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Development of a brain computer interface based on EEG pattern recognition method during right and left motor imagery
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Japanese Society of Clinical Neurophysiology / Clinical Neurophysiology 118 (2007) e189–e202
3. Orthopaedic disorders Analysis of respiratory movement in the spondylotic myelopathy at middle-low cervical level—E. Oguni, H. Nagata (Ibaraki, Japan) Purpose: We had found out possibilities that cases with spondylotic myelopathy at middle-low cervical level (SM) could cause to intermittent dyspnea (ID). The ID was uncommon symptom of the disease without detecting any abnormalities in routine spirometry. Decompression procedure for spinal cord improved the symptom. The current purpose is that mechanisms of the symptom are examined. Subjects and method: Examinations were made of two normal subjects and four patients with SM. All the patients had complained ID and had been diagnosed by cervical MRI. Respiratory movements of thorax (RMT) and that of abdominal wall (RMA) were recorded simultaneously through two strain-gage belts rolled at nipple and navie. Subjects were laid and kept natural respiration under making their neck flat (NF) or retro flexion (NR). Results: In normal subjects, both RMT and RMA were so synchronized as to keep under the different conditions. In two patients, NR decreased velocity of only RMT. In another patient, hyperventilation was caused from NR. The other patient showed normal pattern. Conclusion: We thought that etiology of ID in SM could be two candidates; one is the dissociation between RMT and RMA and the other is hyperventilation. Both candidates could be caused on cervical cord compression. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2007.05.014
(or left) hand. This result shows that our system is practical as an interface. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2007.05.015
5. EEG Chaos analysis on brain functional change by chewing gum— H. Kawasaki 1, T. Morinushi 2, H. Yakushiji 1, M. Takigawa 2 (1 Tokyo, Japan, 2 Kagoshima, Japan) We investigated the validity of correlation dimension (D2) for the effect of six stimuli on EEG findings in 20 normal adult subjects. Six stimuli were sucrose, spearmint oil, gum base alone, and its three combinations. The EEG was recorded from 12 sites of the 10–20 systems. Recordings were obtained while the subjects rested quietly with their eyes closed, as follows: session I. 1 min. at rest; session II, first 5-min recording (control record); session III, each stimulus affecting for 3 min; session IV, 1 min at rest; session V, 5-min recording (post-stimulus record). The EEG activity was filtered with 0.54 Hz high pass, 30 Hz low pass filter. The final data (epoch) for analyzing were picked up from all data by our epoch inducing system, and D2 was calculated by our analytical program using the following equation: D2 = Log(Cr)/Log(r). D2 showed upward trend after the subjects inhaled the spearmint. In contract, D2 showed downward tendency after the subjects chewed gum base and after the combination stimuli with chewing. These findings suggest that D2 could be expressing the change on EEG after stimulus, and the D2 would be the means of the effective diagnosis of brain functional change. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2007.05.016
4. EEG Development of a brain computer interface based on EEG pattern recognition method during right and left motor imagery—K. Inoue, S. Matsuoka (Fukuoka, Japan) In this study, a brain computer interface was developed by using the AR model base classification technique of EEG signals (derived at C3 and C4) recorded during right and left motor imagery and was applied to AIBO (SONY entertainment robot) operation system. Three subjects (22–24 years old) participated at this study. All were right-handed and free of medication and central nervous system abnormality. At first, a learning effect of the subjects was investigated. For each subject, the experiments were executed about 10 days in total. It was confirmed that the classification accuracy improved from the eighth day, and became to 90% or more at the final day for two subjects. Next, in order to investigate a practicality of our method, the AIBO operation system was applied to the subject whose EEG waves were classified with 98% accuracy in above mentioned experiment. In the system, the imagination of right (left) hand is the instruction to walk one-step to the right (left) front direction. And, it was confirmed that the subject can operate AIBO according to the specified orbit only by imagining the movement of his right
6. EEG Effect of sodium valproate on behavioral problems in the ADHD children with paroxysmal discharges—S. Hata, H. Kanemura, M. Aihara, K. Hatakeyama, S. Nakazawa (Yamanashi, Japan) Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood. ADHD children frequently demonstrated EEG abnormalities without clinical seizures. Though they are usually treated with methylphenidate, antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are occasionally used in the ADHD with EEG abnormalities. On the basis of these findings, we investigated eight ADHD boys (aged 5–10 years) with paroxysmal discharges to explore the efficacy of AEDs on ADHD. Paroxysmal discharges were seen at the frontal regions in four subjects and at the centro-parietal regions in the others. All subjects had no clinical seizures and full IQ greater than 90 with Wechsler intelligence scale for children. Sodium valproate (VPA) was administrated to all subjects. Three of four subjects (75%) with frontal spikes revealed the improvements of both EEG abnormalities and behavioral problems. On the other hand, one of four subjects (25%) with centro-parietal spikes revealed the improvements of both findings. These results indicate that the efficacy of VPA on
Japanese Society of Clinical Neurophysiology / Clinical Neurophysiology 118 (2007) e189–e202
3. Orthopaedic disorders Analysis of respiratory movement in the spondylotic myelopathy at middle-low cervical level—E. Oguni, H. Nagata (Ibaraki, Japan) Purpose: We had found out possibilities that cases with spondylotic myelopathy at middle-low cervical level (SM) could cause to intermittent dyspnea (ID). The ID was uncommon symptom of the disease without detecting any abnormalities in routine spirometry. Decompression procedure for spinal cord improved the symptom. The current purpose is that mechanisms of the symptom are examined. Subjects and method: Examinations were made of two normal subjects and four patients with SM. All the patients had complained ID and had been diagnosed by cervical MRI. Respiratory movements of thorax (RMT) and that of abdominal wall (RMA) were recorded simultaneously through two strain-gage belts rolled at nipple and navie. Subjects were laid and kept natural respiration under making their neck flat (NF) or retro flexion (NR). Results: In normal subjects, both RMT and RMA were so synchronized as to keep under the different conditions. In two patients, NR decreased velocity of only RMT. In another patient, hyperventilation was caused from NR. The other patient showed normal pattern. Conclusion: We thought that etiology of ID in SM could be two candidates; one is the dissociation between RMT and RMA and the other is hyperventilation. Both candidates could be caused on cervical cord compression. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2007.05.014
(or left) hand. This result shows that our system is practical as an interface. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2007.05.015
5. EEG Chaos analysis on brain functional change by chewing gum— H. Kawasaki 1, T. Morinushi 2, H. Yakushiji 1, M. Takigawa 2 (1 Tokyo, Japan, 2 Kagoshima, Japan) We investigated the validity of correlation dimension (D2) for the effect of six stimuli on EEG findings in 20 normal adult subjects. Six stimuli were sucrose, spearmint oil, gum base alone, and its three combinations. The EEG was recorded from 12 sites of the 10–20 systems. Recordings were obtained while the subjects rested quietly with their eyes closed, as follows: session I. 1 min. at rest; session II, first 5-min recording (control record); session III, each stimulus affecting for 3 min; session IV, 1 min at rest; session V, 5-min recording (post-stimulus record). The EEG activity was filtered with 0.54 Hz high pass, 30 Hz low pass filter. The final data (epoch) for analyzing were picked up from all data by our epoch inducing system, and D2 was calculated by our analytical program using the following equation: D2 = Log(Cr)/Log(r). D2 showed upward trend after the subjects inhaled the spearmint. In contract, D2 showed downward tendency after the subjects chewed gum base and after the combination stimuli with chewing. These findings suggest that D2 could be expressing the change on EEG after stimulus, and the D2 would be the means of the effective diagnosis of brain functional change. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2007.05.016
4. EEG Development of a brain computer interface based on EEG pattern recognition method during right and left motor imagery—K. Inoue, S. Matsuoka (Fukuoka, Japan) In this study, a brain computer interface was developed by using the AR model base classification technique of EEG signals (derived at C3 and C4) recorded during right and left motor imagery and was applied to AIBO (SONY entertainment robot) operation system. Three subjects (22–24 years old) participated at this study. All were right-handed and free of medication and central nervous system abnormality. At first, a learning effect of the subjects was investigated. For each subject, the experiments were executed about 10 days in total. It was confirmed that the classification accuracy improved from the eighth day, and became to 90% or more at the final day for two subjects. Next, in order to investigate a practicality of our method, the AIBO operation system was applied to the subject whose EEG waves were classified with 98% accuracy in above mentioned experiment. In the system, the imagination of right (left) hand is the instruction to walk one-step to the right (left) front direction. And, it was confirmed that the subject can operate AIBO according to the specified orbit only by imagining the movement of his right
6. EEG Effect of sodium valproate on behavioral problems in the ADHD children with paroxysmal discharges—S. Hata, H. Kanemura, M. Aihara, K. Hatakeyama, S. Nakazawa (Yamanashi, Japan) Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood. ADHD children frequently demonstrated EEG abnormalities without clinical seizures. Though they are usually treated with methylphenidate, antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are occasionally used in the ADHD with EEG abnormalities. On the basis of these findings, we investigated eight ADHD boys (aged 5–10 years) with paroxysmal discharges to explore the efficacy of AEDs on ADHD. Paroxysmal discharges were seen at the frontal regions in four subjects and at the centro-parietal regions in the others. All subjects had no clinical seizures and full IQ greater than 90 with Wechsler intelligence scale for children. Sodium valproate (VPA) was administrated to all subjects. Three of four subjects (75%) with frontal spikes revealed the improvements of both EEG abnormalities and behavioral problems. On the other hand, one of four subjects (25%) with centro-parietal spikes revealed the improvements of both findings. These results indicate that the efficacy of VPA on