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Fundamentals for the design and construction of tunnels located in swelling rock and their use during construction of the turning loop of the subway Stuttgart
64
In conclusion, it may be stated that the present soft,cover volume--similar to all those preceding in the series--is of a high technical level and presents to readers interested in rock mechanics--as a current supplement to their knowledge--newest views, advances and experiences. Titles o f the individual reports L. Miiller-Salzburg: Trends of development in geomechanics--A "geomechanics" concept as interpreted by Hans Cloos. T.E. Gattinger: Actual crustal movements in the Alps and their significance for constructing. J.A. Franklin, O. Hungr: Rock stresses in Canada--Their relevance to engineering projects. G. Hominger: Geology and rock mechanics: Contact points and friction planes (in a figurative sense). A.E. Scheidegger: Comparative aspects of the geotectonic stress field. R. Richter: On the plastic condition of rock. G. Feder: Shear fracture mechanism of rock mass in vicinity of deep cavities--Test results and analytical concepts. G. Seeber: Design of tunnels in yielding rock. D. Kirschke: The static calculation as connecting link between engineering geology and rock construction practice. A.M. Heltzen: Considerations about rock pressure and its effect on the heading of tunnels and big excavations in rock by blasting. P. GSbl: Tunnel construction in rock with tectonic residual stresses. H. Boldt: 6000 m of full-face tunnel drivage in the coal mining district on the left side of the Rhine. P. Bauemfeind, F. Miiller, L. Mtiller-Salzburg: Tunnelling under historical buildings for the subway of Nuremberg. G. Laue, L. Miiller-Salzburg, M. Will: Construction of subway stations with low cover (summary only). U. Zischinsky: Geological and technical parameters of caving in a machined roadway (summary only).
J. HOUSKA (Prague)
Fundamentals for the Design and Construction o f Tunnels Located in Swelling Rock and their Use During Construction o f the Turning Loop o f the Subway Stuttgart. Wittke, Walter. Institute for Foundation Engineering, Soil Mechanics, Rock Mechanics, and Water Ways Construction, RWTH (University), Aachen, 1978, 131 pp., paperback.
65
This publication is the English edition of Volume 6 of a series of geotechnical publications edited by Walter Wittke, who is also the author of this publication. Extensive use is made of data collected during construction of a turning loop tunnel about 1.5 km long for the Stuttgart subway. The tunnel is of special interest because it was excavated for the most part in anhydrite (calcium sulfate) and claystone containing abundant corrensite, a clay mineral. Water from damp tunnel air and from construction procedures caused swelling of the anhydrite by hydration to gypsum and by introduction of interlayer water into the corrensite, especially in the invert (floor) of the tunnel. The publication develops and reviews the three~limensional mathematical theory for stresses and displacements resulting from swelling in rocks. General principles are developed for characterizing the dependency of swelling displacments upon primary stresses, the shape of the tunnel crosssection, and the load pressure of overburden. By use of parameters measured instrumentally in the tunnel and in the laboratory, together with the use of finite element analysis, procedures of general application are developed for calculating the requirements for efficient, economical installation of tunnel lining in swelling ground. The methods of calculation were tested with satisfactory results in analyses of swelling ground in the Wagenburg tunnel in Stuttgart and in the Belchen tunnel in Switzerland. Recommended remedial measures to reduce or avoid swelling displacements include: (1) excavate tunnel with machines instead of blasting, at least around the periphery of the bore, to reduce fracturing and a consequent increase in permeability to penetration by water; (2) utilize a circular or elliptical cross-section of the bore; (3) where feasible, excavate full-face to avoid repeated, differing stress concentrations; and (4) use thin shotcrete lining to protect tunnel bore from construction site water and water of condensation. The reviewer recommends this publication as a thoughtful, useful analysis of the methods for overcoming problems associated with swelling ground in tunnels. ERNEST E. WAHLSTROM (Boulder, Colo.)
Retaining Walls. Study of Passive Resistance in Foundation Structures, II. M. and A. Reimbert. Trans. Tech. Publications, 1976, 212 pp., US $30.00 The second volume in this series is as worthy to read as the first one and in fact they should be read in conjunction with each other. The perseverance and ingenuity of both authors can only be admired and their subject and method of analysis deserve the attention of any soils
In conclusion, it may be stated that the present soft,cover volume--similar to all those preceding in the series--is of a high technical level and presents to readers interested in rock mechanics--as a current supplement to their knowledge--newest views, advances and experiences. Titles o f the individual reports L. Miiller-Salzburg: Trends of development in geomechanics--A "geomechanics" concept as interpreted by Hans Cloos. T.E. Gattinger: Actual crustal movements in the Alps and their significance for constructing. J.A. Franklin, O. Hungr: Rock stresses in Canada--Their relevance to engineering projects. G. Hominger: Geology and rock mechanics: Contact points and friction planes (in a figurative sense). A.E. Scheidegger: Comparative aspects of the geotectonic stress field. R. Richter: On the plastic condition of rock. G. Feder: Shear fracture mechanism of rock mass in vicinity of deep cavities--Test results and analytical concepts. G. Seeber: Design of tunnels in yielding rock. D. Kirschke: The static calculation as connecting link between engineering geology and rock construction practice. A.M. Heltzen: Considerations about rock pressure and its effect on the heading of tunnels and big excavations in rock by blasting. P. GSbl: Tunnel construction in rock with tectonic residual stresses. H. Boldt: 6000 m of full-face tunnel drivage in the coal mining district on the left side of the Rhine. P. Bauemfeind, F. Miiller, L. Mtiller-Salzburg: Tunnelling under historical buildings for the subway of Nuremberg. G. Laue, L. Miiller-Salzburg, M. Will: Construction of subway stations with low cover (summary only). U. Zischinsky: Geological and technical parameters of caving in a machined roadway (summary only).
J. HOUSKA (Prague)
Fundamentals for the Design and Construction o f Tunnels Located in Swelling Rock and their Use During Construction o f the Turning Loop o f the Subway Stuttgart. Wittke, Walter. Institute for Foundation Engineering, Soil Mechanics, Rock Mechanics, and Water Ways Construction, RWTH (University), Aachen, 1978, 131 pp., paperback.
65
This publication is the English edition of Volume 6 of a series of geotechnical publications edited by Walter Wittke, who is also the author of this publication. Extensive use is made of data collected during construction of a turning loop tunnel about 1.5 km long for the Stuttgart subway. The tunnel is of special interest because it was excavated for the most part in anhydrite (calcium sulfate) and claystone containing abundant corrensite, a clay mineral. Water from damp tunnel air and from construction procedures caused swelling of the anhydrite by hydration to gypsum and by introduction of interlayer water into the corrensite, especially in the invert (floor) of the tunnel. The publication develops and reviews the three~limensional mathematical theory for stresses and displacements resulting from swelling in rocks. General principles are developed for characterizing the dependency of swelling displacments upon primary stresses, the shape of the tunnel crosssection, and the load pressure of overburden. By use of parameters measured instrumentally in the tunnel and in the laboratory, together with the use of finite element analysis, procedures of general application are developed for calculating the requirements for efficient, economical installation of tunnel lining in swelling ground. The methods of calculation were tested with satisfactory results in analyses of swelling ground in the Wagenburg tunnel in Stuttgart and in the Belchen tunnel in Switzerland. Recommended remedial measures to reduce or avoid swelling displacements include: (1) excavate tunnel with machines instead of blasting, at least around the periphery of the bore, to reduce fracturing and a consequent increase in permeability to penetration by water; (2) utilize a circular or elliptical cross-section of the bore; (3) where feasible, excavate full-face to avoid repeated, differing stress concentrations; and (4) use thin shotcrete lining to protect tunnel bore from construction site water and water of condensation. The reviewer recommends this publication as a thoughtful, useful analysis of the methods for overcoming problems associated with swelling ground in tunnels. ERNEST E. WAHLSTROM (Boulder, Colo.)
Retaining Walls. Study of Passive Resistance in Foundation Structures, II. M. and A. Reimbert. Trans. Tech. Publications, 1976, 212 pp., US $30.00 The second volume in this series is as worthy to read as the first one and in fact they should be read in conjunction with each other. The perseverance and ingenuity of both authors can only be admired and their subject and method of analysis deserve the attention of any soils