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Das Widerstands-und Ultraschallschweissen als Verfahren zum Verbinden Kleinster Bauelemente in der Elektrotecknik
BOOK REVIEWS Ultrasonic
rolling and drawing of metals
V. P. Severdenko,
V. V. Klubovich
Plenum
Company
Publishing
Ltd,
and A. V. Stepanenko London
(1972)
206 pp
f 14.00
This book is intended to summarize the current position in the USSR on the application of high-power ultrasonics to the processes of rolling and drawing of metals. Having been written originally in Russian for publication in 1970, it is worth noting that the translation has been corrected by the authors in this edition and may thus be considered well up-to-date. The book contains six chapters and it is useful to note that chapter one is an extremely good short exposition, in 41 pages, of the nature and production of ultrasonic stress waves. This chapter is a particularly good introduction to the subject and would stand in its own right as a brief review. The second chapter is concerned with the effects of ultrasonics on friction conditions in working and also on the structure and properties of metals. In the latter, there are qualitative considerations given to the metal physics aspects of the problem and a good deal of the literature (albeit often contradictory) is cited. The authors do not take a critical viewpoint in this section, unlike that section dealing with friction conditions at working interfaces where the review is not only extensive but is critical. Perhaps this is simply symptomatic of the fact that this latter field is one in which the authors have worked extensively. Chapters three, four and five are all concerned with the rolling of metals using both longitudinal and radial ultrasonic excitation of the rolls. This is discussed in great detail with many excellent sketches and considerably detailed results both from the authors’ laboratories and other workers. Again the major interest has clearly been in examining friction characteristics during rolling and the benefits conferred, using ultrasonics, in reduction of rolling forces and improvement of surface finish. The authors readily admit the problems associated with highspeed rolling and the reduction in the effectiveness of the ultrasonics when applied in commercial conditions. Chapter six is concerned with the drawing of metals and alloys. A variety of methods of ultrasonically exciting both workpiece and drawing dies are described in some detail followed by a long section on the influence of.highpower ultrasound on the force parameters. This part of the review is again critical in nature and shows a considerable amount of analysis of the data obtained by many workers. Further consideration is given also in this chapter to the question of the influence of the ultrasonic excitation on the product properties and surface quality. The chapter ends with an interesting section on ‘special’ forms of ultrasonic drawing including work on difficult materials. The whole book is well produced and suffers less in translation than many volumes taken from Soviet literature. The presentation is excellent and, whilst being detailed, gives the impression of conciseness. Much of the data presented
84
has not previously been available before and is a welcome addition to the English language literature in the field. It would be reasonable to say that there is clearly a great deal to be done in this subject and there is no doubt that this book will help those engaged both in basic research and technological exploitation of ultrasonically-assisted metal deformation. The viewpoint expressed by the authors will undoubtedly accelerate the attainment of a balanced viewpoint of the potentiality of the methods used. Although expensive for a softback 206-page review, the book is well-worth having for anyone working in this field and considerably broadens the literature by giving the Soviet view of the subject. B. S. Hockenhull
Das Widerstands-und Ultraschallschweissen als Verfahren zum Verbinden Kleinster Bauelemente in der Elektrotecknik F. Eichhorn
and G. Wichelhaus
Forschungsberichte Westdeutscher
des Landres
Verlag,
Opladen
Nordrhein-Westfalen (1972)
107 pp DM 23.40
(in German)
This booklet describes experimental work done at the Institut fur Schwisstechnik of the Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule, Aachen, on resistance spot welding and ultrasonic microwelding. The two methods represent the most important means of joining contacts in semiconductor and thin-film devices. The aim of the work was to investigate the well-known poor reproducibility of microwelding and ways of improving weld quality. Commercially available welding equipment was used throughout the experiments - an American MCW-550 Firma Hughes spot welder (maximum current 320 mA; maximum voltage 1.99 V; maximum electrode force 1 000 kgf) for resistance welding and a two-channel high-frequency ultrasonic microwelder (frequency 60 kHz; maximum high-frequency power 20 W; sonotrode force O-40 kgf) made by Dr Lehfeldt of West Germany. The sonotrode was made by Micro-Swiss (USA) and designed for wires of 5 1 pm diamctcr. The welded materials were copper and nickel sheets of thickness 20-50 pm and copper covered reftmctory metal with a 38 pm copper layer. In addition, aluniinium wires of 50 pm diameter were joined to 50 pm thick aluminiummagnesium sheets and 250 pm thick silicone sheets. both of which were covered with an 8 000 A aluminium layer and a 1.5 pm gold-layered FeNiCo material. Weld quality was assessed by shearing-strength tests, push-pull fatigue strength tests and metallographic studies. The results, which are clear and easy to follow. form the basis for a set of recommendations for users ot‘ 11lic1 owelding equipment. The recommendations COVCIiiiachinc operation, specimen preparation and choice 01.wcldin~ material. In the particular case of ultrasonic \\scltlilly
ULTRASONICS
MARCH
1974
the authors believe that weld reproducibility depends, to a large extent, on the skill of the operator; automation of the welding process is therefore recommended. The booklet should go a long way in helping solve current problems in both resistance and ultrasonic microwelding. 0. Leven
Echocardiography H. Feigenbaum
Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia (1972) 239 pp f4.95 This little book fills a much needed want. It provides the novice with a pointer to guide him in the initial steps in the art of echocardiography. The approach is necessarily somewhat didactic, but this is probably not a fault in a treatise intended for the beginner. Whilst the author is giving detailed instructions about instrumentation, particularly on the Smith Kline machine, it is a pity he did not include notes on the other common ultrasound machines. This would have been very helpful to those who have different forms of instrumentation. It would also have been useful to have included notes on the Cambridge strip recorder as this is likely to be the most commonly used, especially in the UK. Dr Feigenbaum tends to treat the interpretation of the echocardiogram as a matter of pattern recognition. Whilst this is possibly the only way with those who do not have an understanding of cardiology, it leads to such terms as ‘false mitral stenosis’ to describe the slow diastolic closure rate in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Those with poor visual memories may find it difficult to carry the different pictures in their mind. The book is liberally illustrated, but it would appear that many of the tracings were originally from an ultra-violet strip recorder, and these tend to have a somewhat fuzzy outline when reproduced. There are, however, numerous line drawings alongside to help recognition. His illustration of the vibrating anterior mitral cusp in the presence of aortic regurgitation is somewhat difficult to see. He makes no mention of the occasional difficulty in differentiating the vibrating cusp as seen on the Polaroid film from that of a calcified mitral valve. This is an important differentiation in patients with aortic regurgitation who also have a middiastolic murmur. His emphasis on the necessity to look at the posterior cusp of the mitral valve is important, as this has often been neglected in the past. The importance of an increased diastolic closure rate and the situation where this can arise as well as their differentiation is not very fully treated. Although the diastolic closure rate of the mitral valve is not the only thing in echocardiography which still has a value it should perhaps have a more important place than it is accorded in this book. The limits of this value are not even included in the table of normal values in his appendix. The bibliography is quite wide but far from exhaustive as might be expected in a book of this size. Although some of his more recent views which are incorporated in the book remain slightly controversial, in the main it is a sound book which can be commended.
New books Books listed below are those recently received by the editorial office or those mentioned in advance information from the publishers. Their inclusion here does not prevent them from being reviewed in a later issue. Proceedings of the British Acoustical Society: Summer 1973, Volume 2, No 2 Sonar in fisheries 1973 spring meeting Developments in high-fidelity systems Viscoelasticity in acoustics BAS, 1 Birdcage Walk, London SWlH 9JJ Wave propagation in elastic solids J. 0. Achenbach North-Holland, Amsterdam (1973) 425 pp 842.10 Periodic inspection of pressure vessels Institution of Mechanical Engineers, London (1972) 335 pp f 13.00 Physics in perspective - Volume 1 National Academy of Sciences, Washington DC (1972) 1065 pp $25.00 Physics in perspective - Volume II part A: The core subfields of physics National Academy of Sciences, Washington DC (I 973) 747 pp $13.50
DOCUMENTATION IN ULTRASONICS Volume5 771-1972 idited by Professor Dr R. Pohlman _aboratorium fur Ultraschall Dokumentationsstelle
(197:
Volume 5 of this series covers the literature from 1971 to 1972 and contains: full bibliographical information - a special subject classification - a complete author index - references to earlier publications not mentioned in volume 4. Scientists and engineers will find Documentation in lJ/trasonics an important and easy-to-use reference book. Typical application areas include: non-destructive testing; data processing; navigation; echo location; measuring and control; production and process engineering; cleaning; welding; and medical and biological applications.
1973 621 pages DM 125 (paperback) Available from Mayer’sche Bucchandlung, 51 Aachen, Buchremerstrasse 5-7, West Germany
R. B. Pridie
ULTRASONICS.
MARCH
1974
85
rolling and drawing of metals
V. P. Severdenko,
V. V. Klubovich
Plenum
Company
Publishing
Ltd,
and A. V. Stepanenko London
(1972)
206 pp
f 14.00
This book is intended to summarize the current position in the USSR on the application of high-power ultrasonics to the processes of rolling and drawing of metals. Having been written originally in Russian for publication in 1970, it is worth noting that the translation has been corrected by the authors in this edition and may thus be considered well up-to-date. The book contains six chapters and it is useful to note that chapter one is an extremely good short exposition, in 41 pages, of the nature and production of ultrasonic stress waves. This chapter is a particularly good introduction to the subject and would stand in its own right as a brief review. The second chapter is concerned with the effects of ultrasonics on friction conditions in working and also on the structure and properties of metals. In the latter, there are qualitative considerations given to the metal physics aspects of the problem and a good deal of the literature (albeit often contradictory) is cited. The authors do not take a critical viewpoint in this section, unlike that section dealing with friction conditions at working interfaces where the review is not only extensive but is critical. Perhaps this is simply symptomatic of the fact that this latter field is one in which the authors have worked extensively. Chapters three, four and five are all concerned with the rolling of metals using both longitudinal and radial ultrasonic excitation of the rolls. This is discussed in great detail with many excellent sketches and considerably detailed results both from the authors’ laboratories and other workers. Again the major interest has clearly been in examining friction characteristics during rolling and the benefits conferred, using ultrasonics, in reduction of rolling forces and improvement of surface finish. The authors readily admit the problems associated with highspeed rolling and the reduction in the effectiveness of the ultrasonics when applied in commercial conditions. Chapter six is concerned with the drawing of metals and alloys. A variety of methods of ultrasonically exciting both workpiece and drawing dies are described in some detail followed by a long section on the influence of.highpower ultrasound on the force parameters. This part of the review is again critical in nature and shows a considerable amount of analysis of the data obtained by many workers. Further consideration is given also in this chapter to the question of the influence of the ultrasonic excitation on the product properties and surface quality. The chapter ends with an interesting section on ‘special’ forms of ultrasonic drawing including work on difficult materials. The whole book is well produced and suffers less in translation than many volumes taken from Soviet literature. The presentation is excellent and, whilst being detailed, gives the impression of conciseness. Much of the data presented
84
has not previously been available before and is a welcome addition to the English language literature in the field. It would be reasonable to say that there is clearly a great deal to be done in this subject and there is no doubt that this book will help those engaged both in basic research and technological exploitation of ultrasonically-assisted metal deformation. The viewpoint expressed by the authors will undoubtedly accelerate the attainment of a balanced viewpoint of the potentiality of the methods used. Although expensive for a softback 206-page review, the book is well-worth having for anyone working in this field and considerably broadens the literature by giving the Soviet view of the subject. B. S. Hockenhull
Das Widerstands-und Ultraschallschweissen als Verfahren zum Verbinden Kleinster Bauelemente in der Elektrotecknik F. Eichhorn
and G. Wichelhaus
Forschungsberichte Westdeutscher
des Landres
Verlag,
Opladen
Nordrhein-Westfalen (1972)
107 pp DM 23.40
(in German)
This booklet describes experimental work done at the Institut fur Schwisstechnik of the Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule, Aachen, on resistance spot welding and ultrasonic microwelding. The two methods represent the most important means of joining contacts in semiconductor and thin-film devices. The aim of the work was to investigate the well-known poor reproducibility of microwelding and ways of improving weld quality. Commercially available welding equipment was used throughout the experiments - an American MCW-550 Firma Hughes spot welder (maximum current 320 mA; maximum voltage 1.99 V; maximum electrode force 1 000 kgf) for resistance welding and a two-channel high-frequency ultrasonic microwelder (frequency 60 kHz; maximum high-frequency power 20 W; sonotrode force O-40 kgf) made by Dr Lehfeldt of West Germany. The sonotrode was made by Micro-Swiss (USA) and designed for wires of 5 1 pm diamctcr. The welded materials were copper and nickel sheets of thickness 20-50 pm and copper covered reftmctory metal with a 38 pm copper layer. In addition, aluniinium wires of 50 pm diameter were joined to 50 pm thick aluminiummagnesium sheets and 250 pm thick silicone sheets. both of which were covered with an 8 000 A aluminium layer and a 1.5 pm gold-layered FeNiCo material. Weld quality was assessed by shearing-strength tests, push-pull fatigue strength tests and metallographic studies. The results, which are clear and easy to follow. form the basis for a set of recommendations for users ot‘ 11lic1 owelding equipment. The recommendations COVCIiiiachinc operation, specimen preparation and choice 01.wcldin~ material. In the particular case of ultrasonic \\scltlilly
ULTRASONICS
MARCH
1974
the authors believe that weld reproducibility depends, to a large extent, on the skill of the operator; automation of the welding process is therefore recommended. The booklet should go a long way in helping solve current problems in both resistance and ultrasonic microwelding. 0. Leven
Echocardiography H. Feigenbaum
Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia (1972) 239 pp f4.95 This little book fills a much needed want. It provides the novice with a pointer to guide him in the initial steps in the art of echocardiography. The approach is necessarily somewhat didactic, but this is probably not a fault in a treatise intended for the beginner. Whilst the author is giving detailed instructions about instrumentation, particularly on the Smith Kline machine, it is a pity he did not include notes on the other common ultrasound machines. This would have been very helpful to those who have different forms of instrumentation. It would also have been useful to have included notes on the Cambridge strip recorder as this is likely to be the most commonly used, especially in the UK. Dr Feigenbaum tends to treat the interpretation of the echocardiogram as a matter of pattern recognition. Whilst this is possibly the only way with those who do not have an understanding of cardiology, it leads to such terms as ‘false mitral stenosis’ to describe the slow diastolic closure rate in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Those with poor visual memories may find it difficult to carry the different pictures in their mind. The book is liberally illustrated, but it would appear that many of the tracings were originally from an ultra-violet strip recorder, and these tend to have a somewhat fuzzy outline when reproduced. There are, however, numerous line drawings alongside to help recognition. His illustration of the vibrating anterior mitral cusp in the presence of aortic regurgitation is somewhat difficult to see. He makes no mention of the occasional difficulty in differentiating the vibrating cusp as seen on the Polaroid film from that of a calcified mitral valve. This is an important differentiation in patients with aortic regurgitation who also have a middiastolic murmur. His emphasis on the necessity to look at the posterior cusp of the mitral valve is important, as this has often been neglected in the past. The importance of an increased diastolic closure rate and the situation where this can arise as well as their differentiation is not very fully treated. Although the diastolic closure rate of the mitral valve is not the only thing in echocardiography which still has a value it should perhaps have a more important place than it is accorded in this book. The limits of this value are not even included in the table of normal values in his appendix. The bibliography is quite wide but far from exhaustive as might be expected in a book of this size. Although some of his more recent views which are incorporated in the book remain slightly controversial, in the main it is a sound book which can be commended.
New books Books listed below are those recently received by the editorial office or those mentioned in advance information from the publishers. Their inclusion here does not prevent them from being reviewed in a later issue. Proceedings of the British Acoustical Society: Summer 1973, Volume 2, No 2 Sonar in fisheries 1973 spring meeting Developments in high-fidelity systems Viscoelasticity in acoustics BAS, 1 Birdcage Walk, London SWlH 9JJ Wave propagation in elastic solids J. 0. Achenbach North-Holland, Amsterdam (1973) 425 pp 842.10 Periodic inspection of pressure vessels Institution of Mechanical Engineers, London (1972) 335 pp f 13.00 Physics in perspective - Volume 1 National Academy of Sciences, Washington DC (1972) 1065 pp $25.00 Physics in perspective - Volume II part A: The core subfields of physics National Academy of Sciences, Washington DC (I 973) 747 pp $13.50
DOCUMENTATION IN ULTRASONICS Volume5 771-1972 idited by Professor Dr R. Pohlman _aboratorium fur Ultraschall Dokumentationsstelle
(197:
Volume 5 of this series covers the literature from 1971 to 1972 and contains: full bibliographical information - a special subject classification - a complete author index - references to earlier publications not mentioned in volume 4. Scientists and engineers will find Documentation in lJ/trasonics an important and easy-to-use reference book. Typical application areas include: non-destructive testing; data processing; navigation; echo location; measuring and control; production and process engineering; cleaning; welding; and medical and biological applications.
1973 621 pages DM 125 (paperback) Available from Mayer’sche Bucchandlung, 51 Aachen, Buchremerstrasse 5-7, West Germany
R. B. Pridie
ULTRASONICS.
MARCH
1974
85