Cumulative index to subjects

Cumulative index to subjects Volume 1 1991 c-abl gene, 65, 67, 68

trans-l-Amino-cyclopentane-l,3-dicarboxylate (ACPD), 21, 117,

Acetylcholine auditory conditioning and, 244 outer hair cell response, 217 Schwann cell release, 357 vestibular end organs, 232, 233 Actin axonal transport and, 397 gelsolin interactions, 450 growth cone motility and, 339, 340, 343 Action potentials, 5 plateau potentials, 108, 109 repolarization, 107-108 rhythmicity in mammalian CNS, 105-107 stimulus-secretion coupling, 92 Adaptive behaviour, 605-609 cockroach escape response, 606-607 computational neuroethology and, 607 lamprey swimming, 605 leech bending reflexes, 606 nematode locomotion, 606 simulated insect, 607 Adenosine A 2 receptors, 33-34, 35 Adenylyl cyclase, olfactory signal transduction, 204, 206 Adrenal medulla grafts, intracerebral, 414-416 ct3-Adrenergic receptors (0h-AR), 35, 106 0~2-Adrenergic receptors (~2-AR), 34, 35, 592 [~-Adrenergic agonists, modulation of Na + channels, 29 ~-Adrenergic receptors (~-AR), 59 G-protein-interacting domains, 35 ligand binding domains, 34-35 neuronal rhythmicity and, 106 structure, 32, 34 Afferents, primary see Primary afferents Aging, A~amyloid deposition, 444 Agrin, 69 k-Alanine (L-Ala), taste cell responses, 199, 201 Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy, 38 AIF4-, 206 Alkaline phosphatase, 29, 59 Alzheimer's disease, 21, 47, 49, 441-444, 450 A[Bprotein, 441, 442-444, 449, 452, 455 familial (FAD), 449, 455 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and, 459 genetic studies, 443, 444, 451,452, 455-456 role of amyloid precursor protein, 456-458 genetic linkage studies, 455-458 tau proteins and neurofibrillary tangles, 441-442 Amacrine cells, retinal, 259, 261 Amiloride-sensitive channels, taste cells, 198--199 ~.-Amino-3-hydroxy-S-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid see AMPA 2-Amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (AP4, APB), 21, 258, 259, 592 2-Amino-5-phosphonopentanoate (AP5), 189, 193, 194, 211, 276 Amino acids, taste cell responses, 199, 201

617, 618 4-Aminopyridine, 225 AMPA (~-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid), 21, 117, 616, 618 see also Non-NMDA receptors D-Amphetamine, retinal light adaptation and, 259 Amplitude modulation (AM) analysis, auditory cortex/field L, 238, 239-240 encoding in cochlear nucleus neurons, 225 Ampullary receptors, 188 Amygdala nociceptive functions, 194 visual cortical projections, 277 Amyloid, 448-452 definition and mechanisms of formation, 448-450 Amyloid ~protein (A[3), 49, 442-444 Alzheimer's disease, 441,442-444, 449, 452, 455 hereditary cerebral haemorrhage with amyloidosis-Dutch type, 443-444, 448, 449, 450-452 Amyloid polyneuropathy, familial (FAP), 449-450 Amyloid precursor protein (APP), 441, 442~144, 451-452, 455 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and, 459 familial AIzheimeffs disease, 443, 456-458 hereditary cerebral haemorrhage with amyloidosis-Dutch type, 443-444, 451-452, 457 mRNAs, 442, 451 mutations, 443-444, 451-452, 457-458 Amyloidosis, senile systemic, 450 Amyloidosis A, 449 Amyloidosis-Finnish type, familial (FAF), 448, 449, 450 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 459 Androgen insensitivity syndrome, 566 Androgens electrosensory system of fish and, 189 regulation of brain aromatase, 564 Anterior pulvinar nucleus, 249 Anti-long-term depression potentiation, 619 AP4 see 2-Amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid AP5 see 2-Amino-5-phosphonopentanoate AP-1 transcription factor, 558 Aplysia

abdominal ganglion neurons, reciprocal inhibitory connections in culture, 577-$78 B15 and B16 motor neurons, 571 bag cells see Bag cell neurons growth cone behaviour, 343 protern phosphatases, 54, 60 R15 neuron, modulation of bursting` 572 sensory neurons, presynaptic facilitation, 45, 107-108 Arachidonic acid, role in long-term potentiation, 88, 116 Arachidonic acid metabolites, nociceptor sensitization, 193 L-Arginine (L-ArB), taste cell responses, 199, 201 Aromatase, brain, 563-564, 565 Arrestin, 252 Ascaris lumbricoides locomotion, 606

(~) Current Biology Lid ISSN 0959-4388

Index to subjects Aspartate long-term depression and, 617 respiratory rhythms and, 592 spinal interactions, 194 Astrocytes brain endothelial cell cultures, 362 CNS lesions, 408, 409 ion channels, 354, 355-356 neuron-mediated Ca2+ waves, 357 tenascin interactions, 364 type-l, 354, 355-356, 360 type-2, 354, 355, 356 Astrocytic processes, role of GFAP, 351 Astrotactin, 373 Attention, visual, 276 Auditory association cortex, 244 Auditory cortex, 236-244 binaural processing and sound localization, 240-242 functional organization, 236-240 harmonic tone processing, 242-243 plasticity, 243-244 Auditory information, encoding in cochlear nuclei, 221-226 Auditory pathways, 221-222 Auditory space maps, superior colliculus, 628 Autoantibodies, neurological diseases mediated by, 430-433 Autoimmune diseases, demyelinating, 436-438 Axonal growth growth cone motility and, 343 microtubule assembly and, 343, 349 role of MAP2 and tau, 346, 347-348 see also Growth cones Axonal regeneration, 407-411 facilitation by glial cells and ECM, 407-410 inhibitors, 410-411 neurotrophic factors, 401-404 Axonal transport, 348-349, 393-397 fast, 393-394 • slow, 393, 395-397 Axonin-1,372 Axons control of radial growth, 350-351 exocytic pathways to, 389 glial interactions, 377-380 microtubule orientation, 348 non-synaptic transmitter release, 357 sprouting after intracerebral grafting, 416 Azathioprine, 436 B15 and B16 motor neurons, Aplysia, 571 B-cadherin, 372 Bacteriorhodopsin, 32, 34, 265 Bag cell neurons exocytic membrane traffic, 388 sorting of peptides, 80-82 0~-Bag cell peptide, 572 Bandwidth analysis, auditory cortex/field L, 238, 239 Basal ganglia, 638-643, 644-651 brainstem control, 639 computational models, 647-648 cortical pathways, 644, 645

dopamine receptors, 645, 646--647 immediate-early and neurotransmitter genes, 647 initiation of movement through disinhibition, 638 interactions of motor signals, 639-641 modularity of striatal processing, 646 motor learning functions, 641 movement-related neural processing, 644-646 organization of corticostriatal inputs, 646 parallel versus serial processing, 646 'release circuit', role of subthalamic nucleus, 639, 647 Basilar membrane, cochlea, 215, 216-217, 218 BC1 ribonucleoprotein, 395 Becket muscular dystrophy, 421-422 bek gene, 403 bet1 protein, 93 BiP protein, 389 Bipolar cells, retinal connectivity, 261 glutamate immunoreactivity, 259 ON-type cGMP-mediated response to glutamate, 258, 259 protein kinase C, 258-259 ribbon synapses, 260 Bitter stimuli, taste cell responses, 199, 200-201 Blood-brain barrier (BBB), 360-362 additional characteristics, 361 cell culture models, 361-362 development in vivo, 361 drug transport, 362 multiple sclerosis, 362 Blue cone monochromacy, 267 Bouton units innervation pattern, 229, 230 morphology in relation to physiology, 231 physiological characteristics, 230 Bradykinin, 46, 49 Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), 21, 67, 402, 416, 417, 647 Brainstem control of basal gangia, 639 modulation of spinal sensory gating, 586 nociceptive functions, 194 respiratory rhythm generation, 591-592 Brainstem-spinal cord en bloc preparation, neonatal mammals, 590-591 Bravo protein, 371 bride of sevenless gene, 68 Bushy cells, 226 electrical properties, 222, 223, 224-225 projections and function, 221-222 Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, multifunctional (CaM kinase), 43, 44, 45-47 calcineurin and, 58, 59 functional studies, 46-47 regulation, 45-46 Cadherins, 370, 371,372-373, 409 brain endothelial cells, 361 cytoskeletal interactions, 373 myelin formation and, 379 Caenorhabditis elegans

Index to subjects inherited neuronal degeneration, 457 locomotion, 606 synaptic vesicles, 385 Caffeine, 102 Calcineurin (PrP-2B), 53-54, 57-58 antibodies, 55-56 role in signal transduction, 59-60, 61 structure, 54, 55 Calciosomes, neuronal localization, 388--389 Calcitonin gene-related peptide, 194 vestibular end organs, 232, 233 Calcium (Ca2+) axonal vesicle turnaround and, 394, 395 calcineurin interactions, 53, 54, 59 dystrophin-deficient muscle cells, 422, 423 exocytosis of vesicles and, 91-92, 94 glutamate receptor channel permeability, 21, 23-24 growth cone motility and, 341 intracellular olfactory signal transduction, 206 regulation in neurons, 101-102 taste transduction pathways, 199, 200-201 waves in astrocytes, 357 long-term depression and, 117, 617, 618-619 long-term potentiation and, 109, 114 myelin formation and, 379 protein kinase C interactions, 48 regulation of gene expression, 75 retinal photoreceptors feedback control of phototransduction, 252-253, 254 mechanisms of cGMP modulation, 253-254 transport processes in neurons, 98-104 Calcium (Ca2+) channel antagonists, 6, 10 binding sites on Ca2+ channels, 9, 10 Calcium (Ca2+) channels autoantibodies, 431 dystrophin-deficient muscle cells, 422-423 functional map of subunits, 7-10 G-protein-mediated regulation, 28 glial cells, 355, 356 modulation by phosphorylation, 29 presynaptic, 92 skeletal muscle, excitation-contraction couplin& 10 subunit structure, 5-6, 7 transmembrane pore, 9-10 voltage-gated, 5-13, 14 Calcium (Ca2+) conductances action potential repolarization and, 107, 108 fusiform neurons of cochlear nucleus, 225 rhythmic neuronal activity and, 106 spatial distributi~Jn, 108 109 taste cells, 198 Cah.ium R':a2 0) pumps I R/SR, 9;~ mgulali~)n of Ca2+ in neurons, 102 sl~Jic.hi~)metry, 99-100, 101 plasma membrane, 98 regulation of Ca2+ in neurons, 102 stoichiometry, 100-101 Calcium chloride (CaCI2), taste cell responses, 199

Calcium response element (CARE), 75 Calmodulin calcineurin interactions, 53, 54, 57, 58 olfactory signal transduction, 204, 206 Calmodulin-dependent multiprotein kinase see Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, multifunctional Calsequestrin, 389 Calyculin A, 53, 54 Calyx units efferent innervation, 232 innervation pattern, 229, 230 morphology in relation to physiology, 231 physiological characteristics, 230 responses to head movements, 231-232 CAMs see Cell adhesion molecules Cannabinoid receptors, 34, 35 Cardiac sac rhythm, 573 Catching movements, 667 Catenins, 373 Caudate nucleus (CD), 414, 415, 638 motor control, 639, 640-641 visual cortical projections, 277 Causalgia, peripheral origin, 193 CD4, monoclonal antibodies, 437 CD45 (leukocyte common antigen), 69, 70, 71 cdc2 protein kinase, 383 Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), 370-374 brain endothelial cells, 361 cadherin family, 371,372-373 growth cone motility and, 407, 408-409 immunoglobulin superfamily, 370-372, 373-374, 378 modulation of function, 373 peripheral nerve regeneration and, 409-410 regulation in neurons, 410 selectins/LEC-CAMS, 409 Cell culture models, blood-brain barrier, 361-362 Central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating disease, 436 glial responses to injury, 407-408 neural regeneration, 407, 409, 410-411 Central pattern generators see Pattern generators, central Cerebellar degeneration, subacute, 431,433 Cerebellar Purkinje cells, 616, 617 distribution of Ca2+ conductances, 108-109 long-term depression and, 117, 617, 618, 619 Cerebellum interpositus nucleus, 610 lesion-induced and developmental plasticity, 619 limb premotor network, 610 long-term depression, 117, 616-619 network models, 613 plasticity, 616-620 superior colliculus interactions, 630 Cerebral amyloid angiopathy, sporadic (CAA), 449 Cerebral cortex, long-term depression, 117-118 Cerebral haemorrhage with amyloidosis, hereditary Dutch type (HCHWA-D), 443-444, 448, 449, 450--452, 457 Icelandic type (HCHWA-I), 449 Characteristic frequency (CF), 241, 242 n-Chimaerin, 47 Chloride (CI') channels, 20

Index to subjects GABAA-gated, 29 modulation by Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, 46 Cholecystokinin (CCK), exocytic release pathway, 385 Cholera toxin, 36, 37, 38 Cholesterol, GABA transporter and, 86 Choline transport, 88 Chorionic gonadotropin, human, electric fish, 189 Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), 403 Circadian oscillators, 556-557 Circadian pacemakers, 556, 557 Circadian rhythms, 556-561, 564 Drosophila period gene cycling and, 558 macromolecular synthesis and, 558 mammalial suprachiasmatic nucleus and, 556-558 physiological basis, 556-557 Citralya, 204, 205 Clathrin, synaptic vesicle recycling, 384-385 Climbing fibres long-term depression and, 617-618 plasticity, 619 Clione limacina, gravistatic postural control, 623, 624 Cocaine, 24, 84 Cochlea efferent stimulation, 232, 233 mechanics, modelling, 218 outer hair cell motility, 215-219 Cochlear nuclei, 221-226 auditory pathways, 221-222 electrical properties of cells, 222-226 principal cells, 221 Cochleotopy (tonotopy), auditory cortex, 236-240 Cockroaches escape response, 574, 606-607 walking after leg amputation, 603 Collagen axonal regeneration and, 410 integrin interactions, 365, 366 Collagen IV, 365 Combination sensitive neurons, auditory cortex, 242 Computational neuroethology, 607 Conditioning, auditory, 244 Contactin/F11 adhesion molecule, 371-372 Contingent negative variations (CNVs), 666 Copolymer I (Cop I), 437 Corticospinal tracts, 610, 611, 655 Corticosterone, male sexual behaviour and, 563 Crab stomatogastric nervous system, 573 ventilatory system, 572-573 Crayfish swimmeret system, 574 Cristae, afferent innervation, 229, 230 Curculin, 200 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), 189, 616, 617 Cyclic AMP (cAMP) binding by protein kinase A, 43-44 olfactory transduction, 204, 205-206 protein phosphatase interactions, 59-60 regulation of gene expression, 75-77 role in learning, 45 I

taste transduction, 199, 200 Cyclic AMP analogs, modulation of ion channels, 29 Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase see Protein kinase A Cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB), 77 mechanism of action, 75-76 mediation of cAMP and Ca2+ signals, 75 Cyclic AMP response element (CRE), 75, 76 Cyclic GMP (cGMP) long-term depression and, 117, 617, 618 phototransduction and, 252-254 regulation of protein phosphatases, 57, 60 retinal ON bipolar cells, 258, 259 Cyclic GMP-dependent kinase (protein kinase G), 618 Cyclic GMP-gated ion channels olfactory receptors, 206 retinal cells, 252, 253, 258, 259 Cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase retinal ON bipolar cells, 258, 259 retinal photoreceptors, 252, 253, 254 Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels, olfactory neurons, 205, 206 Cyclophosphamide, 437 Cyclosporine A, 437 Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, olfactory-specific, 206 Cytoskeletal components, axonal transport, 395-397 Cytoskeleton axonal vesicle turnaround and, 394, 395 cadherin interactions, 373 growth cone shape and, 342-343 neuronal and glial, 346-351 D 1 receptors, 74 basal ganglia, 645, 646-647 regulation of protein phosphatases, 60 D 2 receptors, 74, 75 basal ganglia, 645, 646-647 D-stellate cells, 221,226 electrical properties, 223, 224 functional role, 222 DARPP-32, 54, 56, 59, 60 Default strategies, motor planning, 669 degl(u38) mutation, Caenorhabditis elegans, 457 Delay-tuned neurons, auditory cortex, 242 Demyelinating disease, 436-438 Denatonium chloride, 199, 200-201 Dendrites exocytic pathways to, 389 glutamate-induced MAP2 dephosphorylation, 348 role of MAPs, 348 transport system, 395, 396 Desmocollins, 372 Desmoglein, 372 Desmosomal glycoproteins, 372, 373 Development, role of tyrosine kinases, 68 Diacylglycerol, activation of protein kinase C, 47, 48 5,6-Dichloro-l-~-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB), 558 4,6-Dichloro-4,6-dideoxy-ot-D-galactopyranoside, 200 Diencephalic relay nuclei, nociceptive functions, 194 Diethylstilboestrol, prenatal exposure, 566 Dimorphic units innervation pattern, 229, 230

Index to subjects morphology in relation to physiology, 231 physiological characteristics, 230 L-Dopa, 414, 417 Dopamine circadian rhythms and, 556 cockroach escape response and, 574 coordination of motor signals and, 641 genetically modified cells producing, 417 Lymnaea respiratory pattern generator, 579, 580 regulation of protein phosphatases, 60 retinal light adaptation and, 259 Dopamine receptors, 35 basal ganglia, 645, 646-647 control of gene expression, 74-75 see also D 1 receptors; D 2 receptors Dopamine transporter, 85, 87 Dopaminergic system, 414-417 adrenal medulla grafts, 414-416 axonal sprouting after grafting, 416 fetal grafts, 414-415, 417 grafts of genetically modified cells, 417 trophic molecules affecting, 416 Dorsal light response, fish, 622, 623 Dorso-medial nucleus of intercollicular complex (DM), 597 Dorsolateral commissural (DLC)interneurons, 585 Down's syndrome (trisomy 21), 443, 444, 449, 452,455, 456 Drosophila learning paradigms, 45 rdgb mutants, 60-61 tyrosine kinases, 68 Drugs, transport across blood-brain barrier, 362 Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 420-426 manifesting carriers, 421 pathogenesis, 422-424 therapeutic approaches, 424-426 dunce locus, 464 dwarl locus mutant mice, 76-77 Dynamin, 346, 349-350, 385 Dynein, 390 axonal transport, 393, 394 dendritic transport, 395 Dynorphin, basal ganglia, 647 Dystrophin, 420-426 approaches to therapeutic replacement, 424-426 clinical effects of deficiency, 424 function and dysfunction, 422-424 gene and protein, 420 gene and protein abnormalities, 420-422 Dystrophinopathy in girls and women, 421 E-cadherin (uvomorulin), 361, 362, 372, 373 ECM see Extracellular matrix EF-Tu protein, 383 Efferent nerve fibres, vestibular end organs, 232-233 Egg-laying hormone (ELH), 80-82 Electric fish brain atlas, 189 development of jamming avoidance response, 635 electroreception, 187-189 neural mechanisms of behavioural hyperacuity, 634-635

sensory control of behaviour, 633-637 sensory processing, 633-634 social signals modulating behavioural states, 635-636 Electric organ discharges (EODs), 188, 189 jamming avoidance response, 633-635 social signals, 635 Electric-organ pacemaker, 189, 634 Electromyogram (EMG) analysis, birdsong, 595-596, 597 Electroreception, 187-189, 633-634 efference copy mechanisms, 188 modulation of neural nets, 189 multiple neuronal representations, 188-189 recurrent descending control pathways, 187-188 tuning of receptors and oscillators, 189 Electrosensory lateral line lobe (ELL), 187-188, 189, 634 Electrosensory maps, multiple, 188-189 Elongation factor Tu, 38 En bloc preparations, mammalian respiratory pattern generation, 590-594 Encephalomyelitis acute disseminated, 436 antibody-mediated, 431, 432 experimental allergic (EAE), 437-438 End bulbs of Held, 225 Endocytosis brain endothelial cells, 360, 362 neuronal, 389-390 Endoplasmic reticulum rough, neuronal localization, 388 smooth, neuronal localization, 388-389 ~-Endorphin, antinociceptive effects, 193 Endosomes early and late, 389-390 synaptic vesicle recycling, 384-385 Endothelial cells, brain see Blood-brain barrier Endothelin receptors, 34, 35 Enkephalin, basal ganglia, 647 Entorhinal cortex lateral, 209 stellate neurons, rhythmic activity, 106-107 Epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors, 65, 67, 68 Estrogens see Oestrogens EVI2A locus, 463-464 EVl2B locus, 463, 464 Exocytic neuronal membrane traffic, 91-93, 388-389 Extensor digitorum communis (EDC) muscle activity, 653, 654 Extracellular matrix (ECM), 364-367, 407, 408 Extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, 364--365 growth cone motility and, 407, 408-409 inhibition of axonal regeneration, 410-411 peripheral nerve regeneration and, 409-410 Extracellular matrix (ECM) receptors, 365-366 Eye movements basal ganglia control, 639, 640 role of superior colliculus, 630 Eye position, sensory and motor maps in superior colliculus and, 629-630 Eyes, circadian oscillators in, 556 F3 adhesion molecule, 371-372 Face-responsive neurons, 271-272, 275-276

Index to subjects Fasciclin I, 373 tasciclin I gene, 68 Fasciclin II, 370, 371, 373 Fasciclin III, 372 cis-Fatty acids, modulation of Na + channels, 29 Fetal dopaminergic cells intracerebral grafting, 414-415, 417 trophic factors, 416 Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) fetal dopamine neurons and, 416 neuronal synthesis, 403 neuroprotective actions, 402-403, 404 Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptors, 65, 66, 67, 403 Fibronectin, 365, 366 type III repeats, 370-371 Fibronectin receptors, 411 Field L, functional organization, 236, 238, 239-240 Filopodia, growth cone, 339-340, 342 Fish electric see Electric fish gravistatic postural control, 621,622-625 Flatfish metamorphosis, 622 fig gene, 403 Fluoride resistant acid phosphatase (FRAP), 59 FMRFamide, 60, 580 FMRFamide-like peptides, 571 Forskolin, 206 c4os induction of NGF synthesis, 402 photic regulation in suprachiasmatic nucleus, 557-558 regulation in basal ganglia, 647 Frequency band (FB)laminae, 238, 239-240, 242 Frequency modulation (FM) analysis, 238, 240, 241 Frontal cortex, interneurons of layer IV, 106 Fundus of superior temporal area (FSI), 250, 274 Fusiform cells, 221, 226 electrical properties, 223, 225-226 • functional role, 222 'Fusion machinery', 92-93 /yn gene, 65, 67 G protein (protein phosphatase 2A inhibitor), 57, 60 G-protein-coupled receptors, 32-42, 75, 91 G-protein-interacting domains, 35-36 general structure, 33-34 ligand binding domains, 34-35 rhodopsin, 263, 264 G proteins, 27, 29-30, 32, 36-38 (z-subunits, 32, 36, 37-38 [3y-subunits, 27, 36-37, 38 ~-subunits, 32, 36, 37 y-subunits, 32, 36-37 modulation of ionic channels, 27-28, 29 novel, 38 olfactory receptor-specific (Golf), 205-206 olfactory signal transduction, 204, 205-206 retinal ON bipolar cells, 258, 259 small, 92, 93, 383, 390 structure and diversity, 36-38 transducin, 252, 253

G-substrate, 618 G-subunit, 59 GABA (y-aminobutyric acid) basal ganglia, 638, 640 brainstem respiratory rhythm and, 591-592 mormyrid electric fish, 188 motor cortical maps and, 661 pancreatic [[3cells,94 red nucleus, 610, 611-612 GABA transporter cloning and molecular structure, 84-85, 86 electrogenic properties of transport, 87 localization, 87 protein purification and reconstitution studies, 86-87 GABAA receptors (GABAAR), 20, 22, 23 actions of steroids, 563 axotomised sensory nerves, 403 glial cells, 355, 356 modulation by phosphorylation, 29, 69, 70 GABAergic neurons, autoantibodies, 433 Galactosyltransferase, cell surface, 366 Ganglion cells, retinal, 356 connectivity, 261 glutamate immunoreactivity, 259 light adaptation, 261 synaptic inputs, 260 voltage-gated ion currents, 261 Ganglioside autoantibodies, 432 GAP-43, 341, 403 GAP-related domain (GRD), NF1 gene, 464-465 GAPs (GTPase-activating proteins), 464 Gart gene, 464 Gastric rhythm, 573 Gaze error, 628, 630 . GDP dissociation inhibitor, 383 Gelsolin, 448, 450 Genetic linkage studies, 455-459 Alzheimer's disease, 455-458 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 459 Huntington's disease, 458-459 GHF-1/Pit-1 transcription factor, 76 Giant cells, dorsal cochlear nucleus, 221,222 Giant interneurons, ventral (vGI), 606-607 Glial cells, 354-358 ion channels, 354-356 myelin formation, 377-380 neuron-glial signalling mechanisms, 356-357 neuronal trophic interactions, 403 response to CNS and PNS injury, 407-408, 409 Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), 351 Globus pallidus cortical interactions, 644, 645 external segment (GPe) anatomical pathways, 645 motor control, 639-640, 641,645 internal segment (GPi), 638 anatomical pathways, 645 motor control, 640-641, 645 subthalamic nucleus interactions, 639 serial versus parallel processing, 646 Glomerulil olfactory bulb, 209, 210

Index to subjects Glutamate (Glu), 20, 21, 22 brainstem respiratory rhythm and, 592 exocytic release pathway, 385 glial cell responses, 357 long-term depression and, 616 MAP2 dephosphorylation induced by, 348 non-synaptic axona! release, 357 ON bipolar cell responses, 258, 259 respiratory motor pattern generation and, 592 retinal neurons, 259 spinal interactions, 194 uptake in retinal neurons, 260 Glutamate receptor 1 (GluR1), 20 molecular cloning, 21-22 patterns of expression, antibody-based studies, 22 structure, 22, 23 Glutamate receptors (GluR), 20-26, 88 biological significance, 21,117, 118 Ca2+ permeability and subunit composition, 23-24 genes and alternative splicing, 22 ion channel properties, 21 long-term depression and, 616-617, 618 metabotropic, long-term depression and, 616--617, 618-619 modulation of electric-organ pacemaker, 189 neuroendocrine regulation, 24 pathophysiological significance, 21, 49 pleotropic and computational implications, 21 retinal ganglion cells, 260 retinal ON bipolar cells, 259 subtypes, pharmacological basis, 21 superior colliculus, 628 see also NMDA receptors; Non-NMDA receptors Glutamate transporter, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88 Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibodies, 433 y-D-Glutamylaminomethylsulphonic acid (GAMS), 189 y-D-Glutamylglycine, 194 Glycine brainstem respiratory rhythm and, 591-592 NMDA receptor interactions, 21 spinal interactions, 194 Glycine receptors (GlyR), 20, 22, 23, 69, 70 Glycine transporter, 85, 87 Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), 53, 54, 56 Glycogen synthesis, role of PrP-1, 59 Glycoprotein hormones, heterodimeric structure, 34, 35 Golgi complex, neuronal localization, 388 Granule cells, olfactory system, 209, 210 Grasping, 668 Gravity orientation system, 621-627 experimental strategies, 621 integration of visual and vestibular information, 625 non-specific components of vestibular reaction, 623 postural change mediated by, 622-623 sensory-motor transformation, 623-625 Growth, role of tyrosine kinases, 68 Growth cone motility, 339-343, 408-409 axon growth and, 343 pathfinding and, 341-343, 349 physico-chemical mechanism, 339-341 Growth cones collapse/retreat, 341

microtubules, 343, 349 phosphorylation of tubulin, 350 transport of cytoskeletal components, 348--349 see also Axonal growth; Axonal regeneration Growth hormone releasing factor (GP.F), 76-77 GTP-y-S, 27, 93 GTP-binding proteins see G proteins GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), 464 Guam-Parkinsonian-dementia, 444, 459 Guanylate cyclase Ca2+ modulation in photoreceptors, 253-254 glial, 357 Guillain-Barre['] syndrome, 431, 432, 436 Hair cells cochlear, 215, 216 inner, 216 outer see Outer hair cells vestibular type I, 229, 230, 231-232 type II, 229, 230, 231, 232 Half-centre oscillators, 573, 577 Hand preshaping, neuronal activity, 660 Harmonic tone processing, 242-243 Head movements basal ganglia control, 639 role of superior colliculus, 630 Head position, sensory and motor maps in superior colficulus and, 629-630 Hearing loss, partial, 243 Heart interneurons (HN), 573 Heartbeat system, leech, 573 Held, end bulbs of, 225 Helix, A and P neurons, 108 Higher vocal centre (HVC), 597, 598 Hippocampal pyramidal neurons, Ca2+ conductances, 109 Hippocampus long-term depression, 117-118 long-term potentiation see Long-term potentiation L-Homocysteate, climbing fibres, 617 Horizontal cells, retinal, 259 HT7 protein, endothelial cells, 361 Hu antigen antibodies, 432-433 Human T-cell leukaemia virus (HTLV-I), 438 Huntington's disease, 458-459 5-Hydroxytryptamine see Serotonin Hyper basis function (HyperBF) network, 271 Hyperstriatum, ventral nucleus (HVC), 565, 566 Hypoglossal nerve, tracheosyringeal division (NXllts), 596, 597-598 Hypoglossal nerve nucleus (nXllts), 597 Hypoth~lamus control of somatotroph development, 76-77 electric fish, 635-636 glutamate receptors, 24 nociceptive functions, 194 oestrogen synthesis, 563, 564, 565 sex differences, 567 ventromedial (VMH), effects of steroids, 562, 563 Immediate-early genes photic regulation, 557-558

Index to subjects regulation in basal ganglia, 647 Immunoglobulin superfamily of CAMs, 370-372, 373-374, 378 Immunosuppressive therapy, multiple sclerosis, 436-437 Inferior olive, red nucleus interactions, 613 Inferior parietal area (POa), 274 Inferior temporal visual cortex, 274-277 anatomical organization, 274, 275 attention, 276 information representation, 271,275-276 memory and learning, 276 outputs, 277 temporal encodin 8, 276-277 Inflammatory mediators, nociceptor sensitization, 193 Inhibitor-1 (I-1), 53, 54, 56, 59, 60 Inhibitor-2 (I-2), 53, 54, 56 Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) cerebellar receptors, 618 olfactory signal transduction, 204, 205, 206 retinal photoreceptors, 254 taste transduction, 199, 200 Insects sensory control of locomotion, 601-604 simulated, adaptive behaviours in, 607 Insulin, sorting into secretory granules, 80 Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor, 65 Insulin-like growth factor-II/mannose-6-phosphate (IGF-II/man-6-P) receptor, 32, 33, 36, 384, 390 Insulin receptors, 65, 68 Integrins, 365-366, 409 myelin formation and, 379 regulation in neurons, 410 Intercollicular complex, dorso-medial nucleus (DM), 597 Interdigitated genes, 464 Interleukin-1 (IL-1), 402, 403, 407, 409 Interplexiform cells, retinal, 260 Interpositus nucleus, cerebellum, 610 Intracerebral grafting, 647 adrenal medulla, 414-416 • fetal dopaminergic tissues, 414-415, 417 genetically modified cells, 417 sprouting as a mechanism of function, 416 Inverse dynamics, 665 Inverse kinematics, 664 Ion channels, 29-30 glial cells, 354-356 glutamate-receptor-coupled, 21 modulation by G proteins, 27-28, 29 modulation by phosphon/lation, 27, 28-29, 69, 70 Ion conducting pore, transmembrane glutamate receptors, 22 voltage-gated ion channels, 9-10, 14-15 Ionic conductances cochlear nuclei neurons, 225-226 glial cells, 355 neuronal, 105-112 action potential repolarization, 107-108 neuronal rhythmicity and, 105-107 spatial distribution, 108-109 retinal neurons, 260-261 IP31 neuron, Lymnaea, 578-580 IRA'/ and IRA2 genes, 464, 465

Isaacs' syndrome (acquired neuromyotonia), 431-432 Ischemic neuronal death, 21, 49 Isomenthane, 205 Jl 160, 364 J1 180, 364 Jamming avoidance response (JAR), 633-635 development, 635 jun-B gene, suprachiasmatic nucleus, 558 Kainate, retinal horizontal cell responses, 259 Kainic acid (KA) receptors, 21, 22 see also Non-NMDA receptors Ketamine, 193, 194 Kinesin axonal transport, 393, 394, 396-397 dendritic transport, 395 KN-62, 46 Knollenorgans, 188 L1 adhesion molecule, 371, 372, 373, 378-379 L-CAM, 372, 373 Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, 431 Laminin, 364-365, 366, 410 Laminin receptors, 410, 411 Lamprey gravistatic postural control, 621, 623-625 sensory modulation of locomotor patterns, 586 swimming, 605 Large dense-core vesicles (LDCVs), 91, 93, 382, 390 exocytosis, 91-92, 389 Lateral olfactory tract (LOT), 209, 211 Learning auditory system, 238, 243-244 motor, role of basal ganglia, 641 olfactory system, 210, 211-212 role of protein kinase A, 45 synaptic plasticity and, 21,113-120 visual system, 276 LEC-CAMS/selectins, 409 Leech bending reflexes, 606 feeding and swimming, 574 heartbeat system, 573 Leukocyte common antigen related phosphatase (LRP), 70, 71 Leukocyte common antigen related protein (LAR), 70 Lewy bodies, 450, 457 Lewy body disease, diffuse, 448, 450 Light entrainment of circadian rhythms, 556, 557 regulation of immediate-early genes, 557-558 Light adaptation retinal Ca2+ and, 252-253 dopamine and, 259 visual system, retina-specific contributions, 261 Limb movements basal ganglia control, 644-645 cortical control, 658 organization of complex voluntary, 664-669 role of red nucleus in control, 610-614 Limb premotor network, 610, 611

Index to subjects models, 613-614 Lobster, stomatogastric nervous system, 573 Locomotion adaptive behaviour in, 605-609 basal ganglia control, 639 sensory control in insects, 601-604 sensory gating of spinal pattern generation, 583-589 vestibular responses activating, 623 visual control, 652-657 Locusts biophysics of sensory-motor integration, 585, 602-603 leg mechanosensory afferent input, 602 leg proprioceptors, 603 octopamine actions, 572 plasticity of sensory-motor reflexes, 601-602 Long-term depression (LTD), 116-118 cerebellum, 117, 616-619 hippocampus and cerebral cortex, 117-118 potentiation counteracting, 619 visual cortex, 276 Long-term potentiation (LTP), 46, 113-116 facilitation by arachidonic acid, 88, 116 Hebbian and non-Hebbian, 113 mossy fibre pathway, 113, 116 olfactory cortex, 209, 211-212 presynaptic mechanisms of maintenance, 114-116 role of Ca2+, 109, 114 Schaeffer collateral CA1 pathway, 113-116 superior colliculus, 628 LP-2, 59, 60 Lung carcinoma, small cell, 432, 433 Luteinizing hormone (LH), 34, 48, 80 Luteinizing hormone (LH)/human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) receptors, 35 Lymnaea respiratory pattern generator, reconstruction in culture, 578-580 Macrophages, axonal regeneration and, 407-408, 409 Magnesium (Mg2+ ) long-term potentiation in olfactory cortex and, 211 NMDA receptors and, 21, 23, 114 phototransduction and, 252, 253 protein phosphatases and, 53, 54 Magnetic sensing` 187 Magnocellular layer-related visual processing stream (M-stream), 249-250 Manduca sexta metamorphosis, 601 Manipulative behaviours, 668-669 Mannose-6-phosphate receptor see Insulin-like growth factor-II/mannose-6-phosphate receptor Maternal behaviour, 563 Matriosomes, 645, 646 mdx mouse, 423-424, 425 mec4 mutation, C. elegans, 457 Medial superior temporal area (MS-I-), 250, 274 Medium spiny projection neurons, neostriatal, 107 Medulla, respiratory rhythm generation, 591 Melatonin, circadian cycling` 556 Memory auditory, 244

olfactory, 210, 211 visual, 276 Met-enkephalin, vestibular end organ efferents, 232 Metamorphosis flatfish, 622 Manduca sexta, 601 Metathoracic ganglion, locust, 602 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-l,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced parkinsonism, 416, 640-641,647 Microcystin-LR, 53, 54 Microglia, 356, 408 Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) dendritic transport, 395 microtubule bundling induced by, 347-348 NMDA-mediated dephosphorylation, 348 phosphorylation, 44, 45, 47 role in neurite outgrowth, 347 Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), 346 Microtubules, 346 axona], 348, 393 axonal transport, 348, 395-397 dendritic, 348, 395, 396 in growth cones, 343, 349 role of dynamin in sliding` 349--350 role of tau and MAP2 in bundling` 347-348 Miraculin, 200 Mitral/tufted cells, olfactory system, 209, 210 MK-801, 557, 558 Molluscs, gravistatic postural control, 621, 622, 623, 624 Monensin, 80 Mormyromasts, 188 Morphine, tolerance and addiction, 24 Mossy fibre pathways astrocyte Ca2+ waves induced by, 357 long-term potentiation, 113, 116 Motor control complex voluntary movements, 664-671 cortical, 658-663 role of basal ganglia, 638-641 role of red nucleus, 610-615 Motor cortex, 610, 658-663 basal ganglia interactions, 644, 645 electrical stimulation and mapping, 660-661 microstimulation during locomotion, 653-655 single-cell recordings, 658-660 visual control of locomotion and, 652-656 Motor learning, role of basal ganglia, 641 Motor maps motor cortex, 660 dynamic maintenance, 661 re-organization and plasticity, 660--661 superipr colliculus aligment during development, 628-629 properties, 630 real-time regulation, 629-630 Motor neurons axonal regeneration, 403, 407 modulation of neuromuscular efficiency, 571 multifunctional, 572-573 plateau properties, 572 respiratory, neuropharmacolosy, 592-593

Index to subjects sensory gating during locomotion, 583, 584, 585-586 Motor planning default strategies, 669 feedforward control of reflex actions, 667 reaching movements, 664-666 role of proprioception, 667 shoulder-centred, 666 Motor-sensory neuropathy, hereditary, type I, 436 Movements complex voluntary, 664-671 control of accuracy, 667 control of manipulative behaviours, 668-669 coordinate transformations and trajectory planning, 664-666 cortical control, 659--660 directional coding, 659 initiation, role of basal ganglia, 638 Muller cells, 259, 260 glutamate release, 357 ion channels, 354, 356 Multiple sclerosis (MS) blood-brain barrier breakdown, 362 new approaches to therapy, 436-438 Muscarinic agonists, 233 Muscarinic receptors, 35-36, 39 K + channel interactions, 28 neuronal rhythmicity and, 106, 107 Muscles, modulation of oscillatory activity, 571 Muscular dysgenesis (mdg) mice, 10 Muscular dystrophy Becker, 421-422 Duchenne, 420-426 Myasthenia gravis, 430-431 Myasthenic syndrome, Lambert-Eaton, 431 Myelin adhesion molecules in formation, 377-380 antigens, oral tolerance therapy, 437 autoantibodies, 432 Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), 372, 378-379, 432 Myelin basic protein (MBP), 437-438 Myoblast transplantation, 424-425, 426 N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG), 557 N-cadherin, 361, 372, 373, 379, 410 N-methyI-D-aspartic acid receptors see NMDA receptors NCAM see Neural cell adhesion molecule NEM-sensitive factor (NSF), 92, 93 Nematode locomotion, 606 Neocortical pyramidal neurons, rhythmic activity, 106 Neostriatum, medium spiny projection neurons, 107 Nerve growth factor (NGF), 401-402, 403-404 adrenal medullary cell survival and, 416 genetically modified cells producing, 417 molecular mechanisms of action, 402 neuronal growth and survival and, 401-402, 409 regulation of synthesis, 21, 402 Nerve growth factor inducible large external glycoprotein (NILE), 372 Nerve growth factor (NGF) receptors, 67, 402, 409 Nerve terminal, molecular architecture, 382-385

Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), 70, 370, 371 decreased polysialation, 373, 409, 410 myelin formation and, 378 Neural network models basal ganglia, 647-648 limb premotor network, 613-614 Neural networks biophysical analyses of pattern-generating, 573 multifunctional pattern-generating, 572-573 Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), 441-442, 444, 455 Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) gene, 462-467 characteristics of product, 464-466 isolation, 462-463 physical structure, 463-464 Neurofilaments (NF), 346, 350--351, 395, 401 Neuroglian, 372, 373 Neurokinin A, role in nociception, 194 Neurological disorders amyloid deposition, 449-450 antibody-mediated, 430-433 degenerative, genetic linkage studies, 455-459 paraneoplastic, 432-433 Neuromyotonia, acquired (Isaacs' syndrome), 431-432 Neurons antagonistic, reciprocal inhibition between, 573, 577 autoantibodies, 432-433 Ca2+ regulation, 98-104 glial signalling mechanisms, 356-357 glial trophic interactions, 403 ionic conductance mechanisms, 105-112 membrane traffic, 388-390 modulation of membrane properties, 571-572 rhythmicity in mammalian CNS, 105-107 upregulation of glial ion channels, 355-356 Neuropeptides, 382, 389 biosynthesis and sortin& 79-83 aggregation, 80 co-packaging with classical transmitters, 82 different peptides in different vesicles, 80-82 peptides in same vesicles, 82 physiological significance, 82 sorting signals, 79-80 control of gene expression, 74-78, 647 exocytic release pathway, 385 role in nociception, 194 Neurothelin, 361 Neurotransmitter transporters, 84-90 cellular and anatomical localization, 87 cloning and molecular structure, 84-85 electrogenic properties of transport, 87 expression in heterologous systems, 85-86 protein purification and reconstitution studies, 86--87 regulation and modulation of carrier activities, 87-88 Neurotransmitters, 382, 390 co-packaging with neuropeptides, 82 control of gene expression, 74-78, 647 exocytic release pathway, 385 molecular mechanisms of release, 91-97 Na+-dependent reuptake systems, 84-90 non-synaptic axonal release, 357 regulation of release by K + conductances, 107-108

Index to subjects Neurotrophic factors, axonal regeneration, 401-404 Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), 402, 416 Ng-CAM, 370, 371, 372, 373 NGF see Nerve growth factor Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAchR), 20, 22 autoantibodies in myasthenia gravis, 430-431 modulation by phosphorylation, 28, 29, 69, 70 vestibular end organs, 232-233 Nitric oxide (NO), 117, 357, 617-618 Nitric oxide (NO) synthase, 617-618 NMDA receptors, 21, 24 basal ganglia, 647 channel properties, 21, 23, 109 computational capabilities, 21 electric-organ pacemaker, 189 g]ial cells, 356, 357 lamprey swimming, 605 learning related synaptic plasticity and, 21,114, 116, 117, 118 MAP2 dephosphorylation mediated by, 348 olfactory cortex, 211 red nucleus, 610-611 regulation of protein phosphatases, 60 respiratory motor patterns and, 592-593 retinal ganglion cells, 260 spinal, role in nociception, 193-194 superior colliculus, 628 suprachiasmatic nucleus, 557 visual cortex, 276 Nociception, 192-195 cultured cells, 193 spinal mechanisms, 193-194 supraspinal mechanisms, 194-195 Nocisensors (nociceptors), 192-193 sensitization, 193 terminals, 192 visceral, specificity, 192 Non-NMDA receptors, 21 brainstem respiratory rhythm and, 592 Ca2+ permeability and subunit composition, 23-24 electric-organ pacemaker, 189 glial cells, 356, 357 GIuR genes and alternative splicing, 22 long-term depression and, 117, 118, 616-617, 618, 619 long-term potentiation and, 114 neuroendocrine regulation, 24 NGF synthesis and, 402 red nucleus, 610-611 retinal ganglion cells, 260 spinal, role in nociception, 193-194 tyrosine phosphorylation, 69, 70 Nonspiking local interneurons, locust, 602 Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) brainstem respiratory rhythm and, 592 enhancement of long-term potentiation, 116 modulation of locomotor patterns, 586 Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) transporter, 84-85, 86 Noradrenergic afferents, cerebellar cortex, 619 Nr-CAM, 370, 371, 372 Nucleus basalis, visual cortical projections, 277

Nucleus electrosensorius (nE), 634, 635 Nucleus praeeminentialis, 187, 188 O2A progenitors, ion channels, 354, 355, 356 Object recognition computer vision, 270 inferior temporal cortex neurons, 271, 275-276, 277 models, 270-272 view-interpolation theory, 271-272 Octopamine, 572, 574 Octopus cells, 221,226 electrical properties, 223, 224 functional role, 222 Oestrogen receptors, brain, 564 Oestrogens developmental actions in brain, 564-567 formation in brain, 563-564, 565 genomic effects in ventromedial hypothalamus, 562, 563 Okadaic acid, 53-54, 58 Olfactory bulb, 209, 210 Olfactory cortex, 209 anatomy, 209, 210 plasticity, 211 Olfactory receptor neurons, 204-206, 209 cAMP-mediated transduction, molecular components, 205-206 integration of second messenger pathways, 206 mechanisms of second messenger generation, 205 odorant interactions, 204-205 Olfactory system, 209-212 anatomy, 209, 210 behavioural learning, 210, 211-212 computational modeling, 210, 211,212 physiology, 209-210 Oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein, 463 Oligodendrocytes axonal regeneration and, 408, 409, 410-411 ion channels, 354, 356 myelin formation, 377 OMGP locus, 463, 464 Ommatidia development, 68 Opioids antinociceptive effects, 193 inhibition of sexual behaviour, 563 Opsins, 263-267 domains controlling structural folding, 263-264 human mutations, 266, 267 residues determining retinals absorption spectra, 264-266 Opsoclonus, antibody-mediated, 431,433 Optic tectum electric fish, 634 see also Superior colliculus Oral movements, basal ganglia control, 639 Otolith organs, 623 Outer hair cells (OHC), 215-219 cochlear mechanics and, 218 electromotile response, 215, 216-217 slow contraction, 217 structural basis of motility, 215-216, 217 Oxytocin receptors, steroid hormone interactions, 563 p29 (synaptic vesicle protein), 68-69

Index to subjecls P-cadherin, 361,372-373 Pain, 192-195 cortical representation, 195 neuralgic, peripheral origin, 193 Paired helical filaments (PHFs), 441-442 Pallidum see Globus pallidus Parallel fibres, long-term depression and, 616-617 Paraneoplastic neurological disorders, 432-433 Paraproteinemic neuropathy, 431,432 Parietal area 5, directional coding during movements, 659 Parietal area 7, hand preshaping and, 660 Parkinsonism motor dysfunction, 641 MPTP-induced, 416, 640-641,647 Parkinsonism/dementia complex of Guam, 444, 459 Parkinson's disease, 74-75, 414, 448, 450 animal models, 414, 416, 417 intracerebral grafts, 414-416, 417 therapeutic strategies, 647 Parvocellular layer-related visual processing stream (P-stream), 249-250 Pattern generators, central (CPGs) biophysical analysis, 573 locomotor, integration of visual signals, 655 modulation, 571-576 muscles and neuromuscular junctions, 571 neuronal membrane properties, 571-572 R15 neuron of Aplysia, 572 synaptic transmission, 572 multifunctional neurons and networks, 572-573 reconstruction in culture, 577-582 Aplysia abdominal ganglion neurons, 577-578 criteria for, 578 experimental advantages, 579-580 future experiments, 580 limitations, 580 Lymnaea respiratory system, 578-580 suitable preparations, 578 respiratory, in vitro en bloc preparations, 590-594 sensory gating of spinal, 583-589 afferent synapses (level 1), 583, 584 interposed interneurons (levels 2 and 3), 584-585 motor neurons (level 4), 584, 585-586 supraspinal modulation (higher levels), 586 vocal production in songbirds and, 598 Pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), control of locomotion, 639 Peptide immunotherapy, multiple sclerosis, 437 Periaqueductal gray, control of vocalization, 639 period gene, circadian cycling, 558 Periodicity coding, auditory cortex, 242-243 Peripheral nervous system (PNS), 407, 408 CAMs and ECM in neural regeneration, 409-410 glial responses to neural injury, 407-408 Pertussis toxin, 27, 32, 36, 37, 38, 117 pH, axonal vesicle turnaround and, 394, 395 Phentolamine, insect locomotion and, 603 Phorbol esters, 60 interactions with protein kinase C, 47, 48-49 modulation of Na + channels, 28, 29 Phosphoinositide turnover, retinal photoreceptors, 254

Phosphorylase-a, 53, 59 Phosphorylation of proteins ionic channel modulation, 27, 28--29 tyrosine-specific, 65-73 Photoperiods, oestrogen formation in brain and, 564 Photoreceptors, retinal, 252-254 Ca2+ feedback and background light adaptation, 252-253 Ca2+ modulation of cGMP metabolism, 253-254 entrainment of circadian rhythms, 557 glutamate immunoreactivity, 259 light adaptation, 261 phototransduction process, 252, 253 ribbon synapses, 260 voltage-gated K + currents, 260-261 Phototransduction process, 252, 253 Physophilin, 93, 382 Pineal gland, circadian rhythms and, 555, 556, 559 Piriform cortex, 209, 210, 211 Pituitary, electric fish, 635-636 Planorbis corneus, gravistatic postural control, 622, 623 Plasma cell dyscrasias, 449 Plasticity auditory cortex, 243-244 cerebellar, 616-620 learning related synaptic, 21, 113-120 motor cortical maps, 660-661 olfactory cortex, 211 sensory-motor reflexes, 601-602 Plateau potentials, 108, 109 modulation, 572 Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), 403 Po protein, 372, 378, 379-380 Post-inhibitory rebound (PIR) excitation, 579 Posture, gravistatic control in simpler systems, 621-627 Potassium (K +) channels, 5, 14-19 activation, 16, 17 autoantibodies, 432 G-protein-mediated regulation, 27-28 gating, 16-17 glial cells, 355-356 inactivation, 8, 16-17 ion conduction (transmembrane) pore, 9-10, 14-15, 16 Shaker (A-type), 14, 15, 16, 17 taste cells, 198, 199, 200 tetrameric structure, 14 Potassium (K +) conductances action potential repolarization and, 107-108 cochlear nuclei neurons, 225-226 locust nonspiking local interneurons, 602 retinal neurons, 260-261 rhythmic neuronal activity and, 106, 107 spatial distribution, 109 vestibular hair cells, 232, 233 pp60 csrc, 65, 67, 68, 69 pp60 c'src+, 66-67 Pre-B6tzinger complex, 591 Pre-inspiratory (prel~ I) neurons, 591 Preamyloid deposits, 450, 452 Precision grip, 659, 668-669 Prehension, 668 Premotor cortex

Index to subjects complex visuospatial movements and, 659-660 directional coding during movements, 659 Preoptic-anterior hypothalamic complex (POA) oestrogen synthesis, 564 sexual dimorphism, 566, 567 Preoptic nuclei oestrogen synthesis, 563, 564 sexual dimorphism, 566 Prepacemaker nucleus (PPn), 634 Primary afferent depolarization (PAD), 583 Primary afferents gating during locomotion, 583, 584 nociceptive, 192-193, 194 vestibular, 229-231,233 Proctolin, 571 Progesterone, actions in brain, 562-563 Proprioception locust movement and, 601-602, 603 role in motor planning, 667 Protease nexin II, 442, 451 Protein kinase A (PKA, cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase), 29, 43-45, 59--60, 75 functional studies, 45 structure, 43-45 Protein kinase C (PKC), 39, 43, 47-49, 114 biochemical properties and localization, 48 caveats, 47 functional studies, 49 isoforms, 44, 47, 48 long-term depression and, 618 modulation of ion channels, 28--29 retinal ON bipolar cells, 258-259 retinal photoreceptors, 254 translocation and down-regulation, 48-49 Protein kinase G (cyclic GMP-dependent kinase), 618 Protein kinases, 29-30, 59 modulation of ion channels, 27, 28-29 serine/threonine, 43-52 see also Tyrosine kinases Protein phosphatase 1 (PrP-1), 53, 54 brain, 56 inhibitors, 54 role in signal transduction, 59-60 structure, 54, 55 Protein phosphatase 2A (PrP-2A), 53, 54 brain, 56-57 role in signal transduction, 60 structure, 54, 55 Protein phosphatase 2B (PrP-2B) see Calcineurin Protein phosphatase 2C (PrP-2C), 53, 54, 58 Protein phosphorylation see Phosphorylation of proteins Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTPIB), 69, 70, 71 Protein tyrosine phosphatase 5 (PTP-5), 70 Protein tyrosine phosphatases, 65, 69--71 expression in nervous system, 70-71 regulation, 71 Protein zero see Po protein Proteoglycans axonal regeneration in CNS and, 409, 410, 411 binding to ECM molecules, 366

Protons (H + ) requirements of Ca2+ pumps, 99, 100-101 taste cell responses, 199, 200 Purkinje cells, cerebellar see Cerebellar Purkinje cells Putamen, 414, 415 motor control, 638, 639, 640-641,658 serial versus parallel processing, 646 Pyloric rhythm, 573 Pyloric suppressor (PS) neurons, 573 Pyramidal neurons hippocampal, Ca2+ conductances, 109 neocortical, rhythmic activity, 106 Pyramidal tract neurons (PTNs), visual control of locomotion and, 653, 654, 655 Pyrazine, 204, 205 Quantal analysis, long-term potentiation, 114-116 Quinine, taste cell responses, 201 Quisqualate, long-term depression and, 616-617, 618-619 R15c~1 peptide, 572 R15 neuron, Aplysia, modulation of bursting, 572 R-cadherin, 372 rab proteins, 383, 390 rab3A (smg p25A) protein, 93, 382-383, 385, 390 ras proteins, 36, 38 NF1 product interactions, 464-465 rdgb mutants, 60-61 Reaching movements contributions to manipulative behaviours, 668-669 control of accuracy, 667 coordinate transformations and trajectory planning, 664-666 Reciprocal inhibition between antagonistic neurons, 573, 577 Recognition, object see Object recognition Recoverin, 254 Red nucleus, 610-615 lesion studies, 613 network models, 613--614 neuropharmacological studies, 610-612 sensorimotor relations of single units, 612-613 Red pigment concentrating hormone (RPCH), 573, 574 Reflex arcs, developmental and plastic changes, 601-602 Reproductive behaviour control by steroid hormones, 562-564 role of oestrogen in sexual differentiation, 566-567 Respiratory muscles, vocal production in songbirds and, 595-596 Respiratory neurons, brainstem, 591 Respiratory pattern generation Lymnaea, reconstruction in culture, 578--580 mammalian, 590-594 location and mechanisms of rhythm generation, 591 neonatal brainstem-spinal cord preparation, 590 5ql neuropharmacology of motor pattern. 592 593 neurotransmitters for rhythm generation, 591 592 Reticular formation, respiratory pattern generation and, 591 Reticulospinal neurons, lamprey, 625 Retina connectivity of cells, 261 glutamate immunoreactivity, 259 glutamate uptake mechanisms, 260

Index to subjects role in light adaptation of visual system, 261 synaptic transmission, 258--261 voltage-gated currents, 260-261 see also specific retinal cell types Retinal degeneration human opsin mutations, 266, 267 mice, 403 Retinal photoreceptors see Photoreceptors, retinal 11-cis-Retinaldehyde, 263, 264 Retinitis pigmentosa, 267 Retinohypothalamic tract, 556, 557 Rewarding stimuli, nucleus basalis neuronal responses, 277 Rheumatoid arthritis, 438 Rhodopsin, 32, 35, 253, 264, 265 human mutations, 266, 267 Ri antigen antibodies, 433 Robust nucleus of archistriatum (RA), 565, 566, 597, 598 Rohon-Beard neurons, 585 RPeD1 neuron, Lymnaea, 578-580 Rubrospinal tract, 610, 611 lesion studies, 613 network models, 613 sensory-motor integration, 612, 613 Salty stimuli, taste cell responses, 198-199 Schwann cells, 408 acetylcholine release, 357 axonal regeneration and, 409-410 ion channels, 354-355 myelin formation, 377, 378-380 (z-Scorpion toxins, receptor site on Na + channels, 6, 8-9 sec4 protein, 92, 93 Secretogranin II, 80 Secretogranins, 80 Selectins/LEC-CAMS, 409 Senile plaque-like lesions, 450 Senile plaques, 441, 442, 444, 449, 452 Sensory gating mechanisms, spinal pattern generation, 583-589 Sensory maps of superior colliculus aligment during development, 628-629 real-time regulation, 629-630 Sensory-motor integration gravistatic postural control, 623-625 locomotion in insects, 601-604 manipulative behaviours, 668 reaching movements, 667 red nucleus, 612-613 Sensory neurons axonal regeneration, 403, 407 primary, NGF requirements, 401 Sensory neuropathy large-fibre, 667 subacute, 431, 432 Serine/threonine phosphatases, 53-64 brain, 56-59 classification, 53-54 identification and quantification, 55-56 novel, 58-59 role in signal transduction, 59--61 Serine/threonine protein kinases, 43-52

Serotonin (5-H1) brainstem respiratory rhythm and, 592 cockroach escape response and, 574 modulation of locomotor patterns, 586 presynaptic facilitation in Aplysia, 45, 108 respiratory motor pattern generation and, 592-593 Serotonin (5-HT) receptors, 34, 35, 106 brainstem respiratory rhythm and, 592 Serotonin (5-HT) transporter, 86, 87 sevenless gene, 68 Sexual differentiation, brain development, 564-567 Sexual dimorphism brain of songbirds, 565-566 mammalial brain, $66-567 Sexually dimorphic area (SDA), 566, 567 Shaker K + channels, 14, 15, 16, 17 shibire mutation, 385 Shoulder-centred motor planning, 666 Sigma receptors, red nucleus, 612 smg p21B GDP dissociation stimulator, 383 smg p21B protein, 383 smg p25A protein see rab3A protein Social signals, electric fish, 635-636 Sodium-calcium (Na + - c a 2+) exchange, 98 regulation of Ca2+ in neurons, 102 stoichiometry, 98-99, 100 Sodium (Na +) channels functional map of subunits, 7-10 glial cells, 355, 356 inactivation, 7-8 modulation by phosphorylation, 28-29 polarized sorting in neurons, 389 c~-scorpion toxin receptor sites, 6, 8-9 subunit structure, 5-6, 7 taste cells, 198-199 transmembrane pore, 9-10 voltage-dependent activation, 7 voltage-gated, 5-13, 14, 17 Sodium chloride (NaCI, salt), taste cell responses, 198-199 Sodium (Na +) conductances cochlear nuclei neurons, 225 neurotransmitter release and, 107 retinal ganglion cells, 261 rhythmic neuronal activity and, 106-107 Sodium (Na +)-dependent neurotransmitter reuptake, 84-90 Solitary tract nucleus, nociceptive functions, 194 Somatomammotrophs, protein sorting mechanisms, 80-82 Somatosensory cortex organization and connection patterns, 248-249 precision grip and, 659 primary (SI), nociceptive input, 195 striatal inputs, 646 Somatotroph development, 76-77 Son of sevenless gene, 68 Songbirds oestrogen effects on brain development, 565-566 vocal production, 595-600 central pathways, 597-598 natural units of birdsong, 598 peripheral mechanisms, 595-597 Sound

Index to subjects cochlear responses, 215, 218 localization, 222, 224, 240-242 Sour stimuli, taste cells, 199, 200 SP1 transcription factor, 76 Space coding, superior colliculus, 628-632 Spantide II, 194 Spectral notches, sound sources, 223 Spectral peaks, encoding, 222, 225 Spectrins, 373, 389, 420 Spiking local intemeurons, locusts, 602 Spinal cord sensory gating of pattern generation, 583-589 trajectory planning and, 666 Spinal interneurons modulated, 584, 585 non-modulated, 584, 585 sensory gating during locomotion, 583, 584-585 Spinal neurons, nociceptive mechanisms, 193-194 Spongiform encephalopathies, transmissible, 449 Squid giant axons, Schwann cell signalling, 357 c-src gene, 65, 66-67, 346, 350 see also pp60 c-src Statocysts, 623, 624 Stellate neurons of entorhinal cortex, rhythmic activity, 106-107 Steroid hormones actions in brain, 562-570 biosynthesis in brain, 563 electrosensory system of fish and, 189 rapid membrane effects, 562-563 see also Oestrogens; Specific h o r m o n e s Stiff-man syndrome, 431,433 Stomatogastric ganglion, 572 Stomatogastric nervous system, 573 Striatum dopamine receptors, 74-75, 646-647 modularity of processing, 646 motor control, 638, 639 movement-related neural processing, 644 organization of cortical inputs, 645, 646 visual cortical inputs, 277 Striosomes, 645, 646 Subnucleus oralis, 194 Substance P, 194, 647 Substance P receptors, 34, 35 Substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) motor control, 645 motor learning and, 641 Parkinson's disease, 414, 415 Substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr), 638, 645 motor control, 639, 640, 641 subthalamic nucleus interactions, 639 Subthalamic nucleus (STN), 640 anatomical pathways, 645 motor control, 639, 641, 647 Sucrose, taste cell responses, 200 Sugars, taste cell responses, 200 Superior colliculus basal ganglia interactions, 638, 639 map alignment during development, 628-629

mechanisms for aligning space maps, 629 properties of motor output code, 630 real-time regulation of sensory and motor maps, 629-630 space coding, 628-632 Superior olive, 221-222 Supplementary motor area (SMA) complex visuospatial movements and, 659-660 movement preparation and execution and, 658-659 Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), 555, 556-558, 559 cellular basis of circadian rhythms, 556-557 photic entrainment, 557 photic regulation of immediate-early genes, 557-558 Suprasylvian gyrus, visual control of locomotion and, 656 Sweet stimuli, taste cell responses, 199, 200 Synapses, ribbon retinal, 260 type I vestibular hair cells, 231-232 Synapsin Ilb, 382, 385 Synapsins, 46-47, 94, 260, 382 Synaptic-like microvesicles (SLMVs), 69, 94 Synaptic transmission backward, calyx units to hair cells, 232 pattern-generating networks, modulation, 572 retina, 258-261 Synaptic vesicles, 91,382-385, 390 biogenesis, 385, 390 clustering and docking, 91-92, 382-383 co-packaging of peptides and transmitters, 82 membrane fusion, 92-93, 383-384 molecular structure, 93-94 recycling, 384-385, 390 tyrosine phosphorylation, 68-69 Synaptobrevin, 69, 93 Synaptophysin (protein p38), 69, 93, 382, 384, 390 Synaptoporin, 93 Synaptotagmin (protein p65), 93-94, 384 Syndecan, 366 Syringea] muscles, control of birdsong, 595-596 Syrinx, contributions from two halves in birdsong, 596-597 T-cadherin, 373 T-cell receptors, in autoimmune disease, 437-438 T-stellate cells, 221,226 electrical properties, 222-224, 225 functional role, 222 TAG-1 axonal glycoprotein, 370-371, 372, 373 Taste cells, 198-201 amino acid responses, 199, 201 bitter stimuli, 199, 200-201 general membrane properties, 198 salty stimuli, 198-199 sour stimuli, 199, 200 sweet stimuli, 199, 200 transduction mechanisms, 198, 199 Tau, 349 microtubule bundling induced by, 347-348 neurofibrillary tangles and, 441-442 phosphorylation, 47 role in neurite outgrowth, 347 Taurin, spinal interactions, 194 Tautomycin, 54

Index to subjects Temperature, modulation of pattern-generating networks, 572 Temporal encoding auditory system, 221-222, 224 visual system, 276-277 Temporal lobe, visual areas, 249, 250, 274-277 Tenascin, 364, 365, 409, 410-411 Testosterone 5~-reduction in brain, 564, 565 regulation of brain aromatase, 564, 565 role in song learning, 566 sexual differentiation of behaviour and, 566-567 Tetraethylammonium (TEA) ions, 9, 10, 15, 16, 225 Tetrahydroxy progesterone (THP), 563 Tetrodotoxin (TFX), receptor site on Na + channels, 6, 8, 9, 10 Thalamocortical relay neurons, rhythmic activity, 105-106 Thalamus basal ganglia interactions, 644, 645 nociceptive functions, 194 somatosensory pathways, 248-249 Theta rhythm limbic, 106 olfactory system, 210 Thoracic interneurons type A (TIAs), 606 Thrombospondin, 364, 365, 366 Thy-1 protein, 389 Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, 35 Tight junctions, brain endothelial cells, 360, 361,362 Tonotopy, auditory cortex, 236-240 Torus semicircularis, 187, 634 Tracheosyringeal division of hypoglossal nerve (NXIIts), 596, 597-598 Trajectory planning, reaching movements, 664-666 Trans-Golgi network (TGN), 80, 81, 388, 389 Transcription factors, regulation in basal ganglia, 647 Transducin, 252, 253 Transmembrane pore see Ion conducting pore, transmembrane Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, 449 Transplantation intracerebral see Intracerebral grafting , myoblast, 424--425, 426 Transthyretin amyloids, 448, 449-450 Trapezoid body, medial nucleus, 222 Trigeminal nuclei, nociceptive functions, 194 Trisomy 16 mice, 443 Trisomy 21 see Down's syndrome Tritanopia, 267 trk gene product, 65, 67, 402 trkB gene product, 66, 67-67 Tu elongation factor, 38 Tuberculoventral cells, 221, 222, 223 Tuberous electroreceptors, 188 Tubulin, 68, 346, 349 assembly during axonal growth, 343, 349 ax~mal transport, 348-349, 396-397 pepsi-translational modifications, 350 role of tau and MAP2 in bundling, 347-348 Tyrosine kinases, 65 cytosolic, 65, 66-67 expression, 65-68 function, 68-69 receptor, 65, 66, 67--68

Tyrosine phosphatases see Protein tyrosine phosphatases UDP glucuronosyl transferase, olfactory-specific (UGTolf), 206 unc-104 mutant of C. elegans, 385 Utricular macula, afferent innervation, 229, 230 Utriculus, 623 Uvomorulin see E-cadherin Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), 194 Vasopressin, circadian rhythmicity, 556, 557 VD4 neuron, Lymnaea, 578-580 Ventilatory system, crab, 572-573 Ventral giant interneurons (vGIs), 606-607 Ventral intraparietal area (VIP), 274 Ventral substrate response, fish, 622, 623, 625 Ventral tegmental area (VTA), 415 Ventricular dilator (VD) neuron, lobster, 573 Vesicles axonal transport, 393-394 dendritic transport, 395, 396 large dense-core see Large dense-core vesicles synaptic see Synaptic vesicles Vestibular end organs, 229-233, 621 afferent contributions to central pathways, 233 afferent innervation patterns, 229, 230 afferent morphology in relation to physiology, 231 afferent response properties, 229-231 efferent regulation, 232-233 see also Hair cells, vestibular Vestibular system see Gravity orientation system Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), 233 Vestibulocollic reflex (VCR), 233 Virtual trajectory hypothesis, 666 Visinin, 254 Vision control of locomotion, 652-657 control of manipulative behaviours, 668 role in motor planning, 667 spatial coding in superior colliculus and, 628-629 vestibular postural control and, 625 Visual cortex anatomical connections in macaques, 274, 275 auditory cortex as, 243 inferior temporal see Inferior temporal visual cortex long-term depression, 118 organization and connection patterns, 248, 249-250 V4 area, 249, 274 visual control of locomotion and, 656 Visual functions, higher, neural organization, 274-277 Visual pigments, 252, 263-267 domains controlling structural folding, 263-264 human mutations, 266, 267 residues determining absorption spectra, 264-266 Visual space maps, superior colliculus, 628 Vitronectin, 364, 365, 366 Vocal production basal ganglia control, 639 songbirds, neural mechanisms, 595-600 ultrasonic, Mongolian gerbil, 566 Wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons, somatosensory cortex, 195

Index Io subjecls Xenopus embryos, sensory gating of swimming, 585 c-yes gene, 65, 66, 67

yptl protein, 92, 93