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Broiler Performance with DSS40 Yucca Saponin in Combination with Monensin1
Broiler Performance with DSS40 Yucca Saponin in Combination with Monensin1 N. L. JOHNSTON, C. L. QUARLES, and D. J. FAGERBERG Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 (Received for publication August 31, 1981)
1982 Poultry Science 61:1052-1054 INTRODUCTION DSS40 yucca saponin is a natural plant product prepared by drying and pulverizing the stems of the yucca plant. Approximately 1 to 1.5% of the total product is active steroid saponin. The plant extract contains several steroid saponins of which sarsaponin is the predominant member (Greer, 1980, personal communication). Steroid saponins are widely distributed in nature and have been isolated and identified in 80 different plant families (Stoll and Jucker, 1955). Their presence in bacteria and fungi have also been shown (Smith, 1966; Silver, 1968). Steroid saponins have been shown to exhibit growth promoting properties in both plant and microbial life (Guens, 1978; Peekstock, 1979). Yucca saponin gave increased body weight gains in cattle when fed in a diet without Rumensin® or in a diet combined with Rumensin® (Goodall and Matsushima, 1978 Goodall et ah, 1979). Broilers receiving yucca saponin were significantly heavier than controls at 28 and 51 days of age (Johnston et ah, 1981). The physiological effects of steroids vary greatly from one compound to another, ranging from vitamin activity to the action of sex hormones. Some steroids are fat emulsifiers found in bile, one stimulates the heart, another has
1 Published with the approval of the Colorado State University Experiment Station and published as Scientific Paper No. 2678.
been implicated in hardening of the arteries, and still another is an antiarthritic. Steroid saponins, because of their chemical structure, cannot be absorbed across the epithelial membrane of the digestive tract (Greer, 1980); therefore, they must exhibit their effects within the confines of the gut. Since saponins have surfactant properties, they may condition the cell membranes and reduce surface tension which could aid in better absorption of nutrients across the cell membranes. Yucca saponins may also be precursors of other steroids that are then utilized by the broiler. This experiment was designed to determine if yucca saponin would increase broiler performance when fed in combination with two levels of monensin. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE A total of 1224 1-day-old commercial straight-run broiler chicks were randomized into 24 pens. There were four treatments with six replications. Built-up litter was used from a previous flock, with a top dress of 2 cm pine wood shavings. Chicks were started with feeder lids for 7 days. They had access to feed in two 12 kg capacity cone-type feeders. Each pen had a suspended, weight activated automatic waterer. Light was provided 24 hr a day with approximately 1 ft-c (.092 lx) intensity at bird level. Broilers received a crumbled starter ration 1 to 28 days of age, then a pelleted finisher ration 29 to 51 days of age. Test rations were the same as controls except for the addition of DSS40 (yucca saponin) at 63 ppm (Table 1).
1052
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Purdue University Libraries ADMN on June 18, 2015
ABSTRACT DSS40 yucca saponin was fed at 63 ppm (approximately .9 ppm active steroid saponin) in combination with monensin at 99 ppm or 121 ppm in an experiment using 1224 commercial straight-run broilers. Yucca saponin added to broiler diets did not significantly increase body weights; however, it improved (P<.05) feed efficiency of broilers when fed with 121 ppm of monensin. Results showed no significant differences in mortality, shank pigmentation, or litter moisture. (Key words: yucca, saponin, monensin, broiler, performance)
YUCCA SAPONIN AND MONENSIN IN BROILERS
1053
TABLE 1. Composition and calculated analysis of the complete broiler diets Percent of diet Starter
Finisher
Corn Soybean oil meal Vegetable oil Meat and bone meal (50%) Dicalcium phosphate Vitamin-mineral premix 1 Sodium chloride Methionine hydroxy analog Monensin premix 2
51.35 36.75 5.00 5.00 .90 .50 .30 .15 .05 100.00
60.50 28.25 4.25 5.00 .98 .50 .30 .17 .05 100.00
23.5 3131 .94 .74
20.5 3190 .95 .72
Calculated analysis Protein, % Metabolizable calories/kg Calcium, % Phosphorus, %
'Vitamin-mineral premix supplies per kilogram: vitamin A, 10,560 IU; vitamin D 3 , 3520 ICU; vitamin E, 4.4 IU; vitamin K, 1.54 mg; riboflavin, 5.28 mg; d-pantothenic acid, 8.10 mg; niacin, 35.2 mg; vitamin B , 2 , 13.2 Mg; choline, 495 mg; folic acid, .88 mg; ethoxyquin, 44 mg. Mn, 209 ppm; Zn, 176 ppm; Fe, 110 ppm; Cu, 15.4 ppm; Co, 1.76 ppm; I, 3.52 ppm. 2 Ration A = 121 ppm monensin; Ration B = 121 ppm monensin, 63 ppm DSS40; Ration C = 99 ppm monensin; Ration D = 99 ppm monensin, 63 ppm DSS40.
T h e 28-day b o d y weights b y pen and 51-day b o d y weights by pen and sex were determined. Feed was weighed back at 28 and 51 days of age t o d e t e r m i n e feed efficiency. Mortality for each t r e a t m e n t was recorded daily. Shank pigm e n t a t i o n scores were d e t e r m i n e d at 51 days of age with a R o c h e Yolk Color F a n on 3 males and 3 females r a n d o m l y selected from each, pen. Statistical analysis was performed using an analysis of variance (one-way design). T u k e y ' s test was used t o test for significant differences
within each p a r a m e t e r (Snedecor a n d Cochran, 1967). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Body weights were taken on a pen basis at 28 days of age. Broilers receiving 99 p p m m o n e n s i n and yucca saponin weighed 4 0 g m o r e ( P < . 0 1 ) t h a n broilers receiving 1 2 1 p p m m o n e n s i n and yucca saponin. T h e r e were n o significant differences in feed efficiency or m o r t a l i t y for t h e various t r e a t m e n t s (Table 2).
TABLE 2. Summary of 28-day broiler performance of broilers fed rations containing yucca saponin and monensin Ration Treatment
Monensin (ppm)
Yucca saponin (ppm)
No. birds weighed1
Mortality %
A B C D
121 121 99 99
0 63 0 63
297 300 299 296
3.0 a 2.0 a 2.3a 3.0 a
Average weight
Feed efficiency
654*b 639 a 658ab 678 b
1.48 a 1.49 a 1.48 a 1.47 a
a,b Means with the same superscripts are not significantly different from each other (P<.01). 1
Each mean represents six pens of 50 chicks.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Purdue University Libraries ADMN on June 18, 2015
Ingredient
JOHNSTON ET AL.
1054
II
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m
m
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rt rt rt -O C\ ff> C \ 00 f*i I-* ©\ rft •^- Tf- T j -
Table 3 also shows t h e feed efficiency at 51 days of age for broilers on all four t r e a t m e n t s . Broilers receiving yucca saponin and 121 p p m m o n e n s i n had b e t t e r feed efficiency ( P < . 0 5 ) t h a n broilers receiving 121 p p m m o n e n s i n and n o y u c c a saponin. T h e r e were n o o t h e r significant differences in feed efficiency a m o n g treatments. T h e higher levels of m o n e n s i n ( 1 2 1 p p m ) might be m o r e stressful t o broilers t h a n lower levels (99 p p m ) as is indicated b y lighter b o d y weights ( P < . 0 5 ) at 51 days of age. It has been r e p o r t e d b y Peekstock ( 1 9 7 9 ) t h a t y u c c a saponins exhibit stress relieving p r o p e r t i e s and it is likely t h a t broilers o n higher levels of monensin respond b y performing b e t t e r , in this case feed efficiency, w h e n y u c c a saponin is added t o t h e diet.
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REFERENCES O M S « 0 T1- m \o "A
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Goodall, S. R., J. D. Eichenbaum, and J. K. Matsushima, 1979. Sarsaponin and monensin effects upon in vitro VFA concentration, gas production, and feedlot performance. J. Anim. Sci. 49 (Suppl. 1):370. (Abstr.) Goodall, S. R., and J. K. Matsushima, 1978. Sarsaponin in beef cattle rations. Pages 9—10 in Beef nutrition research. Gen. Ser. 979, Colorado State Univ. Exp. Sta. Guens, J.M.C., 1978. Steroid hormones and plant growth development. Phytochemistry 17:1. Johnston, N. L., C. L. Quarles, D. J. Fagerberg, and D. D. Caveny, 1981. Evaluation of yucca saponin on broiler performance and ammonia suppression. Poultry Sci. 60:2289-2292. Peekstock, L., 1979. Laboratory evaluation of Yucca schidigera extract as a potential stress relief agent for biological treatment systems. Master's thesis, Miami Univ., Oxford, OH. Silver, S., 1968. Action of steroids on active transport and permeability properties of E. coli. J. Bacterid. 96:338. Smith, R. S., 1966. Steroid mechanisms affecting yeast permeability and viability. Appl. Microbiol. 14:397. Snedecor, G. W., and W. G. Cochran, 1967. Statistical Methods. Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames, IA. Stoll, A., and E. Jucker, 1955. Modern methods of plant analysis. (Berlin) 3:178.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Purdue University Libraries ADMN on June 18, 2015
A t 51 days of age a nonsignificant t r e n d t o w a r d heavier b o d y weights in b o t h males and females was observed w h e n y u c c a saponin was added t o t h e 99 p p m or 121 p p m m o n e n s i n rations (Table 3). When males and females were averaged together, a similar p a t t e r n was n o t e d . Results showed, however, t h a t broilers on diets containing 99 ppm monensin outgained ( P < . 0 5 ) broilers on diets containing higher levels ( 1 2 1 p p m ) of monensin (Table 3). No significant differences in mortality and shank pigm e n t a t i o n scores occurred a m o n g t r e a t m e n t s .
^ rt rt rt - t X O in
1982 Poultry Science 61:1052-1054 INTRODUCTION DSS40 yucca saponin is a natural plant product prepared by drying and pulverizing the stems of the yucca plant. Approximately 1 to 1.5% of the total product is active steroid saponin. The plant extract contains several steroid saponins of which sarsaponin is the predominant member (Greer, 1980, personal communication). Steroid saponins are widely distributed in nature and have been isolated and identified in 80 different plant families (Stoll and Jucker, 1955). Their presence in bacteria and fungi have also been shown (Smith, 1966; Silver, 1968). Steroid saponins have been shown to exhibit growth promoting properties in both plant and microbial life (Guens, 1978; Peekstock, 1979). Yucca saponin gave increased body weight gains in cattle when fed in a diet without Rumensin® or in a diet combined with Rumensin® (Goodall and Matsushima, 1978 Goodall et ah, 1979). Broilers receiving yucca saponin were significantly heavier than controls at 28 and 51 days of age (Johnston et ah, 1981). The physiological effects of steroids vary greatly from one compound to another, ranging from vitamin activity to the action of sex hormones. Some steroids are fat emulsifiers found in bile, one stimulates the heart, another has
1 Published with the approval of the Colorado State University Experiment Station and published as Scientific Paper No. 2678.
been implicated in hardening of the arteries, and still another is an antiarthritic. Steroid saponins, because of their chemical structure, cannot be absorbed across the epithelial membrane of the digestive tract (Greer, 1980); therefore, they must exhibit their effects within the confines of the gut. Since saponins have surfactant properties, they may condition the cell membranes and reduce surface tension which could aid in better absorption of nutrients across the cell membranes. Yucca saponins may also be precursors of other steroids that are then utilized by the broiler. This experiment was designed to determine if yucca saponin would increase broiler performance when fed in combination with two levels of monensin. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE A total of 1224 1-day-old commercial straight-run broiler chicks were randomized into 24 pens. There were four treatments with six replications. Built-up litter was used from a previous flock, with a top dress of 2 cm pine wood shavings. Chicks were started with feeder lids for 7 days. They had access to feed in two 12 kg capacity cone-type feeders. Each pen had a suspended, weight activated automatic waterer. Light was provided 24 hr a day with approximately 1 ft-c (.092 lx) intensity at bird level. Broilers received a crumbled starter ration 1 to 28 days of age, then a pelleted finisher ration 29 to 51 days of age. Test rations were the same as controls except for the addition of DSS40 (yucca saponin) at 63 ppm (Table 1).
1052
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Purdue University Libraries ADMN on June 18, 2015
ABSTRACT DSS40 yucca saponin was fed at 63 ppm (approximately .9 ppm active steroid saponin) in combination with monensin at 99 ppm or 121 ppm in an experiment using 1224 commercial straight-run broilers. Yucca saponin added to broiler diets did not significantly increase body weights; however, it improved (P<.05) feed efficiency of broilers when fed with 121 ppm of monensin. Results showed no significant differences in mortality, shank pigmentation, or litter moisture. (Key words: yucca, saponin, monensin, broiler, performance)
YUCCA SAPONIN AND MONENSIN IN BROILERS
1053
TABLE 1. Composition and calculated analysis of the complete broiler diets Percent of diet Starter
Finisher
Corn Soybean oil meal Vegetable oil Meat and bone meal (50%) Dicalcium phosphate Vitamin-mineral premix 1 Sodium chloride Methionine hydroxy analog Monensin premix 2
51.35 36.75 5.00 5.00 .90 .50 .30 .15 .05 100.00
60.50 28.25 4.25 5.00 .98 .50 .30 .17 .05 100.00
23.5 3131 .94 .74
20.5 3190 .95 .72
Calculated analysis Protein, % Metabolizable calories/kg Calcium, % Phosphorus, %
'Vitamin-mineral premix supplies per kilogram: vitamin A, 10,560 IU; vitamin D 3 , 3520 ICU; vitamin E, 4.4 IU; vitamin K, 1.54 mg; riboflavin, 5.28 mg; d-pantothenic acid, 8.10 mg; niacin, 35.2 mg; vitamin B , 2 , 13.2 Mg; choline, 495 mg; folic acid, .88 mg; ethoxyquin, 44 mg. Mn, 209 ppm; Zn, 176 ppm; Fe, 110 ppm; Cu, 15.4 ppm; Co, 1.76 ppm; I, 3.52 ppm. 2 Ration A = 121 ppm monensin; Ration B = 121 ppm monensin, 63 ppm DSS40; Ration C = 99 ppm monensin; Ration D = 99 ppm monensin, 63 ppm DSS40.
T h e 28-day b o d y weights b y pen and 51-day b o d y weights by pen and sex were determined. Feed was weighed back at 28 and 51 days of age t o d e t e r m i n e feed efficiency. Mortality for each t r e a t m e n t was recorded daily. Shank pigm e n t a t i o n scores were d e t e r m i n e d at 51 days of age with a R o c h e Yolk Color F a n on 3 males and 3 females r a n d o m l y selected from each, pen. Statistical analysis was performed using an analysis of variance (one-way design). T u k e y ' s test was used t o test for significant differences
within each p a r a m e t e r (Snedecor a n d Cochran, 1967). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Body weights were taken on a pen basis at 28 days of age. Broilers receiving 99 p p m m o n e n s i n and yucca saponin weighed 4 0 g m o r e ( P < . 0 1 ) t h a n broilers receiving 1 2 1 p p m m o n e n s i n and yucca saponin. T h e r e were n o significant differences in feed efficiency or m o r t a l i t y for t h e various t r e a t m e n t s (Table 2).
TABLE 2. Summary of 28-day broiler performance of broilers fed rations containing yucca saponin and monensin Ration Treatment
Monensin (ppm)
Yucca saponin (ppm)
No. birds weighed1
Mortality %
A B C D
121 121 99 99
0 63 0 63
297 300 299 296
3.0 a 2.0 a 2.3a 3.0 a
Average weight
Feed efficiency
654*b 639 a 658ab 678 b
1.48 a 1.49 a 1.48 a 1.47 a
a,b Means with the same superscripts are not significantly different from each other (P<.01). 1
Each mean represents six pens of 50 chicks.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Purdue University Libraries ADMN on June 18, 2015
Ingredient
JOHNSTON ET AL.
1054
II
q c\ © q
m
m
r n rj-
"O <3 ^O \ 0
rt rt rt -O C\ ff> C \ 00 f*i I-* ©\ rft •^- Tf- T j -
Table 3 also shows t h e feed efficiency at 51 days of age for broilers on all four t r e a t m e n t s . Broilers receiving yucca saponin and 121 p p m m o n e n s i n had b e t t e r feed efficiency ( P < . 0 5 ) t h a n broilers receiving 121 p p m m o n e n s i n and n o y u c c a saponin. T h e r e were n o o t h e r significant differences in feed efficiency a m o n g treatments. T h e higher levels of m o n e n s i n ( 1 2 1 p p m ) might be m o r e stressful t o broilers t h a n lower levels (99 p p m ) as is indicated b y lighter b o d y weights ( P < . 0 5 ) at 51 days of age. It has been r e p o r t e d b y Peekstock ( 1 9 7 9 ) t h a t y u c c a saponins exhibit stress relieving p r o p e r t i e s and it is likely t h a t broilers o n higher levels of monensin respond b y performing b e t t e r , in this case feed efficiency, w h e n y u c c a saponin is added t o t h e diet.
IA
rt rt rt -Q N N(NO\ t-> t^ 00 00
•Ai
rt rt rt rt VO ^O 'O m ^ m m ift
0\0\Ov»
rj cs (N (s O J5
REFERENCES O M S « 0 T1- m \o "A
j2
.a 3
c-
§ -s H S
<«ufl
Goodall, S. R., J. D. Eichenbaum, and J. K. Matsushima, 1979. Sarsaponin and monensin effects upon in vitro VFA concentration, gas production, and feedlot performance. J. Anim. Sci. 49 (Suppl. 1):370. (Abstr.) Goodall, S. R., and J. K. Matsushima, 1978. Sarsaponin in beef cattle rations. Pages 9—10 in Beef nutrition research. Gen. Ser. 979, Colorado State Univ. Exp. Sta. Guens, J.M.C., 1978. Steroid hormones and plant growth development. Phytochemistry 17:1. Johnston, N. L., C. L. Quarles, D. J. Fagerberg, and D. D. Caveny, 1981. Evaluation of yucca saponin on broiler performance and ammonia suppression. Poultry Sci. 60:2289-2292. Peekstock, L., 1979. Laboratory evaluation of Yucca schidigera extract as a potential stress relief agent for biological treatment systems. Master's thesis, Miami Univ., Oxford, OH. Silver, S., 1968. Action of steroids on active transport and permeability properties of E. coli. J. Bacterid. 96:338. Smith, R. S., 1966. Steroid mechanisms affecting yeast permeability and viability. Appl. Microbiol. 14:397. Snedecor, G. W., and W. G. Cochran, 1967. Statistical Methods. Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames, IA. Stoll, A., and E. Jucker, 1955. Modern methods of plant analysis. (Berlin) 3:178.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Purdue University Libraries ADMN on June 18, 2015
A t 51 days of age a nonsignificant t r e n d t o w a r d heavier b o d y weights in b o t h males and females was observed w h e n y u c c a saponin was added t o t h e 99 p p m or 121 p p m m o n e n s i n rations (Table 3). When males and females were averaged together, a similar p a t t e r n was n o t e d . Results showed, however, t h a t broilers on diets containing 99 ppm monensin outgained ( P < . 0 5 ) broilers on diets containing higher levels ( 1 2 1 p p m ) of monensin (Table 3). No significant differences in mortality and shank pigm e n t a t i o n scores occurred a m o n g t r e a t m e n t s .
^ rt rt rt - t X O in