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High salt intake fails to enhance plasma adiponectin in normotensive salt-sensitive subjects
S102
Abstracts
present of SS. Augmented elevation of nighttime and morning BP by HSD may explain the high cardiovascular event rate by HSD.
doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.08.803 0153 Effects of chronic salt loading and potassium supplement on blood pressure variability in healthy adults WEI JIANG, JIANJUN MU, QIUFANG LIAN, WEIHUA GAO, DAN WANG, FUQIANG LIU Cardiovascular Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian 710061, Shanxi, China Objectives: An increasing number of basic and clinical studies indicate that increased variability of blood pressure is associated with target organs damage, reduction in mean blood pressure and variability of blood pressure significantly reduced the cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In China, hypertension is characterized by high salt and low potassium diet. However, effects of chronic salt loading and potassium supplement on blood pressure variability have not been performed in healthy adults. Methods: One hundred normotensive subjects, aged 28 to 61, were enrolled and sequentially maintained on a protocol with 3 days of baseline investigation, 7 days of low salt diet (3 g/day, NaCl), 7 days of high salt diet (18 g/day), and high salt diet with potassium supplementation (4.5 g/day, KCl) for another 7 days. On the last 3 days of each period, blood pressure was measured by physicians who were trained and standardized. Day-to-day variability in SBP and DBP was expressed as the standard deviation and coefficient of variation. Results: Blood pressure decreased after salt restriction (SBP, 111.7 ± 11.3 vs 117.3± 13.8, P b 0.01; DBP, 73.7 ± 7.7 vs 75.7 ± 9.6, P b 0.01); blood pressure increased after salt loading (SBP, 118.6 ± 13.5 vs 111.7± 11.3, P b 0.01; DBP, 76.9 ± 8.6 vs 73.7 ± 7.7, P b 0.01). At potassium supplementation stage, blood pressure decreased (SBP, 114.5 ± 12.3 vs 118.6 ± 13.5, P b 0.01; DBP, 75.2 ± 7.9 vs 76.9 ± 8.6, P b 0.01). Compared with baseline period, the day-to-day variability of blood pressure was decreased in salt restriction period (SDSBP, 3.13 ± 1.50 vs 4.26 ± 1.03 mm Hg, P b 0.01; SDDBP, 3.13 ± 1.42 vs 3.59 ± 1.56, P b 0.01). Blood pressure variability increased after salt loading (SDSBP, 4.45 ± 1.57 vs 3.93 ± 1.50, P b 0.05; SDDBP, 3.74 ± 1.21 vs 3.23 ± 1.42, P b 0.05). Conclusion: Dietary salt is associated with blood pressure, blood pressure decreases after salt restriction, increases after salt loading, and decreases after potassium supplementation. Low salt diet lowers blood pressure variability and may be most important in prophylaxis of hypertension and target organs damage.
doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.08.804 0154 High salt intake fails to enhance plasma adiponectin in normotensive salt-sensitive subjects FUQIANG LIU, JIANJUN MU, QIUFANG LIAN, SHUHUI ZHENG, DAN WANG, WEIHUA GAO, ZIRONG PEI, KEYU REN, HAIXIA XU Cardiovascular Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian 710061, Shanxi, China Objectives: Evidences show that salt could modulate adiponectin and inflammation level in normal individuals. Therefore, we hypothesized that abnormalities of adiponectin and inflammation may be the potential mechanism of salt sensitivity. Aims of the study were to investigate whether different alterations of adiponectin and inflammation level in response of high salt were exhibited between normotensive salt sensitive
and salt resistant subjects. Methods: 30 normotensive subjects (aged 25 to 50 years) were selected from a rural community of Northern China. All of the people were sequentially maintained on 3 day baseline investigation, a low-salt diet for 7 days (3 g/day, NaCl), then a high-salt diet for 7 days (18 g/day). Salt-sensitivity was diagnosed in 10 subjects who exhibited a response of the increase in mean BP by ≥10% from low-salt period to high-salt period. Total adiponectin was determined using a validated sandwich ELISA employing an adiponectin-specific antibody. Results: There was no difference of plasma adiponectin between normotensive salt sensitive subjects and normotensive salt resistant subjects during any salt intake. However, plasma adiponectin was significantly higher in normotensive salt resistant subjects with high salt intake than in subjects with low salt diet (6.1 ±1.3 vs 7.1±1.7 μg/mL, P =0.047). However, high salt intake could not affect adiponectin in normotensive salt sensitive subjects (6.4 ± 6 vs 5.942.1 μg/mL, P = 0.481). Conclusions: Our data indicates that the disturbance of adiponectin exists in normotensive salt sensitive subjects during high salt diet, which may be a novel underlying mechanism of salt sensitivity.
doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.08.805 0155 The association between the response of blood pressure to sodium and potassium intake and the change of blood pressure of normotensive adults during 5 years: A follow-up study YU CAO, JIANJUN MU, FUQIANG LIU, QIUFANG LIAN, KEYU REN, HAIXIA XU, ZIRONG PEI, YANG WANG, HONGYU XIAO Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xian 710061, Shanxi, China Objectives: Sodium and potassium play an important role in blood pressure regulation. The aim was to investigate the effect of the response of blood pressure to sodium and potassium intake on evolution of blood pressure and development to hypertension in normotensive adult during five years. Methods: A 3-day base survey was carried out in 339 normotensive adults in 2004. They were recruited for determination of salt sensitivity using 7 day low salt 7 day high salt diet intervention trial of chronic salt loading. Salt sensitivity (SS) was diagnosed in 80 subjects, 259 subjects as non-salt sensitivity; based on the response of blood pressure to potassium intake after 7 day high salt diet with potassium supplementation, all subjects were divided to the group in which the decreasing BP was equal or greater than 10% (KS) or the group in which the decreasing BP was less than 10% (NKS). The cohort of normotensive adults was followed up for every 5 years. Results: The response rate of the cohort was 81.2%. At the end of follow up period, compared to NSS, the increase in BP of SS was greater (ΔSBP: 5.6 ± 10.6 vs 3.2 ± 9.5 mm Hg, P b 0.05; ΔDBP: 5.3 ± 7.9 vs 2.9 ± 6.6 mm Hg, P b 0.05). The incidence of hypertension in SS group was higher during follow up period (14.9% vs 5.8%, RR = 2.018). In contrast, the change of the KS group was smaller than NKS group (ΔSBP: 2.6 ± 9.8 vs 5.6 ± 11.0 mm Hg, P b 0.05, ΔDBP: 2.2 ± 5.9 vs 5.3 ± 7.8 mm Hg, P b 0.05; ΔMAP: 2.3 ± 6.3 vs 5.4 ± 8.1 mm Hg, P b 0.05). Conclusions: The increase in BP as well as incidence of hypertension in follow up duration was much greater in normotensive SS adults, indicating that salt sensitivity is an important risk factor for development for hypertension. Otherwise, the sensitivity of blood pressure to potassium intake may be a protective factor of cardiovascular disease.
doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.08.806
Abstracts
present of SS. Augmented elevation of nighttime and morning BP by HSD may explain the high cardiovascular event rate by HSD.
doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.08.803 0153 Effects of chronic salt loading and potassium supplement on blood pressure variability in healthy adults WEI JIANG, JIANJUN MU, QIUFANG LIAN, WEIHUA GAO, DAN WANG, FUQIANG LIU Cardiovascular Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian 710061, Shanxi, China Objectives: An increasing number of basic and clinical studies indicate that increased variability of blood pressure is associated with target organs damage, reduction in mean blood pressure and variability of blood pressure significantly reduced the cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In China, hypertension is characterized by high salt and low potassium diet. However, effects of chronic salt loading and potassium supplement on blood pressure variability have not been performed in healthy adults. Methods: One hundred normotensive subjects, aged 28 to 61, were enrolled and sequentially maintained on a protocol with 3 days of baseline investigation, 7 days of low salt diet (3 g/day, NaCl), 7 days of high salt diet (18 g/day), and high salt diet with potassium supplementation (4.5 g/day, KCl) for another 7 days. On the last 3 days of each period, blood pressure was measured by physicians who were trained and standardized. Day-to-day variability in SBP and DBP was expressed as the standard deviation and coefficient of variation. Results: Blood pressure decreased after salt restriction (SBP, 111.7 ± 11.3 vs 117.3± 13.8, P b 0.01; DBP, 73.7 ± 7.7 vs 75.7 ± 9.6, P b 0.01); blood pressure increased after salt loading (SBP, 118.6 ± 13.5 vs 111.7± 11.3, P b 0.01; DBP, 76.9 ± 8.6 vs 73.7 ± 7.7, P b 0.01). At potassium supplementation stage, blood pressure decreased (SBP, 114.5 ± 12.3 vs 118.6 ± 13.5, P b 0.01; DBP, 75.2 ± 7.9 vs 76.9 ± 8.6, P b 0.01). Compared with baseline period, the day-to-day variability of blood pressure was decreased in salt restriction period (SDSBP, 3.13 ± 1.50 vs 4.26 ± 1.03 mm Hg, P b 0.01; SDDBP, 3.13 ± 1.42 vs 3.59 ± 1.56, P b 0.01). Blood pressure variability increased after salt loading (SDSBP, 4.45 ± 1.57 vs 3.93 ± 1.50, P b 0.05; SDDBP, 3.74 ± 1.21 vs 3.23 ± 1.42, P b 0.05). Conclusion: Dietary salt is associated with blood pressure, blood pressure decreases after salt restriction, increases after salt loading, and decreases after potassium supplementation. Low salt diet lowers blood pressure variability and may be most important in prophylaxis of hypertension and target organs damage.
doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.08.804 0154 High salt intake fails to enhance plasma adiponectin in normotensive salt-sensitive subjects FUQIANG LIU, JIANJUN MU, QIUFANG LIAN, SHUHUI ZHENG, DAN WANG, WEIHUA GAO, ZIRONG PEI, KEYU REN, HAIXIA XU Cardiovascular Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian 710061, Shanxi, China Objectives: Evidences show that salt could modulate adiponectin and inflammation level in normal individuals. Therefore, we hypothesized that abnormalities of adiponectin and inflammation may be the potential mechanism of salt sensitivity. Aims of the study were to investigate whether different alterations of adiponectin and inflammation level in response of high salt were exhibited between normotensive salt sensitive
and salt resistant subjects. Methods: 30 normotensive subjects (aged 25 to 50 years) were selected from a rural community of Northern China. All of the people were sequentially maintained on 3 day baseline investigation, a low-salt diet for 7 days (3 g/day, NaCl), then a high-salt diet for 7 days (18 g/day). Salt-sensitivity was diagnosed in 10 subjects who exhibited a response of the increase in mean BP by ≥10% from low-salt period to high-salt period. Total adiponectin was determined using a validated sandwich ELISA employing an adiponectin-specific antibody. Results: There was no difference of plasma adiponectin between normotensive salt sensitive subjects and normotensive salt resistant subjects during any salt intake. However, plasma adiponectin was significantly higher in normotensive salt resistant subjects with high salt intake than in subjects with low salt diet (6.1 ±1.3 vs 7.1±1.7 μg/mL, P =0.047). However, high salt intake could not affect adiponectin in normotensive salt sensitive subjects (6.4 ± 6 vs 5.942.1 μg/mL, P = 0.481). Conclusions: Our data indicates that the disturbance of adiponectin exists in normotensive salt sensitive subjects during high salt diet, which may be a novel underlying mechanism of salt sensitivity.
doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.08.805 0155 The association between the response of blood pressure to sodium and potassium intake and the change of blood pressure of normotensive adults during 5 years: A follow-up study YU CAO, JIANJUN MU, FUQIANG LIU, QIUFANG LIAN, KEYU REN, HAIXIA XU, ZIRONG PEI, YANG WANG, HONGYU XIAO Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xian 710061, Shanxi, China Objectives: Sodium and potassium play an important role in blood pressure regulation. The aim was to investigate the effect of the response of blood pressure to sodium and potassium intake on evolution of blood pressure and development to hypertension in normotensive adult during five years. Methods: A 3-day base survey was carried out in 339 normotensive adults in 2004. They were recruited for determination of salt sensitivity using 7 day low salt 7 day high salt diet intervention trial of chronic salt loading. Salt sensitivity (SS) was diagnosed in 80 subjects, 259 subjects as non-salt sensitivity; based on the response of blood pressure to potassium intake after 7 day high salt diet with potassium supplementation, all subjects were divided to the group in which the decreasing BP was equal or greater than 10% (KS) or the group in which the decreasing BP was less than 10% (NKS). The cohort of normotensive adults was followed up for every 5 years. Results: The response rate of the cohort was 81.2%. At the end of follow up period, compared to NSS, the increase in BP of SS was greater (ΔSBP: 5.6 ± 10.6 vs 3.2 ± 9.5 mm Hg, P b 0.05; ΔDBP: 5.3 ± 7.9 vs 2.9 ± 6.6 mm Hg, P b 0.05). The incidence of hypertension in SS group was higher during follow up period (14.9% vs 5.8%, RR = 2.018). In contrast, the change of the KS group was smaller than NKS group (ΔSBP: 2.6 ± 9.8 vs 5.6 ± 11.0 mm Hg, P b 0.05, ΔDBP: 2.2 ± 5.9 vs 5.3 ± 7.8 mm Hg, P b 0.05; ΔMAP: 2.3 ± 6.3 vs 5.4 ± 8.1 mm Hg, P b 0.05). Conclusions: The increase in BP as well as incidence of hypertension in follow up duration was much greater in normotensive SS adults, indicating that salt sensitivity is an important risk factor for development for hypertension. Otherwise, the sensitivity of blood pressure to potassium intake may be a protective factor of cardiovascular disease.
doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.08.806