- Email: [email protected]
Early Iron Age Archer's Finger Tab from the Eastern Amur Region
ARCHAEOLOGY, ETHNOLOGY & ANTHROPOLOGY OF EURASIA Archaeology Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 40/2 (2012) 67–71 E-mail: [email protected]
67
THE METAL AGES AND MEDIEVAL PERIOD
S.P. Nesterov Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademika Lavrentieva 17, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia E-mail: [email protected]
EARLY IRON AGE ARCHER’S FINGER TAB FROM THE EASTERN AMUR REGION*
The article presents the results of an examination of a stone artifact with an opening, originally described as a burnisher. The shape and use-wear analyses of this artifact suggest that it is a tab worn to protect the archer’s thumb. Keywords: Eastern Amur region, Early Iron Age, Uril culture, Poltse culture, archery, tab.
Introduction In 2010, the attention of researchers was drawn to a stone artifact with an opening housed at the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography (IAE) in Novosibirsk. This artifact was found among the materials of the Poltse culture (7th–6th centuries BC – 4th century AD) from the Poltse settlement (radiocarbon dated to the 7th– 3rd centuries BC (Hong Hyeon U., 2008: 19)) near Kukelevo village, Jewish Autonomous District, Russia. The inscription written in pencil on the tag attached to the artifact reads: “Ʉɭɤɟɥɟɜɨ 1963, ɠ-ɳɟ 1. ɉɨɥɶɰɨ, ɤɜ. 6Ⱦ, ɩɨɥ “ [Kukelovo 1963, dwelling 1, Poltse, sq. 6D, Àoor]. However, the artifact itself bears the code “Ⱦȼ–62/Ʉɨ.– 232.” A.P. Derevianko published this artifact described as a burnisher among finds from the Kochkovatka II *This study is part of the project, “The History of Siberia. Vol. 1: Siberia in Ancient Times and in the Middle Ages,” supported by the Russian Foundation for the Humanities” (Project No. 11–01–00258) and NS 4880.2012.6. The author is grateful to Dr. V.P. Mylnikov for his assistance in preparing the illustrations for this article.
settlement attributed to the Poltse culture (1976: pl. LX, 10). However all other artifacts from this site bear codes of another kind: “Ʉɑ–68/ʋ…” and “Ʉɨɱ–II – 70/ʋ….” Hence one may conclude that the burnisher does not actually belong to the Kochkovatka II assemblage. Collections of IAE also contain an assemblage of artifacts (mostly potsherds) that are encoded similarly to the burnisher. These objects were found at the Krugloye Ozero (lit. Round Lake) site located near Kukelevo village, on the Kochkovatka River (Fig. 1). Early Iron Age settlements situated near old petrol tanks in Kukelevo and at Lake Krugloye were excavated under the supervision of A.P. Okladnikov and N.N. Zabelina in 1962 (Derevianko, 1973: 46). At Lake Krugloye (Krugloye Ozero, hence the code “KO” on the artifact), a settlement of the Uril culture was examined. A.P. Derevianko excavated one dwelling at the site in 1968*. The Uril culture in the Eastern Amur region is dated to the end of the 2nd millennium BC – 5th century BC (Ibid.: 53, 266; Grebenschikov, Derevianko, 2001: 6, 72).
*The ¿ndings have not yet been published in full.
Copyright © 2012, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.aeae.2012.08.007
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S.P. Nesterov / Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 40/2 (2012) 67–71
Archer’s tab
Fig. 1. Map showing the location of Lake Krugloye.
0
The stone burnisher was made on a cortical Àake (Fig. 2). An oval spall triangular in cross section (3.84 cm long and 2.32–2.48 cm wide) was removed from the narrow edge of a river pebble. Then a notch was made in the base of the preform. The artifact was fashioned by a semicircular or oval abrasive 1.5 cm thick, which accounts for the distinct ridges on the long sides of the preform. The depth of the notch relative to the edges of the preform is 1.0–1.5 mm. The entire surface of the artifact’s base is smooth and polished; a slightly rough pebble cortex is preserved on the lateral facets. One of lateral facets was additionally trimmed to make it Àat. A shallow groove has been left by the instrument used to trim the surface between the margin of the opening and the artifact’s narrow edge. As a result, a rounded ridge formed on that facet. The Àattened surface 10–14 mm wide was polished later, possibly, during the period of its use. A band 6–10 mm wide composed of polished dents is visible in the middle of the surface. The band stretches from the upper to the rounded ridge and extends to the ridge’s surface. The second lateral facet is unprocessed; it also shows dents which appear deeper and less polished. A biconical opening (inner diameter, 3.6 mm; outer diameter, approximately 6 mm) was drilled on the narrow edge of the artifact from the opposing sides. The axis of the opening is perpendicular to the ridge plane, and its angle with the artifact as a whole is about 10ɨ. The presence of the concave base, the opening, the Àattened facet, and dents suggest that the artifact was used as a tab to protect the archer’s thumb. The band of polished dents resulted from hits by the released string. The Àat side of the tab was probably used as a support for arrows, whose rapid movement resulted in polishing
1 cm
Fig. 2. Tab from Lake Krugloye settlement. Here and below, photographs by V.P. Mylnikov.
Fig. 3. Reconstruction of the archery shot process: the tab is on the thumb of the left hand; the bow is in the left hand; the arrow is to the right of the bow.
S.P. Nesterov / Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 40/2 (2012) 67–71
Fig. 4. Reconstruction of the archery shot process: the tab is on the thumb of the left hand; the bow is held in the left hand; the arrow is to the left of the bow.
Fig. 5. Position of tab on the left thumb and released bow string.
Fig. 7. Position of tab on the right thumb and released bow string.
Fig. 6. Reconstruction of the archery shot process: the tab is on the thumb of the right hand; the bow is held in the right hand; the arrow is to the right of the bow.
(Fig. 3). Additional polishing might have been caused by loose contact with the thumb. The movement of the tab along the thumb is evidenced by dents on the Àattened side. The pad was attached to the thumb with a string passing through the opening. During shooting the string shifted downwards and the released bow string hit the upper part of the tab. The tab could have been used both by right- and lefthanders. If the bow was held in the left hand, the tab was placed on the thumb with the opening turned toward the wrist. In this case, the arrow could be situated on either side of the bow (Fig. 4). When the bow was held in the left hand, the arrow was probably more often situated to the left of the bow. Dents located in the lower portion of the tab close to the opening corroborate this supposition (Fig. 5). When the bow was held in the right hand, the tab was worn with the opening turned outward. The arrow could also be located both to the left or right of the bow (Fig. 6, 7). The tab was likely used during the so-called shallow grip. During the deep grip the string would have hit the wrist rather than the thumb phalanx (Gordienko) (Fig. 8).
Fig. 8. Modes of gripping the bow with the left hand. 1 – lower; 2 – high.
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S.P. Nesterov / Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 40/2 (2012) 67–71
Conclusions
at burial 277 of the Korsakovsky cemetery on Ussuri Island (Medvedev, 1991: 206, pl. LXXXVI, 13; 2005: Archer’s ¿nger tabs of this sort are rarely found in the 114) (Fig. 9, 2). Amur region. The closest parallel to the artifact from A stone bear ¿gurine found in the Early Bronze Age Lake Krugloye is a miniature model of a ¿nger tab that burial at lake Utinka in Western Siberia (Fig. 9, 4) may was found in dwelling No. 2 at the Poltse settlement also have been used as a ¿nger tab, though the authors of the Amursky Sanatory (Amurian Sanatorium) in of the publication on the ¿nd consider it to be a pendant Khabarovsk (Okladnikov, Derevianko, 1973: 292–293; (Bobrov, Volkov, German, 2010: 77, ¿g. 12). The presence Derevianko, 1976: 97). Similar tabs were used by nearly of a polished surface and damage to the bear’s body and all Siberian forest tribes. This type of tab takes the shape head allude to similarity with the ¿nger tab from Lake of a rectangular plate with rounded corners. One of its Krugloye. Opposing openings located in the paws and long sides is slanted, as in the tab from Lake Krugloye a semioval notch between them are reminiscent of the and was evidently used as a support for arrows. The tab method used to ¿x the ¿nger tab used in the example of the tab from the Amur Sanatorium. Siberian natives gave was fastened on the thumb with a string or leather strap passing through two opposite openings in prominences tabs the shape of a bear and drew bears on the tab. This of the rear side of the tab (Fig. 9, 1). The only medieval was supposedly to ward off evil spirits and bring good luck (Legendy Kazyma, 2005: 49). ¿nger tab of bone known in the Amur region was found Data on Siberian ¿nger tabs collected by A.V. Baulo show that in ancient times, these were manufactured from metal: bronze tabs were found on the Yamal Peninsula and at the Saigatinsky IV burial ground of the 13th–14th centuries; silver tabs were brought to the Ob River region from Volga Bulgaria in the 12th and 13th 1 3 2 centuries. It has also been established that the Khanty used bronze and bone ¿nger tabs (Ibid.: 49; Baulo, 2002: 35, ¿g. 44; Rudenko, 1929: 33). No such tabs have been recorded among ethnographic materials on the Amur. According to Y.A. Sem, in the late 19th century, the Nanai, Nivkhs, Orochi, Ulchi, Managirs, and Orochons wore a large bone ring on the thumb ¿nger. The 1 cm 0 4 ring served as a sign of virility and the 5 ability to master a bow and arrow. The ring had two practical applications: it protected the archer’s ¿nger and served as a horizon sight limit (1973: 230) (Fig. 9, 3). Thus it can be concluded that in the Early Iron Age and in the Middle Ages, archer’s finger tabs were in use in the Amur region. These tabs were presumably primarily made of bone and horn – materials that are poorly preserved 7 6 in the region. No metal tabs have yet been found. Tabs used by the Amur natives Fig. 9. Tabs from archaeological (1, 3) and ethnographical (2, 4–6) suggest that the main tendency in the assemblages. evolution of these artifacts can be seen in 1 – Amurian Sanatorium (Okladnikov, Derevianko, 1973: 293); 2 – Korsakovsky cemetery (Medvedev, 1991: 206, pl. LXXXVI, 13; 2005: 114); 3 – peoples of the Amur River region the replacement of a plate tab with a ring (Sem, 1973: 230); 4 – Utinka burial (Bobrov, Volkov, German, 2010: ¿g. 1); 5–7 – peoples tab which served the same function. of Western Siberia (Baulo, 2002: 35, ¿g. 44).
S.P. Nesterov / Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 40/2 (2012) 67–71
References Baulo A.V. 2002 Kultovaya atributika berezovskikh khantov. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAE SO RAN. Bobrov V.V., Volkov P.V., German P.V. 2010 The Utinka burial. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, vol. 38, No. 4: 76–84. Derevianko A.P. 1973 Rannii zheleznyi vek Priamurya. Novosibirsk: Nauka. Derevianko A.P. 1976 Priamure (I tysyacheletiye do nashei ery). Novosibirsk: Nauka. Gordienko G. Uchis strelyat iz luka. URL: // http://www.lukdeda.ru/ Accessed 02.12.2011. Grebenschikov A.V., Derevianko E.I. 2001 Goncharstvo drevnikh plemen Priamurya (nachalo epokhi rannego zheleza). Novosibirsk: Izd. IAE SO RAN. Hong Hyeon U. 2008 Keramika poltsevskoi kultury na vostoke Azii (V v. do n.e. – IV v. n.e.). Cand. Sc (History) Dissertation. Novosibirsk.
Legendy Kazyma: Katalog. 2005 Khanty-Mansiysk: Poligra¿st. Medvedev V.E. 1991 Korsakovskii mogilnik: Khronologiya i materialy. Novosibirsk: Nauka. Medvedev V.E. 2005 Nekropol “nepokornykh.” Bolshoi Ussuriiskii: Ostrov arkheologicheskikh sokrovisch. Nauka iz pervykh ruk, No. 2: 108–123. Okladnikov A.P., Derevianko A.P. 1973 Dalekoye proshloye Primorya i Priamurya. Vladivostok: Dalnevost. kn. izd.. Rudenko S. 1929 Gra¿cheskoye iskusstvo ostykov i vogulov. Materialy po etnogra¿i, vol. 4, iss. 2: 13–39. Sem Y.A. 1973 Nanaitsy. Materialnaya kultura (vtoraya polovina XIX – seredina XX v.). Etnogra¿cheskiye ocherki. Vladivostok.
Received December 19, 2011.
71
67
THE METAL AGES AND MEDIEVAL PERIOD
S.P. Nesterov Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademika Lavrentieva 17, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia E-mail: [email protected]
EARLY IRON AGE ARCHER’S FINGER TAB FROM THE EASTERN AMUR REGION*
The article presents the results of an examination of a stone artifact with an opening, originally described as a burnisher. The shape and use-wear analyses of this artifact suggest that it is a tab worn to protect the archer’s thumb. Keywords: Eastern Amur region, Early Iron Age, Uril culture, Poltse culture, archery, tab.
Introduction In 2010, the attention of researchers was drawn to a stone artifact with an opening housed at the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography (IAE) in Novosibirsk. This artifact was found among the materials of the Poltse culture (7th–6th centuries BC – 4th century AD) from the Poltse settlement (radiocarbon dated to the 7th– 3rd centuries BC (Hong Hyeon U., 2008: 19)) near Kukelevo village, Jewish Autonomous District, Russia. The inscription written in pencil on the tag attached to the artifact reads: “Ʉɭɤɟɥɟɜɨ 1963, ɠ-ɳɟ 1. ɉɨɥɶɰɨ, ɤɜ. 6Ⱦ, ɩɨɥ “ [Kukelovo 1963, dwelling 1, Poltse, sq. 6D, Àoor]. However, the artifact itself bears the code “Ⱦȼ–62/Ʉɨ.– 232.” A.P. Derevianko published this artifact described as a burnisher among finds from the Kochkovatka II *This study is part of the project, “The History of Siberia. Vol. 1: Siberia in Ancient Times and in the Middle Ages,” supported by the Russian Foundation for the Humanities” (Project No. 11–01–00258) and NS 4880.2012.6. The author is grateful to Dr. V.P. Mylnikov for his assistance in preparing the illustrations for this article.
settlement attributed to the Poltse culture (1976: pl. LX, 10). However all other artifacts from this site bear codes of another kind: “Ʉɑ–68/ʋ…” and “Ʉɨɱ–II – 70/ʋ….” Hence one may conclude that the burnisher does not actually belong to the Kochkovatka II assemblage. Collections of IAE also contain an assemblage of artifacts (mostly potsherds) that are encoded similarly to the burnisher. These objects were found at the Krugloye Ozero (lit. Round Lake) site located near Kukelevo village, on the Kochkovatka River (Fig. 1). Early Iron Age settlements situated near old petrol tanks in Kukelevo and at Lake Krugloye were excavated under the supervision of A.P. Okladnikov and N.N. Zabelina in 1962 (Derevianko, 1973: 46). At Lake Krugloye (Krugloye Ozero, hence the code “KO” on the artifact), a settlement of the Uril culture was examined. A.P. Derevianko excavated one dwelling at the site in 1968*. The Uril culture in the Eastern Amur region is dated to the end of the 2nd millennium BC – 5th century BC (Ibid.: 53, 266; Grebenschikov, Derevianko, 2001: 6, 72).
*The ¿ndings have not yet been published in full.
Copyright © 2012, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.aeae.2012.08.007
68
S.P. Nesterov / Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 40/2 (2012) 67–71
Archer’s tab
Fig. 1. Map showing the location of Lake Krugloye.
0
The stone burnisher was made on a cortical Àake (Fig. 2). An oval spall triangular in cross section (3.84 cm long and 2.32–2.48 cm wide) was removed from the narrow edge of a river pebble. Then a notch was made in the base of the preform. The artifact was fashioned by a semicircular or oval abrasive 1.5 cm thick, which accounts for the distinct ridges on the long sides of the preform. The depth of the notch relative to the edges of the preform is 1.0–1.5 mm. The entire surface of the artifact’s base is smooth and polished; a slightly rough pebble cortex is preserved on the lateral facets. One of lateral facets was additionally trimmed to make it Àat. A shallow groove has been left by the instrument used to trim the surface between the margin of the opening and the artifact’s narrow edge. As a result, a rounded ridge formed on that facet. The Àattened surface 10–14 mm wide was polished later, possibly, during the period of its use. A band 6–10 mm wide composed of polished dents is visible in the middle of the surface. The band stretches from the upper to the rounded ridge and extends to the ridge’s surface. The second lateral facet is unprocessed; it also shows dents which appear deeper and less polished. A biconical opening (inner diameter, 3.6 mm; outer diameter, approximately 6 mm) was drilled on the narrow edge of the artifact from the opposing sides. The axis of the opening is perpendicular to the ridge plane, and its angle with the artifact as a whole is about 10ɨ. The presence of the concave base, the opening, the Àattened facet, and dents suggest that the artifact was used as a tab to protect the archer’s thumb. The band of polished dents resulted from hits by the released string. The Àat side of the tab was probably used as a support for arrows, whose rapid movement resulted in polishing
1 cm
Fig. 2. Tab from Lake Krugloye settlement. Here and below, photographs by V.P. Mylnikov.
Fig. 3. Reconstruction of the archery shot process: the tab is on the thumb of the left hand; the bow is in the left hand; the arrow is to the right of the bow.
S.P. Nesterov / Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 40/2 (2012) 67–71
Fig. 4. Reconstruction of the archery shot process: the tab is on the thumb of the left hand; the bow is held in the left hand; the arrow is to the left of the bow.
Fig. 5. Position of tab on the left thumb and released bow string.
Fig. 7. Position of tab on the right thumb and released bow string.
Fig. 6. Reconstruction of the archery shot process: the tab is on the thumb of the right hand; the bow is held in the right hand; the arrow is to the right of the bow.
(Fig. 3). Additional polishing might have been caused by loose contact with the thumb. The movement of the tab along the thumb is evidenced by dents on the Àattened side. The pad was attached to the thumb with a string passing through the opening. During shooting the string shifted downwards and the released bow string hit the upper part of the tab. The tab could have been used both by right- and lefthanders. If the bow was held in the left hand, the tab was placed on the thumb with the opening turned toward the wrist. In this case, the arrow could be situated on either side of the bow (Fig. 4). When the bow was held in the left hand, the arrow was probably more often situated to the left of the bow. Dents located in the lower portion of the tab close to the opening corroborate this supposition (Fig. 5). When the bow was held in the right hand, the tab was worn with the opening turned outward. The arrow could also be located both to the left or right of the bow (Fig. 6, 7). The tab was likely used during the so-called shallow grip. During the deep grip the string would have hit the wrist rather than the thumb phalanx (Gordienko) (Fig. 8).
Fig. 8. Modes of gripping the bow with the left hand. 1 – lower; 2 – high.
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S.P. Nesterov / Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 40/2 (2012) 67–71
Conclusions
at burial 277 of the Korsakovsky cemetery on Ussuri Island (Medvedev, 1991: 206, pl. LXXXVI, 13; 2005: Archer’s ¿nger tabs of this sort are rarely found in the 114) (Fig. 9, 2). Amur region. The closest parallel to the artifact from A stone bear ¿gurine found in the Early Bronze Age Lake Krugloye is a miniature model of a ¿nger tab that burial at lake Utinka in Western Siberia (Fig. 9, 4) may was found in dwelling No. 2 at the Poltse settlement also have been used as a ¿nger tab, though the authors of the Amursky Sanatory (Amurian Sanatorium) in of the publication on the ¿nd consider it to be a pendant Khabarovsk (Okladnikov, Derevianko, 1973: 292–293; (Bobrov, Volkov, German, 2010: 77, ¿g. 12). The presence Derevianko, 1976: 97). Similar tabs were used by nearly of a polished surface and damage to the bear’s body and all Siberian forest tribes. This type of tab takes the shape head allude to similarity with the ¿nger tab from Lake of a rectangular plate with rounded corners. One of its Krugloye. Opposing openings located in the paws and long sides is slanted, as in the tab from Lake Krugloye a semioval notch between them are reminiscent of the and was evidently used as a support for arrows. The tab method used to ¿x the ¿nger tab used in the example of the tab from the Amur Sanatorium. Siberian natives gave was fastened on the thumb with a string or leather strap passing through two opposite openings in prominences tabs the shape of a bear and drew bears on the tab. This of the rear side of the tab (Fig. 9, 1). The only medieval was supposedly to ward off evil spirits and bring good luck (Legendy Kazyma, 2005: 49). ¿nger tab of bone known in the Amur region was found Data on Siberian ¿nger tabs collected by A.V. Baulo show that in ancient times, these were manufactured from metal: bronze tabs were found on the Yamal Peninsula and at the Saigatinsky IV burial ground of the 13th–14th centuries; silver tabs were brought to the Ob River region from Volga Bulgaria in the 12th and 13th 1 3 2 centuries. It has also been established that the Khanty used bronze and bone ¿nger tabs (Ibid.: 49; Baulo, 2002: 35, ¿g. 44; Rudenko, 1929: 33). No such tabs have been recorded among ethnographic materials on the Amur. According to Y.A. Sem, in the late 19th century, the Nanai, Nivkhs, Orochi, Ulchi, Managirs, and Orochons wore a large bone ring on the thumb ¿nger. The 1 cm 0 4 ring served as a sign of virility and the 5 ability to master a bow and arrow. The ring had two practical applications: it protected the archer’s ¿nger and served as a horizon sight limit (1973: 230) (Fig. 9, 3). Thus it can be concluded that in the Early Iron Age and in the Middle Ages, archer’s finger tabs were in use in the Amur region. These tabs were presumably primarily made of bone and horn – materials that are poorly preserved 7 6 in the region. No metal tabs have yet been found. Tabs used by the Amur natives Fig. 9. Tabs from archaeological (1, 3) and ethnographical (2, 4–6) suggest that the main tendency in the assemblages. evolution of these artifacts can be seen in 1 – Amurian Sanatorium (Okladnikov, Derevianko, 1973: 293); 2 – Korsakovsky cemetery (Medvedev, 1991: 206, pl. LXXXVI, 13; 2005: 114); 3 – peoples of the Amur River region the replacement of a plate tab with a ring (Sem, 1973: 230); 4 – Utinka burial (Bobrov, Volkov, German, 2010: ¿g. 1); 5–7 – peoples tab which served the same function. of Western Siberia (Baulo, 2002: 35, ¿g. 44).
S.P. Nesterov / Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 40/2 (2012) 67–71
References Baulo A.V. 2002 Kultovaya atributika berezovskikh khantov. Novosibirsk: Izd. IAE SO RAN. Bobrov V.V., Volkov P.V., German P.V. 2010 The Utinka burial. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, vol. 38, No. 4: 76–84. Derevianko A.P. 1973 Rannii zheleznyi vek Priamurya. Novosibirsk: Nauka. Derevianko A.P. 1976 Priamure (I tysyacheletiye do nashei ery). Novosibirsk: Nauka. Gordienko G. Uchis strelyat iz luka. URL: // http://www.lukdeda.ru/ Accessed 02.12.2011. Grebenschikov A.V., Derevianko E.I. 2001 Goncharstvo drevnikh plemen Priamurya (nachalo epokhi rannego zheleza). Novosibirsk: Izd. IAE SO RAN. Hong Hyeon U. 2008 Keramika poltsevskoi kultury na vostoke Azii (V v. do n.e. – IV v. n.e.). Cand. Sc (History) Dissertation. Novosibirsk.
Legendy Kazyma: Katalog. 2005 Khanty-Mansiysk: Poligra¿st. Medvedev V.E. 1991 Korsakovskii mogilnik: Khronologiya i materialy. Novosibirsk: Nauka. Medvedev V.E. 2005 Nekropol “nepokornykh.” Bolshoi Ussuriiskii: Ostrov arkheologicheskikh sokrovisch. Nauka iz pervykh ruk, No. 2: 108–123. Okladnikov A.P., Derevianko A.P. 1973 Dalekoye proshloye Primorya i Priamurya. Vladivostok: Dalnevost. kn. izd.. Rudenko S. 1929 Gra¿cheskoye iskusstvo ostykov i vogulov. Materialy po etnogra¿i, vol. 4, iss. 2: 13–39. Sem Y.A. 1973 Nanaitsy. Materialnaya kultura (vtoraya polovina XIX – seredina XX v.). Etnogra¿cheskiye ocherki. Vladivostok.
Received December 19, 2011.
71