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Fragrance raw materials monographs
Fragrance raw materials monographs
937
METHYL BENZOATE Structure: C~H 5 •OCO" CH 3. Description and physical properties: EOA Spec. no. 193. Occurrence: Found in oils of tuberose (flowers), ylang-ylang, clove, Polianther tuberosa L. (flowers) and Narcissus jonquilla L. (flowers) (Fenaroli's Handbook of Fla~vr Ingredients, 1971). Preparation: By esterification of mcthy alcohol and benzoic acid. Uses: In public use before the 1900s. Use in fragrances in the USA amounts to about 15,000 lb/yr. Concentration in final product (%): Usual Maximum
Soap 0"02 0' 10
Detergent 0"002 0.01
Creams, lotions 0'01 0-03
Perfi~me 0'08 0.40
Status Methyl benzoate was granted GRAS status by FEMA (1965) and is approved by the FDA for food use (21 CFR 121.1164). The Council of Europe (1970) listed methyl benzoate giving an ADI of 5 mg/kg. Both the Food Chemicals Codex (1972) and Browning (1965) have monographs on methyl bcnzoate.
Biological data Acute toxicity. The acute oral LDso was reported as 3"43 g/kg in rats (Smyth, Carpenter, Weil & Pozzani, 1954), as 3.0. 3.5 and 4.1 g/kg in mice, rats and guinea-pigs, respectively (Kravets-Bekkcr & Ivanova, 1970) and as 1.35 and 3-33 g/kg in rats and mice, respectively (Jenner, Hagan, Taylor, Cook & Fitzhugh, 1964). Sublethal doses of methyl benzoate have been reported to increase the leucocyte, erythrocyte and reticulocyte counts and prothrombin time and, in a dose of 500 mg/kg, to reduce cholinesterase activity and ascorbic acid levels. Chronic administration of high doses resulted in damage to the central nervous system (Kravets-Bekker & Ivanova, 1970). Enzyme induction. Oral doses of 0"1 LDso of methyl benzoate given to rats had no effect on the hexobarbitone sleeping time or liver amidopyrine-N-demethylase activity but urinary ascorbic acid excretion was increased (Grfibner, Klinger & Ankermann, 1972). Sensitization. A maximization test (Kligman, 1966)was carried out on 25 volunteers. The material was tested at a concentration of 4~o in petrolatum and produced no sensitization reactions (Kligman, 1970). Percutaneous absorption. Methyl benzoate was slow to penetrate the skin of rats (Valette & Cavier, 1954). References Browning, Ethel (1965). Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents. p. 589. Elsevier Publishing Co., London. Council of Europe (1970). Natural and Artificial Flavouring Substances. Partial Agreement in the Social and Public Health Field. List A(I), Series 1, no. 261, p. 63. Strasbourg. Fenarol?s Handbook of Flavor lnyredients(1971). Edited by T. E. Furia and N. Bellanca. p. 502. Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Flavoring Extract Manufacturers" Association (1965). Survey of flavoring ingredient usage levels. No. 2683. Fd Technol., Champaiyn 19(2), part 2, 155.
938
D.L.J. OPI)YKE
Food Chemicals Codex (1972). 2nd ed. Prepared by the Committee on Specifications. Food Chemicals Codex, of thc Committee on Food Protection. p. 513. National Academy of Sciences National Research Council Publ. 1406, Washington, D.C. GriJbner, I., Klinger, W. u. Ankermann. H. (1972). Untersuchung verschiedener Stoffe und Stoffklassen auf lnduktoreigenschaften. II. Mitteilung. Archs int. Plarmacodp~. "Fh~;r.196, 288. Jenner, P. M., Hagan. E. C.. Taylor, Jean M.. Cook, E. L. & Fitzhugh, O. G. (19641. Food flavourings and compounds of related structure. 1. Acute oral toxicity. Fd Cosmet. lbxieol. 2, 327. Kligman, A. M. 11966). The identification of contact allergens by human assay. 111. The maximization test. A procedure for ,screening and rating contact sensitizers. J. i~west. Derm. 47, 393. Kligman, A. M. (1970). Report to RIFM, 4 January. Kravets-Bekker, A. A. & lvanova. O. P. (1970). Toxicological characteristics of methyl bcnzoatc and potassium benzoate. Faktory Vuesb. Sredy Ikh Z~lachenie Zdoror'ya .Yaseleniya. no. 2, p. 125. (Cited from Chemical Abstracts 1971.75, 271). Smyth, H. F.. Jr., Carpenter, C. P., Weil. C. S. & Pozzani, U. C. (1954). Rangc-finding toxicity data. Archs ind. ltyg. 10, 61. Valette, G. et Cavicr, R. (1954). Absorption percutan6e et constitution chimique. Cas des hydrocarbures, des alcools et des esters. Archs int. Pharmat'odyn. Th6r. 97, 232.
937
METHYL BENZOATE Structure: C~H 5 •OCO" CH 3. Description and physical properties: EOA Spec. no. 193. Occurrence: Found in oils of tuberose (flowers), ylang-ylang, clove, Polianther tuberosa L. (flowers) and Narcissus jonquilla L. (flowers) (Fenaroli's Handbook of Fla~vr Ingredients, 1971). Preparation: By esterification of mcthy alcohol and benzoic acid. Uses: In public use before the 1900s. Use in fragrances in the USA amounts to about 15,000 lb/yr. Concentration in final product (%): Usual Maximum
Soap 0"02 0' 10
Detergent 0"002 0.01
Creams, lotions 0'01 0-03
Perfi~me 0'08 0.40
Status Methyl benzoate was granted GRAS status by FEMA (1965) and is approved by the FDA for food use (21 CFR 121.1164). The Council of Europe (1970) listed methyl benzoate giving an ADI of 5 mg/kg. Both the Food Chemicals Codex (1972) and Browning (1965) have monographs on methyl bcnzoate.
Biological data Acute toxicity. The acute oral LDso was reported as 3"43 g/kg in rats (Smyth, Carpenter, Weil & Pozzani, 1954), as 3.0. 3.5 and 4.1 g/kg in mice, rats and guinea-pigs, respectively (Kravets-Bekkcr & Ivanova, 1970) and as 1.35 and 3-33 g/kg in rats and mice, respectively (Jenner, Hagan, Taylor, Cook & Fitzhugh, 1964). Sublethal doses of methyl benzoate have been reported to increase the leucocyte, erythrocyte and reticulocyte counts and prothrombin time and, in a dose of 500 mg/kg, to reduce cholinesterase activity and ascorbic acid levels. Chronic administration of high doses resulted in damage to the central nervous system (Kravets-Bekker & Ivanova, 1970). Enzyme induction. Oral doses of 0"1 LDso of methyl benzoate given to rats had no effect on the hexobarbitone sleeping time or liver amidopyrine-N-demethylase activity but urinary ascorbic acid excretion was increased (Grfibner, Klinger & Ankermann, 1972). Sensitization. A maximization test (Kligman, 1966)was carried out on 25 volunteers. The material was tested at a concentration of 4~o in petrolatum and produced no sensitization reactions (Kligman, 1970). Percutaneous absorption. Methyl benzoate was slow to penetrate the skin of rats (Valette & Cavier, 1954). References Browning, Ethel (1965). Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents. p. 589. Elsevier Publishing Co., London. Council of Europe (1970). Natural and Artificial Flavouring Substances. Partial Agreement in the Social and Public Health Field. List A(I), Series 1, no. 261, p. 63. Strasbourg. Fenarol?s Handbook of Flavor lnyredients(1971). Edited by T. E. Furia and N. Bellanca. p. 502. Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Flavoring Extract Manufacturers" Association (1965). Survey of flavoring ingredient usage levels. No. 2683. Fd Technol., Champaiyn 19(2), part 2, 155.
938
D.L.J. OPI)YKE
Food Chemicals Codex (1972). 2nd ed. Prepared by the Committee on Specifications. Food Chemicals Codex, of thc Committee on Food Protection. p. 513. National Academy of Sciences National Research Council Publ. 1406, Washington, D.C. GriJbner, I., Klinger, W. u. Ankermann. H. (1972). Untersuchung verschiedener Stoffe und Stoffklassen auf lnduktoreigenschaften. II. Mitteilung. Archs int. Plarmacodp~. "Fh~;r.196, 288. Jenner, P. M., Hagan. E. C.. Taylor, Jean M.. Cook, E. L. & Fitzhugh, O. G. (19641. Food flavourings and compounds of related structure. 1. Acute oral toxicity. Fd Cosmet. lbxieol. 2, 327. Kligman, A. M. 11966). The identification of contact allergens by human assay. 111. The maximization test. A procedure for ,screening and rating contact sensitizers. J. i~west. Derm. 47, 393. Kligman, A. M. (1970). Report to RIFM, 4 January. Kravets-Bekker, A. A. & lvanova. O. P. (1970). Toxicological characteristics of methyl bcnzoatc and potassium benzoate. Faktory Vuesb. Sredy Ikh Z~lachenie Zdoror'ya .Yaseleniya. no. 2, p. 125. (Cited from Chemical Abstracts 1971.75, 271). Smyth, H. F.. Jr., Carpenter, C. P., Weil. C. S. & Pozzani, U. C. (1954). Rangc-finding toxicity data. Archs ind. ltyg. 10, 61. Valette, G. et Cavicr, R. (1954). Absorption percutan6e et constitution chimique. Cas des hydrocarbures, des alcools et des esters. Archs int. Pharmat'odyn. Th6r. 97, 232.