- Email: [email protected]
Cumulative index to subjects
Cumulative index to subjects Vol 7 . 1995 Activation-induced death of mature T cells in immunoregulation, 382-388 Fas and Fas-ligand dependent murder and suicide, 383 potential clinical significance for modulation of Fas-dependent AID, 387 role of Fas and Fas ligand, 382-383 role of Fas and Fas ligand in immunoregulation in vivo, 383-387 Adaptive immune response, development, influence of natural killer cells, 37 Adhesion molecules immunobiology, 25-27 and schistosomiasis, 507 Allergen-specific immune responses, peptide modulation clinical studies of peptide vaccination, 759 in vitro, CD4 + T cells, 757-758 in vivo experimental models, 758-759 Allergen-specific T-cell response, induction, 762-764 Allergen-specific therapy concepts using recombinant allergens, 753 Allergic diseases, diagnosis and therapy by recombinant allergens, 751-756 Allergic encephalomyelitis, experimental, in transgenic/knockout mice, 800 see also Experimental autoimmune (allergic) encephalitis Allergy, T-cell cytokine role and modulation, 762-770 Alzheimer's disease, association of SAP with, 61 Amyloid fibrils, formation from beta-2 microglobulin, role of SAP, 60 Amyloid P component found in amyloid deposits, detailed analysis, 60 Amyloidosis, scintigraphic and turnover studies utilizing SAP, 60-61 Anti-lgE therapy, 779-782 anti-lgE effects in experimental models, 779-780 human anti-lgE antibodies, 780 potential therapeutics, 780 Anti-inflammatory drugs in allergic immune response, 767 Anti-oncogenes and lymphomas in transgenic mice, 667 37k Antigen in IDDM, 825-826 Antigen presentation, molecular chaperones, 77-84 Antigen receptor signaling protein tyrosine kinases in initiation, 306-311 see also Protein tyrosine kinases Antigen receptor stimulation immediate-early genes induced by, 327-332 see also Immediate-early genes Antigen-specific lymphocytes, detection and isolation, 270-273 Antigen/MHC expression, single T-cell probes for, 258-262 detection of rare antigen-presenting cells by the lacZ T-cell assay, 259 early events in T-cell activation, 259 identifying unknown antigens with lacZ inducible T-cell probes, 259-261 measurement of TCR occupancy by ligand, 258 single cell lacZ assay for measuring ligand-specific T-cell activation, 258-259 AP-1 (Fos-Jun) in transcriptional regulation of IL-2, 336-337
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role of calcineurin, 338 Apoptosis in brain-specific autoimmune disease, 839-843 basic principles of brain inflammation as revealed by the study of EAE, 839-840 clearance of inflammation by apoptosis of T cells in EAE, 841 mechanisms of apoptosis induction in T cells in vitro, 840-841 Apoptosis and CD28, 620-625 Apoptosis in control of malignancy, 694-703 inhibitors of apoptosis, 698-699 machinery of life and death, role of proteases, 697-698 regulation of induction of apoptosis, 694 TNF receptor, 695-696 transducing death signals, triggers and sensors, 696-697 Apoptosis and lymphomas in transgenic mice, 667-668 Apoptosis and oncogenesis, 699 Aspergillosis, acquired immunity, role of T-cell subsets and the Thl/Th2 paradigm, 520 Atopic allergy and other hypersensitivities, 745-782 Autoantigens in IDDM, 825-830 ribonucleoprotein complexes as, 819-823 Autoimmune disease, brain-specific, apoptosis, 839-843 Autoimmune disease, genetics, 786-792 candidate loci, 786-787 MHC region, 786 other candidate genes, 787 linkage analysis, human, 788-789 linkage disequilibrium mapping, 789 mouse models of disease, 787-788 linkage analysis, 788 use of congenic strains, 788 Autoimmune encephalomyelitis, experimental see Experimental autoimmune (allergic) encephalomyelitis Autoimmunity, study in transgenic/knockout mice, 799-803 collagen-induced arthritis, 800-801 experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, 800 IDDM, 799-800 Ipr mice, 801 maintenance and loss of self tolerance, 801 myasthenia gravis, 800 Autoimmunity, Thl/lh2 balance, 793-798 autoimmune diseases as result of Thl responses, 793-794 autoimmune diseases as result of Th2 responses, 794 ongoing Thl/Th2 balance in regulation of autoimmune disease, 795-796 Thl/Th2 bias determines autoimmunity or autoimmune disease, 794-795 Autosomal SClD mutations, potential targets, 436~.40 B-cell activation activation and processing mediated by B-cell receptor, 121 and CD23, 355-359 see also CD23 T-cell activation, antigen-induced, 121-122 B-cell activation, tolerance and antigen-presenting function, 121-129 anergic B cells and antigen presentation, 123-124 anergy and the two signal theory of B-cell activation, 124
© Current Biology Ltd ISSN 0952-7915
Index to subjects B-cell proliferation and differentiation to immunoglobulin secretion, 122-I 23 heterogeneity in signal one and in T-cell independent second signals, 124-I 25 role of anergic B cells in self tolerance and autoimmunity, 126 B-cell lineage and intrathymic stem cells, 179-I 81 B-cell stimulation, 243-247 T-cell dependent B-cell activation, 243-245 CD40 ligand, 243-244 does CD40L account for all contact-dependent T-cell help for B cells? 244 T-cell independent B-cell activation, 245 B cells immature to mature, positive selection, 222 self-reactive, see Self-reactive B cells single, analysis of Ig gene rearrangements, 281-284 B lymphopoiesis, positive and negative selection events during, 214-227 function of surrogate L-chain in B-cell development, 218 functions of I~H chains in B-cell development, 217-218 new markers of B-lineage subpopulations in bone marrow, 215-216 precursor B-cell expression of surrogate L-chains, 216-217 roles of surface-bound IgM and IgD on mature B cells, 221-222 roles of surface-bound IgM on immature B cells, 218-221 Band separations and retrieval, in differential display, 277 Bcl-2 deficiency, 14 Beryllium ions as activators of T lymphocytes, 834 Beta-granule antigen in IDDM, 826 Blastomycosis, mechanisms of resistance to, 51 7 Blistering diseases intraepidermal, pemphigus, 844-846 subepidermal, 846-847 dermal-epidermal interactions, 846-847 Bone marrow transplantation genotypically HLA-identical sibling, predicting GVHD, 649-651 for leukemia, results, 688 and NK cells, 628-629 phenotypically HLA-matched unrelated, predicting GVHD, 651-652 Brain-specific autoimmune disease, apoptosis, 839-843 Bullous disease of childhood, chronic, and linear IgA bullous disease, 848-849 Bullous pemphigoid autoantibodies, 847-848 cicatricial pemphigoid, 848 pemphigoid gestationis, 848 Bullous skin diseases, 844-851 Bullous systemic lupus erythematosus, 848 C-reactive protein biological effects in experimental animals, 59-60 effects of CRP on autoantibody formation in lupus mice, 60 effects of CRP-derived peptides on regression of experimental tumors in the mouse, 59 effects of CRP on pulmonary alveolitis in the rabbit and mouse, 59-60 experimental malaria in mice carrying the CRP transgene, 60 structure and function, 54-64
see also Pentraxins Calcineurin in modification of phosphorylation status of transcription factors, 337 Calnexin in MHC class I assembly, 78-79 and MHC class II assembly, 80 Cancer immunological aspects, 657-710 role of apoptosis, 694-703 Cancer therapy, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, 687-693 Candidiasis acquired immunity, role of T-cell subsets and the Thl/-Ih2 paradigm, 519-520 role of antibodies, 520 Carboxypeptidase H in IDDM, 826 CD3 complex deficiencies, 441--444 CD4 deficiencies, 441-444 CD4 T cells in HIV infection - - salutary or pathogenic, 462-463 CD4 T cells in protective immune response to M. tuberculosis, 512 CD4/CD8 lineage commitment, and positive selection of T cells, 190-193 CD4 + T-cell proliferation/IL-2 secretion assays in HIV-exposed seronegatives, 449 CD4 + T-cell responses, HCV-specific, 533 CD4-CD8-alphabeta+ T cells in protective immune response to M. tuberculosis, 512 CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes and HIV primary infection, 456-461 CD8 deficiencies, 441-444 CD8 T cells in HIV infection - - salutary or pathogenic, 462-470 CD8 T cells in protective immune response to NL tuberculosis, 513 CD8+ T-cell responses, HCV-specific, 533-534 CD14, CR3 and CD31, 26-27 CD23 and B-cell activation, 355-359 CD23 as an adhesion molecule, 356 CD23 and B-cell growth, 356-357 CD23 and IgE regulation, 357-358 humans, 357 rodents, 357-358 CD23 regulation, 355 CD23 signal transduction, 355-356 CD28 and apoptosis, 620-625 CD28 can signal for T-cell survival, 620 CD28 control of T-cell survival, role for phosphatidylinostol 3-kinase? 622 CD28 costimulation enhances expression of Bcl-xL but not Bcl-2, 621 CTLA4 can signal for lymphocyte cell death, 622-623 expression of Bcl-xL can protect against cell death induced by Fas and IL-2 withdrawal, 621-622 CD40-CD40 ligand pathway, lymphocyte costimulation, 390-391 CD45, regulation of immune function by, 312-314 Cecropins, insects, 4-5 Chemokines and schistosomiasis, 507 Chromosome translocations, role in T cell acute leukemia, 659~64 basic helix-loop-helix proteins implicated in T-ALL, 660 chromosome abnormalities associated with T-ALL, 659-660 DNA recognition and transcriptional activation by TALl Dolypeptides, 661
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Index to subjects LIM proteins implicated in T-ALL, 660 prevalence of TALl gene activation in T-ALL, 660-661 protein complexes involving leukemic LIM and bHLH polypeptides, 661-662 TALl and LMO2 polypeptides, cooperative factors in normal and leukemic development? 661 Clonal deletion of T cells in thymus, 196-205 intrathymic, 196-198 cell-interaction molecules required for negative selection, 197-198 depth of clonal deletion, 197 relationship of positive and negative selection, 196 signals for negative selection, 198 sites of negative selection, 196-197 periphery, 198-201 factors that influence deletion of mature T cells, 199-200 mechanisms involved in elimination of mature T cells, 200-201 Coccidioidomycosis, mechanisms of resistance to, 518 Collagen-induced arthritis, in transgenic/knockout mice, 800-801 Complement activation by immunoglobulins, 42-44 by IgA, 44 by IgG, 42-43 by IgM, 43-44 Complement anaphylatoxin receptors, structure, function and cellular expression, 48-53 C3a and C4a receptors: the same or distinct receptors? 51 CSa receptor, 48-50 on non-myeloid cells, 50-51 Complement-immunoglobulin interactions, 41-47 regulation of immune effector function by immunoglobulin and complement, 44-45 regulation of afferent limb of immune response by antibody and complement, 44-45 Complement system, pentraxin interactions, 58-59 Costimulation, lymphocyte, see Lymphocyte costimulation Costimulation by tumor cells, the tumor as an antigen-presenting cell, 682-684 fusion of tumor cells with antigen-presenting cells, 684 immunogenicity of B7-I transfected tumor cells, 682-684 immunogenicity of B7-2 transfected tumor cells, 684 Costimulatory signals, manipulation to enhance antitumor T-cell responses, 682-686 enhancement of host costimulation with GM-CSF, 684 enhancement of T-cell responses by blockade of negative costimulatory signals, 685 ex vivo priming of host antigen-presenting cells, 684 Crypotococcosis, acquired immunity, role of T-cell subsets and the Thl/Th2 paradigm, 520 Cytokine receptor antagonists, development on basis of multichain receptor model, 19 Cytokine receptor signaling mechanisms, 320-326 role of JAKS, 320-321 to the nucleus, 321-322 JAKS and STATS, 322-323 ras pathway, 321-322 Cytokine receptors, signaling mechanisms through, 17-23 activation of family of transcription factors: the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs), 20-21 GM-CSF subfamily and IL-2 subfamily receptors, 19 IL-6 subfamily receptors sharing gp130, 17-18 involvement of JAK-family kinases in 'shared cytokine receptor
systems', 19-20 Cytokines activation and inhibition by macrophages, 400-401 in fungal infections, immunointervention strategies, 520 production and requirements during T-cell development, 206-213 phenotype of cytokine or cytokine receptor-deficient mice, 208-210 role of IL-7 during intrathymic development, 211 T-cell development in thymus, 206-208 regulation of granuloma formation in schistosomiasis, 505-511 adhesion molecules, chemokines and TNF-alpha, 507 and downmodulation, 508-509 Thl-associated cytokines suppress granuloma formation, 506-507 Th2 cytokines induce granulomatous inflammation, 505-506 regulation of macrophage activation by, 29-30 and transplantation, 632-638 see also T-helper 1/Th2 Cytolytic granules, killing of non-compliant targets by, 11-12 Cytotoxic lymphocytes, role in execution and suicide, 11-16 bcl-2 deficiency, 14 deficiency states of cytotoxic factors, 13-14 killing of non-compliant targets by cytolytic granules, 11-12 perforin opens the gates for granzymes and other secreted proteins, 12 suicide induced by membrane Fas receptors and Fas ligand requires compliant targets, 12-13 Cytotoxic T lymphocytes, cell biology, 343-348 directional delivery of lytic granules, 343-344 loss of specificity during killing, bystander lysis, 346 lytic granule is an unusual secretory organelle, 344-345 serial killing, recharging the lytic machinery, 345-346 Cytotoxic T lymphocytes, responses, HIV-specific salutary or pathogenic? 462-470 see also HIV-specific CTL responses Cytotoxic T lymphocytes, studies of HIV-exposed seronegatives, 450-451 Defensins, insects, 4-5 Detection and isolation of rare cells, 270-273 Differential display, 274-280 band separations and retrieval, 277 experimental design, 278 northern blot confirmation and cloning of cDNA probes, 277-278 PCR, 275-277 preparation of starting material, 274-175 reverse transcription, 275 Endosomes, molecular chaperones for MHC class II assembly, 81 Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, 848 Experimental autoimmune (allergic) encephalomyelitis clearance of inflammation by apoptosis of T cells, 841 and principles of brain inflammation, 839-840 in transgenic/knockout mice, 800 Fas-dependent activated-induced death of mature T cells, 382-387 Fas and Fas-ligand deficiency, 14 Fas ligand pathway, 12 Fas receptors and CILs, 12
Index to subjects Fetal cells in maternal blood, detection and isolation, 270-273 Fluorescence-activated cell sorting, 271 Fungal infections and cytokines, immunointervention strategies, 520 mechanisms of resistance to, 517-523 acquired immunity, T-cell subsets and Thl/Th2 paradigm, 519-520 innate immunity, 519 opportunistic mycoses, 519 pulmonary mycoses caused by dimorphic molds, 517-519 role of antibodies, 520 Gene expression of insects, 5-6 Gene targeting of murine macrophage functions, 24 Gene therapy for cancer, 690 Glutamic acid decarboxylase in IDDM, 827 Gold ions as activators of T lymphocytes, 831-832, 832-833 Graft rejection, role of IL-IO, 641 Graft-versus-host disease, predicting, 649-655 genotypically HLA-identical sibling BMT, 649-651 immunotherapeutic impact, 652 phenotypically HLA-matched unrelated BMT, 651-652 Graft-versus-leukemia effect, 688 Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor subfamily and IL-2 subfamily receptors, 19 Granuloma formation in schistosomiasis, cytokine regulation, 505-511 see also Cytokine regulation Granzyme B deficiency, 13 Granzymes and other secreted proteins, role of pefforin, 12 Growth factors and lymphomas in transgenic mice, 666-667 Guinea pig, pentraxins, 56 Gut thymus intraepithelial lymphocytes, differentiation, 235-242 Hamster, pentraxins, 56 Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for cancer therapy, 687-693 graft-versus-leukemia effect, 688 other sources and methods for stem-cell harvest, 690 T-cell depletion, 688-689 use of blood progenitor cells to overcome MHC barriers in allogeneic transplantation, 689-690 Hematopoietic stem cells differentiation in mice carrying disrupted transcription factor genes, 183 lineage relationship of intrathymic stem cells and the B-cell lineage, a common lymphoid stem cell? 179-181 lineage relationship of intrathymic stem cells and myeloid lineage cells, 181 lineage relationship of intrathymic stem cells and non-T cell lineages, 179 lineage relationship of thymocytes and natural killer cells, 181-183 Hematopoietic stem cells to thymocytes, pathways, 176-187 Hepatitis C virus-specific T lymphocyte responses, 532-538 consequences of cellular immune response, 534-535 expression of viral proteins and MHC molecules by liver cells, 532-534 CD4 + T-cell responses, 533 CD8 + T-cell responses, 533-534 Histoplasmosis, mechanisms of resistance to, 518 HIV-exposed seronegatives, immune responses, 448-455
CI-L studies, 450-451 epidemiology, 448-449 immunological studies, 449-451 CD4 + T-cell proliferation/IL-2 secretion assays, 449 induction of cellular immune responses without antibody, 452 other immune responses to HIV, 451-452 specific, significance, 452-453 virological studies, 449 HIV infection, primary, 456-461 specific antibody response, 458-459 specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response, 456-458 HIV, role of macrophages in cellular immunity, 30-31 HIV-specific CTL responses acquired immunosuppression caused by infection with a noncytopathic virus in mice, 464-465 anti-HIV cytotoxic CD8 + T cells in controlling HIV infection, 465-466 implications for prevention and treatment, 466-467 is there indirect evidence for or against HIV being cytopathic in vivo? 465 possibilities to distinguish between the cytopathic versus immunopathological view of AIDS pathogenesis, 466 salutary or pathogenic? 462-470 HLA-genotypically identical sibling bone marrow transplantation, predicting GVHD, 649-651 HLA-matched phenotypically unrelated bone marrow transplantation, predicting GVHD, 651-652 Host-parasite interactions, role of natural killer cells, 34-40 Hsp65 in IDDM, 826 Hypermutation, somatic, 248-254 cellular dynamics, 248-249 intrinsic hotspots, 249 evolution, 249-250 mutations observed in antigen-specific responses, 249 nature of DNA substrate, 251 preference for transitions, and a strand bias, 250 sequences needed top recruit hypermutation, 251 Hypersensitivities, 745-782 Immediate-early genes induced by antigen receptor stimulation, 327-332 ras-ERK pathway and downregulation by PAC-1,329-330 transcription factors, 327-329 Immune responses, allergen-specific, peptide modulation, 757-761 see also Allergen-specific immune responses Immunity to infection, 471-552 Immunodeficiency, 433-470 Immunogenetics in analysis of resistance to intracellular pathogens, 539-552 Immunoglobulin E promotes antigen focusing and facilitates antigen presentation to unprimed T cells, 766 see also Anti-lgE therapy Immunoglobulin gene rearrangements in single B cells, analysis, 281-284 amplification of cDNA or genomic DNA? 281 detection of rate tumor cells, 283 PCR analysis of single cells isolated from histological sections, 282-283 PCR primers for single cell analyses, 281-282 single cell analysis of cells sorted by flow cytometry, 283
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Index to subjects single cell versus population analysis, 282 Immunosuppression in transplantation, 639-643 see also Interleukin-10 Immunosuppressive peptides corresponding to MHC class I sequences, 644-648 Infection, immunity to, 471-552 Innate immunity of insects, 4-10 cellular reactions, 7-8 immune gene expression, 5-6 inducible antibacterial and antifungal peptides, 4-5 induction of immune response, 6-7 Insects, innate immunity, 4-10 Insulin, autoantibodies to in IDDM, 827 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus glutamic acid decarboxylase and other autoantigens in, 825-830 in human and mouse, 799-800 Intercellular adhesion molecule-1/2/3-LFA-1 pathway, lymphocyte costimulation, 389-390 Interferon-y, SLAM enhances production via T-cell stimulation, 774-775 Interleukin-2 gene, transcriptional regulation, 333-342 calcineurin, 337-338 NFAT, 337 NFKB/Rel, 338 Oct, 337-338 control of IL-2 mRNA levels, 333 cooperative interactions among transcription factors, 337 costimulatory pathways that augment IL-2 production, 338 regulatory sequence elements of IL-2 gene, 333-337 AP-1 (Fos-Jun), 336-337 NFAT, 334-335 NFkappaB, 335-336 Oct, 335 Interleukin-2 production defect in unresponsive T cells, biochemical nature, 376-377 Interleukin-4 and allergic inflammation, 764 cellular sources, and Th2 responses, 499 influence on Th2 responses, 497-501 is secreted by effector cells of the allergic response, 765-766 for perpetuation of type 2 T-cell responses, 765 production by T cells, 772 Interleukin-4R and IL-13R, complex structures sharing the IL-4Rccchain, 771-772 inhibition of IgE synthesis by an antagonist, 772-773 Interleukin-4.Y124D, effects on T-helper cell type 2 differentiation, 773-774 Interleukin-6 subfamily receptors sharing gp130, 17-18 Interleukin-10 immunosuppression in transplantation, 639-643 inhibition of IL-10 by immunosuppression, 641 in rejecting grafts, 640-641 Th2 responsescan cause rejection, 641 in tolerated grafts, 639-640 Interleukin-10 indirectly perpetuates type 2 response via suppression of type 1 T cells, 766 Interleukin-10, role in Thl regulation of immune response in transplantation, 634 Interleukin-12 characteristics, 485 effects on immune responsesto microbial infections, 485-496
commitment of T-cell differentiation towards Thl phenotype, 487 IFN-gamma and IL-2 in CD8÷ CTL responses, 487-488 induction of IL-] 2 synthesis during microbial infections, 488-489 in vitro, 488 in vivo, 488 role of endogenously produced IL-I 2 during acute microbial infections, 488-489 natural immunity, activation of NK cells, 486~187 potential mechanisms, 486 therapeutic use of IL-I 2, 489-491 for control of opportunistic infections in immunocompromised hosts, 490-491 during acute microbial infections, 489 during chronic infections associated with THI lymphocyte unresponsiveness,489-490 as vaccine adjuvant, 491 toxic effects, 491-492 in protective immune response to A4. tuberculosis, 513-514 role in Thl regulation in transplantation, 634 in T-helper development, 360-362 effects on Thl induction are primarily IFN-gamma independent, in contrast to Th2 inhibition, 361 IL-12 may not be essential for all Thl responses, nor sufficient to suppress all Th2 responses, 361 in vivo, 360 regulation of IL-12, 362 role in costimulation, 361-362 Interleukin-13, production by T cells, 772 Interleukin-13R and IL-4R, complex structures sharing the IL-4Ro~chain, 771-772 inhibition of IgE synthesis by an antagonist, 772-773 Intracellular pathogens, immunogenetics in analysis of resistance to, 539-552 Invariant chain and MHC class II, localization of contact site between, 79-80 as a molecular chaperone, 79 Islet cell autoantigens in IDDM, 825-826 JAK-family kinases, involvement in 'shared cytokine receptor systems', 19-20 JAKS, role in cytokine receptor signaling, 320-321 Keratinocyte-keratinocyte interactions in pemphigus, 844 LacZ T-cell assay, 257, 258-259 Leishmaniasis, immunogenetics in analysis of resistance to, 543-544 Leukemia BMT results, 688 hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, 687-693 T cell acute, role of chromosome translocations, 659-664 Leukocytes, pentraxin interacgtions, 59 Limulus, pentraxins, 55 Listeriosis, immunogenetics in analysis of resistance to, 546 Liver transplantation, tolerance following, 633 Lymphocyte activation and effector functions, 303-404 Lymphocyte costimulation, analysis in vivo using transgenic and 'knockout' mice, 389-395 B7-CD28/CTLA-4 costimulatory pathway, 391-392 transgenic mice with dysregulated B7-1 expression, 392
Index to subjects xvii CD40-CD40 ligand pathway, 390-391 ICAM-1 (CDS4)/ICAM-2/ICAM-3-LFA-1 (CD11 a/CD18) pathway, 389-390 LFA-3-CD2 pathway, 390 VCAM-1-VLA-4 (alpha4betal) integrin pathway, 390 Lymphocyte development and function, life and death during, 229-234 pS3, 230-231 regulators of lymphocyte death, 228-230 bcl-2, 228-229 Fas/Apo-1,229-230 Nur77, 230 Lymphocyte function-associated antigen-3-CD2 pathway, 390 Lymphocyte functions, regulation by nitric oxide, 396-399 Lymphoma, new models in transgenic mice, 665-673 anti-oncogenes, 667 apoptosis, 667-668 cell-cycle regulators, 666 DNA repair, 668 and environmental carcinogens, 669 growth factors, 666-667 multi-step lymphomagenesis, 668-669 transcription factors, 665-666 transmissible causes, 669-670 Lymphotoxin-~. (TNF-~) deficiency, 13-14 Lytic-protein secretion and CTL killing, 343-348 M cells, using to break the mucosal barrier, 474-478 different strategies employed by different microbial pathogens, 475 immune response to microbial pathogens, 474-475 interactions of invasive Salmonella species with, 475-477 specific surface glycoconjugates, 474 Macrophage function, murine, gene targeting, 24 Macrophage function, T-cell regulation, 400-404 activation by cytokines, 400-401 costimulators and cross-talk, 401-402 inhibition by cytokines, 401 Macrophage membrane and product molecules, recently cloned, 25 Macrophage specific gene expression, 24 Macrophages, microbial infections adherence, 479 changing face of the phagosome, 480 entry, survival and persistence, 479-484 host cell invasion, active versus passive invaders, 479-480 intracellular fate, to fuse or not to fuse, 480-481 intracellular gene expression, 481 lysis of vacuole and escape into cytosol, 481 persistence, evasion of immune responses, 481-482 Macrophages, molecular immunobiology, 24-33 adhesion molecules, 25-27 application of genetic and cDNA cloning methods to macrophages, 24-25 CD14, CR3 and CD31, 26-27 growth and differentiation of macrophages and related cells, 25 phagocytosis, pathogen entry and induction of immunity, 27 regulation of macrophage activation by cytokines, 29-30 role of macrophages in cellular immunity to intracellular pathogens: mycobacteria and HIV, 30-31 secretion by macrophages, and macrophage targets, 27-29
Magnetic resonance cell sorting, high-gradient, for sorting rare cells, 272 Malaria, immunogenetics in analysis of resistance to, 542-543 Malaria vaccines, 607-611 anti-disease vaccines, 609 asexual blood stage vaccines, 608-609 immunity to malaria, 612 perspectives, 609-610 pre-erythrocytic, 608 SPf66 trials, 609 trials how close are we? 613 SPf66 and all that, 612-616 why has it taken so long? 612-613 Malignancy, role of apoptosis, 694-703 Mercury ions as activators of T lymphocytes, 831-832, 832-833 Metal ion induced autoimmunity, 831-838 autoantibody formation, 835 metal ions as activators of T lymphocytes, 831-834 antigen-independent T-cell activation by heavy metals, 831-832 Au(I) and Au(lll), 832 beryllium as classical hapten, 834 cadmium chloride, 833 can metal ions act as classical haptens? 833-834 common effects of Hg(ll) and Au(I)/Au(lll), 833 Hg(ll), 832-833 Ni(ll) and Au(I) as classical haptens, 833-834 specific antigens induced by metal ions: cryptic selfpeptides and other neo-antigens, 832-833 preferential activation of T-helper type 1 or type 2 cells, 835 signal two to T-cell activation by heavy metal ions, 834 MHC antigens novel molecules related to, 97-102 class I related molecules encoded outside the MHC, 99-100 class Ib genes in mouse and human, 98-99 class II MHC molecules, 100 related to class I and class II, evolutionary origins, 97-98 MHC-binding sequences, increasingly detailed motifs improve prediction of, 264-265 MHC-binding sequences within protein antigens additional approaches to defining MHC binding motifs, 264 expanded MHC binding motifs, 265 future of epitope prediction, 265-267 algorithms and artificial neural networks, 266 prediction of promiscuous epitopes, 267 processing motifs, TCR repertoires and immunodominance, 265-266 identification of MHC allelle-specific binding motifs using large peptide repertoires, 264 new methods to predict, 263-269 quantitative MHC binding motifs, 265 MHC class I antigens, NK-cell recognition, 626-627 MHC class I assembly and calnexin, 78-79 and molecular chaperones, 77-79 MHC class I molecules chemistry of peptides associated with, 85-88 application, 88 cancer peptides, 88 carboxyl termini of peptides, 86 motif groups, 86
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subjects
non-anchor residues, 86-88 peptide lengths, 85-86 peptides presented by, 69-76 sequences, immunosuppressive peptides corresponding to, 644-648 cells expressing transfected MHC class I molecules, 644 intrathymic injection of MHC class I antigens, 644-645 isolated MHC class I molecules, 645 synthetic peptides corresponding to regions of MHC molecules, 645-647 target cell, NK-cell recognition, 114-115 MHC class II assembly and calnexin, 80 in endosomes, molecular chaperones, 81 and molecular chaperones, 79-81 MHC class II and invariant chain, localization of contact site between, 79-80 MHC class II molecules aggregation in ER, 80-81 can features of disease-inducing peptides be predicted? 92 degeneracy, promiscuity, and allele-specificity, 92 motifs, technical comments, 89-90 origin of peptides, 89 outlines, 88-89 peptide length, 89 pocket specificities of H-2E molecules, 91-92 pocket specificity of HLA-DR molecules, 90-91 spacing of pockets, 90 MHC, genetic association of autoimmune disease, 786-787 MHC-peptide interaction as means to predict T-cell epitopes, 263-264 Microbial infection of macrophages, entry, survival and persistence, 479-484 Microbial infections, effects of IL-12 on immune responses to, 485-496 see also Interleukin-12 Molecular chaperones in antigen presentation, 77-84 aggregation of class II molecules in the ER, 80-81 and MHC class I assembly, 77-79 and MHC class II assembly, 79-81 Molecular immunobiology of macrophages, 24-33 Mouse NK1 ÷ T cells, 367-374 are they autoreactive? 372 characteristics, 367-368 development, 369-372 acquisition of NKI+ phenotype, 370-371 cortical thymocytes present CD1 to each other, 369-370 do NK1 ÷ T cells go through a conventional DP stage of T-cell development? 370 solution to paradox that CD4 T cells can be positively selected by MHC class I molecules, 370 thymic versus extrathymic origin, 369 specificity, 368-369 Mouse, pentraxins, 56 Mucosal barrier, using M cells to break, 474-478 Myasthenia gravis, in transgenic/knockout mice, 800 Mycobacteria, rote of macrophages in cellular immunity, 30-31 Mycobacterial disease, immunogenetics in analysis of resistance to, 544-546 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, protective immune response to,
512-516 cellular immunity, 512-513 C D 4 - C D 8 - ~ + T cells, 512 CD4 T cells, 512 CD8 T cells, 513 T cells, 513 effector mechanisms, 513-514 downregulation of immune response, 513 IL-12, 513-514 reactive nitrogen intermediates, 513 TNF-alpha, 514 vaccination, 514-515 Myeloid lineage cells, and intrathymic stem cells, 181 Natural autoantibodies, 812-818 biological roles, 814-815 in health and disease, 814 is induction dependent on T cells? 813-814 selection of reactivities, 812-813 Natural killer cell receptors, 110-120 lectin receptor responsible for NK-cell activation, 110-114 NK-cell recognition of target cell MHC class I molecules, 114-115 human, 115 mouse, 114-115 other candidate receptors, 116 Natural killer cells are effector cells of innate resistance against infectious agents, 35-36 influence on development of adaptive immune response, 37 recognition, mechanisms, 36-37 role in host-parasite interactions, 34-40 role in septic shock, 37 role in T-cell independent antigen responses, 350-351 and thymocytes, lineage relationship, 181-183 see also Mouse NK1 ÷ T cells Natural killer cells, role in immune surveillance of cancer, 704-710 evidence for NK cell mediated surveillance in tissues, 705-706 hematogenous metastases, 704-705 heterogeneity of NK cells, 706 potential of A-NK cells to accumulate in tissues, 707 potential of A-NK cells to eliminate abnormal, and to spare normal, tissue cells, 707-708 precursors of A-NK cells, 706-707 Natural killer cells, role in transplantation, 626-631 bone marrow transplantation, 628-629 NK-cell receptors for polymorphic MHC class I molecules, 627-628 NK-cell recognition of mHC class I antigens, 626-627 NFAT-family proteins in transcriptional regulation of IL-2, 334-335 role of calcineurin, 337 NFkappaB in transcriptional regulation of IL-2, 335-336 role of calcineurin, 338 Nitric oxide in regulation of lymphocyte functions, 396-399 differential production of NO by Thl and Th2 clones, 397 effect of NO on B-cell functions, 398 NO facilitates T-cell proliferation, 397-398 NO inhibits T-cell proliferation, 397-398 Northern blot confirmation and cloning of cDNA probes, 277-278
Index to subjects Octamer proteins in transcriptional regulation of IL-2, 335 role of calcineurin, 337-338 Opportunistic mycoses, mechanisms of resistance to, 519 p53, role in lymphocyte death, 230-231 P69 in IDDM, 826 Paracoccidioidomycosis, mechanisms of resistance to, 518-519 Pemphigus keratinocyte-keratinocyte interactions, 844 paraneoplastic, 846 Pemphigus foliaceus, 845-846 endemic ('fogo selvagem'), 845-846 idiopathic, 845 Pemphigus vulgaris, 845 Pentraxins, 54-64 biosynthesis, control, 57 CRP regulation of cytokine response, 57 transcription factors, 57 characterization of new human protein homologous to, 56-57 human elucidation of three-dimensional structure, 54-55 other structural investigations, 55 structure, 54-55 in human disease, 60-61 association of SAP with Alzheimer's disease, 61 detailed analysis of amyloid P component found in amyloid deposits, 60 metabolic and scintigraphic studies of CRP distribution and catabolism in health and disease, 60 role of SAP in formation of amyloid fibrils from beta-2 microglobulin, 60 scintigraphic and turnover studies utilizing SAP in amyloidosis, 60-61 interactions with complement system, 58-59 CRP binding to sites of complement injury, 58 effect of SAP-C4BP interaction on, 58 localization of CRP and Clq sites involved by, 58 interactions with leukocytes, 59 binding to and activation of neutrophils and macrophages, 59 surface CRP and participation in natural killer cell activity, 59 ligands, 57-58 binding to nuclear constituents, 58 modified CRP and SAP, 58 phylogeny, 55-56 Peptide ligands, altered altered T-cell receptor signaling induced by, 106 antagonistic, as therapeutic approach in disease states, 105-106
involvement in T-cell memory, 105 role in viral chronicity, 105 T-cell stimulation, 103-109 partial activation and antagonism, 103-104 in positive and negative selection, 104-105 Peptide modulation of allergen-specific immune responses, 757-761 clinical studies of peptide vaccination, 759 in vitro, CD4 + T cells, 757-758 in vivo experimental models, 758-759 Peptide transport by TAP, 69-70 Peptides
immunosuppressive, corresponding to MHC class I sequences, 644-648 inducible antibacterial and antifungal, of insects, 4-5 presented by class I MHC molecules, 69-76 peptide formation or trimming in the endoplasmic reticulum? 72-74 processing, 72 specificity of transport by TAP, 70-71 structural studies on TAP, 71-72 TAP associates in endoplasmic reticulum, 71 proline- and glycine-rich, of insects, 5 role in positive selection of T cells, 189-190 Perforin deficiency, 13 Perforin opens the gates for granzymes and other secreted proteins, 12 Peripheral hematopoietic stem cells, detection and isolation, 270-273 Polymerase chain reaction analysis of single cells isolated from histological sections, 282-283 Polymerase chain reaction for differential display, 275-277 Polymerase chain reaction primers for single cell analyses, 281-282 Positive and negative selection events during B lymphopoiesis, 214-227 Positive selection of immature to mature B cells, 222 Pre-TCR, positive selection, 188-189 Pre-thymic T-cell development, new insights into T lymphocyte commitment from the analysis of murine fetal blood, 176-183 Protein tyrosine kinases in initiation of antigen receptor signaling, 306-311 antigen receptors, 306 model of early events, 309-310 non-transmembrane protein tyrosine kinases, 306-308 Protein tyrosine phosphatases, regulation of immune function by, 312-319 CD45, 312-313 regulation of function, 313-314 SHP, a phosphatase containing an SH2 domain, 314-315 Pulmonary mycoses caused by dimorphic molds, mechanisms of resistance, 517-519 Rare cells detecting, flow cytometry, 270-271 detection and isolation, 270-273 sorting using FACS, 271 using high-gradient MACS, 272 Ras-ERK pathway and downregulation by PAC-1 in T-cell activation, 329-330 Ras pathway for nuclear signaling, 321-322 Rat, pentraxins, 56 Reactive nitrogen intermediates, and protective immune response to M. tuberculosis, 513 Recombinant allergens allergen-specific therapy concepts using, 753 for diagnosis of allergic diseases, 752-753 isolation and characterization, effect of cross-reactivity among allergens, 751-752 as tools to study specific immune responses, 752 Residual tumour cells, detection and isolation, 270-273 Reverse transcription, for differential display, 275 Ribonucleoprotein complexes as autoantigens, 819q323
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Index to subjects aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, 821 nucleolar RNPs, 820 Ro/La RNPs, 820-821 spliceosomal RNPs, 819-820 why autoantibodies to RNP autoantigens? 821-822 Salmonella species, invasive, interactions with M cells, 475-477
Scavenger receptor, immunobiology, 25-26 Schistosomiasis, granuloma formation, cytokine regulation, 505-511 see also Cytokine regulation Self-reactive B cells, regulation, 804-811 in immune repertoire, 806-808 checkpoint 3: T-cell help, 806 checkpoint 4: anergy, 807 checkpoint 5: Fas-mediated elimination of anergic cells, 807 elimination in germinal centres, 807-808 in preimmune repertoire, 804-808 checkpoint 1: elimination of immature B cells, 804-805 checkpoint 2: follicular competition, 805-806 thresholds of self-tolerance, 808-809 Septic shock, role of natural killer cells, 37 Serum amyloid proteins structure and function, 54-64 see also Pentraxins Severe combined immune deficiency autosomal, mutations, potential targets, 436-440 defects in DNA-dependent protein kinase components in V(D)J recombination/DSBR mutants, 437 V(D)J recombination activities, 436-437 V(D)J recombination and immune deficiencies, 437-438 SHP, a phosphatase containing an SH2 domain, regulation of immune function by, 314-315 Sialoadhesin, immunobiology, 26 Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs),and cytokine receptor signaling, 20-21 Signal transduction through CD26, 620-625 Single B cells, analysis of Ig gene rearrangements, 281-284 SLAM enhances IFN-~ production via T-cell stimulation, 774-775 Somatic hypermutation, 248-254 SPf66, malaria vaccine developments, trials and controversies, 613-615 what have we learned? 615-616 what next? 615 Sphingomyelin, role in apoptosis in malignancy, 695-696 Superantigens as additional trigger factors in allergy, 766 in IDDM, 826 Systemic lupus erythematosus, bullous, 848 T-B cell collaboration, steps, 121-I 23 T-cell acute leukemia, role of chromosome translocations, 659-664 T-cell cytokines in allergy, role and modulation, 762-770 induction of allergen-specific T-cell response, 762-764 first-signal, TCR-peptide-MHC interaction, 762 second signal, interaction between APCs and T cells, 762-764 modulation of allergic immune response, 767 allergen-specific immunotherapy modulates type 2 resoonse. 767
anti-inflammatory drugs, 767 mode of cytokine applications determines its immunomodulatory effect, 767 perpetuation of T-cell response and T-cell bystanders, 765-766 IgE promotes antigen focusing and facilitates antigen presentation to unprimed T cells, 766 IL-I 0 indirectly perpetuates type 2 response via suppression of type I T cells, 766 IL-4 is required for perpetuation of type 2 T-cell responses, 765 IL-4 is secreted by effector cells of allergic response, 765-766 syperantigens might act as additional trigger factors, 766 T-cell subsets with pro/anti-allergic activities, 764-765 which cell is providing initial IL-4? 764 T-cell development cytokine production and requirements during, 206-213 see also Cytokines, production and requirements during Tcell development: T-cell cytokines in allergy: T-helper 11Th2 cytokine role pre-thymic, new insights into T lymphocyte commitment from the analysis of murine fetal blood, 176--183 T cell epitope prediction, see MHC-binding sequences T cell independent antigens, 349-354 characteristics, 349-350 evidence for NK cells or NK-derived cytokines in regulating immune responses, 350-351 Ig isotype switching in response to, 351-352 inability to stimulate ontogenetically immature B cells, 351 responses to TI-2 antigen are dependent on differentiation inducing factors, 350 sources of 'help' for TI-2 antigens, 350 T cell receptor antagonism and partial agonism, viral mutations and escape from immune response, 525-526 role in viral infections, 527-528 T cell receptor deficiencies, 441-447 human defects, 442-443 CD3gamma, 442 mouse models, 443-444 T-cell recognition, effect of viral mutations on, 526-527 T-cell regulation of macrophage function, 400-404 T cell responses, HCV-specific, see Hepatitis C virus-specific T lymphocyte responses T-cell stimulation by altered peptide ligands, 103-109 T cells, allergen specific, see T-helper 2 T cells, extrathymic differentiation, 235-242 antigenic recognition repertoire of gut intraepithelial lymphocytes, 237-238 expression of accessory molecules, 237 gut thymus-independent intraepithelial lymphocytes use peculiar TCR/CD3 signal transmitting modules, 236--237 in vitro stimulation of gut-thymus-derived and thymusindependent intraepithelial lymphocytes, 237 origin of gut intraepithelial lymphocytes, 238-240 T cells, functional unresponsiveness, molecular mechanisms underlying, 375-381 biochemical nature of IL-2 production defect, 376-377 consequences, 376 in vivo, 377-379
induction of unresponsive state, 375-376
Index to subjects T cells, "~6,in protective immune response to M. tuberculosis, 513 T cells, intrathymic development, role of IL-7, 211 T cells, intrathymic and extrathymic clonal deletion, 196-205 see also Clonal deletion T cells, new tumor antigens recognized by, 674-681 see also Tumor antigens: Tumor-specific antigens T cells, positive selection, 188-I 95 CD4/CD8 lineage commitment, 190-I 93 cellular requirements, 189 on the pre-TCR, 188-I 89 role of peptides, 189-I 90 T cells, single probes for antigen/MHC expression, 258-262 see also AntigenlMHC expression T-helper cell differentiation in immune response, 360-366 costimulation and T-helper development, 362-363 genetic polymorphism and future directions, 363-364 IL-I 2 in T-helper development, 360-362 sources of cytokines that influence and augment, 363 T-helper I/Th2 in autoimmunity, 793-798 see also Autoimmunity T-helper I/rh2 regulation of immune response to solid organ transplants, adult, 632-638 costimulation through the B7 family of proteins, 635 cytokine role in rejection or tolerance, evidence, 633-634 adoptive transfer of Th2 cells, 634 IL-I O, 634 knockout mice, 633-634 local production of cytokine in vivo, 634 does immune response leading to graft rejection involve both Thl and Th2 cells? 632 future research, 634-635 tolerance associated with particular Th population, 632 tolerance following liver transplantation, 633 tolerance induction by CTLA4-1g, 632-633 tolerance induction by donor-specific transfusion, 633 xenografts, 633 T-helper I/rh2, and resistance to fungal infections, 519-520 T-helper 2 antagonizing differentiation and functions, 771-778 effects of IL-4.Y124D on differentiation, 773-774 IL-4R and IL-I 3R, complex structures sharing the IL-4R0~chain, 771-772
and IL-10 in graft rejection, 641 inhibition of IgE synthesis by an antagonist of IL-4R and IL-I 3R, 772-773 production of IL-4 and IL-I 3, 772 T-cell stimulation via SLAM upregulates IFN-y production, 774-775
T-helper 2 responses, induction in infectious diseases, 497-504 antigen dose and form influence Th subset selection, 501 CD4 ÷ cells that might initiate Th2 responses, 499 cellular sources of early IL-4, 499 counter-regulation and costimulation, 499-500 does it take IL-4 to make IL-4? 497-498
regulating established Th2 responses, 500-501 Thymic selection, see T cells, positive selection Thymocytes hematopoietic stem cell pathways to, 176-I 87 pre-thymic T-cell development, 176-I 83 and NK cells, lineage relationship, 181-183 Thymus, intra- and extra-clonal deletion of T cells, 196-205 see also Clonal deletion Toxoplasmosis, immunogenetics in analysis of resistance to, 539-542 Transcription factor genes, disrupted, hematopoietic differentiation in mice carrying, 183 Transcriptional regulation of the IL-2 gene, 333-342 Transgenic/knockout mice. tools to study autoimmunity, 799-803 Transplantation, 617-655 and cytokines, 632-638 see also T-helper I/Th2 immunosuppression, 639-643 see also Interleukin-10 role of NK cells, 626-631 see also Natural killer cells Trypanosomiasis, immunogenetics in analysis of resistance to, 544 Tumor antigens methods of identification, 674 new, recognized by T cells, 674-681 differentiation antigens, 676-677 Tumor cells, rare, detection, Ig gene rearrangements in single B cells, 283 Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and protective immune response to M. tuberculosis, 514 and schistosomiasis, 507 Tumor necrosis factor receptor, role in apoptosis in malignancy, 695-696 Tumor-specific antigens shared by different tumors, 674-676 unique, 677 Vaccination, and protective immune response to M. tuberculosis, 514 Vascular cell adhesion molecule-l-VLA-4 (a41]l) integrin pathway, lymphocyte costimulation, 390 Viral infections, immunogenetics in analysis of resistance to, 546-547 Viral mutations and escape from immune response, 524-531 different viruses, different scenarios, 528 effect of viral mutations on T-cell recognition, 526-527 host strategies to clear viruses, 524-525 molecular mechanisms, 526 role of TCR antagonism in viral infections, 527-528 TCR antagonism and partial agonism, 525-526 Viral mutations, TCR antagonism, and escape from immune response, virus strategies to evade host immune system, 525 Xenografts, 633 XenoDus. Dentraxins. 55-56
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role of calcineurin, 338 Apoptosis in brain-specific autoimmune disease, 839-843 basic principles of brain inflammation as revealed by the study of EAE, 839-840 clearance of inflammation by apoptosis of T cells in EAE, 841 mechanisms of apoptosis induction in T cells in vitro, 840-841 Apoptosis and CD28, 620-625 Apoptosis in control of malignancy, 694-703 inhibitors of apoptosis, 698-699 machinery of life and death, role of proteases, 697-698 regulation of induction of apoptosis, 694 TNF receptor, 695-696 transducing death signals, triggers and sensors, 696-697 Apoptosis and lymphomas in transgenic mice, 667-668 Apoptosis and oncogenesis, 699 Aspergillosis, acquired immunity, role of T-cell subsets and the Thl/Th2 paradigm, 520 Atopic allergy and other hypersensitivities, 745-782 Autoantigens in IDDM, 825-830 ribonucleoprotein complexes as, 819-823 Autoimmune disease, brain-specific, apoptosis, 839-843 Autoimmune disease, genetics, 786-792 candidate loci, 786-787 MHC region, 786 other candidate genes, 787 linkage analysis, human, 788-789 linkage disequilibrium mapping, 789 mouse models of disease, 787-788 linkage analysis, 788 use of congenic strains, 788 Autoimmune encephalomyelitis, experimental see Experimental autoimmune (allergic) encephalomyelitis Autoimmunity, study in transgenic/knockout mice, 799-803 collagen-induced arthritis, 800-801 experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, 800 IDDM, 799-800 Ipr mice, 801 maintenance and loss of self tolerance, 801 myasthenia gravis, 800 Autoimmunity, Thl/lh2 balance, 793-798 autoimmune diseases as result of Thl responses, 793-794 autoimmune diseases as result of Th2 responses, 794 ongoing Thl/Th2 balance in regulation of autoimmune disease, 795-796 Thl/Th2 bias determines autoimmunity or autoimmune disease, 794-795 Autosomal SClD mutations, potential targets, 436~.40 B-cell activation activation and processing mediated by B-cell receptor, 121 and CD23, 355-359 see also CD23 T-cell activation, antigen-induced, 121-122 B-cell activation, tolerance and antigen-presenting function, 121-129 anergic B cells and antigen presentation, 123-124 anergy and the two signal theory of B-cell activation, 124
© Current Biology Ltd ISSN 0952-7915
Index to subjects B-cell proliferation and differentiation to immunoglobulin secretion, 122-I 23 heterogeneity in signal one and in T-cell independent second signals, 124-I 25 role of anergic B cells in self tolerance and autoimmunity, 126 B-cell lineage and intrathymic stem cells, 179-I 81 B-cell stimulation, 243-247 T-cell dependent B-cell activation, 243-245 CD40 ligand, 243-244 does CD40L account for all contact-dependent T-cell help for B cells? 244 T-cell independent B-cell activation, 245 B cells immature to mature, positive selection, 222 self-reactive, see Self-reactive B cells single, analysis of Ig gene rearrangements, 281-284 B lymphopoiesis, positive and negative selection events during, 214-227 function of surrogate L-chain in B-cell development, 218 functions of I~H chains in B-cell development, 217-218 new markers of B-lineage subpopulations in bone marrow, 215-216 precursor B-cell expression of surrogate L-chains, 216-217 roles of surface-bound IgM and IgD on mature B cells, 221-222 roles of surface-bound IgM on immature B cells, 218-221 Band separations and retrieval, in differential display, 277 Bcl-2 deficiency, 14 Beryllium ions as activators of T lymphocytes, 834 Beta-granule antigen in IDDM, 826 Blastomycosis, mechanisms of resistance to, 51 7 Blistering diseases intraepidermal, pemphigus, 844-846 subepidermal, 846-847 dermal-epidermal interactions, 846-847 Bone marrow transplantation genotypically HLA-identical sibling, predicting GVHD, 649-651 for leukemia, results, 688 and NK cells, 628-629 phenotypically HLA-matched unrelated, predicting GVHD, 651-652 Brain-specific autoimmune disease, apoptosis, 839-843 Bullous disease of childhood, chronic, and linear IgA bullous disease, 848-849 Bullous pemphigoid autoantibodies, 847-848 cicatricial pemphigoid, 848 pemphigoid gestationis, 848 Bullous skin diseases, 844-851 Bullous systemic lupus erythematosus, 848 C-reactive protein biological effects in experimental animals, 59-60 effects of CRP on autoantibody formation in lupus mice, 60 effects of CRP-derived peptides on regression of experimental tumors in the mouse, 59 effects of CRP on pulmonary alveolitis in the rabbit and mouse, 59-60 experimental malaria in mice carrying the CRP transgene, 60 structure and function, 54-64
see also Pentraxins Calcineurin in modification of phosphorylation status of transcription factors, 337 Calnexin in MHC class I assembly, 78-79 and MHC class II assembly, 80 Cancer immunological aspects, 657-710 role of apoptosis, 694-703 Cancer therapy, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, 687-693 Candidiasis acquired immunity, role of T-cell subsets and the Thl/-Ih2 paradigm, 519-520 role of antibodies, 520 Carboxypeptidase H in IDDM, 826 CD3 complex deficiencies, 441--444 CD4 deficiencies, 441-444 CD4 T cells in HIV infection - - salutary or pathogenic, 462-463 CD4 T cells in protective immune response to M. tuberculosis, 512 CD4/CD8 lineage commitment, and positive selection of T cells, 190-193 CD4 + T-cell proliferation/IL-2 secretion assays in HIV-exposed seronegatives, 449 CD4 + T-cell responses, HCV-specific, 533 CD4-CD8-alphabeta+ T cells in protective immune response to M. tuberculosis, 512 CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes and HIV primary infection, 456-461 CD8 deficiencies, 441-444 CD8 T cells in HIV infection - - salutary or pathogenic, 462-470 CD8 T cells in protective immune response to NL tuberculosis, 513 CD8+ T-cell responses, HCV-specific, 533-534 CD14, CR3 and CD31, 26-27 CD23 and B-cell activation, 355-359 CD23 as an adhesion molecule, 356 CD23 and B-cell growth, 356-357 CD23 and IgE regulation, 357-358 humans, 357 rodents, 357-358 CD23 regulation, 355 CD23 signal transduction, 355-356 CD28 and apoptosis, 620-625 CD28 can signal for T-cell survival, 620 CD28 control of T-cell survival, role for phosphatidylinostol 3-kinase? 622 CD28 costimulation enhances expression of Bcl-xL but not Bcl-2, 621 CTLA4 can signal for lymphocyte cell death, 622-623 expression of Bcl-xL can protect against cell death induced by Fas and IL-2 withdrawal, 621-622 CD40-CD40 ligand pathway, lymphocyte costimulation, 390-391 CD45, regulation of immune function by, 312-314 Cecropins, insects, 4-5 Chemokines and schistosomiasis, 507 Chromosome translocations, role in T cell acute leukemia, 659~64 basic helix-loop-helix proteins implicated in T-ALL, 660 chromosome abnormalities associated with T-ALL, 659-660 DNA recognition and transcriptional activation by TALl Dolypeptides, 661
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Index to subjects LIM proteins implicated in T-ALL, 660 prevalence of TALl gene activation in T-ALL, 660-661 protein complexes involving leukemic LIM and bHLH polypeptides, 661-662 TALl and LMO2 polypeptides, cooperative factors in normal and leukemic development? 661 Clonal deletion of T cells in thymus, 196-205 intrathymic, 196-198 cell-interaction molecules required for negative selection, 197-198 depth of clonal deletion, 197 relationship of positive and negative selection, 196 signals for negative selection, 198 sites of negative selection, 196-197 periphery, 198-201 factors that influence deletion of mature T cells, 199-200 mechanisms involved in elimination of mature T cells, 200-201 Coccidioidomycosis, mechanisms of resistance to, 518 Collagen-induced arthritis, in transgenic/knockout mice, 800-801 Complement activation by immunoglobulins, 42-44 by IgA, 44 by IgG, 42-43 by IgM, 43-44 Complement anaphylatoxin receptors, structure, function and cellular expression, 48-53 C3a and C4a receptors: the same or distinct receptors? 51 CSa receptor, 48-50 on non-myeloid cells, 50-51 Complement-immunoglobulin interactions, 41-47 regulation of immune effector function by immunoglobulin and complement, 44-45 regulation of afferent limb of immune response by antibody and complement, 44-45 Complement system, pentraxin interactions, 58-59 Costimulation, lymphocyte, see Lymphocyte costimulation Costimulation by tumor cells, the tumor as an antigen-presenting cell, 682-684 fusion of tumor cells with antigen-presenting cells, 684 immunogenicity of B7-I transfected tumor cells, 682-684 immunogenicity of B7-2 transfected tumor cells, 684 Costimulatory signals, manipulation to enhance antitumor T-cell responses, 682-686 enhancement of host costimulation with GM-CSF, 684 enhancement of T-cell responses by blockade of negative costimulatory signals, 685 ex vivo priming of host antigen-presenting cells, 684 Crypotococcosis, acquired immunity, role of T-cell subsets and the Thl/Th2 paradigm, 520 Cytokine receptor antagonists, development on basis of multichain receptor model, 19 Cytokine receptor signaling mechanisms, 320-326 role of JAKS, 320-321 to the nucleus, 321-322 JAKS and STATS, 322-323 ras pathway, 321-322 Cytokine receptors, signaling mechanisms through, 17-23 activation of family of transcription factors: the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs), 20-21 GM-CSF subfamily and IL-2 subfamily receptors, 19 IL-6 subfamily receptors sharing gp130, 17-18 involvement of JAK-family kinases in 'shared cytokine receptor
systems', 19-20 Cytokines activation and inhibition by macrophages, 400-401 in fungal infections, immunointervention strategies, 520 production and requirements during T-cell development, 206-213 phenotype of cytokine or cytokine receptor-deficient mice, 208-210 role of IL-7 during intrathymic development, 211 T-cell development in thymus, 206-208 regulation of granuloma formation in schistosomiasis, 505-511 adhesion molecules, chemokines and TNF-alpha, 507 and downmodulation, 508-509 Thl-associated cytokines suppress granuloma formation, 506-507 Th2 cytokines induce granulomatous inflammation, 505-506 regulation of macrophage activation by, 29-30 and transplantation, 632-638 see also T-helper 1/Th2 Cytolytic granules, killing of non-compliant targets by, 11-12 Cytotoxic lymphocytes, role in execution and suicide, 11-16 bcl-2 deficiency, 14 deficiency states of cytotoxic factors, 13-14 killing of non-compliant targets by cytolytic granules, 11-12 perforin opens the gates for granzymes and other secreted proteins, 12 suicide induced by membrane Fas receptors and Fas ligand requires compliant targets, 12-13 Cytotoxic T lymphocytes, cell biology, 343-348 directional delivery of lytic granules, 343-344 loss of specificity during killing, bystander lysis, 346 lytic granule is an unusual secretory organelle, 344-345 serial killing, recharging the lytic machinery, 345-346 Cytotoxic T lymphocytes, responses, HIV-specific salutary or pathogenic? 462-470 see also HIV-specific CTL responses Cytotoxic T lymphocytes, studies of HIV-exposed seronegatives, 450-451 Defensins, insects, 4-5 Detection and isolation of rare cells, 270-273 Differential display, 274-280 band separations and retrieval, 277 experimental design, 278 northern blot confirmation and cloning of cDNA probes, 277-278 PCR, 275-277 preparation of starting material, 274-175 reverse transcription, 275 Endosomes, molecular chaperones for MHC class II assembly, 81 Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, 848 Experimental autoimmune (allergic) encephalomyelitis clearance of inflammation by apoptosis of T cells, 841 and principles of brain inflammation, 839-840 in transgenic/knockout mice, 800 Fas-dependent activated-induced death of mature T cells, 382-387 Fas and Fas-ligand deficiency, 14 Fas ligand pathway, 12 Fas receptors and CILs, 12
Index to subjects Fetal cells in maternal blood, detection and isolation, 270-273 Fluorescence-activated cell sorting, 271 Fungal infections and cytokines, immunointervention strategies, 520 mechanisms of resistance to, 517-523 acquired immunity, T-cell subsets and Thl/Th2 paradigm, 519-520 innate immunity, 519 opportunistic mycoses, 519 pulmonary mycoses caused by dimorphic molds, 517-519 role of antibodies, 520 Gene expression of insects, 5-6 Gene targeting of murine macrophage functions, 24 Gene therapy for cancer, 690 Glutamic acid decarboxylase in IDDM, 827 Gold ions as activators of T lymphocytes, 831-832, 832-833 Graft rejection, role of IL-IO, 641 Graft-versus-host disease, predicting, 649-655 genotypically HLA-identical sibling BMT, 649-651 immunotherapeutic impact, 652 phenotypically HLA-matched unrelated BMT, 651-652 Graft-versus-leukemia effect, 688 Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor subfamily and IL-2 subfamily receptors, 19 Granuloma formation in schistosomiasis, cytokine regulation, 505-511 see also Cytokine regulation Granzyme B deficiency, 13 Granzymes and other secreted proteins, role of pefforin, 12 Growth factors and lymphomas in transgenic mice, 666-667 Guinea pig, pentraxins, 56 Gut thymus intraepithelial lymphocytes, differentiation, 235-242 Hamster, pentraxins, 56 Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for cancer therapy, 687-693 graft-versus-leukemia effect, 688 other sources and methods for stem-cell harvest, 690 T-cell depletion, 688-689 use of blood progenitor cells to overcome MHC barriers in allogeneic transplantation, 689-690 Hematopoietic stem cells differentiation in mice carrying disrupted transcription factor genes, 183 lineage relationship of intrathymic stem cells and the B-cell lineage, a common lymphoid stem cell? 179-181 lineage relationship of intrathymic stem cells and myeloid lineage cells, 181 lineage relationship of intrathymic stem cells and non-T cell lineages, 179 lineage relationship of thymocytes and natural killer cells, 181-183 Hematopoietic stem cells to thymocytes, pathways, 176-187 Hepatitis C virus-specific T lymphocyte responses, 532-538 consequences of cellular immune response, 534-535 expression of viral proteins and MHC molecules by liver cells, 532-534 CD4 + T-cell responses, 533 CD8 + T-cell responses, 533-534 Histoplasmosis, mechanisms of resistance to, 518 HIV-exposed seronegatives, immune responses, 448-455
CI-L studies, 450-451 epidemiology, 448-449 immunological studies, 449-451 CD4 + T-cell proliferation/IL-2 secretion assays, 449 induction of cellular immune responses without antibody, 452 other immune responses to HIV, 451-452 specific, significance, 452-453 virological studies, 449 HIV infection, primary, 456-461 specific antibody response, 458-459 specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response, 456-458 HIV, role of macrophages in cellular immunity, 30-31 HIV-specific CTL responses acquired immunosuppression caused by infection with a noncytopathic virus in mice, 464-465 anti-HIV cytotoxic CD8 + T cells in controlling HIV infection, 465-466 implications for prevention and treatment, 466-467 is there indirect evidence for or against HIV being cytopathic in vivo? 465 possibilities to distinguish between the cytopathic versus immunopathological view of AIDS pathogenesis, 466 salutary or pathogenic? 462-470 HLA-genotypically identical sibling bone marrow transplantation, predicting GVHD, 649-651 HLA-matched phenotypically unrelated bone marrow transplantation, predicting GVHD, 651-652 Host-parasite interactions, role of natural killer cells, 34-40 Hsp65 in IDDM, 826 Hypermutation, somatic, 248-254 cellular dynamics, 248-249 intrinsic hotspots, 249 evolution, 249-250 mutations observed in antigen-specific responses, 249 nature of DNA substrate, 251 preference for transitions, and a strand bias, 250 sequences needed top recruit hypermutation, 251 Hypersensitivities, 745-782 Immediate-early genes induced by antigen receptor stimulation, 327-332 ras-ERK pathway and downregulation by PAC-1,329-330 transcription factors, 327-329 Immune responses, allergen-specific, peptide modulation, 757-761 see also Allergen-specific immune responses Immunity to infection, 471-552 Immunodeficiency, 433-470 Immunogenetics in analysis of resistance to intracellular pathogens, 539-552 Immunoglobulin E promotes antigen focusing and facilitates antigen presentation to unprimed T cells, 766 see also Anti-lgE therapy Immunoglobulin gene rearrangements in single B cells, analysis, 281-284 amplification of cDNA or genomic DNA? 281 detection of rate tumor cells, 283 PCR analysis of single cells isolated from histological sections, 282-283 PCR primers for single cell analyses, 281-282 single cell analysis of cells sorted by flow cytometry, 283
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Index to subjects single cell versus population analysis, 282 Immunosuppression in transplantation, 639-643 see also Interleukin-10 Immunosuppressive peptides corresponding to MHC class I sequences, 644-648 Infection, immunity to, 471-552 Innate immunity of insects, 4-10 cellular reactions, 7-8 immune gene expression, 5-6 inducible antibacterial and antifungal peptides, 4-5 induction of immune response, 6-7 Insects, innate immunity, 4-10 Insulin, autoantibodies to in IDDM, 827 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus glutamic acid decarboxylase and other autoantigens in, 825-830 in human and mouse, 799-800 Intercellular adhesion molecule-1/2/3-LFA-1 pathway, lymphocyte costimulation, 389-390 Interferon-y, SLAM enhances production via T-cell stimulation, 774-775 Interleukin-2 gene, transcriptional regulation, 333-342 calcineurin, 337-338 NFAT, 337 NFKB/Rel, 338 Oct, 337-338 control of IL-2 mRNA levels, 333 cooperative interactions among transcription factors, 337 costimulatory pathways that augment IL-2 production, 338 regulatory sequence elements of IL-2 gene, 333-337 AP-1 (Fos-Jun), 336-337 NFAT, 334-335 NFkappaB, 335-336 Oct, 335 Interleukin-2 production defect in unresponsive T cells, biochemical nature, 376-377 Interleukin-4 and allergic inflammation, 764 cellular sources, and Th2 responses, 499 influence on Th2 responses, 497-501 is secreted by effector cells of the allergic response, 765-766 for perpetuation of type 2 T-cell responses, 765 production by T cells, 772 Interleukin-4R and IL-13R, complex structures sharing the IL-4Rccchain, 771-772 inhibition of IgE synthesis by an antagonist, 772-773 Interleukin-4.Y124D, effects on T-helper cell type 2 differentiation, 773-774 Interleukin-6 subfamily receptors sharing gp130, 17-18 Interleukin-10 immunosuppression in transplantation, 639-643 inhibition of IL-10 by immunosuppression, 641 in rejecting grafts, 640-641 Th2 responsescan cause rejection, 641 in tolerated grafts, 639-640 Interleukin-10 indirectly perpetuates type 2 response via suppression of type 1 T cells, 766 Interleukin-10, role in Thl regulation of immune response in transplantation, 634 Interleukin-12 characteristics, 485 effects on immune responsesto microbial infections, 485-496
commitment of T-cell differentiation towards Thl phenotype, 487 IFN-gamma and IL-2 in CD8÷ CTL responses, 487-488 induction of IL-] 2 synthesis during microbial infections, 488-489 in vitro, 488 in vivo, 488 role of endogenously produced IL-I 2 during acute microbial infections, 488-489 natural immunity, activation of NK cells, 486~187 potential mechanisms, 486 therapeutic use of IL-I 2, 489-491 for control of opportunistic infections in immunocompromised hosts, 490-491 during acute microbial infections, 489 during chronic infections associated with THI lymphocyte unresponsiveness,489-490 as vaccine adjuvant, 491 toxic effects, 491-492 in protective immune response to A4. tuberculosis, 513-514 role in Thl regulation in transplantation, 634 in T-helper development, 360-362 effects on Thl induction are primarily IFN-gamma independent, in contrast to Th2 inhibition, 361 IL-12 may not be essential for all Thl responses, nor sufficient to suppress all Th2 responses, 361 in vivo, 360 regulation of IL-12, 362 role in costimulation, 361-362 Interleukin-13, production by T cells, 772 Interleukin-13R and IL-4R, complex structures sharing the IL-4Ro~chain, 771-772 inhibition of IgE synthesis by an antagonist, 772-773 Intracellular pathogens, immunogenetics in analysis of resistance to, 539-552 Invariant chain and MHC class II, localization of contact site between, 79-80 as a molecular chaperone, 79 Islet cell autoantigens in IDDM, 825-826 JAK-family kinases, involvement in 'shared cytokine receptor systems', 19-20 JAKS, role in cytokine receptor signaling, 320-321 Keratinocyte-keratinocyte interactions in pemphigus, 844 LacZ T-cell assay, 257, 258-259 Leishmaniasis, immunogenetics in analysis of resistance to, 543-544 Leukemia BMT results, 688 hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, 687-693 T cell acute, role of chromosome translocations, 659-664 Leukocytes, pentraxin interacgtions, 59 Limulus, pentraxins, 55 Listeriosis, immunogenetics in analysis of resistance to, 546 Liver transplantation, tolerance following, 633 Lymphocyte activation and effector functions, 303-404 Lymphocyte costimulation, analysis in vivo using transgenic and 'knockout' mice, 389-395 B7-CD28/CTLA-4 costimulatory pathway, 391-392 transgenic mice with dysregulated B7-1 expression, 392
Index to subjects xvii CD40-CD40 ligand pathway, 390-391 ICAM-1 (CDS4)/ICAM-2/ICAM-3-LFA-1 (CD11 a/CD18) pathway, 389-390 LFA-3-CD2 pathway, 390 VCAM-1-VLA-4 (alpha4betal) integrin pathway, 390 Lymphocyte development and function, life and death during, 229-234 pS3, 230-231 regulators of lymphocyte death, 228-230 bcl-2, 228-229 Fas/Apo-1,229-230 Nur77, 230 Lymphocyte function-associated antigen-3-CD2 pathway, 390 Lymphocyte functions, regulation by nitric oxide, 396-399 Lymphoma, new models in transgenic mice, 665-673 anti-oncogenes, 667 apoptosis, 667-668 cell-cycle regulators, 666 DNA repair, 668 and environmental carcinogens, 669 growth factors, 666-667 multi-step lymphomagenesis, 668-669 transcription factors, 665-666 transmissible causes, 669-670 Lymphotoxin-~. (TNF-~) deficiency, 13-14 Lytic-protein secretion and CTL killing, 343-348 M cells, using to break the mucosal barrier, 474-478 different strategies employed by different microbial pathogens, 475 immune response to microbial pathogens, 474-475 interactions of invasive Salmonella species with, 475-477 specific surface glycoconjugates, 474 Macrophage function, murine, gene targeting, 24 Macrophage function, T-cell regulation, 400-404 activation by cytokines, 400-401 costimulators and cross-talk, 401-402 inhibition by cytokines, 401 Macrophage membrane and product molecules, recently cloned, 25 Macrophage specific gene expression, 24 Macrophages, microbial infections adherence, 479 changing face of the phagosome, 480 entry, survival and persistence, 479-484 host cell invasion, active versus passive invaders, 479-480 intracellular fate, to fuse or not to fuse, 480-481 intracellular gene expression, 481 lysis of vacuole and escape into cytosol, 481 persistence, evasion of immune responses, 481-482 Macrophages, molecular immunobiology, 24-33 adhesion molecules, 25-27 application of genetic and cDNA cloning methods to macrophages, 24-25 CD14, CR3 and CD31, 26-27 growth and differentiation of macrophages and related cells, 25 phagocytosis, pathogen entry and induction of immunity, 27 regulation of macrophage activation by cytokines, 29-30 role of macrophages in cellular immunity to intracellular pathogens: mycobacteria and HIV, 30-31 secretion by macrophages, and macrophage targets, 27-29
Magnetic resonance cell sorting, high-gradient, for sorting rare cells, 272 Malaria, immunogenetics in analysis of resistance to, 542-543 Malaria vaccines, 607-611 anti-disease vaccines, 609 asexual blood stage vaccines, 608-609 immunity to malaria, 612 perspectives, 609-610 pre-erythrocytic, 608 SPf66 trials, 609 trials how close are we? 613 SPf66 and all that, 612-616 why has it taken so long? 612-613 Malignancy, role of apoptosis, 694-703 Mercury ions as activators of T lymphocytes, 831-832, 832-833 Metal ion induced autoimmunity, 831-838 autoantibody formation, 835 metal ions as activators of T lymphocytes, 831-834 antigen-independent T-cell activation by heavy metals, 831-832 Au(I) and Au(lll), 832 beryllium as classical hapten, 834 cadmium chloride, 833 can metal ions act as classical haptens? 833-834 common effects of Hg(ll) and Au(I)/Au(lll), 833 Hg(ll), 832-833 Ni(ll) and Au(I) as classical haptens, 833-834 specific antigens induced by metal ions: cryptic selfpeptides and other neo-antigens, 832-833 preferential activation of T-helper type 1 or type 2 cells, 835 signal two to T-cell activation by heavy metal ions, 834 MHC antigens novel molecules related to, 97-102 class I related molecules encoded outside the MHC, 99-100 class Ib genes in mouse and human, 98-99 class II MHC molecules, 100 related to class I and class II, evolutionary origins, 97-98 MHC-binding sequences, increasingly detailed motifs improve prediction of, 264-265 MHC-binding sequences within protein antigens additional approaches to defining MHC binding motifs, 264 expanded MHC binding motifs, 265 future of epitope prediction, 265-267 algorithms and artificial neural networks, 266 prediction of promiscuous epitopes, 267 processing motifs, TCR repertoires and immunodominance, 265-266 identification of MHC allelle-specific binding motifs using large peptide repertoires, 264 new methods to predict, 263-269 quantitative MHC binding motifs, 265 MHC class I antigens, NK-cell recognition, 626-627 MHC class I assembly and calnexin, 78-79 and molecular chaperones, 77-79 MHC class I molecules chemistry of peptides associated with, 85-88 application, 88 cancer peptides, 88 carboxyl termini of peptides, 86 motif groups, 86
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Index to
subjects
non-anchor residues, 86-88 peptide lengths, 85-86 peptides presented by, 69-76 sequences, immunosuppressive peptides corresponding to, 644-648 cells expressing transfected MHC class I molecules, 644 intrathymic injection of MHC class I antigens, 644-645 isolated MHC class I molecules, 645 synthetic peptides corresponding to regions of MHC molecules, 645-647 target cell, NK-cell recognition, 114-115 MHC class II assembly and calnexin, 80 in endosomes, molecular chaperones, 81 and molecular chaperones, 79-81 MHC class II and invariant chain, localization of contact site between, 79-80 MHC class II molecules aggregation in ER, 80-81 can features of disease-inducing peptides be predicted? 92 degeneracy, promiscuity, and allele-specificity, 92 motifs, technical comments, 89-90 origin of peptides, 89 outlines, 88-89 peptide length, 89 pocket specificities of H-2E molecules, 91-92 pocket specificity of HLA-DR molecules, 90-91 spacing of pockets, 90 MHC, genetic association of autoimmune disease, 786-787 MHC-peptide interaction as means to predict T-cell epitopes, 263-264 Microbial infection of macrophages, entry, survival and persistence, 479-484 Microbial infections, effects of IL-12 on immune responses to, 485-496 see also Interleukin-12 Molecular chaperones in antigen presentation, 77-84 aggregation of class II molecules in the ER, 80-81 and MHC class I assembly, 77-79 and MHC class II assembly, 79-81 Molecular immunobiology of macrophages, 24-33 Mouse NK1 ÷ T cells, 367-374 are they autoreactive? 372 characteristics, 367-368 development, 369-372 acquisition of NKI+ phenotype, 370-371 cortical thymocytes present CD1 to each other, 369-370 do NK1 ÷ T cells go through a conventional DP stage of T-cell development? 370 solution to paradox that CD4 T cells can be positively selected by MHC class I molecules, 370 thymic versus extrathymic origin, 369 specificity, 368-369 Mouse, pentraxins, 56 Mucosal barrier, using M cells to break, 474-478 Myasthenia gravis, in transgenic/knockout mice, 800 Mycobacteria, rote of macrophages in cellular immunity, 30-31 Mycobacterial disease, immunogenetics in analysis of resistance to, 544-546 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, protective immune response to,
512-516 cellular immunity, 512-513 C D 4 - C D 8 - ~ + T cells, 512 CD4 T cells, 512 CD8 T cells, 513 T cells, 513 effector mechanisms, 513-514 downregulation of immune response, 513 IL-12, 513-514 reactive nitrogen intermediates, 513 TNF-alpha, 514 vaccination, 514-515 Myeloid lineage cells, and intrathymic stem cells, 181 Natural autoantibodies, 812-818 biological roles, 814-815 in health and disease, 814 is induction dependent on T cells? 813-814 selection of reactivities, 812-813 Natural killer cell receptors, 110-120 lectin receptor responsible for NK-cell activation, 110-114 NK-cell recognition of target cell MHC class I molecules, 114-115 human, 115 mouse, 114-115 other candidate receptors, 116 Natural killer cells are effector cells of innate resistance against infectious agents, 35-36 influence on development of adaptive immune response, 37 recognition, mechanisms, 36-37 role in host-parasite interactions, 34-40 role in septic shock, 37 role in T-cell independent antigen responses, 350-351 and thymocytes, lineage relationship, 181-183 see also Mouse NK1 ÷ T cells Natural killer cells, role in immune surveillance of cancer, 704-710 evidence for NK cell mediated surveillance in tissues, 705-706 hematogenous metastases, 704-705 heterogeneity of NK cells, 706 potential of A-NK cells to accumulate in tissues, 707 potential of A-NK cells to eliminate abnormal, and to spare normal, tissue cells, 707-708 precursors of A-NK cells, 706-707 Natural killer cells, role in transplantation, 626-631 bone marrow transplantation, 628-629 NK-cell receptors for polymorphic MHC class I molecules, 627-628 NK-cell recognition of mHC class I antigens, 626-627 NFAT-family proteins in transcriptional regulation of IL-2, 334-335 role of calcineurin, 337 NFkappaB in transcriptional regulation of IL-2, 335-336 role of calcineurin, 338 Nitric oxide in regulation of lymphocyte functions, 396-399 differential production of NO by Thl and Th2 clones, 397 effect of NO on B-cell functions, 398 NO facilitates T-cell proliferation, 397-398 NO inhibits T-cell proliferation, 397-398 Northern blot confirmation and cloning of cDNA probes, 277-278
Index to subjects Octamer proteins in transcriptional regulation of IL-2, 335 role of calcineurin, 337-338 Opportunistic mycoses, mechanisms of resistance to, 519 p53, role in lymphocyte death, 230-231 P69 in IDDM, 826 Paracoccidioidomycosis, mechanisms of resistance to, 518-519 Pemphigus keratinocyte-keratinocyte interactions, 844 paraneoplastic, 846 Pemphigus foliaceus, 845-846 endemic ('fogo selvagem'), 845-846 idiopathic, 845 Pemphigus vulgaris, 845 Pentraxins, 54-64 biosynthesis, control, 57 CRP regulation of cytokine response, 57 transcription factors, 57 characterization of new human protein homologous to, 56-57 human elucidation of three-dimensional structure, 54-55 other structural investigations, 55 structure, 54-55 in human disease, 60-61 association of SAP with Alzheimer's disease, 61 detailed analysis of amyloid P component found in amyloid deposits, 60 metabolic and scintigraphic studies of CRP distribution and catabolism in health and disease, 60 role of SAP in formation of amyloid fibrils from beta-2 microglobulin, 60 scintigraphic and turnover studies utilizing SAP in amyloidosis, 60-61 interactions with complement system, 58-59 CRP binding to sites of complement injury, 58 effect of SAP-C4BP interaction on, 58 localization of CRP and Clq sites involved by, 58 interactions with leukocytes, 59 binding to and activation of neutrophils and macrophages, 59 surface CRP and participation in natural killer cell activity, 59 ligands, 57-58 binding to nuclear constituents, 58 modified CRP and SAP, 58 phylogeny, 55-56 Peptide ligands, altered altered T-cell receptor signaling induced by, 106 antagonistic, as therapeutic approach in disease states, 105-106
involvement in T-cell memory, 105 role in viral chronicity, 105 T-cell stimulation, 103-109 partial activation and antagonism, 103-104 in positive and negative selection, 104-105 Peptide modulation of allergen-specific immune responses, 757-761 clinical studies of peptide vaccination, 759 in vitro, CD4 + T cells, 757-758 in vivo experimental models, 758-759 Peptide transport by TAP, 69-70 Peptides
immunosuppressive, corresponding to MHC class I sequences, 644-648 inducible antibacterial and antifungal, of insects, 4-5 presented by class I MHC molecules, 69-76 peptide formation or trimming in the endoplasmic reticulum? 72-74 processing, 72 specificity of transport by TAP, 70-71 structural studies on TAP, 71-72 TAP associates in endoplasmic reticulum, 71 proline- and glycine-rich, of insects, 5 role in positive selection of T cells, 189-190 Perforin deficiency, 13 Perforin opens the gates for granzymes and other secreted proteins, 12 Peripheral hematopoietic stem cells, detection and isolation, 270-273 Polymerase chain reaction analysis of single cells isolated from histological sections, 282-283 Polymerase chain reaction for differential display, 275-277 Polymerase chain reaction primers for single cell analyses, 281-282 Positive and negative selection events during B lymphopoiesis, 214-227 Positive selection of immature to mature B cells, 222 Pre-TCR, positive selection, 188-189 Pre-thymic T-cell development, new insights into T lymphocyte commitment from the analysis of murine fetal blood, 176-183 Protein tyrosine kinases in initiation of antigen receptor signaling, 306-311 antigen receptors, 306 model of early events, 309-310 non-transmembrane protein tyrosine kinases, 306-308 Protein tyrosine phosphatases, regulation of immune function by, 312-319 CD45, 312-313 regulation of function, 313-314 SHP, a phosphatase containing an SH2 domain, 314-315 Pulmonary mycoses caused by dimorphic molds, mechanisms of resistance, 517-519 Rare cells detecting, flow cytometry, 270-271 detection and isolation, 270-273 sorting using FACS, 271 using high-gradient MACS, 272 Ras-ERK pathway and downregulation by PAC-1 in T-cell activation, 329-330 Ras pathway for nuclear signaling, 321-322 Rat, pentraxins, 56 Reactive nitrogen intermediates, and protective immune response to M. tuberculosis, 513 Recombinant allergens allergen-specific therapy concepts using, 753 for diagnosis of allergic diseases, 752-753 isolation and characterization, effect of cross-reactivity among allergens, 751-752 as tools to study specific immune responses, 752 Residual tumour cells, detection and isolation, 270-273 Reverse transcription, for differential display, 275 Ribonucleoprotein complexes as autoantigens, 819q323
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Index to subjects aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, 821 nucleolar RNPs, 820 Ro/La RNPs, 820-821 spliceosomal RNPs, 819-820 why autoantibodies to RNP autoantigens? 821-822 Salmonella species, invasive, interactions with M cells, 475-477
Scavenger receptor, immunobiology, 25-26 Schistosomiasis, granuloma formation, cytokine regulation, 505-511 see also Cytokine regulation Self-reactive B cells, regulation, 804-811 in immune repertoire, 806-808 checkpoint 3: T-cell help, 806 checkpoint 4: anergy, 807 checkpoint 5: Fas-mediated elimination of anergic cells, 807 elimination in germinal centres, 807-808 in preimmune repertoire, 804-808 checkpoint 1: elimination of immature B cells, 804-805 checkpoint 2: follicular competition, 805-806 thresholds of self-tolerance, 808-809 Septic shock, role of natural killer cells, 37 Serum amyloid proteins structure and function, 54-64 see also Pentraxins Severe combined immune deficiency autosomal, mutations, potential targets, 436-440 defects in DNA-dependent protein kinase components in V(D)J recombination/DSBR mutants, 437 V(D)J recombination activities, 436-437 V(D)J recombination and immune deficiencies, 437-438 SHP, a phosphatase containing an SH2 domain, regulation of immune function by, 314-315 Sialoadhesin, immunobiology, 26 Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs),and cytokine receptor signaling, 20-21 Signal transduction through CD26, 620-625 Single B cells, analysis of Ig gene rearrangements, 281-284 SLAM enhances IFN-~ production via T-cell stimulation, 774-775 Somatic hypermutation, 248-254 SPf66, malaria vaccine developments, trials and controversies, 613-615 what have we learned? 615-616 what next? 615 Sphingomyelin, role in apoptosis in malignancy, 695-696 Superantigens as additional trigger factors in allergy, 766 in IDDM, 826 Systemic lupus erythematosus, bullous, 848 T-B cell collaboration, steps, 121-I 23 T-cell acute leukemia, role of chromosome translocations, 659-664 T-cell cytokines in allergy, role and modulation, 762-770 induction of allergen-specific T-cell response, 762-764 first-signal, TCR-peptide-MHC interaction, 762 second signal, interaction between APCs and T cells, 762-764 modulation of allergic immune response, 767 allergen-specific immunotherapy modulates type 2 resoonse. 767
anti-inflammatory drugs, 767 mode of cytokine applications determines its immunomodulatory effect, 767 perpetuation of T-cell response and T-cell bystanders, 765-766 IgE promotes antigen focusing and facilitates antigen presentation to unprimed T cells, 766 IL-I 0 indirectly perpetuates type 2 response via suppression of type I T cells, 766 IL-4 is required for perpetuation of type 2 T-cell responses, 765 IL-4 is secreted by effector cells of allergic response, 765-766 syperantigens might act as additional trigger factors, 766 T-cell subsets with pro/anti-allergic activities, 764-765 which cell is providing initial IL-4? 764 T-cell development cytokine production and requirements during, 206-213 see also Cytokines, production and requirements during Tcell development: T-cell cytokines in allergy: T-helper 11Th2 cytokine role pre-thymic, new insights into T lymphocyte commitment from the analysis of murine fetal blood, 176--183 T cell epitope prediction, see MHC-binding sequences T cell independent antigens, 349-354 characteristics, 349-350 evidence for NK cells or NK-derived cytokines in regulating immune responses, 350-351 Ig isotype switching in response to, 351-352 inability to stimulate ontogenetically immature B cells, 351 responses to TI-2 antigen are dependent on differentiation inducing factors, 350 sources of 'help' for TI-2 antigens, 350 T cell receptor antagonism and partial agonism, viral mutations and escape from immune response, 525-526 role in viral infections, 527-528 T cell receptor deficiencies, 441-447 human defects, 442-443 CD3gamma, 442 mouse models, 443-444 T-cell recognition, effect of viral mutations on, 526-527 T-cell regulation of macrophage function, 400-404 T cell responses, HCV-specific, see Hepatitis C virus-specific T lymphocyte responses T-cell stimulation by altered peptide ligands, 103-109 T cells, allergen specific, see T-helper 2 T cells, extrathymic differentiation, 235-242 antigenic recognition repertoire of gut intraepithelial lymphocytes, 237-238 expression of accessory molecules, 237 gut thymus-independent intraepithelial lymphocytes use peculiar TCR/CD3 signal transmitting modules, 236--237 in vitro stimulation of gut-thymus-derived and thymusindependent intraepithelial lymphocytes, 237 origin of gut intraepithelial lymphocytes, 238-240 T cells, functional unresponsiveness, molecular mechanisms underlying, 375-381 biochemical nature of IL-2 production defect, 376-377 consequences, 376 in vivo, 377-379
induction of unresponsive state, 375-376
Index to subjects T cells, "~6,in protective immune response to M. tuberculosis, 513 T cells, intrathymic development, role of IL-7, 211 T cells, intrathymic and extrathymic clonal deletion, 196-205 see also Clonal deletion T cells, new tumor antigens recognized by, 674-681 see also Tumor antigens: Tumor-specific antigens T cells, positive selection, 188-I 95 CD4/CD8 lineage commitment, 190-I 93 cellular requirements, 189 on the pre-TCR, 188-I 89 role of peptides, 189-I 90 T cells, single probes for antigen/MHC expression, 258-262 see also AntigenlMHC expression T-helper cell differentiation in immune response, 360-366 costimulation and T-helper development, 362-363 genetic polymorphism and future directions, 363-364 IL-I 2 in T-helper development, 360-362 sources of cytokines that influence and augment, 363 T-helper I/Th2 in autoimmunity, 793-798 see also Autoimmunity T-helper I/rh2 regulation of immune response to solid organ transplants, adult, 632-638 costimulation through the B7 family of proteins, 635 cytokine role in rejection or tolerance, evidence, 633-634 adoptive transfer of Th2 cells, 634 IL-I O, 634 knockout mice, 633-634 local production of cytokine in vivo, 634 does immune response leading to graft rejection involve both Thl and Th2 cells? 632 future research, 634-635 tolerance associated with particular Th population, 632 tolerance following liver transplantation, 633 tolerance induction by CTLA4-1g, 632-633 tolerance induction by donor-specific transfusion, 633 xenografts, 633 T-helper I/rh2, and resistance to fungal infections, 519-520 T-helper 2 antagonizing differentiation and functions, 771-778 effects of IL-4.Y124D on differentiation, 773-774 IL-4R and IL-I 3R, complex structures sharing the IL-4R0~chain, 771-772
and IL-10 in graft rejection, 641 inhibition of IgE synthesis by an antagonist of IL-4R and IL-I 3R, 772-773 production of IL-4 and IL-I 3, 772 T-cell stimulation via SLAM upregulates IFN-y production, 774-775
T-helper 2 responses, induction in infectious diseases, 497-504 antigen dose and form influence Th subset selection, 501 CD4 ÷ cells that might initiate Th2 responses, 499 cellular sources of early IL-4, 499 counter-regulation and costimulation, 499-500 does it take IL-4 to make IL-4? 497-498
regulating established Th2 responses, 500-501 Thymic selection, see T cells, positive selection Thymocytes hematopoietic stem cell pathways to, 176-I 87 pre-thymic T-cell development, 176-I 83 and NK cells, lineage relationship, 181-183 Thymus, intra- and extra-clonal deletion of T cells, 196-205 see also Clonal deletion Toxoplasmosis, immunogenetics in analysis of resistance to, 539-542 Transcription factor genes, disrupted, hematopoietic differentiation in mice carrying, 183 Transcriptional regulation of the IL-2 gene, 333-342 Transgenic/knockout mice. tools to study autoimmunity, 799-803 Transplantation, 617-655 and cytokines, 632-638 see also T-helper I/Th2 immunosuppression, 639-643 see also Interleukin-10 role of NK cells, 626-631 see also Natural killer cells Trypanosomiasis, immunogenetics in analysis of resistance to, 544 Tumor antigens methods of identification, 674 new, recognized by T cells, 674-681 differentiation antigens, 676-677 Tumor cells, rare, detection, Ig gene rearrangements in single B cells, 283 Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and protective immune response to M. tuberculosis, 514 and schistosomiasis, 507 Tumor necrosis factor receptor, role in apoptosis in malignancy, 695-696 Tumor-specific antigens shared by different tumors, 674-676 unique, 677 Vaccination, and protective immune response to M. tuberculosis, 514 Vascular cell adhesion molecule-l-VLA-4 (a41]l) integrin pathway, lymphocyte costimulation, 390 Viral infections, immunogenetics in analysis of resistance to, 546-547 Viral mutations and escape from immune response, 524-531 different viruses, different scenarios, 528 effect of viral mutations on T-cell recognition, 526-527 host strategies to clear viruses, 524-525 molecular mechanisms, 526 role of TCR antagonism in viral infections, 527-528 TCR antagonism and partial agonism, 525-526 Viral mutations, TCR antagonism, and escape from immune response, virus strategies to evade host immune system, 525 Xenografts, 633 XenoDus. Dentraxins. 55-56
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