vitro with Cytodex beaded microcarriers attached to the surface of the beads within 24 hr. When packed in a column and superfused with culture media, 1.4 x 10' cells maintained a low level of prolactin (PRL) secretion (1-5 ng/min) for at least 24 hr. PRL release was stimulated in a dose-related manner by administration for 20 min of a turkey hypothalamic extract (HE) at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 5 mg of tissue-equivalent weight per min. However, 10 mg/min HE stimulated PRL secretion at less than 50? of the level observed with the 5 mg/min dose. Chronic exposure to 5 mg/min HE resulted in failure of the cells to maintain PRL secretion at a maximal rate. PRL secretion was maximal (140-fold stimulation) after 30 rain but the secretion rate then declined rapidly in spite of continued administration of HE. Superfusion of cells with serotonin (40 ng/ml) for 1 hr produced no stimulation of PRL secretion, nor did it enhance the stimulatory effect of HE. Dopamine (5 x 10"^M) suppressed basal PRL secretion by more than 50? but failed to prevent the rise in PRL secretion resulting from stimulation with HE. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) had no effect on PRL secretion at doses up to 100 ng/ml.

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EFFECTS ON DIFFERING AMOUNTS OF PROTEIN DURING THE GROWING PERIOD ON BODY WEIGHT, SKELETAL DEVELOPMENT AND SUBSEQUENT EGG PRODUCTION OF SCWL PULLETS. C.L. Ouarles 1 . C.F. Strong. Jr. , B.A. George . and J.V. Shutze *. Dept. of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. z Ext. Poultry Sci. Dept., University of Georgia, Athens, GA

KEY WORDS: (SCWL pullets, protein intake, growth, skeletal development, egg production)

EFFECT OF BROILER GR0W0UT HOUSE TYPE ON ENERGY USE. Allan P. Rahn*, Dept of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 and Harvey B. Manbeck, Dept of Agricultural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802. Broiler cockerel chicks, at placement densities of 0.071M2/bird, were simultaneously reared in adjacent 286M? area growout housing facilities located at the University of Georgia Poultry Research Center. One house was fan ventilated, light controlled and well insulated (dark) and the other a conventional 1.52M drop-curtain side-wall (curtain) house with roof insulation. Trials were conducted during September 24-November 14, 1978 (Fall 78), January 14-March 6, 1979 (Winter 79), and July 10-August 28, 1979 (Summer 79). Bird performance parameters, energy usage factors and environmental conditions were monitored. Medicated starter (days 1-28), medicated grower (days 29-42), and unmeditated finisher (days 43-49) rations were fed through identical controlled feeding regimes using pan feeders. Supplemental heat was provided by pancake type brooders fueled with natural gas. After the initial brooding period, a 23 hour per day continuous lighting regime was used and the light intensity in the dark house gradually reduced to 2.7 Lux. For all trials energy consumption was lower per unit of live broiler mass produced in the dark house. Higher electrical energy use was more than offset by lower feed and natural gas energy consumption. The total Gigajoules of energy per 1000 kg of live mass produced was 27.860, 34.556 and 29.550 in the dark house and 31.296, 41.120 and 30.734 in the curtain house for the Fall 78, Winter 79 and Summer 79 trials, respectively. Feed energy use was 25.866, 27.548 and 28.166 in the dark house and 26.427, 27.560 and 29.392 in the curtain house for the same trial period sequence. Corresponding natural gas energy usages were 1.546, 6.595 and .418 in the dark house and 4.536, 13.268 and .933 in the curtain house.' KEYWORDS:

Broiler.)

Housing, Energy

EFFECTS OF DRIED DISTILLERS SOLUBLES WITH GRAIN AND OATS ON FATTY LIVER HEMORRHAGIC SYNDROME. C. C. Rakshit* and C. W. Carlson. Dept of Animal Sci., South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007 Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of a fermentation by-product and oats on production parameters and fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) in caged laying hens and also to study the effect of force-feeding at 120% of the normal intake for experimentally producing FLHS. The experiments were conducted with three diets and 20 24-wk old pullets per diet. For diet 1, corn and soybean meal were used as the chief energy and protein sources. For diet 2, 10% distillers dried grains (30%) and corn distillers

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SCWL pullets were grown under three different dietary regimes designed to evaluate protein intake. One group (CONTROL) was fed a 20.1% starter (S) from 0 to 8 weeks, a 15.1% grower (G) from 9 to 12 weeks, and a 13.8% developer (D) from 13 to 20 weeks. A second group (LOW) was fed G from 0 to 8 weeks and D from 9 to 20 weeks. A third group (MED) was fed S from 0 to 4 weeks and D from 5 to 20 weeks. Eight floor pens initially containing 83 to 84 chicks per pen were assigned to each of the three groups. At 20 weeks of age all but 20 pullets were removed from each pen and stimulatory lighting was initiated. An identical feeding program was used in each group for the duration of the laying period. Control pullets were significantly heavier than birds fed lower amounts of protein at all ages examined during the growing period. Body weights at 20 weeks averaged 1383 g., 1246 g. and 1318 g. in CONTROL, LOW and MED birds, respectively. CONTROL birds also consumed the most protein, energy and total feed during the growing period. Shank lengths at 20 weeks did not differ between treatments, and back lengths differed only slightly. Reduced body weights in pullets fed lower protein rations were not associated with impaired skeletal development. Hen-housed egg production (number/hen) from 20 to 52 weeks of age was highest in CONTROL birds, averaging 186, 178 and 183 eggs/hen in CONTROL, LOW and MED birds, respectively. Egg weight at 25, 29 and 33 weeks of age and feed conversion (kg feed/dozen eggs) from 20 to 52 weeks did not differ significantly among groups.

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solubles (70%) were added to diet 1 and for diet 3, oats and soybean meal were used as the chief energy and protein sources. The first experiment was conducted with ad_ libitum feeding for seven 28-day periods and production parameters were analyzed statistically. At this time, 50% of the birds on each diet were force-fed at 120% of the normal intake. The balance were continued on the ai_ libitum basis. After 3 weeks of force-feeding, all birds were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. The livers were removed, scored for hemorrhage, weighed and three samples from each liver were randomly selected and analyzed for lipid content. There was no significant difference in production parameters among the three diets in the ad libitum experiment. Force-feeding at 120% of the normal intake was again satisfactory for producing FLHS which further confirms that higher calorie consumption is one of the causes of FLHS. The fermentation by-product did not show a significant beneficial effect in reducing the disease. Higher levels might have been effective. The oats-soy diet again was protective against the metabolic disorder. KEY WORDS: Fatty liver hemorrhagic disease, Distillers dried solubles with grain, Oats, Laying hens

Guar gum, a galactomannan, is growth depressing when fed to chicks at the 2% level. As part of continuing studies on the mode of action of guar gum in the intestine, we have purified an enzyme, a mannanase, from a commercial source. The first step was by DEAEcellulose chromatography at pH 9.0 using a KC1 gradient to elute. One peak of protein from this column (Pool C) had only mannanase activity, whereas other peaks had considerably less activities toward pectin and water extracts of rye or barley with respect to reduction in viscosity. Enzyme activity was measured with an Ostwald viscometer using centrifuged, aqueous extracts at the following concentrations: .1% guar gum, .2% pectin, 2% rye water extract and 2% barley water extract. No free galactose was detected after extensive degradation of the guar gum by the enzyme, thus indicating a mannanase and not a galactosidase. Graded levels of the purified mannanase, Pool C, were added to chick diets which had 2% guar gum. At levels as low as .6 mg/kg, the enzyme prevents growth retardation by the guar gum and permits normal growth. Further purification of the mannanase, Pool C, was by chromatography using OAE-Sephadex at pH 6.0 with a KC1 gradient. A single major peak of protein with mannanase activity was eluted. This protein was pure, as indicated by slab-gel electrophoresis. KEYWORDS:

guar gum, mannanase

GENETIC CONTROL OF SERUM IMMUNOGLOBULIN G LEVELS IN THE CHICKEN. Mary J. Rees* and A. W. Nordskog, Dept. of Animal Sci., Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 Serum Immunoglobulin G levels have been shown to differ significantly between 10 inbred lines of chickens. Differences between B blood groups within lines were also statistically significant. One mechanism of genetic control of serum IgG has been found to be linked to the Ir region of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC). The Ir region also exerts some control over the ontogenesis of serum IgG. Birds from each of 5 subgroup haplotypes of Leghorn line SI (B1-GAT-Lo and -Hi, B 19 -GAT-Lo and -Hi, and B2-GAT-intermediate) were tested for levels of IgG at 3, 6, 9, and 21 weeks of age. The rate and level of IgG reached was more than 2-fold greater in the GAT-Hi than in the GAT-Lo birds for either the B^ or B^ 9 blood type. KEYWORDS:

Serum IgG, Major Histocompatibility Complex, chickens

ANTICOCCIDIAL "BREAKS" AND QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAMS,, Poultry Sci., University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602

W. Malcolm Reid.*

Dept. of

Incomplete records of anticoccidial breaks nay sometimes be corrected if diagnostic

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THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A PURIFIED GUAR DEGRADING ENZYME ON CHICK GROWTH. Swapna Ray, James McGinnis and Merton H. Pubols*. Dept. of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164.

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procedures include a chemical analysis of the drug levels "being fed at the time the flock" was exposed to coccidiosiSo Considerable effort may be needed to secure such a feed sample for analysis since exposure usually occurs 5-7 days before signs of the outbreak appear„ On-the-farm samples may be secured from the feed-bin or feeder if no additional deliveries were received in the previous week. Some growers may have saved a dated sample from previous deliveries„ Another possible source of a feed sample may come from the quality control officer who saves a sample from each feed being mixed at the mill. Errors are frequent enough in feeds that frequent analyses are needed for protein, fat, moisture and drugs. A reported break on Eimeria tenella at our university farm appeared when the level in the feed was accidentally decreased to k8% of the recommended level of monensin. Lesions and mortality could be expected at this reduced level. Eli Lilly monitoring reports show continuing improvement in target levels with monensin but 5% of 16,500 samples were below label claim in 1980. Similar mixing errors are known for amprolium, nicarbazin, dinitolmide and other anticoccidials. Diagnosis and reports of breaks of anticoccidials should be considered incomplete until a drug analysis has been accomplished. KEYWORDS; quality control, anticoccidials, coccidiosis-breaks, coccidiosis-diagnosis

Self-dubbing (sd) is a recessive abnormality in Single Comb White Leghorns (SCWL) which appears at seven days of age as swelling and reddening of the comb. By two weeks of age, sd combs exhibit scabbing resulting in partial or complete comb loss. After 25 generations of selection, significantly more males than females express the trait (97.44% vs. 82.05%, respectively). Samples of comb, wattle, bursa, thymus, kidney, liver, spleen, and lung were obtained for histological examination from sd and control SCWL chicks at hatching through six weeks of age. Affected sd combs showed hyperemia and edema followed by fibroplasia, lymphoid infiltration, and eventual tissue necrosis. All other tissues appeared normal. It was postulated that sd may result from an autoimmune reaction. Seventy four day-old sd chicks were randomly divided into two equal groups and given four daily injections of either 1.43 mg cyclophosphamide (cy) in .1 ml saline or saline solution alone. Chicks were weighed at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 21 days of age. Combs were scored (0, normal; 1, excessive swelling; 2, slight to moderate scabbing; 3, complete scabbing or loss of comb) and tissue samples were collected at 21 days. Body weights of cy chicks were significantly reduced by three days of age compared to controls (30.67 g vs. 33.12 g, respectively). Bursa and thymus of cy chicks showed lymphoid depletion, however mean comb score of cy chicks was not significantly different from controls (1.50 vs. 1.93, respectively). (Oregon Ag. Exp. Station Technical Paper No. _££fj_) . KEYWORDS:

Chicken, self-dubbing, histology, autoimmunity

INFLUENCE OF A MONITORING PROGRAM ON BROILER DEBEAKING QUALITY. Richard P. Reynnells*. Extension Poultry Science Department, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 In an attempt to define the source of chick quality problems, broiler chicks were evaluated for debeaking quality. These data were summarized from fourteen observations over nine months during 1980-1981. At the end of this time, a workshop was conducted for debeaking personnel at the hatchery. Debeaking was evaluated according to the following scoring criteria: Poor, if the nostril area was damaged; Marginal, if there was not enough upper mandible removed, or if the debeaking notch extended to the nostril area; Good, if the debeaking notch in the upper mandible was positioned properly. The averages for all data collected prior to the workshop were: 12.4% of the chicks were poorly debeaked; 20% were classified as having marginal debeaking; 67.6% were debeaked

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HISTOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE STUDIES WITH SELP-DUBBING CHICKENS. J.A. Renden* and P.E. Bernier, Dept. of Poultry Sci., and J.A. Schmitz, School of Vet. Med., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331.

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properly. Results of the debeaking evaluation the day of the workshop were: 4%, 17.2%, and 78.8% for poor, marginal and good debeaking, respectively. The debeaking evaluation is part of an on-going chick quality monitoring program at the hatchery. A poster depicting proper debeaking was developed as part of an educational program. These results indicate that maintaining a high quality, company-supported debeaking evaluation program is beneficial.

EFFECT OF AHEMERAL LIGHT-DARK CYCLES AND PHOTOPERIOD LENGTH ON EGG PRODUCTION AND EGG QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF WHITE LEGHORN HENS. M. Rezvani and H. V. B i e l l i e r * . Dept. of Poultry Science, University of M i s s o u r i , Columbia, MO 65211

KEYWORDS:

L i g h t i n g , Photoperiod, Ahemeral l i g h t i n g , Egg q u a l i t y

TOXICITY OF MYCOPLASMA SYNOVIAE MEMBRANES FOR TURKEY AIR SACS. Keith R. Rhoades.* USDA, ARS, SEA, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010 In studies to investigate the pathogenesis of mycoplasmal airsacculitis, exudative lesions were produced in turkeys by intra-air sac inoculation with Mycoplasma synoviae cell membranes. The membranes were quantitated on the basis of protein concentration. Inocula containing 5 mg of protein produced more severe lesions than inocula containing either 2.5 or 1 mg. Lesions which resulted from exposure to membranes were less severe than those which resulted from exposure to live M. synoviae. Turkeys which received inocula containing 5 mg of protein developed moderate airsacculitis, while those which were experimentally infected developed marked airsacculitis. Microscopic examination indicated that membrane induced lesions were generally similar to these resulting from infection, but were less severe. At the termination of the study, eight days after exposure, M. synoviae was isolated from respiratory tract tissues of all turkeys exposed to live organisms, but was not isolated from any of those exposed to membranes or from unexposed control-turkeys. Antibody against M. synoviae was demonstrated with the tube agglutination test in sera from turkeys exposed to membranes and those experimentally infected, but was not demonstrated in sera from unexposed control-turkeys. KEYWORDS: Mycoplasma synoviae; mycoplasmosis; mycoplasmal membranes; turkey airsacculisis

CHANGES III TURKEY LIVER ZINC, COPPER, AND IRON CONTENT DURING EMBRYONIC AND EARLY POST-HATCHING DEVELOPMENT. Hark P. Richards'-. Honruminant Animal Nutrition Laboratory, ASI, AR, SEA, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705. Nicholas large white embryos and poults were analyzed starting on day 14 of incubation

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To compare the e f f e c t of a 22-hr l i g h t - d a r k cycle (LDC) during the growing period on the rate o f egg production and egg q u a l i t y , 270 White Leghorn p u l l e t s were housed, 2 b i r d s / laying cage, in l i g h t - c o n t r o l l e d rooms at 12 weeks of age. Half of the p u l l e t s received a 24-hr LDC of 14L:10D a r t i f i c i a l l i g h t plus natural l i g h t . The other h a l f received a 22-hr LDC of 14L:8D. At 20 weeks of age p u l l e t s were placed in individual cages w i t h i n three equal treatment groups and subjected t o 24, 26, 26 and 24-hr LDC o f 14L:10D, 12L:14D, 12L:14D and 14L:10D, r e s p e c t i v e l y , during the f i r s t four 28-day laying periods. Beginning with period 5, the treatment groups received the f o l l o w i n g l i g h t i n g regimens: 1) 14L:10D ( c o n t r o l s ) ; 2) 14L:10D i n i t i a l l y and photoperiod increased 30 minutes bi-weekly t o a f i n a l LDC of 16L:8D f o r periods 6 t o 12; and 3) 14L:10D i n i t i a l l y and photoperiod increased 30 minutes bi-weekly t o a f i n a l LDC of 18L:6D f o r periods 8 to 12. Data were c o l l e c t e d on egg production, abnormal eggs, egg weight, egg mass, s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y , shell weight, shell thickness, Haugh u n i t s , yolk weight and body weight. Birds which received 22-hr LDC during the rearing periods had a s i g n i f i c a n t l y greater egg weight, Haugh u n i t s and egg mass (P<.05). Twenty-six hour LDC produced s i g n i f i c a n t l y greater egg weights than 24-hr LDC (P<.05). Length o f photoperiod had no s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t on egg production, egg mass or egg l o s s . Photoperiod of 14 hr was s i g n i f i c a n t l y (P<.01) greater f o r s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y , shell weight and shell thickness. Soft-shelled and body-checked eggs were numerically greater i n the 14-18 hr regimen.

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and continuing through the 10th day post-hatching. Liver concentrations of zinc, copper, and iron were determined daily. Zinc declined from a level of 24.6 Ug/g fresh tissue on day 16 of incubation to 17.5 Ug/g by day 25. From this point, zinc levels rose to 32.0 Ug'/g by the 10th day post-hatching. Copper concentration of embryo liver on day 14 of incubation was 7.5 yg/g. This level increased to 40.2 yg/g by day 24 after which time a rapid decline occurred, especially during hatching. A value of 6.4 Ug/g was reached on the 10th day post-hatching. Iron concentration declined from a level of 133.1 Ug/g on day 16 to 70.4 ug/g by day 24 and then rose again reaching a value of 134.1 Ug/g on the 3rd day post-hatching. Cytoplasmic zinc, copper, and iron paralleled changes in whole tissue levels. Using gel-filtration and ion-exchange chromatography, a low-molecular weight zinc- and copper-binding protein, very similar to metallothionein, was detected in embryo liver cytoplasmic extracts. A definite inverse relationship between liver zinc and copper and iron and copper was observed both in embryos and hatched poults. The highest concentrations of liver zinc and iron occur earlier in the developing embryos than copper. Accumulation of hepatic copper by 3-4 days prior to hatching suggests that this store may play an important role during or shortly after hatching. It is likely that different transfer mechanisms exist to regulate the movement of zinc, copper, and iron from yolk stores to the liver of the developing embryo and the newly hatched poult. KEY WORDS:

THE EFFECT OF STARVATION AND PREDNISOLONE ADMINISTRATION ON CHICK LIVER ZINC CONTENT. Mark P. Richards* and Robert W. Rosebrough. Nonruminant Animal Nutrition Laboratory, ASI, AH,' SEA," USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705. Sixty-four broiler chicks, 3 weeks old, were divided into 4 groups: 1) fed a 23% protein-chick starter diet; 2) starved for 48 hrs; 3) starved and refed for 2 hrs; and 4) starved and refed for 24 hrs. Eight birds from groups 2, 3, and 4 received prednisolone (1 m g/kg, B.W., ip) at the start of the starvation period. Liver zinc concentration increased from 33.7 Ug/g fresh tissue to 49.1 Ug/g during starvation. Treatment with prednisolone further elevated liver zinc to 84.0 Ug/g. Refeeding for 2 hrs caused a small reduction in liver zinc to 42.1 Ug/g a nd 72.0 Ug/g in the prednisolone-treated group. Refeeding for 24 hrs caused a decline in liver zinc to 26.0 Ug/g and 34.7 Ug/g in those given the hormone. Plasma zinc levels declined from 2.0 ug/ml to 1.7 yg/ml in those birds starved and treated with prednisolone. Cytoplasmic zinc levels paralleled changes in whole tissue. Metallothionein-bound zinc (MTZn) was 1.6 Ug/g in the fed controls. This increased to 7.4 ug/g in the starved birds and to 30.0 ug/g in the starved and prednisolone-treated group. Refeeding for 2 hrs had little effect on MTZn (7.7 Ug/g and 24.2 Ug/g, respectively), whereas, refeeding for 24 hrs reduced MTZn to 1.5 Ug/g and 6.5 Ug/g. It is concluded that the synthetic glucocorticoid, prednisolone, potentiates the starvation-induced accumulation of zinc by the liver in part by increasing the amount of MT capable of binding zinc. Moreover, glucocorticoid hormones appear to mediate alterations in zinc metabolism during a stress such as starvation by modulating MT synthesis and thereby increasing the capacity of the tissue to accumulate zinc. The physiological significance of this accumulation may involve a conservation of important zinc stores. KEY WORDS: Starvation, Prednisolone, Zinc, Liver, Metallothionein.

METHODS FOR IMMUNOELECTROPHORETIC DETECTION AND QUANTITATION OF ANTIGENS WITH CHICKEN OR TURKEY ANTISERA. Richard B. Rimler* National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010 Concentrations of NaCl that are required for optimum precipitation of avian antibodies with antigen in agarose gels were not suitable for Immunoelectrophoresis techniques. Various NaCl-free buffer systems were examined for their ability to enhance chicken or turkey antiserum detection and quantitation of antigens using Immunoelectrophoresis techniques. A 0.05 M sodium acetate-acetic acid buffer at pH 5.6 was best. The sodium acetate-acetic acid buffer was applicable to counter, one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and rocket Immunoelectrophoresis. Some antigens formed soluble immune complexes with chicken and turkey antibodies. Incorporation of polyethylene glycol or dextran into agarose gels induced immunoprecipitation of those complexes and increased the resolution

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Embryo, Liver, Zinc, Copper, Iron, Development, Metallothionein.

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of other immunoprecipitates. Polyethylene glycol and dextran included in agarose gels presented no problems with two-dimensional and rocket Immunoelectrophoresis. However, they induced non-specific precipitates around antiserum wells in one dimensional and counter Immunoelectrophoresis. Soaking of gels,after the electrophoresis,in a phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) that contained polyethylene glycol diminished the non-specific precipitation but not immunoprecipitation. KEYWORDS: Chicken antibodies; turkey antibodies; counter Immunoelectrophoresis; one-dimensional Immunoelectrophoresis; two-dimensional Immunoelectrophoresis; rocket Immunoelectrophoresis.

KEYWORDS:

Ililo, wheat, soybean meal, sunflower neal, egg production, egg mass, egg size, kg feed/kg egg

TOXIC SHOCK-LIKE SYNDROME AND SHELL-LESS EGGS CAUSED BY THE PRESENCE OF FOREIGN MATERIALS IN THE HENS' UTERUS. David A Roland, Sr.* and E. C. Mora. Dept. of Poultry Science, Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, AL 36849 Experiments were conducted to determine if the presence of shell membrane (SM) in the uterus is related to the inability of hens laying shell-less (SL) eggs to initiate the calcification process. Various foreign materials including SM were inserted into the uteri of hens at oviposition and immediately after non-calcified eggs were manually removed from the uteri. No shell calcification occurred on any of the SM inserted into the hens' uteri and as little as 1 cm of SM prevented any shell calcification from occurring on the SM of the recipient hens' eggs. Some of the hens in which SM were inserted into the uteri developed "toxic shock-like syndrome" (TSLS) and died within 24 hours. The insertion of balloons into the uteri appeared to have little or no adverse affect on the hen and calcification occurred on the surface of a balloon. However, the presence of other foreign materials (Example: Tampons) into the uteri caused a high incidence of TSLS. The primary symptoms were high fever, diarrhea, vomiting, and death. Mortality ranged from 20 to 100% depending on the brand of tampon used and time of the reproductive cycle that the tampons were inserted into the uteri. It was concluded that the SM was not necessary for the initiation of calcification and that the hen's uterus was extremely sensitive to certain types of foreign material. Also, because the symptoms in hens were similar to those occurring in humans with toxic shock syndrome (TSS), these data suggested that hens may serve as a model to study TSS in humans. KEY WORDS:

"Toxic shock-like syndrome," shell-less eggs, tampons, balloons, shell menujranes

EFFECT OF PROTEIN AND AMINO ACID STATUS ON LIPOGENESIS BY TURKEY POULTS. R. W. Rosebrough* and II. C. Steele. Nonruminant Animal Nutrition Laboratory, ASI, AR, SEA, USDA,~Beltsville, MD 20705. A series of feeding trials were conducted with Large V/hite turkey poults to determine

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IIILO-WHEAT AND SOYBEAN-SUNFLOWER HEAL COMBINATIONS FOR LAYERS. Robert H. Roberson* and D. II. Francis. Department of Animal Science, New Mexico State University, University Park, Nil 88003 Different combinations of milo and wheat supplemented with different combinations of soybean meal and sunflower seed meal with and without added lysine were used in a factorial arrangement of 12 dietary treatments. Each diet was fed to 24 laying pullets in 8 replications (cages) of three pullets. Hen day egg production was similar for different combinations of milo and wheat. Egg mass per hen day and egg weight were higher but kg feed/kg egg was lower for the combination of milo and wheat than for either grain alone. Hen day egg production, egg mass per hen day and egg weight were higher but kg feec1/ kg egg was lower for the combination of soybean meal and sunflower meal than for either protein source alone. Lysine supplementation of sunflower meal diets generally improved layer performance.

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the role of dietary protein, sulfur amino acid (SAA) and lysine levels on growth and in vitro llpogenesis by turkey poults. A basal, 23% protein diet was formulated to contain 75% of the IIRC requirement for both SAA (8.0 g/kg) and lysine (12.9 g/kg). Lysine hydrochloride and L-methionine were added to the basal diet. A 30% protein diet was formulated to contain 100% of the requirement for SAA and lysine and served as the control dietary treatment. Twenty-three percent protein diets supplemented to contain the required levels of SAA (10.5 g/kg) and lysine (17.0 g/kg) supported growth and feed consumption equal to those attained with the control diet. Lysine, added to 23% protein diets increased (P<.05) in vitro lipogenesis, however, this effect could be moderated by increasing the SAA level from 75 to 100% of the requirement. Liver slices preferentially used lactate over alanine as a lipid precursor; however, both lactate and alanine stimulated acetate incorporation into lipid equally. Liver slices did not use glucose for lipid synthesis to the degree that they used alanine, lactate or acetate. KEYWORDS:

p r o t e i n > Lysine, Lipogenesis, Turkeys.

Four commercial strains of Single Comb White Leghorn hens were force-molted by either a standard fasting method or by means of a low-salt diet- (no added salt) at 65 weeks of age. After an 8-week molt/rest period, all hens were fed the same standard layer diet for an additional 28 weeks. The low-salt-fed hens went out of production in about 14 days compared to 5 days for the forced molt control. Egg production for both groups recommenced at about the same time, however, and all production parameters were essentially the same throughout the postmolt period for the two groups. These results were in sharp contrast to those obtained in a previous experiment where the low-salt-treated hens failed to completely rest and consequently did not perform as well as the conventionally force-molted hens. This poorer post molt performance was believed due to an elevated sodium content (.13%) found in the diet and traced to a highsodium phosphate source. The same low-salt diet was fed in this experiment except that a low-sodium phosphate source was used. The sodium content in this diet was determined to be .02% indicating that dietary sodium must be minimal to be effective for resting hens.

KEYWORDS:

Forced molt, low-sodium diet, layers, strains, productive performance.

REDUCED INTESTINAL ABSORPTION IN BROILERS DURING EIMERIA MITIS INFECTION. M. D. Ruff*, USDA, Science and Education Administration, Animal Parasitology Institute, Beltsville, MD 20705, and S. A. Edgar, Poultry Science Department, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830

The absorption of glucose and L-methionine was as much as 52% less in the intestine of broilers infected with two strains of Eimeria mitis than in the intestine of uninoculated controls. This malabsorption was observed in the region of, and posterior to, the yolk sac diverticulum. Malabsorption was greater in birds given 500,000 sporulated oocysts/bird than in ones receiving 50,000 sporulated oocysts/bird. Depigmentation of the plasma was also considered an indication of malabsorption. No gross lesions were evident in the intestine of these infected birds even though histological sections showed that numerous parasites were present. Body weight was also depressed in infected birds, but PCV and plasma protein levels were not affected.

K E Y W O R D S : Eimeria mitis, malabsorption, pigmentation, weight gain.

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EFFECT OF LOW-SODIUM DIET ON FORCE RESTING FOUR STRAINS OF LAYERS. Ernest Ross* and R. B. Herrick, Dept. of Animal Sci., University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822.

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RECOVERY OF A FIELD STRAIN OF EIMERIA TENELLA WITH REDUCED SENSITIVITY TO IONOPHORES. M. P. Ruff*, USDA, Science and Education Administration, Animal Parasitology Institute, Beltsville, MD 20705 A strain of Eimeria tenella was recovered from North Carolina which was markedly less sensitive to three ionophores (monensin, narasin, and lasnlocid) than was a laboratory isolate which had never been exposed to anticoccidials. Parameters used to measure drug efficacy were weight gain, cecal lesion score, packed cell volume, plasma pigmentation, plasma protein, and oocyst production. The infection with the field strain was better controlled by medication with arprinocid, amprolium, nicarbazin, clopidol, or halo fuginone. Best control was with robenidine and buquinolate. KEYWORDS:

Eimeria tenella, anticoccidials, ionophores, drug efficacy.

19711

Methionine hydroxy analogue free acid (MHAFA) and ring-dried blood meal were used singly and in combination as experimental dietary treatments in a battery-brooder broiler feeding trial. Broiler type sexed male chicks from a commercial hatchery were used. The chicks were fed a commercial type diet calculated to be deficient in methionine and lysine but adequate in other nutrients. MHAFA was used at a dietary level of .25% and the ring-dried blood meal at 5.0%. The data collected from the chicks at seven weeks of age demonstrates that those receiving dietary MHAFA were significantly heavier than those fed the negative control. The chicks fed dietary ring-dried blood meal required significantly less feed per unit of body weight than those fed the negative control diet. When these two experimental dietary supplements were combined in one diet, the chicks were both significantly heavier and required significantly less feed per unit of live weight than the negative control birds. At seven weeks of age the chicks receiving the negative control averaged 2091 grams in weight and required 1.73 units of feed per unit of live weight. Those receiving the diet supplemented with .25% MHAFA and 5.0% ring-dried blood meal averaged 2143 grams in weight and required 1.62 units of feed per unit of live weight. KEYWORDS:

Methionine hydroxy analogue free acid, lysine, ring-dried blood meal, broiler feeding trial

EFFECT OF EARLY LOW PROTEIN LEVELS ON GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE. P. L. Ruszler*, C. L. Bish, W. L. Beane and J. A. Cherry. Dept. of Poultry Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061. Eight hundred SCWL pullets were reared to 20 weeks in commercial starter-grower cages using commercial type diets(ad tibiXam),and management regimen. Treatment (Tmt) #1 was fed an 18% crude protein (CP) diet for the first 6 weeks (wks), 15% CP for 8 weeks and 12% for 6 wks. Tmts 2, 3, and 4 were started on 18% CP and changed to 12% CP at 3, 2 and 1 wks of age, respectively. Thereafter, they were increased to 15% CP at 8 wks and 18% CP at 14 through 20 wks. Body weight and feed intake was measured weekly to 4 wks and biweekly thereafter. Body weight in Tmts 2, 3 and 4 dropped significantly below Tmt 1 one week after each was placed on the 12% CP diet and remained significantly lower to 14 wks. This significant difference in body weight between Tmts 1, 2 and 3 disappeared by 18 wks. Treatments 1 and 4 were significantly different until 28 weeks. Skeletal growth was measured every 4 wks using 1) shank length and 2) the distance between the anterior clavicle tip and the posterior tip of the pubic bone. Skeletal growth followed a similar pattern to that of body weight except compensatory growth in Tmts 2, 3 and 4 occurred about 2 wks earlier, and there were no significant difference by 16 wks. Egg production was similiar among all treatments for the first four 28 day production periods. Beginning in the fifth period, Tmts 3 and 4 were significantly higher than 1 and 2 on a hen housed basis (87.2 & 89.4% vs_ 79.7 & 79.2%) due primarily to significantly better livability (94 & 92% vs_ 83 & 84%). During the first three periods, egg weight was step-wise reduced numerically from Tmt 1 to Tmt 4, reflecting the periods of time each

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Methionine and Lysine Supplements in Broiler Diets. Tom D. Runnels. * Dept. of Animal Sci. & Agricultural Biochem., University of Delaware, Newark, DE

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treatment initially received 12% CP. The egp, weights in Tmts 3 & 4 became significantly lower than those in Tmts 1 & 2 by about 2 grams during the 4th through 6th periods. KEY WORDS:

Early Low Protein on Growth & Production

CANOLA MEAL IN DIETS FOR BROILER CHICKENS. R.E. Salmon* 1 , E.E. Gardiner 2 , K.K. Klein 2 and E. Larmond3, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Research Station, Swift Current, Saskatchewan, S9H 3X2, 2 Research Station, Lethbridge, Alberta, TIJ 4B1, and 3 Food Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6. Canola (low-erucic acid, low glucosinolate rapeseed) meal (CM) was incorporated into wheat-based diets for broiler chickens at levels of 0, 70, 140, 210 and 280 g/kg in starter diets of 230 or 210 g protein/kg, and 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 g/kg in finisher diets of 190 or 170 g protein/kg. Two nutrient density treatments assessed the effect of maintaining dietary true metabolisable energy with added fat in CM diets or of allowing dietary energy to decrease with increasing CM level. Feed

Low protein diets reduced liveweights, feed efficiency and carcass fleshing grades and increased abdominal fat. Intensity of chicken flavour of broiler meat decreased and frequency of off-flavours increased when the diets contained 280 g CM/kg in the starter with 120 g CM/kg in the finisher. No adverse sensory effects occurred when the diet contained CM at up to 210 g/kg in the starter with 90 g/kg in the finisher. KEYWORDS: canola, rapeseed meal, broilers, protein, energy, flavour.

EFFECT OF MONENSIN AND BOTULINUS TOXIN ON BROILER CHICKENS. Robert L. Salsbury* and John E. Dohms. Dept. of Animal Sci. and Agric. Biochem., University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711 Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of monensin on the toxicity for broiler chickens of botulinus toxin, type C. Comparisons were based upon relative mortalities and a scoring system previously developed for studies of botulinus toxin. In 2 experiments, subcutaneous injection of 20 mg/kg.of monensin in oil increased by a factor of 2 or more the mortality in chicks caused by injection of toxin. There was no increase in the mean cumulative score due to monensin when ionophore and toxin were injected at approximately the same time. However, when toxin was injected 2 days after monensin injection, mean cumulative scores (22 birds per treatment, 2 observations per bird) were 0.36, 1.16, and 1.80 for monensin, toxin, and toxin plus monensin, respectively. Injection of monensin increased or accelerated mortality due to injection of botulinus toxin. Results with dietary monensin were less clear, 200 ppm producing increased mortality in 33-day-old chicks in cages but not in 15-day-old chicks in floor pens. Possible reasons for this apparent discrepancy will be discussed. A number of broiler crosses were compared but differences were too small to attribute greater susceptibility to any one cross. KEYWORDS:

Monensin, botulinus toxin, botulism

INFLUENCE OF SEASON ON REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION OF LEGHORN ROOSTERS KEPT IN A CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT. Lee M. Sanford and Wilhelm Guenter*. Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R3T 2N2. Assessments were made on 12 White Leghorn roosters during a 12-mo period (June 1979-May 1980) to determine possible "seasonal" variations in reproductive function. Roosters were

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Liveweight gains were not affected by either CM or nutrient density treatments. efficiency was not affected by CM when nutrient density was maintained with fat, but decreased in diets of lower nutrient density.

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6 mo of age initially and were kept under constant long daylengths (16 h light/24h). At 2-wk intervals, two blood samples were collected (1030 & 1530 h) from each rooster by venipuncture from a wing vein; plasma were assayed for LH and testosterone (T) by radioimmunoassay. Semen quality and fertility of roosters were assessed on three occasions (July, Oct. and May). On each occasion, three ejaculates were collected from each rooster (days 1, 3 and 5 ) ; and, four hens were inseminated with »05 ml fresh undiluted semen from each collection. Eggs were checked for fertility on days 2-7 and 15-20 following insemination. Roosters were sacrificed in late May and testicular size related to a number of reproductive parameters. Mean monthly LH and T levels fluctuated only slightly during the study. Plasma LH was relatively high in June (3.3 +.3 ng tLH-B25B/ml and May (3.2+.5 ng/ml), and relatively low in Aug. (2.4+.2 ng/ml) and Mar. (2.5+.3 ng/ml). T levels were relatively high in June (5.5+.5 ng/ml) and Oct. (5.5+.5 ng/ml), and relatively low in Sept. (4.1+.6 ng/ml) and Feb. (4.1+.7 ng/ml). In comparison to July and Oct., the assessment period in May was characterized by significantly (P<.05) lower ejaculate volumes and sperm concentrations, total sperm/ ejaculate and fertility (particularly during days 15-20). Testis weight in May ranged between 2-15 gm and was positively correlated (r>.61, P<.05) with plasma T, ejaculate characteristics (except mortility), fertility and total specific binding of I1^-'-rFSH by testicular tissue. Decreased reproductive function was likely due to an aging effect.

MICROBIAL BUILD-UP IN AIR AND DUST DURING BROODING AND REARING OF CHICKENS. E.A. Sautert C.F. Petersen, J.F. Parkinson and E.E. Steele. Dept. of Animal Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843 Studies were conducted to determine microbial increase in air and dust samples during brooding and rearing. Housing density was .14 m2/bird with thermostatically controlled exhaust ventilation. Microbial counts were monitored for four weeks prior to brooding, and continued biweekly for 20 weeks. Aerobic, anaerobic, coliform and lactic acid bacteria as well as mold numbers were determined by plate count. Most probable numbers (MPN) techniques were used for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Molds were cultured on Czapek Dox agar. Thirty-three species of bacteria were identified. Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Escherichia coli and Micrococcus varians respectively represented 20, 14 and 12% of the total airborne bacteria. Sixteen species of molds were found with three species each of Aspergillus and Penicillium. These molds were 52% of total isolates. Airborne bacteria averaged 2.1 x 102/m3 and. molds 6.7 x 10Vm 3 prior to brooding. Bacteria increased to 5.6 x 105/m3 and molds to 1.7 x 10Vm 3 during the first 12 weeks then stabilized. Dust samples contained more than 1.0 x 10 7 bacteria and 1.6 x 101* molds/g throughout the study. K E Y W O R D S : Airborne microorganisms, Bacteria, Molds, Microbial build-up, Brooding.

GROWTH OF VARIOUS BACTERIAL SPECIES INOCULATED INTO GROUND CHICKEN, BEEF AND COMBINATIONS. E.A. Sautert C.F. Petersen, J.F. Parkinson and E.E. Steele. Dept. of Animal Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843 Experiments were conducted to determine the rate of bacterial build-up in ground chicken, ground beef and combinations of the two. The meat products used were hand deboned fowl without skin and beef chuck. Both were ground through a 2.5 cm plate then mixed in the desired proportions and reground using a 3.2 mm plate. After mixing and fine grinding, 100 g samples of each mixture were placed in sterile petri dishes and inoculated with approximately 101* organisms/g of either: Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Micrococcus l.ysodeikticus, Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus faecal is. Inoculating suspensions were plated to determine actual numbers of organisms inoculated. Plate counts were also made from um'noculated samples to compare growth rates of the indigenous microflora. Storage was either at 22°C for three days or 4.4°C for seven days with 10 q samples being taken at 24 hours intervals for plate counts. The experiment was replicated three times. Data were converted to Log 10 for analysis. Results indicate a trend toward faster microbial build-up in meat mixtures than in either ground chicken or beef, however, differences were significant (P < .05) only after 48 hrs at 22°C and not at 4.4°C. There

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KEYWORDS: Seasonality, LH, testosterone, fertility, semen, testis

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was a significant (P < .05) interaction between bacterial species and meat product over time at 4.4°C. K E Y W O R D S : Bacteria, Microbial growth, neat combinations, E_. coli, Micrococci, Streptococci

INTERRELATIONSHIP OF EGG WEIGHT, SHELL WEIGHT, SURFACE AREA AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY AS RELATED TO EGG SHELL QUALITY. E.A. Sauter*, C.F. Petersen, E.E. Steele and J.F. Parkinson, Dept. of Animal Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843.

KEYWORDS.

E gg

weight, Shell weight, Specific gravity, Egg shell quality.

EFFECTS OF EXOGENOUS ESTRADIOL AND TESTOSTERONE ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF HEPATIC COPPER AND ZINC IN CHICKENS. H. H. Saylor* and P. J. Cochran, Dept. of Animal Science and Agricultural Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711. Polydimethylsiloxane (Silastic) capsules constructed from 60-mm lengths of 1.98 mm x 3.18 mm Silastic tubing and containing crystalline 178-estradiol (E), testosterone (T), or cholesterol (control) were implanted subcutancously in thrce-week-old Hubbard x Hubbard cockerels. The chicks were maintained on an jid_ libitum commercial diet in batteries until sacrificed at two (2 PI) or four (4 PI) weeks post-implantation. Plasma samples obtained at 2 PI and 4 PI were analyzed for copper concentration and ceruloplasmin (CP) activity, and the distribution of copper and zinc among the subcellular fractions of the liver (debris, large granule, microsome, cytosol) from 4 PI birds was determined. At 2 PI, plasma copper and CP activity were higher in E and lower in T birds than in controls, but these differences were not apparent at 4 PI. Hepatic copper levels were higher in E birds at both 2 PI and 4 PI, but hepatic zinc concentration was not affected by treatment at either sampling. The distribution of zinc within the subcellular fractions of the liver was not influenced by treatment; however, in T birds, a significantly smaller proportion of hepatic copper was associated with the cytosol than in E or control birds. Fractionation of the liver cytosol from 4 PI birds on Sephadex G-100 yielded three copper- and zinc-containing proteins with molecular weights of approximately> 150,000, 26,000, and 10,000. The zinc content of the 10,000-molecular-weight protein in E birds was reduced to about 25% of that of the controls; a less dramatic, but significant, reduction in the zinc content of this protein fraction occurred in T birds compared to controls. The distribution of copper among the protein fractions was not significantly alteredKEYWORDS: Copper, Zinc, Estradiol, Testosterone, Liver, Silastic Implants.

PULSATILE GROWTH HORMONE SECRETION DURING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE DOMESTIC FOWL. C. G. Scanes*, F• C• Buonomo and T. J. Lauterio• Department of Physiology, Rutgers The State University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903. It is well established that the circulating concentrations of growth hormone (GH) are

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Twelve S.C. White Leghorn pullets housed in individual laying cages were used to compare relationships of egg weight, shell surface area and shell weight to egg shell quality as measured by specific gravity. All eggs produced during the 24-week experiment were individually weighed, surface areas computed and specific gravity determined immediately after gathering. Eggs were then washed to remove residual NaCl, opened by cutting around the equator with a fine saw and egg contents and shell membranes removed. Each egg shell was then washed and air dried for 72 hrs prior to weighing to the nearest .01 g. Environmental temperature of 21°C was maintained throughout the study and egg production averaged over 80%. Average specific gravity declined (P < .05) from 1.091 to 1.083 while both egg wt and shell surface area increased (P < .05) from 54.8 to 59.6 g/egg and from 67.3 to 70.8 cm 2 , respectively. In contrast, average weight of egg shell without membranes remained constant at 4.80 j^ .09 g/egg throughout the study. These data indicate that egg shell weight remains constant for individual birds while egg weight increases and specific gravity declines with age of bird.

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high during the post-hatch phase of rapid growth in the chicken and other avian species. In the present study, the pulsatile nature of GH secretion has been characterized in 4-6 week old male chickens (with high plasma concentrations of GH) and adult roosters (with low plasma GH levels). Blood samples were taken at 5 minute intervals for periods of 2-4 hours from remote (50-80 cm long) catheters. The catheters were implanted under local anesthesia through the brachial artery to a point close to the aorta, one or two days prior to sampling. All birds were held in individual cages which restricted but did not-prevent movement (including turning). The birds were on a long daily photoperiod (16L:8D) and had free access to food and water prior to and during blood sampling. Plasma concentrations of GH were estimated by radioimmunoassay. The mean GH concentrations in 4-6 week chicks were higher than in the adults (11.1 + (7) 0.93 vs 100.9 + (5) 40.2 ng/ml). This reflected largely differences in the amplitude of the GH secretory episodes (adults 11.8 + (7) 0.81 chicks;295 + (5) 117) and the basal levels (adults 5.6 + (7) 0.34 chicks;21.2 + (5) 2.4 ng/ml). The interval between pulses was similar in adult and young fowl (47.2 minutes in chicks; 28.6 minutes in adults). This study was supported by the New Jersey State Experimental Station and grants from the National Science Foundation (PCM 8022727), the Upjohn Company and the Rutgers Bureau of Biological Research. Growth Hormone, Growth, Hormone Secretion.

ESTIMATION OF 'AVAILABLE ENERGY' IN FEEDSTUFFS FROM METABOLIZABLE DRY MATTER. M.J. Schang*, R.M.G. Hamilton, Animal Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ont.KIA 0C6, J.D. Summers, Dept of Animal and Poult. Sci., University of Guelph, Ont.NIG 2W1, and M^F. Bonino, Inst. N a c . d e Tec. Agrop., INTA, 2700 Pergamino, Argentina. Gross energy determination on individual excreta samples represents the limiting time factor in any apparent metabolizable energy (AME) or true metabolizable energy (TME) bioassay.In order to reduce this laboratory work the relationship between metabolizable dry matter (MDM)(%) and metabolizable gross energy (MGE)(%) was studied.Three sets-of data were analyzed. Two of these were AME results obtained by two different procedures whilst the third set of values was originated from TME results. A wide range of MDM and MGE values was obtained by including results of different feedstuffs. Regression equations for MDM vs. MGE values showed a close relationship. Through a knowledge of MDM, corresponding GE of the samples, and regression coefficients a set of predicted AME and TME values was obtained. These results were compared with those previously obtained from direct determinations. The results showed that expected variation in available energy, when estimated from MDM, is no higher Chan that obtained by direct determinations. Nevertheless, the estimation of TME or AME for high protein feedstuffs by this procedure may be subject to errors since digestible protein has a marked effect on MDM results. A fast and accurate estimation of TME or AME can be obtained with only a knowledge of the GE of the test sample and the corresponding feed intake and excreta output. No GE determinations on excreta samples are necessary. KEYWORDS: Energy assay - Energy availability - Metabolizable dry matter

COMPARISON OF TWO DIRECT BIOASSAYS USING ADULT COCKERELS FOR ESTIMATING THE AVAILABLE ENERGY CONTENT OF 13 FEEDINGSTUFFS. M.J. Schang* and R.M.G. Hamilton. Animal Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6 A rapid bioassay (Brit. Poult. Sci. 19:303, 1978) for apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and the bioassay for true metabolizable energy (TME) were compared by using two groups of 48 adult SCWL males; excreta was collected for two consecutive 24 h periods. The experiment was repeated three times in a cross-over design so that a total of 9 observations for each feedingstuff by each assay was obtained. The AME data were corrected (AME ) for metabolic + endogenous energy loss to control variation associated with differences in feed intake. Birds trained for the AME assay to eat their feed requirement in one hour consumed less than ml libitum fed birds even after 14 d of training. Introduction of experimental diets caused a further reduction in intake even though all feeds were pelleted and of similar colour. Thirty-nine of 117 AME values were discarded because intakes were less than 50 g/ bird. Two TME values were discarded due to problems unrelated to feed. The AME values for the feedingstuffs tested were different (F<.05) from the AME and TME values; the latter were not different (P>.05) from each other. AME, AME and THE values (kcal/g dry matter) were obtained for corn (3.66, 3.99, 4.13), wheat (3.51, 3.86, 3.92), rye (3.30, 3.61, 3.66),

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KEYWORDS:

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oats (2.83, 3.20, 3.42), barley (3.08, 3.40, 3.47), soybean meal (2.38, 2.81, 3.08), rapeseed meal (2.04, 2.41, 2.45), sunflower seed meal (2.03, 2.54, 2.58), dehydrated alfalfa meal (1,27, 1.65, 1.37), feather meal (3.53, 3.74, 3.84), fishmeal (3,05, 3,27, 3.18), meat meal (2.85, 3.06, 3.14), and glucose (3.57, 3.88, 3.80), respectively. 'Differences (P-.05) in the AME, AME and THE values between the 24 and 48 h excreta collections indicated that there were differences in the rates of clearance of feed residues. KEYWORDS: bioassay, apparent metabolizable energy, true metabolizable energy, cockerel, feedingstuff.

EFFECTS OF MALADJUSTED EQUIPMENT ON YIELDS IN POULTRY PROCESSING PLANTS. George A. Schuler*, Extension Food Science Department, University of Georqia, Athens, GA 30602 The cooperation of an informed Visual-Aids Department can make a qreat deal of difference not only as to how the material is presented, but how it is received by a specific audience.

The 240 slides in 20 minutes keep interest hiqh. KEYWORDS:

Visual-Aids

UTILIZATION OF SPENT FOWL MUSCLE IN THE MANUFACTURE OF RESTRUCTURED STEAKS. S.C. Seideman, P.R. Purland, N.M. Quenzer* and C.W. Carlson. Dept. of Animal Science and Dept. of Nutrition and Food Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007 Spent fowl was divided into 3 groups. Birds in Group I were deboned prerigor, Groups II and III were deboned postrigor. Each meat group was then flaked and formulated to contain: 1) no added binder (control), 2) 2% wheat gluten, 3) 5% wheat gluten, 4) 2% soy concentrate or 5) 5% soy concentrate. The five formulations within Group I and within Group II were mixed 5 min. After mixing, each formulation was pressed into logs, frozen and cut into steaks. Steaks were evaluated for physical appearance, moisture and fat content, cooking loss, textural properties and sensory attributes. Prerigor meat had the highest total cooking loss. A significant decrease in percent moisture and in total cooking losses was found with the addition of either wheat gluten or soy concentrate at the 5% level. An increase in deformation or elasticity was found with added binders while mixing time and rigor state had no affect on textural properties. The addition of gluten or soy concentrate at the 5% level adversely affected flavor desirability, juiciness and overall desirability. Mixing time, rigor state and addition of binder at 2% level had no significant effect on sensory attributes. (Senior author now with Roman L. Hruska U. S. Meat Animal Research Center, USDA, SEA-AR, Clay Center, NE 68933.) KEY WORDS: Spent fowl, binders, wheat gluten, soy concentrate, restructured steaks.

COMPARISONS OF HIGH AND LOW TANNIN SORGHUMS FED AT TWO PROTEIN LEVELS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF LAYING HENS MAINTAINED UNDER TWO CONSTANT ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURES. P. R. Sell*, J. C. Rogler and W. R. Featherston. Dept. of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 A total of 144 White Leghorn hens, 26 weeks of age, were arrayed according to egg production during a 10-day pre-experimental period into 8 groups consisting of 4 nutritional treatments in each of two constant environments (22 and 28° C ) . The nutritional treatments consisted of low (RS-610) and high (Savanna) tannin sorghums

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This three-carousel/tape presentation utilizes street lanquaoe to convey the need for proper maintenance to maintenance personnel. The pieces of equipment talk to the maintenance person in a way he understands.

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compared isonitrogenously within a protein level at two protein levels (11.5 and 14.5%) in sorghum-soybean meal diets. These diets were fed for an experimental period of 6 weeks. Egg production, egg weight, hen weight and feed efficiency were reduced by feeding the low protein as compared with the higher protein diet regardless of tannin content of the sorghum. Similarly, these parameters were decreased with the high tannin sorghum at both protein levels. Tannin also appeared to reduce specific gravity and shell thickness at the low protein level, but not at the higher level. Although the differences were slight, decreased egg production, egg weight, specific gravity, shell thicKness and feed efficiency were consistently observed in hens maintained at the higher temperature. At the end of the experiment, all hens were placed on a commercial laying ration for a 31-day period. Recovery from the treatment effects was evidenced by the similar egg production, body weight, egg weight and shell characteristics among the previous treatments at the end of this period. KKV WORDS:

sorghum, tannin, protein, environment, laying hens

At the conclusion of a 31-day recovery period following a previous sorghum feeding trial, 128 White Leghorn hens were used in a subsequent 44-day study. The hens were arrayed into 4 nutritional treatments in each of two constant environments (22 and 28° C) based on their egg production during the last 10 days of the recovery period within a previous treatment and environment so that equal numbers of hens from the previous treatments were represented in the new treatments. Nutritional treatments consisted of either low (RS-610) or high (Savanna) tannin sorghum-soybean meal diets containing 13% protein and supplemented with either . 2 % DL-methionine (Met) or an isonitrogenous level of L-glutamic acid (Glu). With both high and low tannin sorghum diets, Met supplementation resulted in greater egg production, egg weight and hen weight as compared with Glu addition, but with the exception of hen weight, the magnitude of the response was much greater with the high tannin sorghum. Hens fed the high tannin sorghum diet supplemented with Glu showed greatly reduced egg production and feed efficiency as compared with those fed low tannin sorghum similarly supplemented. In contrast, little difference in egg production and feed efficiency was observed between hens fed high and low tannin sorghum when the diets were supplemented with methionine. All parameters studied except hen weight appeared to be reduced slightly by the higher temperature. Ki'.Y W O K D S :

sorghum, tannin, methionine, environment, laying hens

DIETARY LYSIIiE REQUIREMENTS OF LAYIHC HENS AFTER 36 WEEKS OF AGE. J. L. Sell''', C. M. Young, and W. J. Owings. Dept. of Animal Sci., Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 An experiment was conducted with SCWL hens to determine the influence of different lysine intakes on performance from 36 to 75 weeks of age. All hens were fed approximately 700 ng lysine/hen daily from 23 to 36 weeks of age. Diets were designed so that hens consumed 500, 600, or 700 mg lysine/hen daily from 36 to 52 weeks of age. Sequential dietary treatments from 52 to 75 weeks of age also involved feeding 500, 600 or 700 mg lysine/hen daily. Feeding 500 mg lysine/hen daily during either age period resulted in significantly lower egg production, smaller egg size and poorer feed efficiency than when 600 or 700 mg lysine/hen daily were fed. Rate and efficiency of egg production by hens fed 600 mg lysine daily from 36 to 52 weeks of age were numerically, but not significantly, less than those of hens fed 700 mg lysine aaily. During the 52 to 75 week age period, rate of egg production was not affected significantly by feeding 600 mg lysine/hen daily but significantly more feed was required/kg eggs produced than was observed for hens fed 700 mg lysine daily. Regression analysis of the data showed that the lysine requirement was approximately 650 mg daily for optimum egg mass production (g of egg/hen daily) during the 36 to 52 weeks age period. Regression analysis of data for the 52 to 75 week period failed to clearly indicate a requirement but indicated that the requirement may exceed 700 mg lysine/hen daily. KEYWORDS:

Laying Hens, Lysine, Egg Production

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THE EFFECT OF DL-METHIONINE SUPPLEMENTATION TO HIGH AND LOW TANNIN SORGHUM-SOYBEAN MEAL DIETS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF LAYING HENS MAINTAINED UNDER TWO CONSTANT ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURES. D. R. Sell*, J. R. Rogler and W. R. Featherston. Dept. of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, III 47907

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PRESERVATION OF TURKEY SEMEN AT 15°C. I. EFFECT OF EXTENDER pH AND OSMOTIC PRESSURE. T. J. Sexton.' U.S.D.A., SEA-AR, Avian Physiology Lab., Beltsville, MD 20705. The Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender (BPSE) was modified to study the effect on the fertility, respiration rate, and motility of stored turkey semen. Four extender pHosmotic pressure (mOsm) combinations were made: A = 7.5 - 350; B = 6.5 - 250; C = 7.5 250; D = 6.5 - 350. pH and osmotic pressure were adjusted with cone HC1 and water, respectively. Semen from Large White toms was divided into eight portions and diluted 1:1 at ambient temperature with the appropriate extenders. Small White hens were inseminated within 15 min of dilution (unstored controls) with four aliquots. The remaining semen aliquots were held in conical shaped tubes at 15°C for 6 hr before insemination. Hens (10/treatment) were inseminated weekly (280 million sperm) for 15 wks.

K E Y W O R D S : Turkey semen, Preservation, Extender, pH, Osmotic pressure

PRESERVATION OF TURKEY SEMEN AT 15°C. II. EFFECT OF SAMPLE AGITATION. T. J. SEXTON . U.S.D.A., SEA-AR, Avian Physiology Lab., Beltsville, MD 20705 The effect of agitating turkey semen during storage at 15°C was examined. Semen from Large White toms was diluted with the Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender (BPSE) adjusted to pH 6.5 or 7.5. In Exp. 1, semen was diluted 1:1 with BPSE (ph 7.5). One semen aliquot was inseminated within 15 min (unstored controls) of dilution and the remaining aliquots were held for 6 hr and subjected to either - no agitation, agitation by mixing with a pipet every 30 min or constant agitation with a mechanical shaker at 150 rpm. Small White hens were inseminated weekly (265 million sperm) for 15 wk. The mean candling fertility for stored samples (92 and 92?), regardless of the agitation method, did not differ significantly from the unstored controls (96?). The fertility of stored, non-agitated samples (89?) was significantly lower than the unstored control (96?) and the decline in fertility began the 9th wk of insemination. Agitation was needed to preserve fertility of semen diluted and stored in BPSE (pH 7.5). In Exp. 2, semen was diluted 1:1 with BPSE (pH 6.5). One semen aliquot served as an unstored control, two aliquots were not agitated during storage for 6 and 30 hr and the remaining two aliquots were constantly agitated (Exp. 1) during storage. Hens were inseminated weekly (288 million sperm) for 10 wks. The mean candling fertility for semen stored for 6 hr (90 and 95?) did not differ from the unstored control (96?). The fertility of semen held for 30 hr (19 and 13?) was lower than the unstored control. Agitation was not necessary for semen diluted and stored in BPSE (pH 6.5). KEYWORDS: Turkey semen, Preservation, Agitation

THE EFFECT OF SHORT-TERM CHANGES IN METHIONINE SUPPLY ON EGG PROOUCTIGM. D.W.F. Shannon*. Agricultural Research Council's Poultry P^esearch Centre, Roslin, Midlotnian EH25 9PS, Scotland The effect of day to day variations in methionine supply on egg production were investigated by offering feeds, differing only in their methionine content, in predeterrained daily sequences. The feeds used comprised a basal feed (B) which required only a supplement (S) of methionine to support a satisfactory level of egg production. Other feeds were prepared by adding metnionine supplements of 2S, 3S, or 4S to B. Experimental treatments comprised positive and negative controls in which feeds E + S (Tl) and B (T2)

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The mean candling fertility for unstored semen diluted with the 6.5 pH extenders (B&D) was not different (94 and 93?) from the 6 hr stored samples (92 and 95?). The fertility for unstored semen diluted with the 7.5 pH extenders (A&C) was significantly higher (94 and 94?) than for stored semen (79 and 85?). The decline in fertility with semen stored in extenders A&C began to occur in the 9th and 12th insemination weeks, respectively. Sperm respired at a 3 to 6? lower rate and were 35 to 39? less motile at pH 6.5 than pH 7.5. Osmotic pressures of the extender had little influence on the sperm parameters measured. The results indicate that turkey semen diluted with BPSE adjusted to pH 6.5 can be held for 6 hrs at 15° without loss in fertility.

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were fed continuously. In other treatments feed B was fed but was replaced on alternate days by B + 2S (T3), every third day by B + 3S (T4) and every fourth day by B + 4S (T5). Each bird on T3 - T5 had two feed troughs and these were switched at appropriate times. Each treatment was imposed on 104 individually caged, 44-week old medium body-weight (Warren SSL) hens. Mean egg production 44-60 weeks was depressed (p 0.05) on T2 - T5 relative to the positive control (Egg production (%); egg weight (g): 77.4; 63.6: 69.8; 59.5: 72.4; 62.0: 71.6; 60.8: 70.2; 60.7: Tl - T5 respectively). Supplementation with methionine at intermittent intervals did not improve egg production significantly but did improve egg weight in T3. Mean daily feed intake was also depressed on the other treatments relative to that on Tl; the birds ate more feed on the days when they were offered the supplemented feeds (Basal feed (g); supplemented feed (g): 110; 127: 114; 132: 111; 133: T3 - T5 respectively). The results of this experiment suggest that even short-term deficits in the supply of a limiting amino acid affect egg production adversely. KEYWORDS:

egg production, egg weight, methionine, feed intake, hens.

The effects of special diluents and centrifugation on fertilizing capacity of turkev senen were studied. In the first experiment (I) the semen was diluted (3:1) with alycerated diluent, gradually diluted (6:1) with non-glycerated (n-g) diluent over a 15-min oeriod, then centrifuged at 750 g - the supernatant discarded - and the centrifuped sperm cells resuspended in n-g diluent. In the second experiment (II) the semen was diluted (3:1) with n-g diluent, then diluted (6:1) with n-g diluent, then centrifuged and resuspended in n-g diluent. The third experiment (III) consisted of centrifugin" fresh whole semen, discarding the seminal plasma, and resuspending with n-g diluent. In the fourth experiment (IV) fresh"whole soneh was diluted (3:1) with n-g diluent. The following semen quality assessments were monitored: motility index; live-dead evaluation, sperm number, and osmolarity score. Subsequent to these treatments - repeated for 3 consecutive weeks - the treated semen was inseminated into respective groups of five hens. The four-week fertility percentaoes were: 31.3, 30.8, 22.2 and 23.8, respectively (I): 75.0, 100, 90.9, and 100, respectively (II); 65.7, 100, 100, and 93.9, resnectively (III)and 57.9, 62.5, 52.6, and 42.1, respectively. Glycerol markedly reduces fertilizing capacity of turkey semen whereas centrifugation has only a slight negative effect. However, to obtain high levels of fertility in the hen the sperm numbers/insemination should be in the range of 800 million. K E Y W O R D S : Turkeys, diluents, centrifugation, A.I., fertility

THE INFLUENCE OF REDUCED NITRITE LEVELS AND CURING PROCEDURES ON THE YIELD, COLOR, AND ORGANOLEPTIC QUALITY OF SMOKED TURKEY. Brian W. Sheldon-, Hershell P.. Ball, and Harold R. Kimsey. Dept of Food Sci., North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27650 This study investigated the effects of three curing procedures using two NaN02 concentrations on the residual NO2, color, salt, moisture, and organoleptic quality of smoked turkey. Curing methods prior to cooking and smoking were (1) submersing turkeys in brine for 48 hr, (2) a 10% brine pump followed by soaking in brine for 24 hr, and (3) a 10% brine pump followed by immediate cooking. Brines in methods 1 and 2 contained either the maximum or one fourth the maximum permitted NaN02 levels, whereas brines of method 3 contained either 156 or 39 ppm NaN0 2 . Smoked breast meat from turkeys cured with reduced N 0 2 concentrations had significantly lower residual N 0 2 than turkeys cured with full strength brines, but there was no significant difference in cured color as measured by Hunter color a_ values. Significant differences in residual N 0 2 , cured color, salt, and moisture levels were seen in breast tissues cured by the three methods. The combination injection and soaking cure yielded the highest levels of residual N 0 2 , salt, and cured color in breast tissue, whereas brine injection with immediate cooking resulted in lower residual NO and less uniform color development. Product with higher N 0 2 and salt concentrations received higher, but not significantly different taste panel scores for cured meat flavor intensity, salt intensity, and juiciness. These findings indicate that a satisfactory cured meat flavor and color

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THE EFFECTS OF GLYCERATED-, NON-GLYCERATED DILUENT, AND CENTRIFUGATION ON FERTILIZING CAPACITY OF TURKEY SEMEN. John Sharp*, F. X. Oaasawara, L. Fuqua, J. Borelli, and C. Tom. Dept. of Avian Sci., University of California,- Davis, CA 95616

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can be produced in turkey breasts with a 75% reduction in brine NaN02 levels. The results of sensory panels indicate that curing times can be reduced by injection of curing ingredients followed by immediate cooking and smoking. KEY WORDS:

Smoked Turkey, Curing, Sodium Nitrite

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ESTROGEN BIOSYNTHESIS CY OVARIAN THECA CELLS FROM NORMAL AND emesat Laurence S, Shore,Uri I VJeisman, Dept.of Hormone Research,Kimron Veterinary Institute,Bet Dagan,POB 12,50200 Israel

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47 ,i- i

prolapsed oviduct, estradiol,theca cells,follicles

INFLUENCE OF A DIETARY DEFICIENCY OF VITAMIN D ON EGG SHELL QUALITY. H_.__S_hen'", J.P. Summers and S. Leeson. Dept. of Animal and Poultry Sci., University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario^ ^Permanent address: Peking Agricultural University, Peking, The People's Republic of China. Decrease in shell deposition and the effect on shell membrane mass was studied with hens fed diets devoid of supplemental vitamin D. Thirty individually caged hens, 59 weeks of age, were fed a vitamin D deficient diet for a 28 day period. Zgg numbers and weight were recorded daily, while shell deformation and feed consumption were recorded weekly. Starting on day one, 15 eggs were broken every 3rd day, shell separated from shell membranes and weight of both recorded after drying to a constant weight. Shell weight remained constant for 10 days, then a marked linear decrease took place. It appears that the hen has vitamin D reserves to maintain near normal calcium absorption for around 10 days, shell membrane weight was not influenced by the marked reduction in shell weight. Older birds, or hens previously subjected to a vitamin D deficient diet, seemed better able to cope with subsequent vitamin D deficiency. KEYWORDS-

Vitamin D, shell, calcium

COMPARISON OF THE POTENTIALS OF BIOLOGICAL METHANE GENERATION FROM BROILER LITTER AND LAYER MANURE. Jason C. H. Shih* and J. J. H. Huang, Dept. of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N. C."27650 Anaerobic digestion of animal waste is an attractive process because it degrades or-

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Uterine prolapse in the hen is accompanied by cloacitis,blood stained eggs and eventu^ ally death. Previously we have reported that prolapsed layers have dramatically lower plasma estrogen than normal layers. The aim of this study was to confirm our previous observations using a larger number of birds and to investigate estrogen production by the ovary using in vitro cultures, of ovarian theca cells. It was found in 55 healthy layers that the basal estradiol concentration was 425+45 pg/ml while in 29 fully prolapsed birds the concentration was 73+7 pg/inl and in 13 birds with incipient prolapse it was 250 + 76 pg/ ml. All these groups were significantly different from each other(P<0.001). Using in vitro cultures of dispersed ovarian theca cells, it was found that the principal sources of estradiol in the hen are tne 2nd and 3rd preovulatory follicles (599+_98;925+_141 pg estradiol /5xl0 cells/24 h,n=24,respectively). However, theca cells obtained from the same preovulatory follicles of prolapsed layers produced only 154+_22 and 217+_25 pg estradiol/5xl05 cultured theca cells/24 h,n=27. This was significantly lower(P<0,001}. Addition of testosterone to the cultured theca cells from the prolapsed layers caused a two fold increase (P<0.001) in estradiol production, indicating that aromatase activity was present.lt was concluded that prolapsed layers have an estrogen deficiency due to a defect in ovarian production of estrogen perhaps at the level of 17,20 lyase. The data suggest that this estrogen deficiency contributes to the prolapse state by causing atrophy of supporting ligaments and by reducing uterine contractility. This work was funded by BARD grant 1-11579.

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ganic natter for the pollution control and simultaneously produces methane gas for an alternate energy source. During the last three years, we have systematically investigated the biological potentials of methane generation from the two major kinds of .-poultry wastes, the litter of broiler chickens and the manure of laying hens. Using these wastes to prepare media for bacterial growth, thermophilic anaerobic cultures were initiated by inoculations of bacteria from different natural environments. After a period of acclimation, they were then challenged with various combinations of operational variables such as retention times, volatile solid concentrations, temperatures, and pH .values. The most efficient culture and conditions were selected based on the highest gas rate. The results have demonstrated that the broiler litter is a substrate of very low potential. This seems due to the high content of wood shavings resistant to bacterial degradation. On the other hand, the layer manure is a high-potential substrate, which supported both a high methane rate (3.5 1/1/day) and a high methane yield (300 7/kg VS) under the selected conditions. Compared with other types of animal wastes, the manure of laying hens is one of best substrates for methane production. Based on the data obtained in the laboratory, we are in the process of constructing an anaerobic digester on the University research farm. A large digester will help us answer other questions such as energy balance, economic evaluation and engineering design. (Supported in part by grants from North Carolina Energy Institute and U. S. Department of Energy). 'Methane, anaerobic d i g e s t i o n , l i t t e r of b r o i l e r chicken, manure of laying hen.

EFFECT OF THE DESOLVENTIZATION PROCESS AND THE REMOVAL OF FIBROUS MATERIAL BY SCREENING ON THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF CANOLA MEAL FOR BROILER CHICKENS. A. Shires*, J.fl. B e l l , W.H. Lavertv, P. Fedec. J.A. Blake, and D . I . McGregor, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W0 Two experiments were conducted with b r o i l e r chickens to determine the e f f e c t of the desol ventization process and the removal of fibrous material on the n u t r i t i o n a l value of canola meal (CM). Hexane extracted canola seed were desolventized by evaporation at 25C or by heating to 100C with and without the addition of l i v e steam. The materials were ground and screened to remove the coarse fibrous p a r t i c l e s . Experiment 1 involved a comparison of s i x CF1 f r a c t i o n s (three temperatures x two f i b e r contents, normal and low) at 10, 20 and 30% of the d i e t from day-old to 4 weeks of age. Birds fed CM desolventized at 100C consumed 6% more feed (P<.001) and grew 5% f a s t e r (P<.01) than birds fed CM desolventized at 25C. The desolventization process had no e f f e c t on feedrgain r a t i o . The performance o f birds fed the normal or low f i b e r CM f r a c t i o n s was s i m i l a r . The inclusion of CM fractions at 10% of the d i e t had no e f f e c t on performance. Dietary levels of 20 and 30% CM f r a c t i o n resulted in a decrease in feed intake (P<.001) and weight gain (P<. 001), and an increase in feed:gain r a t i o (P<.01). In Experiment 2 , the nitrogen-corrected metabolizable energy (MEn) value o f the CM fractions was measured at 4 weeks of age by regression analysis o f a m u l t i - l e v e l assay. The MEQ content of the CM f r a c t i o n s varied inversely with the temperature of desolventization (P<.001) and the f i b e r content (P<.001). The MEn of the normal and low f i b e r CM f r a c t i o n s , r e s p e c t i v e l y , in kcal/g of dry matter were as f o l l o w s : 25C no steam, 1.88 and 2.38; 100C no steam, 1.65 and 2.10; 100C with steam, 1.67 and 1.95. KEYWORDS:

Canola meal, rapeseed meal, n u t r i t i v e value, b r o i l e r , metabolizable energy.

THE EFFECT OF A PROTOPORPHYRIN 11UTANT ON SOME ECONOMIC TRAITS OF THE CHICKEN. R. N. Shoffner , R. Shuman, J. S. Otis, J. J. Bitgood. Dept. of Animal Sci., University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 and V. Garwood and P. Lowe, USDA-SEA, Dept. of Animal Sci., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, IN 47907. Sets of segregating female sibs derived from matings of heterozygous translocation t(Zq+;lq-) sires to both Rhode Island Red and White Leghorn dams were compared for egg traits. The translocation between the long (q) arm of chromosome #1 and the Z sex chromosome acts as a sex-linked recessive, greatly reducing the brown protoporphyrin egg shell pigment. The mutant also reduces egg size, as the hemizygous translocation (TW) daughters of both Rhode Island Red and White Leghorn dams differed significantly from standard (ZW) sibs, 51.0 vs_ 54.3 gms, respectively. Egg numbers at 40 and 57 weeks of age were 79 and 160 for TW daughters _vs 95 and 184 for ZW sibs. These were significantly different. There was no difference between mutant and nonmutant sibs for 32 week body weight, shell

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KFY WORDS -

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breaking strength or shape index. Breed of dam influenced body weight, as daughters of Rhode Island Reds were significantly heavier than White Leghorn dams, and the daughters of White Leghorn dams layed eggs shaped somewhat longer than those from Rhode Island Red dams. These results suggest that the mutant aberration which reduces egg shell protoporphyrin also has a pleiotropic relationship to one or more of the metabolic pathways involved in egg production. KEYWORDS:

Protoporphyrin, Chromosome Translocation, Egg Traits

BASIC ASSUMPTIONS OF THE TRUF METABOLIZABLK ENERGY (THE) BIOASSAY. I.R. Sibbald*. Animal Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0C6.

When several amounts of a feedingstuff are given to birds, under the conditions of the TME bioassay, the time required for clearance of feed residues from the alimentary canal increases with residue input. When excreta are collected before all residues are voided by birds which received the largest inputs, the plot of excreta energy against energy input is curvilinear. Fitting a linear regression to such data gives an intercept greater than the EE measured with unfed birds. Failure to appreciate this can lead to an incorrect interpretation that EE varies with the nature and amount of feed input. Such variation does occur because the severity of fasting differs among treatments and EE tends to decrease as fasting is prolonged. Further, the spectrum of excretory products, resulting from tissue degradation, changes with the duration of the fast and alters the EE output. Available evidence indicates that such variation is not of practical importance. In THE bioassays using two levels of feed input, one of which is zero, incomplete residue clearance does not affect the EE value but does inflate the TME value. So as to obtain complete residue clearance the excreta collection period is extended to 48 h. KEYWORDS: True metabolizable energy. Metabolic fecal energy. energy. Feed passage. Excretion.

Endogenous urinary

Metabolic responses of growing chickens to chronic corticosterone injections. ii.3. Siegel and M. van Kampen. S.E. Poultry Research Lab., USDA, SEA-AR, Athens, GA 30605; I.ah. for Veterinary Physiology, Univ. Utrecht, Netherlands Daily measurements of individual heat production, feed and water consumption were made on two 7-bird groups of Hybro broilers receiving daily injections of corticosterone (5 mg/ kg, IM) or saline from 32 to 37 days of age. Birds were acclimated to individual cages and to daily 1 hour confinements in metabolism chambers for 7 days preceeding treatment. Twoday excreta collections, once during the pre-treatment and twice during the treatment periods, were made to determine water, dry matter and uric acid contents. Respiratory 0 and CO (STPD) were determined with a diaferometer for 20 minutes following a 30-minute equilibration period in metabolic chambers. Final body and leg muscle weights were significantly depressed and liver and abdominal fat weights were increased. Excretory water increased 5-fold, dry matter 2-fold and uric acid ^-fold, during treatment. Although water consumption increased after only one day of treatment, feed consumption did not increase significantly until the third day. Growth rate was negative during the first 2 days of treatment, but was at control levels by day 3. Heat production did not change significantly with treatment; however, the CO :0 ratio increased from a control value of 0.90 to above 1.00 by day 3 of treatment. Results indicated that reduced digestive efficiency accompanied the shift to protein catabolism which resulted in a temporary reduction in growth rate. Physiological adjustments, which occurred within 3 days, were an increase in feed consumption and an increase in respiratory exchange ratio. KEYWORDS: Heat production, RQ, corticosterone, metabolism.

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The TME bioassay is based on two assumptions: 1) there is a linear relationship between feed energy placed in the crop and energy voided as excreta; and 2) the intercept of the regression line provides a valid estimate of metabolic fecal plus endogenous urinary energy (EE) loss. Similar assumptions are fundamental to the true available amino acid and true available lipid bioassays.

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CIIEillCAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ARAUCANA EGGS. Robert U. Simmons III and Ralph G. Soi.ies, Jr..*, Dept. of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 0G268 Eggs from 14 Araucana and 14 White Leghorn hens were compared for their protein cholesterol, zinc, iron and calcium contents at 1, 3 and 5 months of production. Protein concentration of Araucana eggs was lower than that of the Uhite Leghorn on a dry yolk (P<.01), whole dry egg (P<.05) and whole wet egg (P<.05) basis. There were no significant differences in albumen protein concentrations. Cholesterol concentration was higher (P<.05) in Araucana eggs on a dry yolk, wet yolk and whole wet egg basis. Iron concentration of Araucana egg yolks was lower on a dry yolk (P<.05), and wet yolk (P<.06) basis. These differences were not evident however when comparisons were made on the basis of either whole wet yolk or whole wet egg. Ilo significant differences were found in yolk zinc or calcium concentrations.

KEYWORDS-

Araucana eggs, egg cholesterol, egg protein, yolk zinc, yolk iron, yolk calcium

GENETIC VERSUS PHENOTYPIC INFLUENCE OF BODY WEIGHT OH LAYING PERFORMANCE. Harpal Singh* and Arne Nordskog, Dept. of Animal Sci., Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 The question is whether breeders are justified in developing egg laying strains by deliberately selecting for differences in body weight (BW) in an attempt to maximize performance in specific environments. Is it true, as some have proposed, that large strains are superior in hot climates and small strains are superior in cool climates? To obtain some insight to this problem, phenotypic versus genetic differences in BW were contrasted as they influence layer performance. Differences in phenotypic performance were measured by truncation of the flock into light (L), medium (M), and heavy (H) body weight classes. Genetic differences were estimated by truncation of breeders (assortative mating in retrospect) into 2 classes, L and H, and then comparing the performance of the progeny from L x L, L x H, and H x H matings. Differences in BW classes, using both the phenotypic and genetic scale, were in poor agreement with respect to rate of lay and egg mass. L birds were best on the genetic scale but not on the phenotypic scale. The difference represents intraflock environmental effects of management and disease as reflected by phenotypic changes in BW. Statistically a 100 g increase in BW on the phenotypic scale increased rate of lay by 1%, egg weight by 0.7 g, daily egg mass by 0.9 to 1.2 g, and feed intake by 4 g. KEYWORDS:

Body weight, egg mass, phenotype, genotype

EFFECTS OF SODIUM DIACETATE ON THE INTESTINAL MICROFLORA OF BROILERS. A. Singh, Z.Z. Din, M.L. Sunde and A.J. Maurer*, Dept. of Poultry Sci., University of Wisconsin Madison, WI 53706. Three levels of sodium diacetate (19.0, 37.5, and 112.5 q/kq diet) were incorporated into the diets of day-old broiler-type chicks. A control ration and a 20 mg/kq Aureomycin ration were fed to additional groups of chicks for comparison. Each treatment contained 20 chickens, and at 3 and 8 weeks of age the large and small intestines of 5 chickens from each treatment were examined for selected organisms. The entire experiment was run twice. Rate of growth and feed efficiency were similar for all groups of chickens. Enumeration of selected microorganisms in the intestines also indicated very few differences between 3- and 8- week measurements. Therefore, data presented are averages obtained by combining the two time periods.

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Linear regressions of total protein, and total yolk cholesterol, zinc, iron anc! calcium on whole egg weight for Araucana and White Leghorn eggs produced parallel regression lines which were significantly different (P<.01) between breeds for each comparison except yolk iron content (P<.10). Comparisons between breed regression lines showed that a "typical" Araucana egg at an egg weight of 50 g would have 2% less protein, 41" more cholesterol, 20'; more zinc, 10% more iron and 15* more calcium. These differences are the combined result of the component concentration differences and the previously reported 23» larger yolk difference ciiaracteristic of Araucana eggs. Protein concentration remained unchanged, while tiie other four components increased significantly with time on a whole wet egg basis for both breeds.

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The ileum of the control group of chickens contained 64,560 Lactobacilli/g of contents and more than two million Streptoccocci/g. In the 112.5 g/kg sodium diacetate group, however the Lactobacilli numbers increased tenfold while Streptococci decreased to 47,860/g. The antibiotic-treated group generally had fewer Lactobacilli and Streptococci than found in the other treatment groups or the control. More coliforms were present in the large intestine of the control group than in the sodium diacetate treated chickens. The antibiotic group contained the lowest number of coliforms. Sodium diacetate apparently enhances Lactobacilli growth which surpresses the population of undesirable organisms. K E Y W O R D S : Sodium diacetate, Lactobacilli, Streptococci, coliforms, microflora

THE EFFECT OF SIMULATED SUNLIGHT ON REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS OF TURKEY HENS. T^_D_. Siopes*, Dept. of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N. C. 27650

K E Y W O R D S : Photoperiod, Reproduction, Turkeys

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN SOMEBODY D0ESN"T LIKE A POULTRY FARM (OR ITS OWNER). John L. Skinner*. Department of Poultry Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706. In the thirteen year interval following the establishment of Ouality Control Egg Farm at Kenosha, Wisconsin a series of events happened that proved to be very costly for its owner and for other poultry producers in the State of Wisconsin. A chronology of these events tends to show how important image, public opinion and general appearance can be as a modern productive poultry farm fits into a mixed community of agricultural and residential land owners. It also points up the difficultly of determining what is a suitable use and an acceptable activity in an area considered agricultural but subject to increasing pressures from non-farm residents. The early history of the farm and its founding set the stage for problems that have proved to be almost insurmountable as local indignation brought about legal action that eventually led to the Wisconsin Supreme Court. The case history of this farm presents an object lesson for all of agriculture. Despite the fact that it was operated in such a way that satisfactory production from the poultry producer's standpoint was being achieved, the community was, and is unhappy. K E Y WORDS:Image, Zoning, Urban pressure, Public relations

C O M P A R I S O N S OF SCALELESS CHICKENS WITH C O M M E R C I A L P. J. Slavin D e p a r t m e n t of Poultry S c i e n c e , E. S. Department of Food S c i e n c e and G. P. B i r r e n k o t t * , Poultry S c i e n c e , C l e m s o n University, C l e m s o n , SC Scaleless

(sc/sc) chickens not selected

BROILERS Halpin, Department of 29631

for broiler

characteristics

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A study was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of ?n artificial light source which simulated the spectral output of sunlight on the performance of confined breeder hens. Hens were maintained in individual wire cages or floor pens within light-proof houses throughout the test. Following 6 weeks of short day (8L:16D) treatment the birds •»/ere photostimulated at 33 weeks-of age with long daylengths (T6L ;CD) of either incandescent light or fluorescent light which simulated sunlight. The tire to reach 50% egg production, rate of egg production, fertility, number of settable engs, poult weight, egg size and egg shell thickness were not significantly different between the two light types. However, hens maintained under artificial sunlight had a reduced hatchabilitv compared to the incandescent controls. Caged turkeys developed foot problems characterised by variable decrees of swelling and lesions which clearly influenced the rate of egg production. During the testing period 88% of the hens in the incandescent lighted group and 80% of those in the artificial sunlight group developed some degree of foot problem. The severity of the problem was not related to body weight. Under the conditions of this test it was concluded that fluorescent light which simulates artificial sunlight offers no significant biological advantages over incandescent light.

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were grown and p r o c e s s e d u n d e r c o n v e n t i o n a l c o n d i t i o n s . S a m p l e s of b a c k skin were t a k e n for I n s t r o n a n a l y s i s . S c a l e l e s s b i r d s and normal b r o i l e r s were q u a r t e r e d , f l o u r e d , browned, and baked u n d e r m o i s t h e a t a t 163° C t o an i n t e r n a l t e m p e r a t u r e o f 8 8 ° C. Cooking l o s s e s were d e t e r m i n e d . P a i r e d p r e f e r e n c e t e s t s w e r e r u n on b r e a s t a n d t h i g h m e a t . Organoleptic d a t a on o v e r a l l p r e f e r e n c e , f l a v o r , m o i s t n e s s , t e x t u r e , c o l o r , a n d t e n d e r n e s s were o b t a i n e d . T e n s i l e s t r e n g t h o f s c a l e l e s s b a c k s k i n was s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r t h a n for normal b r o i l e r s . The o r g a n o l e p t i c d a t a i n d i c a t e t h a t p a n e l i s t s c o u l d d i f f e r e n t i a t e between the s a m p l e s . A decided p r e f e r e n c e for normal b r o i l e r b r e a s t a n d t h i g h m e a t b a s e d on " c h i c k e n - l i k e " c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s was f o u n d . KI:Y WOKDS: S c a l e l e s s ,

Skin

Strength,

Organoleptics,

Broiler

A new mutant n e u r o l o g i c a l d e f e c t in t h e c h i c k e n , c o n g e n i t a l q u i v e r , i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a continuous t r e m o r . I t i s a p p a r e n t a t h a t c h i n g , w i t h a f f e c t e d c h i c k s showing a r a p i d v i b r a t i o n o r q u i v e r , w h i l e e x p r e s s i o n i n t h e a d u l t v a r i e s from a mild tremor t o pronounced s h a k i n g . S u r p r i s i n g l y , t h e d e f e c t i s not a p p a r e n t when t h e c h i c k s a r e 2 t o 6 weeks of a g e . Genetic a n a l y s e s snowed t h a t t h e d e f e c t i s due t o a s i n g l e autosomal gene with complete p e n e t r a n c e . The symbol cq i s suggested for t h i s mutation which occurred i n a c l o s e d f l o c k of Fayoumi fowl, a s t o c k - t h a t has p r e v i o u s l y given r i s e t o two o t h e r n e u r o l o g i c a l m u t a t i o n s , e p i l e p t i f o r m and arched neck. Congenital q u i v e r e r s do n o t s u f f e r h i g h e r m o r t a l i t y t h a n t h e i r normal s i b s . Adult cq/cq females mature s e x u a l l y and l a y normal e g g s . In c o n t r a s t , no a f f e c t e d males h a v e b e e n found t o produce semen. H i s t o l o g i c a l l y , t h e i r t e s t e s show v a r y i n g degrees of c e l l u l a r d i s o r g a n i z a t i o n . The most advanced spermatogenic elements were l a t e s t a g e s p e r m a t i d s , found i n only a few semini f e r o u s t u b u l e s . Normal comb development s u g g e s t s t h a t t e s t o s t e r o n e i s p r e s e n t . KEYWORDS: n e u r o l o g i c a l m u t a t i o n , c o n g e n i t a l tremor, p l e i o t r o p y , male chicken

infertility,

EFFECTS OF FEED RESTRICTION DURING DEVELOPMENT ON BROILER BREEDER REPRODUCTION. J . H. Spares, J r . , M. A. Ottinqer and J . T. A l l e n . Department of Poultry Science, University o f Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 Studies were undertaken to determine the influence of several levels of feed intake during the f i r s t 20-24 weeks of l i f e on subsequent reproductive performance i n b r o i l e r breeders. In experiment 1 , b r o i l e r breeders were fed at 60% (control) or 85% of ad l i b i t u m during the f i r s t 20 weeks. From 20-59 weeks of age a l l birds received the recommended feeding l e v e l s . Monthly determinations o f body weights, f e r t i l i t y , h a t c h a b i l i t y , egg weight, eggshell q u a l i t y , chick weight, feed consumption, body composition and egg product i o n were made. Body weights were heavier (P < .05) and egg production greater in the 85% group up to 28 and 35 weeks o f age, r e s p e c t i v e l y . There a f t e r they were s i m i l a r . Body f a t , i n i t i a l egg weights and chick weights were greater in the 85% group as w e l l . A l l other measurements were s i m i l a r f o r both groups. In the second experiment, feed r e s t r i c t i o n was as before (60% or c o n t r o l ) or 51% of ad l i b i t u m to 24 weeks of age. Thereafter a l l birds were fed i d e n t i c a l l y . The 51% intake group had l i g h t e r body weights f o r a given age production l a t e r but generally produced more eggs per hen through 42 weeks of age. When f e r t i l i t y and h a t c h a b i l i t y data are taken i n t o account the greatest number o f chicks were obtained with the 51% group of breeders fed a normal starter-developer regime. Diets were analyzed for methionine, l y s i n e , calcium and phosphorus and data are given showing intakes o f these n u t r i e n t s a t various ages. Based on these data, i t appears t h a t current feeding recommendations f o r o r o i l e r breeders can be reduced 15% and s t i l l maintain or improve reproductive performance. KEY WORDS:

Feed Restriction, Breeders, Reproduction

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CONGENITAL QUIVER, AN INHERITED NEUROLOGICAL DEFECT IN THE CHICKEN. J . Robert Smyth, J r t and Marion M. J e r s z y k , Department of V e t e r i n a r y and Animal S c i e n c e s , U n i v e r s i t y of M a s s a c h u s e t t s , Amherst, MA 01003,

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EFFECT OF LIGHTING PROGRAMS ON POULTRY YIELDS. W. J. Stadelman*, R. P. Wesley, A. I. Ikeme, E. J. Furumoto and R. L. Adams, Dept. of Animal Scl., Purine University, West Lafayette', IN 47907 Chickens, turkeys and ducks were grown from 2 weeks to normal market age with continuous lighting or intermittent light and total darkness. Intermittent light for chickens and ducks was 30 min light and 90 min darkness; for turkeys, 2 hr light and 4 hr darkness. With chickens or turkeys there were no significant differences in percentage of eviscerated yields. Turkeys grown with intermittent light were significantly heavier than those grown with continuous light. Eviscerated yield of ducks was significantly greater for ducks grown in continuous light than those grown in intermittent light. Observations were made on both sexes of two strains of chickens, male turkeys on two feeds and male ducks on two feeds. KEYWORDS:

Eviscerated yields, chicken, turkey, duck; Intermittent light

Peeled hard cooked eggs were held in 0.1 N citric acid containing 0.2% sodium benzoate at 4°C for 4 days. The eggs were then packed in sealed metal cans and in retortable pouches in a dilute organic acid. They were retorted for 15 min at 121°C. Other eggs in retortable pouches were immersed in boiling water for 15 min. The previously hard cooked eggs endured the stress of retorting or immersion in boiling water with no detectable damage to sensory characteristics. Microbiological examination of thermally processed eggs after 1 week, 4 weeks, 3 months and 5 months storage at 4°C or 21°C gave no evidence of growth of microorganisms. KEYWORDS:

Hard cooked egg, thermally processed egg, retort pouch

WATER CONSUMPTION IN CHICKS. James L. Stahl* and M.L. Sunde, Dept. of Poultry Science University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706. In order to accurately administer medication to chicks via their drinking water, one must know accurately the amount of water they consume in order to provide the proper dosage. As chicks are in a warm environment, evaporation also must be taken into account. For the last two years water consumtion has been measured on tweieve groups of seventy-five straight run Leghorn-type chicks that were used as replacements for the UW-Madison flocks. The consumption was measured on a per day basis for the first week. Control waterers were set up in the floor pens to measure evaporation. Feed consumption averaged 6.9 kg per pen for the week. The water consumption, in g/chick/day, for the first seven days are as follows, respectively, for the two years; 5.4, 8.5; 8.2, 8.9; 11.4, 11,5; 13.7, 10.1; 13.0, 13.3; 17.0, 14.0; 16.6,16.3. These values are slightly less than the NRC values. K E Y W O R D S : water consumption, Leghorn-type chicks.

THE EFFECT OF STOCKING DENSITY ON COMMERCIAL BROILERS PERFORMANCE. V. G. Stanley*. College of Agriculture, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77445, and W. F. Krueger, Dept. of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 The effect of stocking density on growth rate, feed efficiency, mortality, carcass quality, and moisture content of the litter was measured in broilers. Five hundred sexed commercial broilers were divided into eight pens, with stocking densities of 900, 720, 540, and 360 sq cm per bird. There were two replications. In the first replication 48 birds were placed in each pen with the floor space decreased to satisfy the stocking density requirements. In the second replication the floor space remained constant and the number of birds increased from 48 to 60, 80, and 120 to meet stocking density requirements.

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THERMALLY PROCESSED HARD COOKED EGGS. W. J. Stadelman*, A. I. Ikeme, R. A. Roop and S. E. Simmons. Food Science Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907

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Measurements of all the parameters except for carcass quality and litter quality were taken at 2, 6, and 8 weeks of age. Carcass quality and moisture content of the litter were analyzed at the end of the experiment. Weight gains and feed conversions among treatments were affected only after the sixth week of age. Growth, feed conversion, and livability were markedly depressed in the groups with the highest stocking densities. Carcass quality, determined by the number of breast blisters, was 42% in the groups with the highest stocking density as compared with 10.3 percent in the groups with the lowest stocking density. Moisture content of the litter increased progressively as the stocking density increased. K E Y W O R D S : broilers, density, blisters, growth

USE OF AUDIO-TAPE - COLOR SLIDE UNITS AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRY FIELD TRIPS. J. F. Stephens*, Dept. of Poultry Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.

The utilization of color slide/audio-tape units has been emphasized at Ohio State. Advantages of these units include: low cost, ease of revising, availability of equipment for showing and flexibility of use. Units currently in use include: "Hatchery Operations:, "Shreyer's Egg Farm", "Rearing Started Pullets in Cages", "Processing Chicken Broilers", "Egg Processing", "Egg Breaking Operations", and others. Use of appropriate audio visual units preceeding field trips has proven especially effective in enhancing the value of the field trips. KEYWORDS:

field trip, audio visual aids, slide-tape units

COMPRESSED-SIDED TURKEY EGGS. A. B. Stephenson*, Dept. of Poultry Sci., University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211. When two eggs are in the shell gland at the same time the second usually has a compressed side (CS). From 1978-80 about 1% of 52,016 turkey eggs had compressed sides. The frequency was 1.90% and .06% from eggs produced in cages and on the floor respectively. The mean hatchability of CS eggs was 19%. During the period of peak production the eggs with specific gravity of 1.070 or greater hatched 28% and the remainder 4%. Eggs preceding (P) a CS egg by less than 24 hours frequently have an extra band of shell deposited over the normal shell. Eggs which are not CS or P are classified as Normal (N). Fertility for the CS eggs was 72% and significantly different from the P and N egg values of 85 and 91% respectively. These apparent differences were likely due to undetected early embryonic mortality: Differences between the strains or selected groups were not significant. Hatchability of eggs produced by floor and caged housed birds was 74 and 62% respectively. Since 97% of the CS eggs were produced in cages, hatching data are based on only eggs from this source. Hatchability of the CS, P and N eggs was 19, 45 and 63% respectively. The CS and P eggs were significantly different (at the 1% level) from the N eggs in all but one comparison. Hatchability comparisons between strain and treatment, groups were not significant for CS eggs. A similar comparison of the P eggs showed the values of 49 and 27% for strains were significant at below the 5% level. All unhatched eggs were broken and age at embryonic mortality estimated. Time of death in the CS and P eggs was not significantly different from the N eggs. K E Y W O R D S : Abnormal eggs, compressed-sided egg, turkey eggs, specific gravity, hatchability, fertility, embryonic mortality.

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The traditional industry field trip is often prohibitive because of budgetary limitations, time constraints, class size, company policies and governmental regulations designed to assure food safety. The use of moving pictures, video-tape, and color slides combined with audio-tape provides alternatives that can be both effective and low in cost.

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FOODSERVICE ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF QUICHE DURING CONVECTIVE HEATING. Wanda L. Sterbenz, Ann Niekamp and Nan Unklesbay*, Dept. of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211

KEYWORDS:

Energy

Foodservice

Eggs

Convective heating

Food

EFFECT OF DURATION OF FASTING ON THE TRUE METABOLIZABLE ENERGY OF CORN FOR EIIBDEN GEESE. Maureen L. Storey and Neil K. Allen*. Dept. of Animal Sci. f University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108. Mature, nonlaying, female Embden geese were fed either a 12% protein corn-soybean meal diet or alfalfa haylage for 5 months. Excreta collection over a 48 hour fasting period indicated that there was no difference in quantitative excretion due to previous diet and that 12 hours was sufficient time to empty the digestive tract of a goose. However, cecal droppings were noted up to 48 hours of collection. In the second experiment, the true metabolizable energy value of corn was found to increase significantly between 6 and 12 hour periods of fasting prior to force feeding 50 g of corn. Fasting up to 24 hours resulted in nonsignificant increases in the THE of corn. A 24 hour fast prior to a TME assay with geese is recommended, since a margin of safety is provided. Total metabolic fecal and endogenous urinary energy excretion of mature female geese ranging from 3817 to 4857 g was not correlated with body weight. The coefficient of variation was high. The mean metabolic fecal and endogenous urinary energy excretion of female Embden geese for a 24 hour period following an initial 24 hour fast was found to be 8.476 + .572 kcal of energy per goose. It is suggested that this value may be used as the endogenous energy correction for determining true metabolizable energy values of feedstuffs for mature, nonlaying, female Embden geese. KEYWORDS:

Geese, true metabolizable energy, fasting time, endogenous energy excretion, body weight.

TRUE METABOLIZABLE ENERGY OF FEEDSTUFFS FOR EMBDEN GEESE. Maureen L. Storey and Neil K. Allen*. Dept. of Animal Sci., University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108. Mature, nonlaying, female Embden geese were fasted 24 hours and force fed 10, 30, 50 or 70 g of corn, wheat or oats to determine the optimum feed input level for true metabolizable energy (TME) determination with geese. Feces were collected for 24 hours after feeding, dried and gross energy determined via oxygen bomb calorimetry. TME tended to decrease and plateau with increasing input. This trend was significant (P<.05) only for oats. Several geese fed 70 g forcibly threw feed from the esophagus. The 50 g input level is optimal. Fasted geese were force fed 50 g of finely ground corn, wheat, oats or 35 g of rice hulls marked with red food dye to determine passage rates of these ingredients. Half lives were (hrs.) corn, 4.3; wheat, 2.8; oats, 2.9; rice hulls, 4.7. Only

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Foodservice production of egg menu items is unique; unlike food processing operations, different oven loads are used to match varying consumer demand. Eggs are an energyefficient source of protein to produce and process. Energy consumption during heat processing of four oven loads of quiche in a foodservice, electric forced-air convection oven was determined to verify energy usage at point of consumption and establish energy efficiencies throughout the U.S. food system. Quiche, a heterogeneous product, was heat processed to an internal temperature of 90°C and compared to a similar study with pork sausage patties, a homogeneous product with less i.iass. Load sizes of 4, 8, 12, and 16 quiche were monitored for heat processing time, energy consumption, and depth and evaporation losses for each load, each quiche and each cf 16 oven positions. As oven load size increased, heat processing time and energy consumed per load increased significantly, ranging from 90-151 watt hours per quiche for 16 and 4 quiche, respectively. Although evaporation losses per quiche increased with each load size, these losses were less than those for pork. Depth loss increased significantly among oven positions. Although the total watt hours increased per load, the watt hours per quiche decreased significantly (p<.05). Product yield of various quiche positions within the oven differed significantly for each load. Optimum heat processing parameters which minimize energy consumption and maximize product yield were determined for quiche and the conditions studied.

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rice hulls required longer than 24 hours for complete passage. Proximate composition and TME values were determined for several feed ingredients. TNE values of feedstuffs for geese were as follows (kcal/kg dry matter): corn, 4265; wheat, 3450; oats, 3520; alfalfa meal, 1457; barley, 3506; rye, 2932; soybean meal, 3388; sesame meal, 3697; wheat middlings, 2899; dried beet molasses, 3038; dried brewers grains, 3252; steam rolled oats, 3994; milo, 4034; and alfalfa haylage, 2091. KEYWORDS:

Geese, true metabolizable energy, level of input, passage rate, feed ingredients.

EGG TREK - AN EDUCATIONAL FILM ABOUT TABLE EGG PROCESSING. C.F. Strong, Jr.*, R.D. Reynnells and F.H. Benoff, Ext. Poul. Sci. Dept., University of GA, Athens, GA 30602

The primary audience for the film will be potential and present employees of egg processing plants. Other potential audiences include university poultry science students, industry workshop participants and consumer groups. KEYWORDS:,

table egg processing, educational film, egg handling

THE EFFECT OF HOUSE TYPE ON COMMERCIAL BROILER PERFORMANCE. C.F. Strong, Jr.*, H.E. Wildey and P.M. Thomason, Ext. Poul. Sci. Dept., University of GA, Athens, GA 30602 A study was conducted to evaluate broiler performance in 4 house types in Georgia. The 4 house types were: a closed house, fully insulated in the ceiling and sidewalls (type 1); a closed house with only ceiling insulation (type 2); a closed house with curtain sides (type 3); a conventional curtain sided house equipped with autocurtains (type 4). Stocking densities averaged 650, 660, 687 and 734 cm /bird for house types 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The study covered the period from March 1979 through February 1980 and included a total of 1016 broiler flocks. Grower payments per 1,000 ft.2 (92.9 m 2 ) of floor space averaged $163.47, $162.47, $151.41 and $137.76 for house types 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. All payments were different with the exception of types 1 and 2. Grower payment per 1000 chicks placed followed a similar pattern, but the relative differences between house types were reduced ($114.84, $114.72, $111.67 and $108.00). The number of chicks placed in a particular house apparently had a large influence on grower payment, but was not the only source of differences among house types. Feed conversions averaged 2.02, 2.04, 2.05 and 2.07 in house types 1, 2, 3 and 4. Some small but significant differences in body weight were detected with house type 2 producing the heaviest broilers (1.74kg) and house types 1 and 4 producing the lightest (1.72kg). Growout costs (c/lb) were lowest for house type 1 (17.35) and highest for house type 4 (17.70). The lowest and highest individual house record for both grower payment per 1,000 ft. and growout cost occurred with house type 4 emphasizing the importance of grower management ability on broiler performance and cost regardless of house type. KEYWORDS:

house type, broiler performance, grower payment, growout cost

EVALUATION OF DEEP-FAT FRIED TURKEY FILLETS AND PATTIES. K. J. Stroppel-Holl. D. M. Janky_*, and A. S Arafa, Dept. of Poultry Sci., and J. A. Koburqer, Dept. of Food Sci. and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville,~FI 37FTK In each of two trials, turkey light meat fillets, ground turkey light meat patties, and chunked-ground turkey light meat patties were either battered, deep-fat fried then frozen or battered, frozen then deep-fat fried. Within each of these two treatments, the fillets or patties were either cold-smoked or not smoked. The turkey carcasses from which meat was

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A 16mm color film about table egg processing has been developed. The film is part of an educational package designed to train egg processing plant employees in proper egg handling techniques. The film illustrates the sequence of jobs within the plant and provides some basic information needed to perform each task. Areas covered include receiving, storage, washing, candling, grading, packing and shipping.

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obtained were either brine chilled or conventionally chilled. This resulted in a 2x2x2 factorial arrangement of treatments within each pattie or fillet product. Patties and fillets were evaluated objectively and subjectively for quality over a four month storage period. Organoleptic evaluation data indicated a preference for frozen cooked products over cooked frozen products and for smoked products over unsmoked products. The frozen cooked products were more tender and juicy than the cooked frozen products. This probably reflected the respective moisture content of these products. Brined products were judged more juicy and tender than unbrined products in nost instances. Chunked-ground patties were preferred over ground patties and fillets, regardless of treatment. All organoleptic properties decreased during the 2-4 months frozen storage for the cooked frozen products. However organoleptic properties of the frozen cooked products were not affected by storage. Smoking decreased rancidity development while brining tended to increase it, as did storage. Free fatty acid values tended to increase during storage and for smoked products. Physical characteristics of the products followed trends set by taste panel data. K E Y W O R D S , y^key patties, fillets, quality, further processing, battered, deep-fat fried.

Nutritive value of the "Dawn" (D) cultivar of proso millet relative to yellow corn and commercial milo in layer diets was determined. Two experiments, involving 144 hens 52 weeks old and 88 pullets 28 weeks old housed in cages, were conducted for 10 and 12 weeks, respectively. In each experiment proso millet D. was compared with corn and milo on an equal weight basis, either ground or unground (whole) and on a protein equivalent basis. Alfalfa meal was included in the milo diet and was both omitted and included in the qround millet diet. All six diets in each experiment were made isonitrogenous and isocaloric by adjusting the levels of soybean meal, glucose (cerelose), animal fat and/or cellulose. All millet diets except one which contained 2.5% alfalfa meal supported equivalent egg production rates, egg weights, feed consumption and feed efficiency as compared to corn and milo diets. Inclusion of 2.5% alfalfa meal in ground millet diets was associated with significantly lower (P<.05) egg weights in hens and lower egg weights and feed efficiency in pullets. Hens and pullets fed the whole millet diets showed slight depressions in egg production rate but tended to lay larger eggs. Millet diets gave yolk color scores significantly (P<.05) greater than milo diets, but significantly less than yellow corn diets. Overall, proso millet D was quite comparable to corn or milo and a satisfactory ingredient for layer diets. KEYWORDS: proso millet, nutritive value, laying chickens

EFFICACY OF SORB IC ACID AS A FUNGISTATIC COMPOUND IN LOW AND HIGH MOISTURE BROILER DIETS. Man it Suwathep. C. R. Parkhurst* and F. M.JJcCorkle. Dept. of Poultry Sci., and F. J. Ivey, Monsanto, St. Louis, MO 63166. Rising fuel costs for drying feed grains such as corn have brought renewed interest in storing high moisture corn. Feeding high moisture grains such as corn as part of a broiler diet has shown these diets to be slightly inferior to dry feed diets. Additionally it is generally accepted that aflatoxin can be produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus which may grow on grain in storage when the moisture is elevated and the temperature is favorable. Varying results have been reported using mold inhibitors made of various organic acids in broiler trials. These results have ranged from slightly negative to positive in battery trials. In this study 2160 straight-run day-old Vantress x Arbor Acres broiler chicks were divided into 36 pens on new litter at a density of 0.06 m2 per bird and reared to 51 days of age. Moisture levels of 11-11.5$ and 14-15? were selected as low and high moisture diets. Sorbic acid was added as a mold inhibitor at the level of 0.025? in both diets in the starters, and then in both diets in the starter and grower. Controls were maintained for both diets. There was no significant difference in body weight among treatments in this trial. Mortality was decreased (P<0.05) in the sorbic acid treatments. Feed conversion was statistically improved

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VALUE OF PROSO MILLET IN LAYER DIETS. T. W. Sullivan*, E. S. Luis and L. A. Nelson. Depts. of Animal Sci. and Agronomy, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, HE 68583

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(P<0.05) when sorbic acid was added in the high moisture starter and both diets with sorbic acid in the starter and grower. Kl-Y WORDS:

BROILER PERFORMANCE, HIGH MOISTURE FEED, MOLD INHIBITION, SORBIC ACID

DETECTION OF CHICKEN ANTIBODIES AGAINST AVIAN ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS BY AN ENZYMELINKED IMMUNOASSAY. B. Sytuo and M. Matsumoto*, School of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331

KEYWORDS:

CHICKENS, ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, VIRUS, ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOASSAY

EFFECT OF RESTRICTED ilEDICATIOi! UITi! ARPRIH0CID Oil L'liib'illTY TO C0CCIDI0SIS. J_arias_ Tamas* and George Olson, Dept. of Poultry Parasitology S Nutrition, Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065 In vivo battery studies using broiler type chickens were carried out to investigate the effect of arprinocid on host immunity. The birds were infected with pathogenic strains of Eimeria acervulina or _E. maxima. These studies indicate that the first 3 days of coccidial life cycle are crucial to the development of host immunity. It further appears from these studies that arprinocid does not interfere with established immunity. KEYWORDS:

Coccidiosis, host immunity, arprinocid, restricted medication.

THE INFLUENCE OF MICROORGANISM AND SEASONS ON READY-TO-COOK YOUNG CHICKENS Fred R. Tarver, Jr.* Dept. of Food Sci., North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C. 27650 and DjjiiiLJ!L_Ma]iis_, Jr. Campbell Inst, of Res. and Tech., Campbell Soup Co., Camden N.J. 08101 The initial number of microorganisms on iced ready-to-cook (R-T-C)broilers influences product shelf life. A field study was urged by 15 North Carolina processors to enumerate microorganisms on iced product. Processors furnished boxed ice product at each season for a year. Products were transported in an insulated carton, removed and placed in a campus walk-in cooler maintained at 2 C-1.5 . At 0, 7, and 14 days of storage, two carcasses were aseptically removed from each box, bagged, weighed, and rinsed in a sterile water-broth mixture (1.1 ratio). Standard procedures were used to determine aerobes (APC), psychrotroph, coliforms, E. coli, and CI. perfringens. APC were higher at 0 day of storage but psychrotroph predominated at 7 and 14 days of storage, coliforms and E. coli averaged 47 and 21 per gram (MPN) at 0 day of storage. APC, psychrotroph, coliforms, and £. coli were lower in the spring. CL. perfringens was low in

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An enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) was developed to detect anti-avian encephalomyelitis virus (AEV) antibodies with the purified AEV. The virus, purified by physico-chemical methods, was attached to a microtiter plate at high pH, and the plates were washed, dried and stored at ambient temperature. Samples in dilutions in 0.2 ml were placed in the wells, and rabbit anti-chicken IgG conjugated to alkaline phosphatase was added in 0.2 ml followed by the addition of the substrate. The reaction proceeded at 37 C for 60 min. and stopped by the addition of 0.4 N NaOH. Optical density at 405 nm was read with a spectrophotometer, or the color intensity was graded grossly. A flock of 9-week-old chickens were vaccinated with an AE vaccine, and the ELISA was compared with the serum-neutralization (SN) and immunodiffusion (ID) test. The peak titers with the ID test occurred 6 to 8 weeks after the vaccination and titers dropped four-fold during the next 3 months. The peak titers with the SN and ELISA occurred 1.5 and 3 months post vaccination, respectively, and the titers obtained by both tests dropped less than 2-fold during the subsequent 10 months. The results indicate that the ELISA is more suitable than the ID test to evaluate immune status of chickens against AE infection, replacing the costly and time-consuming SN test.

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the summer. The product was considered spoiled when the number of microorqanisms were 10 - 10 per gram. KEY WORDS.

Poultry, Chicken, Broilers, Iced, Microorganisms, Seasons

COVERING LIVE HAUL CHICKEN TRUCKS. Fred R. Tarver, Jr. * and Roy E. Carawan. Dept. of Food Sci., and Gerald R. Baughman. Dept. of Bio'l and Agri'l Eng., North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C. 27650

K E Y WORDS:Poultry, Chicken, Broiler, Truck, Covering.

PITUITARY AND TESTICULAR ACTIVITY IN MALE NEW HAMPSHIRF CHICKENS FOLLOWING EMRRYONIC EXPOSURE TO TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE. Robert L. Taylor, Jr.* and Bruce Rlick. Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 35762 Embryonic exposure to testosterone propionate (TP) has been shown to adversely affect the immunological competence of chickens as well as produce a profound inhibition of male sexual behavior. This study was conducted to test theories explaining the failure of TP males to mate. Eggs from New Hampshire chickens were dipped in a 2% TP solution on the third day of incubation. At 4 and 20 weeks of age, control and TP males were injected with either luteinizing hormone (LH) or gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnP.H). Blood samples were collected following the injections and testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels were measured using radioimmunoassay. Testosterone levels were numerically lower in 4-week old TP males when compared to controls but responses were similar followinn injection of either hormone. DHT levels were similar in both TP and control birds prior to and following LH or GnRH. TP males showed a significantly lower initial level of testosterone at 20 weeks but the response following LH injection was similar to controls. The levels of DHT rose in the TP birds after injection but remained relatively constant in controls. Pituitary activity of TP and control birds was assessed by the uptake of radioactive phosphorus by the testes. Phosphorus uptake increased with increasing age of the pituitary samples. No differences were observed between the pituitaries of TP and control birds of the same age. These data sunqest that both the pituitary and testes of TP nales are active in their response to their respective hormones and that sexual inactivity is due to hypothalamic disruption. K E Y W O R D S : testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, radioimmunoassay, sexual behavior

RELATIONSHIP OF DIETARY MERCURY AND CADMIUM TO IMMUNE RESPONSIVENESS IN BROILERS. J.P. Thaxton* and C.H. Hill, Dept. of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27650. Commercial broiler females received either 500yg/g of mercury (Hg) as HgCl2 or 60yg/g

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Trucks hauling live poultry to processing plants lose feathers onto roadsides. Several sources expressed interest and concern about conducting tests to contain free feathers without doing harm to young chickens. Industry members supplied paired straight or tractor-trailer styled trucks for use in each of 6 field tests. As trucks were loaded, 32 thermocouples were place at comparable sites in loads to monitor temperature. One of 3 selected available fabrics was fashioned into a cover and placed over one truck. The other remained uncovered. Trucks were observed enroute and after arrival at processing plant where covers were examined for intactness and abilitiy to contain free feathers. During tests, ambient temperatures ranged from extreme cold to hot. Free feathers and birds were contained after improvements were made in cover fabrication and means for securing cover to truck and strand design made random and density increased. Covered trucks had similar to slightly higher load temperature and different air currents than uncovered trucks. Dead on arrivals were not affected by covers. Improved fabric design, cover design, and fabrication, easy cover application, whether cover is single or multi-use, easy method for securing cover, and costs remain unanswered challenges.

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of cadmium (Cd) as CdS04 in the diet from hatching until four weeks of age. received a nutritionally adequate corn-soy diet.

The controls

At four weeks humoral immune responsiveness was determined following immunization with .5 ml of a 7% suspension of sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The birds were bled by venipuncture at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 days post-SRBC immunization. Anti-SRBC levels were determined by a microhemagglutination assay and relative levels of IgM and IgG were determined by digesting the antisera with 2-mercaptoethanol. Cell mediated immune function was assayed by determining the delayed hypersensitivity response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA-P) by intradermal injections of lOyg of PHA-P in one wing web and saline in the other wing web. Wing web thickness was measured prior to and 18 hours following injections. Both Hg and Cd suppressed anti-SRBC levels. The relative levels of IgM were suppressed during the early phase of the response by both Hg and Cd, while the relative levels of IgG were not affected significantly. The delayed hypersensitivity response to PHA-P was not affected significantly by either Hg or Cd. The data of this study agree with previous reports that growth inhibitory levels of Hg, when administered \r[a the drinking water, suppress humoral immune responses, but not cell mediated immune responses. Mercury, lead, humoral immunity, cell mediated immunity

FXTENSION INVOLVEMENT IN SOLVING POLLUTION AND NUISANCE PROBLEMS FACING EGG PRODUCERS. Fredrick P. Thornberry*, Texas Agricultural Extension Service, Department of Poultry Science, Texas ASM University, College Station, Texas 77843 Problems relating to pollution and nuisance complaints are increasing for commercial egg producers. Causes include increasing ownership of adjacent land by non-agricultural and urban interests, greater environmental awareness of neiqhbors, poorly designed waste systems, ineffective pest control programs, lax mananemont practices and pore diligent regulatory agencies. Coordinated Extension efforts have proven very effective in helpinq industry solve l.'ollution and nuisance problems and prevention of future problems. Efforts include testimony at agency and legal hearings, on-farm consultations, designing waste systems to alleviate or prevent problems and development of pest management systems for individual farm situations. KEYWORDS:

Pollution, nuisance complaints, Extension, solve, problems

EFFECT OF LEVEL A N D F O R M OF DIETARY CALCIUM O N REPRODUCTIVE P E R F O R M A N C E O F T U R K E Y HENS. S. P. Touchburn,* C. W. Chang and R. B. Buckland. Dept. of Animal Sci., Macdonald Campus of McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, P. 0- H9X 1C0 Young broiler-type turkey breeder hens in individual cages (house temp. 10-20°C) were inseminated artificially during a 16-week production period and fed diets of practical ingredients providing 15% crude protein and 2900 Kcal M.E./kg. In year 1 the diets contained 0.35% inorganic P and either 1.75 or 2.25% Ca with or without 2/3 of the limestone replaced by oyster shell flakes. Each diet was fed to 48 hens. Year 2 involved 8 groups of 36 hens in a factorial design: 2 levels of P, 0.25 and 0.35; 2 levels of Ca. 2.00 and 2.25%; 2 forms of Ca, as complete feed or with oyster shell replacing 2/3 of the limestone. Year 1 data showed 1.75% dietary Ca to be too low. Egg production, hatchability and egg shell quality (egg specific gravity (S.G.) and 7-day incubation weight loss) were significantly improved either by feeding oyster shell or by raising the Ca level to 2.25%. In year 2, hatchability was lowest on the 2% Ca diet but was improved by dietary oyster shell only when this diet contained 0.35% P. Incubation weight loss was reduced by raising dietary P to 0.35% and was further reduced by providing oyster shell. Egg S. G. was not affected by dietary P level but was increased by the presence of oyster shell in the diet. In general, optimal performance required a daily intake of 3.0-3.6 gm Ca and 0.47-0.56 gm P. Dietary levels of 2.25% Ca and 0.35% inorganic P appear adequate for these broiler breeder hens in cages. Providing part of the Ca as oyster shell flakes was beneficial, especially

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KI.V woKiiS:

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at dietary Ca levels below 2.25%, thus confirming with turkeys the effect first reported for laying chickens (Scott et al., 1971. Poultry Sci. 50:1055-1063). KEYWORDS:

dietary-Cs, dietary-P, Ca-source, oyster-shell, reproduction, turkeys

EFFECT OF ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION AGAINST ESTRADIOL ON EGG SHELL QUALITY, PRODUCTION A"ID SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHICK EMBRYO. C.P.T-T. Tsang*, A .A. Grunder and J.S. Gavora, Animal Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ont. Canada, K1A 0C6

KEYWORDS:

Shell quality, Antibodies, Estradiol, Embryo, Plasma

THE EFFECT OF CHOLINE SUPPLEMENTATION IN GROWING PULLET AND LAYING HEN DIETS Vincent K. Tsiagbe*. Chang W. Kane, and Milton L. Sunde. Dept. of Poultry Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of choline chloride supplementation on corn-soy based grower and laying hen diets. Both diets contained no supplementary methionine. They contained 2.5% and 3% meat and bone meal in the growing and laying diets respectively. The basal diets were calculated to contain 1003 ppm and 1026 ppm of choline in the growing and laying diets respectively. In the first experiment, a supplementary choline of 1000 ppm was added to the basal growing and laying diets; and in the second experiment, 500 ppm and 1000 ppm of choline were added to the two basal diets (growing and laying). In both trials, choline supplementation did not increase gains or feed efficiency for pullets from 8 to 20 weeks. However, choline supplementation during the laying period improved egg production and egg size. Supplementation of choline in the growing phase did not affect the laying performance. Laying performance was not improved by 2 ug/kg supplementary vitamin B i 2 on 1000 ppm choline supplement diet (80% vs 79% HDP). Added levels of choline (0, 500, and 1000 ppm) resulted in egg production from 24-48 weeks of 74, 79, and 78% HDP respectively. Egg sizes were 56, 60, and 60 g respectively and kg feed/ dozen eggs of 1.63, 1.60, and 1.62 respectively. This suggests that total choline requirement of laying hens on corn-soy diets, and in the absence of methionine, is greater than 1000 ppm but no more than 1500 ppm.

KEYWORDS:

choline, growing pullets, layers, vitamins

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Seven 31 week old White Leghorn hens, laying eggs with specific gravity (S.G.) 1.0889 ± .0031 (SD), were given subcutaneous injections (.5 to 1 mg/hen; 1 to 7 week intervals for 44 weeks) of estradlol-17B-6-(0-Carboxymethyl)oxime-hovine serum albumin (estradiol antigen). Six control hens (S.G. = 1.08981.0040) received only bovine serum albumin. Within 35 weeks after the first injection, 4 of the antigen treated birds had developed significant amounts of antibodies in the plasma against estradiol (E ) based on the binding of labelled E to diluted (25-fold) plasma (>40% binding); two hens had low titer (,~20% binding); one had no response (~10%, same as control). At 48 weeks after the first injection, the S.G. (1.0768±.0006) of the eggs of only the 4 high titer hens was lower ( D < . 0 5 ) than the S.G. (1.0810+.0046) of the 6 control hens. The 6 successfully immunized hens laid a total of 28 soft-shelled eggs as against 7 laid by the 6 control birds. There was no difference between the immunized and control hens in mean egg weight and egg production over the test period, although temporary cessation of lay was usually observed in hens around the first appearance of significant antibodies in plasma. There was evidence of antibodies in the egg yolk of i-munized hens. An unexpectedly large proportion (27/41 or 66%) of the day-old male chicks hatched from eggs of immunized hens had the left testis 2 to 3 times the size of the right one while in the control group only 5 of 25 (20%) had asymmetrical testes. The ovary of the female chicks was apparently unaffected.

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FAT:LEAN MEAT RATIOS FROM HATCHING TO 10 WEEKS IN MALE CHICKEN BROILERS. Ren-Yu Tzenq* and Walter A. Becker. Dept. of Animal Sci., Washington State University, Pullman, HA99164 Two hundred and twenty male broiler chickens were raised on the floor from hatching to 10 weeks of age. Starter feed (0-4 weeks) had 3183 Kcal ME/kg, 22.97% protein; finisher (5-10 weeks) 3190 Kcal ME/kg, 18.90% protein. Twenty sires from a commercial purebred male broiler line provided half-sib progenies. One bird per sire was killed and dissected weekly. Live wt, carcass wt, depot thigh fat, depot breast fat, and abdominal fat, lean meat wt (deboned and skinned thigh + breast muscle), and other body traits were obtained. The growth of total deposited fat and lean meat had an accelerating phase from hatch to 5 weeks, and a steep linear growth to 9th week then dropped at 10th week for total deposited fat, with a straight line growth to 10th week for lean meat. Ratio of thigh fat to thigh lean muscle was constant (19.3%) from 1 week to 7 weeks, then dropped to 14.7% at 10th week. Ratio of breast fat to breast lean muscle was high (23.3%) at early stages (1 day and 1 week), then was- constant, approximately 8.3%, after 2 weeks.

M I uoKus: Growth curve, depot fat, lean meat, chicken broilers

MISSING UPPER BEAK: A NEW LETHAL MUTATION.IN DOMESTIC FOWL. M.S. Urrutia, F.G. Silversides, and R.D. Crawford*. Dept. of Animal and Poultry Sci., University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask. S7N 0W0 A new condition affecting the facial structure of domestic fowl was found in 1930. It is controlled by an autosomal recessive gene having complete penetrance. Identified carrier parents have produced 101 affected and 275 normal embryos. The mutation has been named "missing upper beak" and the gene symbol mub is proposed. The condition is an obligate lethal. Mortality occurs either about 12 days of incubation or during the hatching process. One chick has hatched unaided and five have been assisted. None of these survived beyond 11 days of age. They had partial vision and hearing, they could vocalize and had normal balance, but they were unable to feed. Major phenotypic effects are absence of the upper beak and absence of eyelids. The upper eyelid is always missing; the lower eyelid and nictitating membrane may be present or absent. Premaxillae and nasal bones are greatly reduced causing the upper beak to be rudimentary. Other membranous bones of the head are reduced causing the face to be shortened. Cartilaginous bones appear not to be affected. It is postulated that the condition results from a defect in membrane formation during embryonic development. KEYWORDS:

Missing upper beak

Mutant

Domestic Fowl

EGG SOLIDS REMOVAL FROM EGG BREAKING PLANT WASTEWATER. J. M. Vandepopuliere*, Dept. of Poultry Science, D. M. Sievers, Dept. of Agr. Engineering, Warren Jaynes, Extension Division, Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 and C. E. Harris, Agriculture Marketing Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 20250. The source of egg solids in breaking plant wastewater is eggs broken during washing and the cleaning of processing equipment and floors. The slightly alkaline wastewater contains 4973 mg/L chemical oxygen demand (COD), 8946 mg/L total solids and 240 mg/L total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN). A very fine, unstable floe is produced when the wastewater is adjusted to a pH of 4.7 and heated to 75°C. Precipitation separation techniques evaluated were: a ) coagulant aids, b ) centrifugation, c) filtration, d) "foamation". Five chemical powders were used in an effort to increase the mechanical strength of the precipitated floe. They were hydrafine kaolin clay, spray dried kaolin clay, alumina trihydrate, calcium silicate and ground calcium carbonate. None of the chemical aids improved the handling characteristics of the protein floe. Centrifuging the precipitated egg floe for 3 minutes at 2300

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The ratios of fat to lean meat indicated that thigh fat growth roughly paralleled the thigh lean meat growth to 7 weeks; breast fat grew more rapidly than lean breast meat at an early age and then growth was similar to lean meat to 10 weeks.

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RPM reduced the TKN and COD by 42 and 41% respectively. Vacuum filtration studies used a ceramic filter support covered with either dacron 776F, nylon 333 or polypropylene 925F. Dacron produced the highest yield of 7 g/m^ hr corresponding to the TKN and COD removal of 84%. The egg floe formed a thin layer and was difficult to remove. A "foaniation" process used steam injection into the upper surface of a thin layer of acidified wastewater. This caused the egg solids to foam on the surface. The foam was skimmed off with screen wire removing 84% of the TKN. "Foamation" appears to be the most practical technique to adapt to a continuously on-line production unit. KEYWORDS:

Wastewater, Egg breaking plant, Inedible eggs

EFFECT OF DECLAWINC AND CAGE SHAPE ON PERFORMANCE OF EGG-TYPE CHICKENS, K_. P_. VanSkike and A. W. Adams,* Dept. of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506.

In the second experiment, a commercial strain of egg-type chicks were subjected to three treatments at dayold: 1) nondeclawed; 2) two front inside toes removed; and 3) front middle toe removed. Toes were removed at first phalanx with a hot blade. At 20 wk an equal number (72) of pullets per treatment combination were housed in the same cages as in the first experiment. Data for six 28-day periods show the hens with none, one and two toes removed had 76.8, 79.5 and 79.9% hen-housed production, respectively. Neither cage shape nor declawing had a significant effect on percent cracked eggs and mortality. Hens in reverse cages had 79.7% production compared to 77.7% for hens in standard cages. KEYWORDS: Declawing, cage shape

"COTURNIX

INTERNATIONAL"

- A T H O M E A N D IN T H E C A R I B B E A N .

Sam JK._ Vajrjbese*

Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI

48S24.

"Cotumix International" is currently expanding to different areas and cl'.-'.te^ at home and abroad. Its popularity and usrage is increasing rapidly. In Michigan, the Coturnix Project was originally a school classroom project. It started with 5 schools in 1975 and has been used in over 300 schools to date. The Coturnix Science Fair, an exhibition held annually at Michigan State University, started with only 5 participants in 1977 and has now grown into a Coturnix Olympics and Science Fair which brought 350 participants to the campus in 1981. Coturnix are now used in institutions for handicapped youth and for rehabilitation of delinquent youth in Correction Centers. Coturnix projects are also being considered for city dwellers, senior citizens, and factory workers as a project for pleasure and profit. The author visited Belize, a country in Central America, in March 1981 at the request of the Belizian Government and Partners of .America, to develop a Coturnix project for their country. Several workshops were conducted and sites were selected for raising Coturnix as a project for youth. A breeding stock of Coturnix has been established in Belmopan, the capitol city of Belize. At the Rehabilitation Center for Handicappers in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, Coturnix are being used to teach poultry science subjects to handicappers. In the Dominican Republic Coturnix Projects are progressing well. Approximately 10,000 people have added Coturnix eggs and meat to their daily diet. This, in turn, has enhanced their protein consumption.

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Claws are a potential source of bird injury and egg shell damage when hens are housed in multi-bird cages. Two experiments were conducted on the effects of declawing and cage shape on performance of egg-type hens. For the first experiment, half from two experimental strains were declawed at dayold by removing their two front inside toes at the first phalanx with a hot blade. At 23 wk, an equal number (72) of declawed and nondeclawed pullets were housed three per cage in 25.4 x 45.7 cm (standard) and 25-4 x 45.7 cm (reverse) cages. The data show declawing did not significantly affect egg production, mortality, egg breakage, nervousness and feathering during a 36-wk production period. Hens in reverse cages had significantly higher hen-housed production (62.6 vs. 54.1%) and higher nervousness scores than hens in standard cages.

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RECRUITMENT OF UNDERGRADUATE POULTRY MAJORS AND PLACEMENT OF POULTRY SCIENCE GRADUATES. Sam K. Varghese*. Chairman, Careers Committee of PSA, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI 48824. In the spring of 1980, a survey was conducted among 29 universities in the United States to obtain some information on the status of careers in poultry science. The areas covered were recruitment, number of poultry majors, and placement of graduates for the five years prior to this survey. The results of the survey indicated that exposure to university poultry science courses and poultry science faculty has played a tremendous role in the area of recruiting students to majors in Poultry Science. The poultry science club, alumni, high school counselors, 4-H programs and FFA programs in poultry science have also played a part in this recruiting. Over half of the institutions surveyed reported an increase in undergraduate poultry science majors, 7% reported a decrease, and 40% reported no change during the latest five year period.

THE EFFECT OF VARYING THE TOTAL SULFUR AMINO ACID CONTENT IN THE DIETS OF CHICKS WITH AFLATOXICOSIS. J.R. VELTMANN, Jr.*and R. D. Wyatt. Dept of Poultry Sci. and M.N. Voight,Dept. of Food Sci., University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. A 2 x 3 factorial experiment examined the interaction between the total sulfur amino acid (TSAA) requirement of broiler chickens and aflatoxicosis with respect to mortality, growth, prothrombin times, and plasma free-amino acid (F-AA) concentrations. Day-old chicks were fed a corn-soy-pea diet, containing either 66,100,or 134% of the NRC requirement for TSAA and supplemented with either 0 or 1.25 ppm aflatoxin for 4 weeks. Neither the presence or absence of dietary aflatoxin nor the TSAA level in the diet significantly affected mortality. Significantly lower body weights and feed consumption were found in aflatoxintreated birds versus controls fed 100% of the NRC requirement for TSAA. Feeding only 66% TSAA significantly reduced growth in both the controls and aflatoxin-treated birds with the greatest decrease occuring in the aflatoxin group. However, body weights of chicks fed 134 % TSAA and aflatoxin were not significantly different from controls given either 100 or 134 % TSAA. Prothrombin times among the chicks fed the experimental diets were nonsignificant. Comparisons of plasma F-AA concentrations among the control and aflatoxin-treated birds within each TSAA level showed that at the lowest TSAA level aflatoxin caused a 50% reduction in F-AA concentrations; at the NRC requirement for TSAA, F-AA concentrations of aflatoxinfed birds varied within + 15% of the controls, except for cysteine which increased 64%; at the highest TSAA level, dietary aflatoxin caused a decline in plasma F-AA concentrations. The data suggest that excess dietary TSAA protects the chick from the growth depression effects of aflatoxin possibly through an increased rate of detoxification by glutathione,a sulfur amino acid metabolite. 'Aflatoxin, total sulfur amino acids, growth, prothrombin time, plasma free amino acids.

LABOR-SAVING INNOVATION FOR THE BROILER BREEDER PRODUCER, J. R. Veltmann, Jr.,. Dept. of Poultry Sci., University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 In sharp contrast to the largely automated commercial egg industry, the commercial hatching egg producer spends between 75 to 80% in-house time collecting eggs by hand. This task is not only labor-intensive but also energy-draining, since fatigue is more aligned with the monotony of a repetitive task than one with diversity. Attempts by the broiler breeder producer to reduce egg collecting time using roll-out nests have been generally unsuccessful, largely because of the hen's reluctance to enter a nest with unsuitable nesting material. Recently a nest bracket system, designed to support the conventional

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From the results of this survey, we may conclude that over 80% of the B.S. graduates in poultry science received poultry related jobs within the first year after graduation. Ninety-five percent of M.S. and Ph.D. graduates also received poultry related jobs within this one year period. The majority of the institutions responding to the survey reported that poultry science graduates with B.S. degrees received a starting salary of approximately $14,000, while M.S. and Ph.D. graduates received starting salaries of $17,000 and $22,000, respectively.

ABSTRACTS O F PAPERS

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nest box 10 to 15 cm above and 63.5 cm away from the slats has markedly reduced egg collection time. Egg collection time for a commercial hatching egg producer with 5,000 hens was reduced as much as 40% with the bracket system compared to the conventional method of positioning nests. In addition, the bracket system afforded a more uniform distribution of eggs within each nest box and throughout the entire house, thus reducing the number of broken eggs. Floor eggs amounted to less than 1 per cent with the bracket system, while numbers of eggs laid on the slats were negligible. KEYWORDS:

Broiler breeder, hatching eggs, bracket nest system.

CIRCULATING AIR IN THE POULTRY HOUSE PROMOTES ENERGY CONSERVATION. Larry R. Vest* Extension Poultry Scientist, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Georgia, Calhoun, Georgia 30701

KEYWORDS:

air movement, energy conservation, density

DETERMINATION OF METABOLIZABLE ENERGY BY A FAST METHOD. and Enoch 0. Oyawoye.

Pran Vohra*,

P. B. Chami

Dept. of Avian Science, University of California, Davis, CA

95616

Essentially, a fast method of Farrell (Br. Poultry Sci., 19:303 (1978) )was used for determination of metabolizable energy (ME). Individually housed roosters of at least 5 months or more age, were trained to eat 60-85 g diet from their individual feeders in one hour. Five roosters were fed each test diet. The roosters were starved for 24 hours before the test diets for ME determination were offered. The excreta were collected over 0-24 and 24-48 hour periods, dried an weighed. From the gross energies of the diets and the corresponding excreta, ME values were calculated. The following values were obtained for ME (kcal/g) on dry matter basis: stock diet (S), 3.13; (S) + 1% tannic acid, 2.97; (S) + 2% guar gum, 3.12. From an average dietary intake of 61 g of stock diet, intake decreased to 51 g and 50 g for diets containing tannic acid and guar gum, respectively. In another experiment, another stock diet (S 1 ) was replaced by 50% soybean meal or soybean meal (SB) supplemented with some toxicants. ME values of these diets were as follows (kcal/g): (S'), 3.24; (S 1 ) + SB + 2% guar meal, 2.97; (S1) + SB + 0.05% gossypol, 2.90; (S1) + SB + 3% pectin, 2.96; (S 1 ) + SB + 1% tannic acid, 2.92. ME value of SB was not constant, but was dependent on the toxicant, and the values were (kcal/g): SB + guar meal, 2.82; SB + 0.05% gossypol, 2.55; SB + 3% pectin, 2.84, and SB + tannic acid, 2.71. KEYWORDS:

Metabolizable energy, fast method

THE SENIOR PROJECT - A "MINI-THESIS," R. A. Voitle*and R. K. Pautz, Poultry Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407. The Senior Project at Cal Poly is a formal report of results from an investigation selected and completed by each student as a requirement for the Bachelor's degree. The

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With increasing fuel and feed ingredient costs, a company, to remain competative must move in a unified effort to adopt housing, equipment and management practices that permit the most efficient use of energy while providing an environment that promotes efficient utilization of feed. By placing fans in the end walls and down the center of the house we are able to mix air in the broiler house, preventing the hot air from moving up near the ceiling and forming temperature stratas. Also, with this system we are able to better capitalize on the heat produced by the broilers. This system is compatable with different heat sources. The litter can be kept dry and in very good condition. We have had less problems with built-up litter, thus reducing the expense on new litter. With reduced stress and improved environmental conditions we have been able to grow broilers at a density of two birds per square foot.

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ABSTRACTS O F PAPERS

project is designed and completed under the supervision of a faculty member. The types of problems which form the basis of the investigation are directly related to the student's area of interest. The manuscript is prepared in the style of Poultry Science and is subject to the approval of the faculty advisor and Department Head. The Senior Project is designed to encourage the student to integrate a significant portion of the knowledge assimulated at the University into a single manuscript in the same manner that a thesis does at the graduate level. A minimum of 120 hours of student input is required. It is expected that a student should develop the ability to: 1) reduce a general problem to specific points of analysis; 2) organize points of analysis into a logical sequence:, 3) apply competencies acquired in other courses to the successful completion of a specific project; 4) obtain information necessary to the solution of a problem by library research, experimentation, and contact with experienced industry figures; 5) follow guidelines without overlooking significant details; 6) recognize the fact that completion of a project on schedule is an essential element of success; 7) organize, illustrate and write a clear, concise and correct report on the investigation; 8) work for a supervisor who desires quality performance with a minimum of supervision. The completion of the Senior Project is considered by many students as a significant obstacle to graduation and, in fact, is never completed.by some: however, it is felt that the extremely positive results dictate continuation of the program.

FORMULATING POULTRY DIETS TO NUTRIENT-ENERGY BALANCE WITHOUT SETTING AN ENERGY LEVEL. P. E. Walbel* and G. DEVEGOWDA. Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 A method of feed formulation is described which provides for the calculation of nutritionally balanced complete diets without the necessity of specifying a dietary energy level. The ration is quickly and inexpensively calculated using a programmable calculator (Texas Instruments TI-59). Entered into the data storage registers are nutritional composition values for the various ingredients and the quantities of 'set' ingredients. The specifications for calcium, phosphorus, methionine + cystine and lysine are prescribed on a percentage per therm of metabolizable energy basis. Then the amounts of major grain and protein sources, and calcium, phosphorus, and methionine supplements, are program-calculated using a series of iterations. The diet ingredients, calculated nutrient composition (calcium, phosphorus, methionine + cystine, lysine, sodium), cost, and cost:energy ratio are printed. Test ingredients may be easily introduced and cost:energy ratio compared using diets of identical nutritional balance. While the method described is for the programmable calculator, it may be easily adapted to the micro-computer (e.g. Apple I I ) , which would allow consideration of a more detailed formulation problem and a more elegant printout. KEYWORDS,

DIET, FORMULATION, POULTRY

CHARACTERISTICS OF SHORTENING AS AFFFCTEU BY REPEATED FPYIMfi OF CHICKED. C. Waimaleongora-Ek and T.C. Chen*. Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 The cooperation of two commercial fried chicken stores was obtained. Frying vats were filled with fresh shortening. For 12 days, shortening samples were collected at tho end of each day's operation. The peroxide values (PV) and 2-thiobarbituric acid (TPA) values of shortening increased drastically in the first few days then stabilized. The maximum PV of 1.40 and 0.80 meq/kg were obtained fron stores A and R respectively, when 1200 kg of chicken parts were fried. The maximum TBA value was 0.2 and this value was maintained thereafter. It took 250 and 700 kg of chicken parts to reach this TRA value for the shortening from stores B and A. Free fatty acid (FFA) contents, epoxide and dielectric constant readings increased continuously with the increase in Quantity of chicken parts frted. The increase in FFA values varied with the stores and were 0.20 % and 0.08 %/100kg of chicken parts fried for stores B and A. Store A's sample had higher epoxide readings than those from store B; however, a reversed situation was observed for the dielectric constant and active oxygen method values. Mo distinct increase change in

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KEYWORDS.

Senior Project, "Mini-Thesis," Graduation requirements

ABSTRACTS O F PAPERS

1751

viscosity was observed. The increase in quantity of parts fried increased the unsaturated carbonyl contents and Hunter "a" values and lowered Hunter "L" and "b" values for the shortening. KEYWORDS:

Chicken fryinn, shorteninn Quality

THE EFFECT OF BACTERIAL LOADING ON THE CLEANING EFFICIENCY OF SCALD WATER. P. T. Wang, J. H. Denton and F. A. Gardner*. Dept. of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843

Results suggest that for carcass and scald water bacterial loadings normally encountered in commercial processing operations, the scald system is an extremely effective tool for reducing bacterial numbers on the poultry carcass. Scalding systems containing less than 10° bacteria/ml were able to remove 777. of the bacterial loading on poultry surfaces which contained 10 to 10 bacteria/cm pre-scald. Higher cleaning efficiencies were associated with relatively high pre-scald tissue counts and lowering cleaning efficiencies were associated with relatively low pre-scald tissue counts. Increases in tissue bacterial loadings were obtained when scalding systems containing greater than 10' bacteria/ ml were used on thigh samples with low pre-scald bacterial numbers.

EFFECT OF RYE GRAIN AND IT'S FRACTIONATION PRODUCTS ON NUTRIENT RETENTION OF GROWING CHICKENS. A^_Tom_Ward* and Ronal_d _R. Mar^quajrdt. Dept. of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg. R3T 2N2.

The adverse effects of feeding rye compared to wheat diets on nutrient retention and growth of leghorn chickens was studied. Feeding growing chickens high levels of Puma rye depressed weight gain, feed efficiency and nutrient retention. Fat and cholesterol retention were severely depressed with rye feeding. These compounds were therefore subsequently used as indicators of the growth depressing effects of rye. The interaction of feed intake, passage rate and age of the bird on nutrient retention with wheat and rye based diets was determined. Feed intake had no effect on nutrient retention under the conditions studied but rye feeding reduced the passage time of a radioactive marker through the chicken's digestive tract. The age of the birds had a significant effect on fat digestibility with rye based diets but had little effect if wheat was substituted for rye. The effect of chain length and amount of saturation of added dietary fats on fat and cholesterol retention in both rye and wheat based diets were examined. Decreased chain length or decreased saturation of the added dietary fat increased fat retention with both rye and wheat fed birds, but the effect was much more pronounced when rye was the major grain in the diet. To determine the factor responsible for the poor utilization of rye, the grain was fractionated and a crude extract of the growth depressing component was isolated and fed to growing chickens. The factor was determined to be a non-digestible carbohydrate mainly associated with the flour portion of the grain. The component was thought to be a soluble pentosan with it's major hydrolysis products being arabinose and xylose.

KEYWORDS: rye, nutrient retention, fats, fractions, carbohydrate, pentosans.

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Forty-eight broiler thighs were obtained from the cut-up line of a commercial broiler processor. The thigh samples were treated by rinsing to equiliberate initial bacterial numbers on the skin surface. Sixteen thigh samples were randomly selected for initial evaluation and the remaining samples were incubated at 35 C to increase bacterial numbers. The sixteen initial samples contained 10-> bacteria/cm . The two remaining groups of sixteen samples each, when removed from the incubator contained 10 and 10 bacteria/cm respectively. Four subsamples from each group of sixteen samples were randomly placed into scalding systems containing 10 , 10 , 10 or 10 bacteria/ml for a one minute agitated scald period. Swab samples obtained from each of the forty-eight smaples pre-scald and post-scald were subjected to analysis for mesophilic bacteria. Scald water cleaning efficiencies, as measured by the relative reduction in surface bacteriaL numbers due to scalding were calculated.

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EFFECT OF DIETS AND FEEDING SCHEDULES CM TURKEY GROWTH RATE. Robert E. Warnick.* Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences Department, Utah State University,, Snow Field Station, Ephraim, UT 34627 Two series of diets were fed to 1800 BBW Orlopp toms following two different feeding schedules. The diets were also fed with and without a coccidiostat to eight weeks of age. One series of diets was formulated and fed following Midwestern standards and the other following current standards used in Utah. Protein level varied from 30% at day 1 to 16% at day 105 on the Midwest schedule and from 28% at day 1 to 16% at day 126 on the Utah schedule. 3irds on the Utah schedule were heavier at all weigh periods throughout the test. The birds on the Midwest schedule gained at a high rate during the 19th and 20th weeks. Feed efficiency was better over all with the Midwest schedule; however, more efficient growth was obtained with the Utah schedule between 8 and 14 weeks. At eight weeks the birds fed diets containing the coccidiostat (Tinostat) were heavier and had better feed efficiency. Leg problems that have been observed previously at this Station with birds fed Tinostat were not serious in this test; however, they were more evident with birds on the Utah growing schedule.

THE EFFECT OF FEED RESTRICTION AND LIPECTOMY ON ADIPOSE TISSUE DEVELOPMENT IN BROILERS. J_. NL Weber and P. V^. Maurice", Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631 Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of feed restriction on performance, growth of fat depots and evaluate the role of depot fat on feed intake. In Expt.l birds were reared to 3 wks and feeding time limited to 8 or l6h/2ifh. In Expt.2 access to feed was limited to 8 or 2h/6h period and these regimes were imposed at 3, 5 and 6 wks of age. Growth of the clavico-cervical (CC) and medio-ventral + peritoneal (MVP) fat depots was studied from 3 to 7 wks. At 7 wks birds were processed to obtain carcass yield and weight of digestive organs. Males fed ad libitum were lipectomized to assess the role of abdominal fat on feed intake. In Expt.l body weight, abdominal fat and dressed yield were depressed only by the 8h feeding regimen. Relative crop weight and crop contents, ventriculus weight and feed efficiency were elevated by feed restriction. Improvement in feed conversion was not apparent after body weight was adjusted for crop contents. Fat depots showed a linear increase with age with a significant age x treatment interaction only in the case of MVP. Sex dimorphism in fat depots was evident on an overall basis with a significant age x sex interaction for MVP. Lipectomized birds did not consume more feed than sham-operated controls during the 21-day period following surgery. At the end of the 3_wk period, shamoperated birds had a larger MVP depot than lipectomized birds (2.86% vs 1.27%)The results show that (l) feed restriction results in reduced fat accumulation and hypertrophy of some digestive organs; (2) partial lipectomy does not induce a transient increase in food intake in an attempt to restore the reduced fat depot. KEYWORDS:

Adipose tissue, broilers, lipectomy, restricted feeding

FRESH CAGE LATER WASTE AS AN ALTERNATE NITROGEN SOURCE FOR RUMINANTS. J.F. Welter*, Dept. of Poultry Science, Clemson University, Clemson, S.C. 29631 Two field trials were conducted to determine the feasibility of using fresh cage droppings as a protein supplement replacer in cattle rations. A review of recent work conducted at Clemson using Turkey Litter, Broiler Litter, and Dried Poultry Waste indicated that litter handling costs were usually equal to the savings accomplished in finish rations. These cost factors and an abundant supply of fresh cage waste prompted the initiation of two small feeding trials under field conditions to determine the most profitable method of using fresh cage droppings as a protein supplement replacer in feeder cattle rations. In Trial one, four cross-bred beef heifers were fed a rations of 48% fresh cage layer droppings (CLD), 12% ground peanut hulls, and 40% ground corn for 112 days. Initial calf weight was 210 kg and they gained .40 kg/head/day with a feed to gain ratio of 17.8 (CLD to gain 8.5, irain to gain 7.1, peanut hull to gain 2.2).

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K E Y W O R D S : Turkey Diets, Feeding Schedules, Feed Efficiency, Growth Rate, Coccidiostat

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

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In trial two n' the calves from Trial one were maintained an additional 112 days on a ration of 40X CLU, l'„. straw, and 59% corn. The initial weight was 284 kg and they gained 1.1 kg/head.day with a feed to gain ratio of 11.5 (CLD to gain 4.6, grain to gain 6.8, straw to gain . 1 ) . K E Y WORDS:Cage layer droppings, Feeder calf rations, Feed to gain ratio.

THE EFFECT OF HAND-HELD INSIDE BIRD WASHERS ON TURKEY CARCASS OUALITY, R. L. Wesley? Dept. of Food Sci., & K. P. Bovard, An. Sci. VA Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061

KEYWORDS:

1.

carcass quality 2. bird washer 3. chiller

4.

turbidity

5.

turkey

IMPROVEMENT IN QUALITY OF SCRAMBLED EGG PRODUCTS SERVED FROM STEAM TABLE DISPLAY. R. P. Wesley*, J. R. Rousselle, P. R. Schwan and W. J. Stadelman. Food Sciences Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 A study was conducted to develop a scrambled egg product that would retain its appealing qualities, particularly lack of liquid separation, while being stored on and served from a steam table display. A formulation was successfully developed which included liquid whole egg, water, nonfat milk solids, salt, hydroxypropylcellulose, modified corn starch, and sodium monophosphate. This laboratory formulation was tested in a cafeteria serving line using consumer surveys in which categories of appearance, aroma, color, taste, and texture were rated on a 5-point hedonic scale. The first phase of consumer testing compared the laboratory formulation and two commercial scrambled egg products with control scrambled eggs. The final phase compared the laboratory formulation with another successful commercial product. No statistically significant differences were found overall among the laboratory formulation or the commercial products and control scrambled eggs in the first phase of consumer tests, or between laboratory formulation and the commercial product in the final phase. However, when final phase scores were divided into four 5-minute periods, the commercial product was found to decline significantly in quality from 15 minutes to 20 minutes of storage on the steam table, while the laboratory formulation retained its quality and received significantly higher hedonic scale scores. KEYWORDS:

scrambled egg quality, steam table serving

SELENIUM AVAILABILITY FROM FISH MEAL AS AFFECTED BY PROCESSING. Mark Whitacre and J. David Latshaw*. Dept. of Poultry Sci., Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210. The selenium (Se) in fish meal is not used very effectively by the chick to prevent a Se deficiency. Experiments were conducted to determine if the processing involved in

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The USDA requires some (not all) processors to use hand-held inside bird washers during processing of turkeys, on the assumption that improved carcass quality results. Apparently no scientific data is available to corroborate such quality improvement. Virginia processors spend approximately $12,500/processing line to use the washers. This research was undertaken to reveal just what role, if any, the hand-held inside washer might play in carcass quality as determined by total bacterial counts, and turbidity of the chiller water. During 20 consecutive days of processing in a commercial plant, 10 birds were removed from one line where the washer was used, and a similar number removed from another line where the washer was not used. A 10 cm2 area near the kidneys was swabbed for bacterial counts on both washed and unwashed turkeys. In addition, chiller water was analyzed for turbidity for 10 days when the washer was used, and another 10 days when the washer was not used. Bacterial counts were analyzed for significance from both washed and unwashed turkeys, using the analysis of variance method, and turbidity values were expressed as the arithmetic mean percentage. No significant differences in total bacterial counts or turbidity values were found when the washers were used compared to when they were not used. It was concluded from this study that the hand-held inside bird washer has no effect on turkey carcass quality.

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ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

commercial fish meal production affected Se availability. Fresh manhaden fish were packed in ice and shipped to this laboratory. The fish were ground, lyophilized, and then stored at -20°C until used. A sample of commercial fish meal (CFM) prepared from the same catch of fish was obtained and also stored at -20°C. The Se content of the two fish meals was similar. To test the ability of the fish meals to prevent exudative diathesis (ED), a low Se (.032 ppm) semi-purified diet was prepared. Selenite was added to provide .015 or .03 ppm additional Se. CFM or lyophilized fish meal (LFM) were also added to provide .03 ppm Se. CFM or lyophilized fish meal (LFM) were also added to provide .03 ppm Se. The incidence of ED was significantly lower in chicks fed LFM than in chicks fed CFM. A separate experiment was conducted with layers to determine the effect of fish meal processing on the Se distribution in eggs. When CFM or LFM were added to provide .1 ppm of Se in the diet, the Se levels in egg white from hens fed the different fish meals was similar. However, the Se in egg yolk was significantly higher from hens fed the LFM.

KEYWORDS:

Selenium availability, fish meal, processing chicks

A laying hen study was conducted for 48 weeks with 320 24-week-old Babcock pullets. Four treatments included a control diet, 45% Brewer's Dried Grains (BDG) + 1% fat, 45% BDG H% fat or 45% BDG + 4% fat + 50 mg/kg zinc. The BDG diets contained 9.7% minerals and vitamins with the remainder as corn to total 100%. All diets were pelleted. Prior research established lysine as the sole supplemental amino acid required in a corn-BDG diet. The hen-day egg production for all treatments were not significantly different. The respective treatments had overall averages of 68.7, 74.4, 71.9 and 72.1%. Egg weights for the high fat diets were significantly lower than the control and BDG + 1% fat diets after 16 weeks of production. The control and low fat diets averaged 60 gm at the end of the experiment versus 56 gm for the high fat diets. Body weight was depressed by the high fat diets. There were no consistent trends in % hatch for eggs from respective treatments. Feed per dozen eggs averaged 2.10, 2.34, 2.34 and 2.30 kg for the control, BDG + 1% fat, BDG + 4% fat, and BDG + 4% fat + zinc treatments, respectively.

KEYWORDS:

Brewer's Grains

IN VIVO TRANSFER OF CHICKEN LEUKOCYTES BETWEEN HISTOCOMPATIBLE AND NONHISTOCOMPATIBLE REGRESSOR AND PROGRESSOR CHICKEN SUBLINES. Craig E. Whitfill* and N. R. Gyles. Animal Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteviiie, AR. 727TJI ~ ~ Regressor B 3 B 3 R chickens are histocompatible with progressor B'B'Pr chickens. Donor regressor B 3 B 3 R chickens were given a standard inoculum of RSV, and after tumor regression were rechallenged with a second inoculum of RSV. Five days after rechallenge, heparinized blood was collected by cardiac puncture from the hyperimmune donor B 3 B 3 R chickens, and leukocytes separated by differential centrifugation from their blood. These immune leukocytes were then injected I.V. into the wing-web opposite that of the tumor in recipient progressor B 1 B 1 Pr chickens with newly emerging Rous sarcoma tumors. A total of 4 more leukocyte injections, one every 4th day, were given to the tumor bearing progressor B'B'Pr chickens. Each injection contained approximately 150-200 x 10 6 immune leukocytes. Complete regression of Rous sarcomas occurred in every recepient tumor bearing B I B 1 Pr progressor chicken that received the immune leukocyte injections. However only 14? of the control gijjipj- progressors regressed tumors. The controls did not receive any immune B 3 B 3 R leukocytes. Both donor and recipient chickens were 16 weeks of age.

KEYWORDS:

!• Leukocytes 2, Regressor subline 3. Progressor subline.

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BREWER'S DRIED GRAINS AS A PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT FOR LAYING HENS. Wayne B. White*, H.R. Bird and M.L. Sunde, Dept. of Poultry Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, and Neville Prentice and Warren C.•Burger, USDA-SEA Barley Quality Research Unit, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53/06.

A B S T R A C T S O F PAPERS

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THE EFFECT OF HOUSE TYPE ON CONTRACT BROILER GROWER PAYMENTS AND NET RETURNS TO GROWERS. H.E. Wildey* and C.F. Strong, Jr. Extension Poultry Science Dept., University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 A field study compared the effects of house type on broiler performance and grower payments during the period March 1979 through February 1980. Fixed and operating costs were determined based on survey data reported by Lance (1979) and other data collected by the authors. The four house types were as follows: Type 1 is closed, insulated in the ceiling and sidewalls; type 2 is closed similar to house 1 but has no insulation in the sidewall; type 3 is closed with curtain sides; and type 4 is a curtain sided house equipped with autocurtain controls. The initial study showed that $163.47, $162.47, $151.41 and $137.36 per 1,000 ft. (92.9m^) were paid to growers with house type 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The combined operating and fixed costs for the four house types were $152.45, $146.48, $148.92 and $129.19, respectively. Using these estimates it was determined that net return to growers was $11.02, $15.99, $5.59 and $8.57 for house type 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively for each 1,000 ft. . Though growers with closed houses earned the greatest net return the wide variation in performance among growers with each type house suggests that programs that would improve individual grower management may be as productive as investment in more expensive facilities.

PLASMA CORTIC0STER0NE AND ADRENAL CHOLESTEROL AND CORTICOSTERONE CONCENTRATIONS OF HENS WHICH LAID SOFT-SHELLED AND SHELL-LESS EGGS. Ellen K. Wilson*, Parriria Y. Hester, Frank W. Pierson, and Irena Fabijanska. Dept. of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, I« 47907. In attempts to elucidate endocrine profiles of birds which produce soft-shelled (SS) and shell-less (SL) eggs, blood samples were collected in both the morning (0600 to 1200 hr) and evening (1500 to 1900 hr) from White Leghorn hens. Four groups of hens were bled to determine if plasma concentrations of corticosterone differed in birds which had just laid SS or SL eggs when compared to controls, hens undergoing normal egg shell calcification. Group 1 consisted of hens which had just laid SS or SL eggs. Group 2 was composed of layers with SS or SL eggs in their uteri which were later laid as hard-shelled (HS) eggs. Groups 3 and 4 represented hens with HS eggs in thfeir uteri and hens which had just laid HS eggs, respectively. Hens were sacrificed at 73 and 78 weeks of age to determine if adrenal cholesterol and corticosterone differed between birds which laid a high incidence of SS/SL eggs (18+%) and those which produced no SS/SL eggs. For the morning bleedings, plasma corticosterone concentrations were higher in hens which laid SS/SL and HS eggs when compared to hens with these same egg types within the uterus. However, in the evening bleedings, a significantly higher concentration of plasma corticosterone occurred in hens which laid SS/SL eggs when compared to the concentration found in hens from Groups 2, 3, and 4. Adrenal cholesterol and corticosterone concentrations did not differ between the high and low incidence groups for either age group. KEYWORDS:

Soft-shelled eggs, shell-less eggs, corticosterone, cholesterol, hens.

REDUCTION OF FAT PADS IN BROILERS BY PROTAMONE. H. R. Wilson*, M. A. Boone, A. S. Arafa and D. M. Janky. Poultry Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611. Thyroactive iodinated casein (Protamone) was fed to broilers throughout their life to determine its effectiveness in preventing excessive fat deposition, and to determine the most practical level(s) when considering growth, fat deposition, feed efficiency, and other characteristics. In trial 1, 128 commercial broiler chicks (Cobb Color Sexed) were placed on each of the following protamone levels: 0, 55, 99, 198, 500 and 1501 mg/kg. Birds were processed at 49 or 51 days of age in trial 1 and 49 days of age in trial 2. A protamone level of 100 mg/kg decreased fat deposition without decreasing body weight. Higher levels caused further reductions in fat deposition but with some loss of body size. Feathering and water pickup during chilling were also improved by protamone. Protamone caused poorer feed conversion, higher mortality, greater shrink and dressing

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K E Y W O R D S : house type, grower payment, grower cost

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ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

losses, and at high levels lower carcass grade and conformation. Protamone, used at low levels, appears to have potential as a tool in reducing excess fat in broilers. KEYWORDS:

broiler; thyroactive iodinated casien; fat pads; growth; feed efficiency

EFFECT OF PHOTOPERIOD AMD AGE ON GnRH INDUCED LH SECRETION OF TURKEY HENS APPROACHING SEXUAL MATURITY. M.J. Wineland*. H. Zimmermann and B.C. Wentworth, Dept. of Poultry Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706

KEYWORDS:

Photoperiod, sexual maturity, LH, GnRH

EFFECTIVENESS OF 2-STAGE SELECTION FOR EGG PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY. Terry Wing- and A^ W. Nordskog, Dept. of Animal Sci., Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 Two kinds of selection programs were compared. Program A used information on body weight (BW), egg mass output (EM), and individual-bird feed consumption records (FC) to form a conventional single-stage selection index computed on all breeder candidates (T) in the flock. From these, S birds are selected as breeders. Program B uses information only on BW and EM in stage 1 from which t birds are chosen for testing in stage 2 in which FC records are obtained. From these, S birds with the highest efficiency records (EM/FC) are selected as breeders. Program B is less costly because fewer birds (T-t) are required for measurement of individual FC. Under program B with lOOt/T = 38% representing the fraction of the population chosen for stage 2 testing, the expected genetic increase in income over feed costs is 8%. This compares with a 17% expected increase under program A. Thus, there is a trade-off between the cost of testing and the expected genetic gains. The relative effectiveness of 2-stage selection is dependent on the proportion, t/T, of the population that is individually fed. Our study was based on parameters estimated from 2 Leghorn populations on which individual feed records were available. KEYWORDS:

Selection, feed consumption, egg production, efficiency

ANTIGENIC RF.SPONSF OP CHIGJO™^ T O LASOTA ANO Bl NF™0A^Ti? T I T L A R K WT.P.TTS TSOT,A T FS O" DIFFERENT ORIGIN". H. w . Winterfield and A.S. m y U l o n * Purdue Universitv, "est Lafavette, Indiana 47907 The antigenic resnonse to 11 isolates of LaSota Newcastle disease virus ( W l and 7 isolates of Bl strain N 1 ^ was compared in sDecific-nathot*en-free chickens, ^ive other Bl-tvt>e N W strains were also evaluated, ^rom the criteria of hemagglutination-inhiMtion CHI) and virus-serum 0 ™ 0 neutralising titers, differences were observed within the LaSota and Bl vaccine virus grouns. whereas the maioritv of vaccine strains fell within a predictable range, some Droved considerahlv less in their ahilitv to stimulate exnected titers. Two- to 3-fold differences in titers were observed with some of the strains comnared. Cloned LaSota Nt)17 strains did not comnare favorahlv, or with exnected higher titers, with uncloned or conventional LaSota virus isolates. Certain Bl and LaSota strains which were passaged in chichens did not demonstrate a greater immunogenic potential over conventional, commercial vaccines of similar strain designation but not passaged in chickens, KEY WORDS; Newcastle disease immunitv, Bl tvne vaccines.

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The response of the pituitary by releasing LH following the injection of 2.5, 10 or 20 ug/Kg. GnRH was determined in hens from 65 days of age to sexual maturity. These hens were subjected to two different photoregimes during growth. One group of hens received restrictive lighting from 9 to 20 weeks of age and then exposure to a stimulatory photoperiod. The other group received restrictive lighting from 9 to 30 weeks of age, then'a stimulatory photoperiod after 30 weeks of age. Responses were depressed as age increased and with the change from a restrictive to stimulatory photoperiod. The possibility exists that the depressed response after photostimulation and at the older ages is due to the influence on the pituitary of increased peripheral concentrations of gonadal steroids.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1757

INBREEDING DEPRESSION FOR SEVERAL REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS IN THE PARTRIDGE. Allen E. Hoodard* and Hans Abplanalp and Lester Snyder. Dent of Avian Sci., University of California, Davis, CA 95616 A series of inbred lines of Red-leooed Partridne (Alectoris gracea) were established in 1978 by full sib matings from a pedigreed random bred flock. Sib mating was continued among survivors in 1979 and 1980. In all fenerations, both inbred and random line chicks were reared under stimulatory light (16L:8D) until 32 weeks old, followed by six weeks of nonstimulatory (8L:16D) light in preparation for lay. All birds were then cycled throuoh two 15-week production oeriods using alternating periods of stimulatory (16L:8D) and nonstimulatory (8L:16D) linht. Eon number, eon weight, sexual naturity, body weight, fertility and hatchability were studied. With few exceptions reproductive traits were substantially reduced after one generation of full sib mating. Both fertility and hatchability were reduced by approximately 40% in first generation inbred hens. Approximately 76% of all inbred families were lost after two generations of full sib mating due in oart to a lack of fertility of males.

K E Y W O R D S : Partridge, inbreeding, ena number, selection.

ELECTROPHORESIS OF HEAT TREATED PLAIN, SUGARED AND SALTED WHOLE EGG. Scott A. Woodward* and Owen J. Cotterill. Department of Food Science and Nutrition. University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211. Polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis was used to investigate the effects of heat on proteins in plain, 10% sugared, and 101 salted whole egg. Heating for 3.5 minutes at temperatures from 57 to 87°C caused changes in electrophoretograms. The 6-livetins and some globulins were most heat sensitive, followed by y l i v e t i n s , lipoproteins, and conalbumin. Sugar gave a 3 C protective effect against heat, whereas salt protected proteins at 6-20°C higher temperatures. The addition of salt or sugar did not alter the electrophoretic pattern for conalbumin, phosvitin, or G, globulin. Most major changes in the electrophoretic patterns occurred above 63, 66 and 75°C for plain, sugared and salted whole egg, respectively. According to these results, USDA pasteurization temperatures of 61,1 for plain and 63.3 C for sugared or salted whole egg do not cause extensive protein damage. Salted whole egg could be pasteurized at 69°C for 3 1/2 minutes without significant damage. KEYWORDS:

Whole egg

Pasteurization

Electrophoresis

Egg proteins

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Our results indicate that establishment and maintenance of highly inbred lines of partridge will require many initial families and strong selection of the best reoroducing birds.

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ABSTRACTS O F PAPERS

EFFECTS OF FEEDING HIGH LEVELS OF DEHYDRATED ALFALFA AND KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS TO GROWING GOSLINGS. A. G. Hollister*, H. S. Nakaue, and G. H. Arscott, Dept. of Poultry Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 An experiment was carried out utilizing 200 Embden goslings to study (under controlled conditions) gosling performance, fiber retention., and the effect on processing goslings as influenced by weight, carcass yield and feathering when 20% and 40% of either dehydrated alfalfa (DA) or dehydrated Kentucky Bluegrass (KBG)were incorporated in the diets and fed in either pellet or mash forms to 11 weeks of age. Mean body weights were not significantly different among the dietary treatments. Goslings fed the 40% DA and the 40% KBG diets had significantly poorer feed conversion than the other dietary treatments. Fiber retention increased with increasing levels of fiber in the diets. Mean percent carcass yields in the 40% DA, 20% KBG appeared greater than in the control and 20% DA. Feather growth was good in all treatments, and vis.ual assessment of finish and pinniness indicated processing could be done between 9 and 10 weeks of age. This experiment indicated that confinement reared goslings grow normally when fed high fiber feedstuffs such as DA and KBG. Oregon Agric. Experiment Station Technical Paper No. 5845. Goslings, alfalfa, Kentucky Bluegrass, fiber, mash, pellet. Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 27, 2015