- Email: [email protected]
Coffee consumption and the risk of cancer development
Lung Cancer 80 (2013) 350–353
Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect
Lung Cancer journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/lungcan
Letter to the Editor Coffee consumption and the risk of cancer development To the Editor
[4] [5]
Wang et al. have provided interesting and thought stimulating data in their article [1]. Coffee consumption also affects the risk of other systemic malignancies besides lung malignancies. Similar effects have been also noted in breast malignancies. For instance, Li et al. in a recent study have reported an odds ratio of 0.80 in those who drink more than five cups of coffee a day compared to non-drinkers [2]. Increased coffee consumption is especially associated with a significant decrease in estrogen receptor negative mammary carcinomas. A similar inverse relationship has been noted between coffee consumption and the risk of developing endometrial malignancies. This is especially true in obese post-menopausal females. In fact, the hazard ratio for obese females who consume more than two cups of coffee a day in comparison to non-consumers was 0.80 in a recent study [3]. These results have also been confirmed in a recent meta-analysis [4]. A strong inverse relationship has especially been noted in Japanese populations. However, further data is needed to fully corroborate these findings. Similar effects have been noted in prostatic malignancies. An inverse relationship has been demonstrated between tumor grade of the prostatic malignancy and coffee intake. In fact, Shafique et al. in a recent study have shown that the risk of high Gleason grade is about 55% less in regular coffee consumers [5]. Similar effects have been noted in colo-rectal malignancies. This relationship is especially more pronounced in women. The association is especially strong for colon carcinomas [6]. Similar significant relationships have not been noted in rectal carcinomas. Coffee consumption especially tends to decrease the risk of developing proximal colon carcinomas. For instance, an odds ratio of 0.79 of developing colon carcinoma has been reported in heavy coffee drinkers in comparison to non-coffee drinkers [7]. The above examples clearly illustrate the cancer mitigating effects of coffee consumption. Further large scale studies are needed to confirm these relationships.
Conflict of interest No conflict of interest.
References [1] Wang Y, Yu X, Wu Y, Zhang D. Coffee and tea consumption and risk of lung cancer: a dose–response analysis of observational studies. Lung Cancer 2012;78: 169–70. [2] Li J, Seibold P, Chang-Claude J. Coffee consumption modifies risk of estrogenreceptor negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2011;13:R49. [3] Giri A, Sturgeon SR, Luisi N, Bertone-Johnson E, Balasubramanian R, Reeves KW. Caffeinated coffee, decaffeinated coffee and endometrial cancer risk: a
0169-5002/$ – see front matter © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
[6]
[7]
prospective cohort study among US postmenopausal women. Nutrients 2011;3: 937–50. Je Y, Giovannucci E. Coffee consumption and risk of endometrial cancer: findings from a large up-to-date meta-analysis. Int J Cancer 2012;131:1700–10. Shafique K, McLoone P, Qureshi K, Leung H, Hart C, Morrison DS. Coffee consumption and prostate cancer risk: further evidence for inverse relationship. Nutr J 2012;11, 42,2891-11-42. Sinha R, Cross AJ, Daniel CR. Caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee and tea intakes and risk of colorectal cancer in a large prospective study. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;96:374–81. Li G, Ma D, Zhang Y, Zheng W, Wang P. Coffee consumption and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Public Health Nutr 2012: 1–12.
Shailendra Kapoor (MD) ∗ 74 Crossing Place, Mechanicsville, Chicago, VA, USA ∗ Tel.: +1 865 4563456; fax: +1 865 678 6787. E-mail address: [email protected]
15 December 2012 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2013.02.013
A closer look at the effects of postoperative radiotherapy by stage and nodal status: Updated results of an individual participant data meta-analysis in non-small-cell lung cancer Keywords: Lung cancer Radiotherapy Surgery Individual patient data Meta-analysis Systematic review
Dear Sir, In 1998, the PORT Meta-analysis Trialists Group undertook an individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis of post-operative radiotherapy (PORT) versus surgery alone in non-small cell lung cancer [1], this has been recently updated. The original meta-analysis, based on 9 randomised controlled trials [2–8] and 2128 patients, concluded that PORT was detrimental (HR 1.21, 95% (1.08-1.34) CI, p = 0.001) with a 7% absolute reduction in 2-year survival and a 4% reduction in recurrence-free survival. Subgroup analyses suggested that PORT was increasingly detrimental with decreasing stage (p = 0.0003) and lower nodal status (p = 0.016). Similar results were found when an Italian trial [9] was included in the first update of the metaanalysis in 2005 [10,11]. Two new eligible trials have been identified. One was carried out in Poland [12] and randomised 138 patients to PORT (50 Gy in 2 Gy fractions over 5 weeks) or no PORT, but data are not currently available. The second trial, carried out in South Korea [13]
Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect
Lung Cancer journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/lungcan
Letter to the Editor Coffee consumption and the risk of cancer development To the Editor
[4] [5]
Wang et al. have provided interesting and thought stimulating data in their article [1]. Coffee consumption also affects the risk of other systemic malignancies besides lung malignancies. Similar effects have been also noted in breast malignancies. For instance, Li et al. in a recent study have reported an odds ratio of 0.80 in those who drink more than five cups of coffee a day compared to non-drinkers [2]. Increased coffee consumption is especially associated with a significant decrease in estrogen receptor negative mammary carcinomas. A similar inverse relationship has been noted between coffee consumption and the risk of developing endometrial malignancies. This is especially true in obese post-menopausal females. In fact, the hazard ratio for obese females who consume more than two cups of coffee a day in comparison to non-consumers was 0.80 in a recent study [3]. These results have also been confirmed in a recent meta-analysis [4]. A strong inverse relationship has especially been noted in Japanese populations. However, further data is needed to fully corroborate these findings. Similar effects have been noted in prostatic malignancies. An inverse relationship has been demonstrated between tumor grade of the prostatic malignancy and coffee intake. In fact, Shafique et al. in a recent study have shown that the risk of high Gleason grade is about 55% less in regular coffee consumers [5]. Similar effects have been noted in colo-rectal malignancies. This relationship is especially more pronounced in women. The association is especially strong for colon carcinomas [6]. Similar significant relationships have not been noted in rectal carcinomas. Coffee consumption especially tends to decrease the risk of developing proximal colon carcinomas. For instance, an odds ratio of 0.79 of developing colon carcinoma has been reported in heavy coffee drinkers in comparison to non-coffee drinkers [7]. The above examples clearly illustrate the cancer mitigating effects of coffee consumption. Further large scale studies are needed to confirm these relationships.
Conflict of interest No conflict of interest.
References [1] Wang Y, Yu X, Wu Y, Zhang D. Coffee and tea consumption and risk of lung cancer: a dose–response analysis of observational studies. Lung Cancer 2012;78: 169–70. [2] Li J, Seibold P, Chang-Claude J. Coffee consumption modifies risk of estrogenreceptor negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2011;13:R49. [3] Giri A, Sturgeon SR, Luisi N, Bertone-Johnson E, Balasubramanian R, Reeves KW. Caffeinated coffee, decaffeinated coffee and endometrial cancer risk: a
0169-5002/$ – see front matter © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
[6]
[7]
prospective cohort study among US postmenopausal women. Nutrients 2011;3: 937–50. Je Y, Giovannucci E. Coffee consumption and risk of endometrial cancer: findings from a large up-to-date meta-analysis. Int J Cancer 2012;131:1700–10. Shafique K, McLoone P, Qureshi K, Leung H, Hart C, Morrison DS. Coffee consumption and prostate cancer risk: further evidence for inverse relationship. Nutr J 2012;11, 42,2891-11-42. Sinha R, Cross AJ, Daniel CR. Caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee and tea intakes and risk of colorectal cancer in a large prospective study. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;96:374–81. Li G, Ma D, Zhang Y, Zheng W, Wang P. Coffee consumption and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Public Health Nutr 2012: 1–12.
Shailendra Kapoor (MD) ∗ 74 Crossing Place, Mechanicsville, Chicago, VA, USA ∗ Tel.: +1 865 4563456; fax: +1 865 678 6787. E-mail address: [email protected]
15 December 2012 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2013.02.013
A closer look at the effects of postoperative radiotherapy by stage and nodal status: Updated results of an individual participant data meta-analysis in non-small-cell lung cancer Keywords: Lung cancer Radiotherapy Surgery Individual patient data Meta-analysis Systematic review
Dear Sir, In 1998, the PORT Meta-analysis Trialists Group undertook an individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis of post-operative radiotherapy (PORT) versus surgery alone in non-small cell lung cancer [1], this has been recently updated. The original meta-analysis, based on 9 randomised controlled trials [2–8] and 2128 patients, concluded that PORT was detrimental (HR 1.21, 95% (1.08-1.34) CI, p = 0.001) with a 7% absolute reduction in 2-year survival and a 4% reduction in recurrence-free survival. Subgroup analyses suggested that PORT was increasingly detrimental with decreasing stage (p = 0.0003) and lower nodal status (p = 0.016). Similar results were found when an Italian trial [9] was included in the first update of the metaanalysis in 2005 [10,11]. Two new eligible trials have been identified. One was carried out in Poland [12] and randomised 138 patients to PORT (50 Gy in 2 Gy fractions over 5 weeks) or no PORT, but data are not currently available. The second trial, carried out in South Korea [13]