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Influence of Three Levels of Copper on the Performance of Turkey Poults with Diets Containing Two Sources of Methionine1
Influence of Three Levels of Copper on the Performance of Turkey Poults with Diets Containing Two Sources of Methionine 1 R. H. HARMS and R. E. BURESH Department of Poultry Science, University of Florida, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainesville 32611 (Received for publication February 21, 1986)
1987 Poultry Science 66:721-724 INTRODUCTION
The comparison of DL-methionine and the calcium salt of the hydroxy analogue [MHA® (Registered trademark for Monsanto Company, St. Louis,MO)] has been studied for many years. Recently these two products have been offered to the feed industry in liquid form. This has renewed an interest in comparing the bioavailability of the two products. Practical and purified diets have been used in previous assays. However, with practical diets similar to those used in the poultry industry, it is difficult to obtain a diet sufficiently deficient in sulfur amino acids to obtain a satisfactory assay. Harms and Buresh (unpublished data) used a corn-soybean meal diet for turkey poults that contained no added choline or inorganic sulfate. The poults receiving this diet weighed 302 g at 3 weeks of age. When sulfate and choline were added to the diet, poults weighed 409 g. This indicated that the response from added methionine compounds increased when the choline and sulfate-free diet was used. Robbins and Baker (1980) reported that the addition of copper sulfate increased the methionine requirement of the chick. Therefore, this study
'Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations Journal Series Number 6597.
was conducted to study the influence of DLmethionine and Liquid MHA® when a corn-soybean meal diet was used that contained no supplemental choline or inorganic sulfate with different levels of copper. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Day-old Nicholas Large White turkey poults were used. They were grown to 21 days of age in Petersime battery brooders with raised wire floors. A corn-soybean meal basal diet (Table 1) was used that had previously been shown to give response in growth rate with as much as .12% supplemental methionine. The microingredients did not contain choline, and sulfatefree trace minerals were used. The basal diet was fed with 0,500, or 750 ppm copper supplied from copper sulfate (CuS04*5H20). Each of these diets was fed with zero supplemental methionine and .06% methionine supplied from either Liquid MHA® or DL-methionine. Copper and methionine were added to the diet on an equimolar basis. Each diet was fed to six replicate pens of four males and four females. The trial was repeated once resulting in twelve replicates per treatment. Poults were individually weighed at 21 days of age. Feed consumption was measured and feed efficiency calculated for the 21-day period. Sulfur amino acids consumed and amount re-
721
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Manchester on May 1, 2015
ABSTRACT Two trials were conducted to compare the performance of Nicholas Large White turkey poults fed diets with three levels of copper in diets with two sources of methionine. A corn-soybean meal diet, containing 26.5% protein, was used. The two methionine sources were fed at 0 and .06% in diets containing 0, 500, and 750 ppm of copper supplied by CuS0 4 -5H 2 0. The basal diet contained no supplemental choline and sulfate-free trace minerals were used. The addition of 500 ppm of copper from copper sulfate to the diet improved body weight, feed efficiency, and feed consumption. However, the addition of 750 ppm of copper resulted in a depression of all of the parameters. The addition of both methionine sources significantly improved body weight, feed consumption, and feed efficiency at all levels of copper supplementation. No significant difference was attributed to the two sources of methionine as the response to the two sources was the same at all levels of copper supplementation. (Key words: Copper, Liquid MHA®, DL-methionine, turkey poult)
722
HARMS AND BURESH TABLE 1. Composition of the basal diet
Ingredient
(%) 48.81 43.17 2.09 1.42 .30 3.71 .50 25.4 .448 .403 1,040
'Supplied per kilogram of diet: 6,600 IU vitamin A; 2,200 ICU vitamin D 3 ; 11 IU vitamin E; 2.2 mg menadione dimethylpyrimidinol bisulfite (MPB); 4.4 mg riboflavin; 13.2 mg pantothenic acid; 59.6 mg niacin; 22 g vitamin B 1 2 , 110 meg biotin, 125 mg ethoxyquin; 126.1 mg MnCo 3 ; 300.1 mg iron citrate; 15.97 mg CuCl2 2 H 2 0 ; 1.65 mg KI; 74.6 mg ZnO.
quired to produce a gram of body weight, were also calculated. Data were subjected to analyses of variance. Since there were no trial X treatment interactions, results from the two trials have been combined. Significant differences between treatment means and main effects were determined by Duncan's (1955) multiple range test. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The addition of copper sulfate to supply 500 ppm of copper to the diet significantly increased body weight (Table 2). As the diet was deficient in sulfur amino acids, this response could be due to the inorganic sulfate. Results are congruent with the findings of Miles et al. (1983) who reported a significant growth response from the addition of K 2 S0 4 to a diet deficient in inorganic sulfate. The addition of 750 ppm of copper to the diet resulted in significantly decreased body weight. The addition of .06% methionine to the diet resulted in increased body weight at all levels of copper (Table 2). There was no significant difference in body weight of poults receiving the two sources of methionine regardless of the copper level in the diet. Average body weight for the three groups receiving Liquid MHA® was 366.6 g compared with 366.7 g for the three groups receiving the diets with DL-methionine. The addition of .06% methionine resulted in a body weight increase of 81.6,48.2, and 51.0 g for the diets containing 0, 500, and 750 ppm, respectively. Although
the maximum obtainable growth may have been 380 g, the lower response from the supplemental methionine in the diets containing copper may have been due to some of the methionine being used to detoxify the copper, as reported by Robbins and Baker (1980). Improved performance of poults from the addition of 500 ppm of copper to the diet is in contrast with the findings of Christmas and Harms (1979). However, the basal diet used in this study did not contain supplemental choline, whereas the diet used by Christmas and Harms (1979) contained supplemental choline. Poults receiving the basal diet in this study weighed 302 g compared with 424 g in the experiment reported by Christmas and Harms (1979). Copper sulfate may have spared the sulfur amino acids through the sulfate, but not necessarily because of the choline deficiency. This interaction between choline sulfate and sulfur amino acids has previously been reported by Miles et al. (1983). The addition of 500 ppm of copper to the diet resulted in a significant increase of feed intake (Table 2). However, the addition of 750 ppm of copper resulted in significantly decreased feed intake. An increase of 87.3, 61.7, and 49.7 g of feed intake was obtained from the addition of .06% methionine to the diets containing 0, 500, and 750 ppm of copper. No significant difference was found for feed intake of the poults receiving the two sources of methionine. The average feed intake for the three groups of poults receiving the Liquid MHA® was 476.9 compared with 475.4 g for the three groups re-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Manchester on May 1, 2015
Yellow corn Soybean meal (49%) Dicalcium phosphate Limestone Salt Animal fat Microingredients (choline and S 0 4 free)1 Calculated analysis based on National Research Council (1984): Protein, % Methionine, % Cystine, % Choline, mg/kg
.06 .06
.06 .06
306.5 A 366.6 B 366.7 B 356.7 X 361.5 X 321.7 Y
($/ 1.36 1.30 b 1.30 b 1.29 b 1.29 b 1.29 b 1.36 a 1.31 b 1.30 b 1.34 A 1.30 B 1.30 B 1.32 x 1.30 Y 1.30 Y
412.2 493.3de 505.6 e 426.2 b 490.0 d e 485.7 d 391.5 a 447.4 e 434.9 b 410.0 A 476.9 B 475.4 B 470.4 X 467.3 X 424.6 Y
a
Feed intake/ poult
a
Feed efficiency (g/g body weight)
3,344 A 4,175 B 4,174 B 4,036 X 4,006x 3,639 Y
3,364 4,319'! 4,426 d 3,476 b 4,290 d 4,252 d 3,193 a 3,917 c 3,808 c
b
Total intake s
( m g)
10.92 11.39 11.35 11.30 11.06 11.30
11.12 11.40 11.39 10.55 11.33 11.29 11.10 11.44 11.37
Per gram body weight
Sulfur amino acids
Means with different superscripts in a column (Main effects) are significantly different (P<.05) according to Duncan's multiple range test (1955).
Average of 12 replicates of four males and four females.
'
0
0
302.3 378.9 e 388.8 C 329.4 b 378.5 C 376.6 C 287.7 a 342.4 b 334.9 b
a
Body weight1
Means with different superscripts in a column are significantly different (P<.05) according to Duncan's multiple range test (1955).
AD Y V
1
0 500 750
Liquid MHA® DL
Liquid MHA® DL
Liquid MHA® DL
.06 .06
0
Liquid MHA® DL
0 0 0 500 500 500 750 750 750
Level
(%)
Source
(ppm)
Copper
Methionine
TABLE 2. Performance of turkey poults fed different levels of methionine activity from two sources in the presence of three levels of copper sulfate
ed from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Manchester on May 1, 2015
724
HARMS AND BURESH
crease in the milligrams of sulfur amino acids required per gram of body weight. This probably was a result of the much heavier weight of the poults at the age when they received diets with supplemental methionine. There were no significant differences in the amount of sulfur amino acids required per gram of body weight among the three groups receiving Liquid MHA® as compared to DL-methionine. The interaction of methionine source and copper level was not significant for any criterion. This suggests that the addition of either level of copper did not influence the performance of the methionine sources. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported in part by a grant-inaid from Degussa Corporation, Teterboro, NJ. REFERENCES Christmas, R. B., and R. H. Harms, 1979. The effect of supplemental copper and methionine in the performance of turkey poults. Poultry Sci. 58:382-384. Duncan, D. B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics 11:1^12. Miles, R. D., N. Ruiz, andR. H. Harms, 1983. The relationship between methionine, choline and sulfate in turkey diets. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 173:32-34. National Research Council, 1984. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. Natl. Acad. Sci., Washington, DC. Robbins, K. R., and D. H. Baker, 1980. Effect of high-level copper feeding on the sulfur amino acid need of chicks fed corn-soybean meal and crystalline amino acid diets. Poultry Sci. 59:1099-1108.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Manchester on May 1, 2015
ceiving the diets containing supplemental DLmethionine. Feed efficiency was significantly improved when 500 ppm of copper from copper sulfate was added to the diet (Table 2). This improvement was probably due to the sulfate portion of the compound. The addition of 750 ppm of copper to the diet did not influence feed efficiency. The addition of .06% methionine from either Liquid MHA® or DL-methionine significantly improved feed efficiency when diets with 0 or 750 ppm of copper were fed. The addition of .06% methionine to the diet resulted in an increase in sulfur amino acid consumption at all levels of copper supplementation (Table 2). Sulfur amino acid consumption for poults receiving the three diets with supplemental Liquid MHA® was 4175 g as compared to 4174 g for the poults receiving the diets with supplemental DL-methionine. The milligrams of sulfur amino acids consumed per gram of body weight were 11.39 and 11.35 for the Liquid MHA® and DL-methionine, respectively. The addition of 500 ppm of copper to the diet resulted in reducing the milligrams of sulfur amino acids consumed per gram of body weight (Table 2). This was probably due to the sparing effect of sulfate on sulfur amino acids. However, the addition of 750 ppm of copper did not influence the amount of sulfur amino acids required per gram of body weight. The addition of .06% methionine from both sources resulted in an in-
1987 Poultry Science 66:721-724 INTRODUCTION
The comparison of DL-methionine and the calcium salt of the hydroxy analogue [MHA® (Registered trademark for Monsanto Company, St. Louis,MO)] has been studied for many years. Recently these two products have been offered to the feed industry in liquid form. This has renewed an interest in comparing the bioavailability of the two products. Practical and purified diets have been used in previous assays. However, with practical diets similar to those used in the poultry industry, it is difficult to obtain a diet sufficiently deficient in sulfur amino acids to obtain a satisfactory assay. Harms and Buresh (unpublished data) used a corn-soybean meal diet for turkey poults that contained no added choline or inorganic sulfate. The poults receiving this diet weighed 302 g at 3 weeks of age. When sulfate and choline were added to the diet, poults weighed 409 g. This indicated that the response from added methionine compounds increased when the choline and sulfate-free diet was used. Robbins and Baker (1980) reported that the addition of copper sulfate increased the methionine requirement of the chick. Therefore, this study
'Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations Journal Series Number 6597.
was conducted to study the influence of DLmethionine and Liquid MHA® when a corn-soybean meal diet was used that contained no supplemental choline or inorganic sulfate with different levels of copper. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Day-old Nicholas Large White turkey poults were used. They were grown to 21 days of age in Petersime battery brooders with raised wire floors. A corn-soybean meal basal diet (Table 1) was used that had previously been shown to give response in growth rate with as much as .12% supplemental methionine. The microingredients did not contain choline, and sulfatefree trace minerals were used. The basal diet was fed with 0,500, or 750 ppm copper supplied from copper sulfate (CuS04*5H20). Each of these diets was fed with zero supplemental methionine and .06% methionine supplied from either Liquid MHA® or DL-methionine. Copper and methionine were added to the diet on an equimolar basis. Each diet was fed to six replicate pens of four males and four females. The trial was repeated once resulting in twelve replicates per treatment. Poults were individually weighed at 21 days of age. Feed consumption was measured and feed efficiency calculated for the 21-day period. Sulfur amino acids consumed and amount re-
721
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Manchester on May 1, 2015
ABSTRACT Two trials were conducted to compare the performance of Nicholas Large White turkey poults fed diets with three levels of copper in diets with two sources of methionine. A corn-soybean meal diet, containing 26.5% protein, was used. The two methionine sources were fed at 0 and .06% in diets containing 0, 500, and 750 ppm of copper supplied by CuS0 4 -5H 2 0. The basal diet contained no supplemental choline and sulfate-free trace minerals were used. The addition of 500 ppm of copper from copper sulfate to the diet improved body weight, feed efficiency, and feed consumption. However, the addition of 750 ppm of copper resulted in a depression of all of the parameters. The addition of both methionine sources significantly improved body weight, feed consumption, and feed efficiency at all levels of copper supplementation. No significant difference was attributed to the two sources of methionine as the response to the two sources was the same at all levels of copper supplementation. (Key words: Copper, Liquid MHA®, DL-methionine, turkey poult)
722
HARMS AND BURESH TABLE 1. Composition of the basal diet
Ingredient
(%) 48.81 43.17 2.09 1.42 .30 3.71 .50 25.4 .448 .403 1,040
'Supplied per kilogram of diet: 6,600 IU vitamin A; 2,200 ICU vitamin D 3 ; 11 IU vitamin E; 2.2 mg menadione dimethylpyrimidinol bisulfite (MPB); 4.4 mg riboflavin; 13.2 mg pantothenic acid; 59.6 mg niacin; 22 g vitamin B 1 2 , 110 meg biotin, 125 mg ethoxyquin; 126.1 mg MnCo 3 ; 300.1 mg iron citrate; 15.97 mg CuCl2 2 H 2 0 ; 1.65 mg KI; 74.6 mg ZnO.
quired to produce a gram of body weight, were also calculated. Data were subjected to analyses of variance. Since there were no trial X treatment interactions, results from the two trials have been combined. Significant differences between treatment means and main effects were determined by Duncan's (1955) multiple range test. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The addition of copper sulfate to supply 500 ppm of copper to the diet significantly increased body weight (Table 2). As the diet was deficient in sulfur amino acids, this response could be due to the inorganic sulfate. Results are congruent with the findings of Miles et al. (1983) who reported a significant growth response from the addition of K 2 S0 4 to a diet deficient in inorganic sulfate. The addition of 750 ppm of copper to the diet resulted in significantly decreased body weight. The addition of .06% methionine to the diet resulted in increased body weight at all levels of copper (Table 2). There was no significant difference in body weight of poults receiving the two sources of methionine regardless of the copper level in the diet. Average body weight for the three groups receiving Liquid MHA® was 366.6 g compared with 366.7 g for the three groups receiving the diets with DL-methionine. The addition of .06% methionine resulted in a body weight increase of 81.6,48.2, and 51.0 g for the diets containing 0, 500, and 750 ppm, respectively. Although
the maximum obtainable growth may have been 380 g, the lower response from the supplemental methionine in the diets containing copper may have been due to some of the methionine being used to detoxify the copper, as reported by Robbins and Baker (1980). Improved performance of poults from the addition of 500 ppm of copper to the diet is in contrast with the findings of Christmas and Harms (1979). However, the basal diet used in this study did not contain supplemental choline, whereas the diet used by Christmas and Harms (1979) contained supplemental choline. Poults receiving the basal diet in this study weighed 302 g compared with 424 g in the experiment reported by Christmas and Harms (1979). Copper sulfate may have spared the sulfur amino acids through the sulfate, but not necessarily because of the choline deficiency. This interaction between choline sulfate and sulfur amino acids has previously been reported by Miles et al. (1983). The addition of 500 ppm of copper to the diet resulted in a significant increase of feed intake (Table 2). However, the addition of 750 ppm of copper resulted in significantly decreased feed intake. An increase of 87.3, 61.7, and 49.7 g of feed intake was obtained from the addition of .06% methionine to the diets containing 0, 500, and 750 ppm of copper. No significant difference was found for feed intake of the poults receiving the two sources of methionine. The average feed intake for the three groups of poults receiving the Liquid MHA® was 476.9 compared with 475.4 g for the three groups re-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Manchester on May 1, 2015
Yellow corn Soybean meal (49%) Dicalcium phosphate Limestone Salt Animal fat Microingredients (choline and S 0 4 free)1 Calculated analysis based on National Research Council (1984): Protein, % Methionine, % Cystine, % Choline, mg/kg
.06 .06
.06 .06
306.5 A 366.6 B 366.7 B 356.7 X 361.5 X 321.7 Y
($/ 1.36 1.30 b 1.30 b 1.29 b 1.29 b 1.29 b 1.36 a 1.31 b 1.30 b 1.34 A 1.30 B 1.30 B 1.32 x 1.30 Y 1.30 Y
412.2 493.3de 505.6 e 426.2 b 490.0 d e 485.7 d 391.5 a 447.4 e 434.9 b 410.0 A 476.9 B 475.4 B 470.4 X 467.3 X 424.6 Y
a
Feed intake/ poult
a
Feed efficiency (g/g body weight)
3,344 A 4,175 B 4,174 B 4,036 X 4,006x 3,639 Y
3,364 4,319'! 4,426 d 3,476 b 4,290 d 4,252 d 3,193 a 3,917 c 3,808 c
b
Total intake s
( m g)
10.92 11.39 11.35 11.30 11.06 11.30
11.12 11.40 11.39 10.55 11.33 11.29 11.10 11.44 11.37
Per gram body weight
Sulfur amino acids
Means with different superscripts in a column (Main effects) are significantly different (P<.05) according to Duncan's multiple range test (1955).
Average of 12 replicates of four males and four females.
'
0
0
302.3 378.9 e 388.8 C 329.4 b 378.5 C 376.6 C 287.7 a 342.4 b 334.9 b
a
Body weight1
Means with different superscripts in a column are significantly different (P<.05) according to Duncan's multiple range test (1955).
AD Y V
1
0 500 750
Liquid MHA® DL
Liquid MHA® DL
Liquid MHA® DL
.06 .06
0
Liquid MHA® DL
0 0 0 500 500 500 750 750 750
Level
(%)
Source
(ppm)
Copper
Methionine
TABLE 2. Performance of turkey poults fed different levels of methionine activity from two sources in the presence of three levels of copper sulfate
ed from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Manchester on May 1, 2015
724
HARMS AND BURESH
crease in the milligrams of sulfur amino acids required per gram of body weight. This probably was a result of the much heavier weight of the poults at the age when they received diets with supplemental methionine. There were no significant differences in the amount of sulfur amino acids required per gram of body weight among the three groups receiving Liquid MHA® as compared to DL-methionine. The interaction of methionine source and copper level was not significant for any criterion. This suggests that the addition of either level of copper did not influence the performance of the methionine sources. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported in part by a grant-inaid from Degussa Corporation, Teterboro, NJ. REFERENCES Christmas, R. B., and R. H. Harms, 1979. The effect of supplemental copper and methionine in the performance of turkey poults. Poultry Sci. 58:382-384. Duncan, D. B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics 11:1^12. Miles, R. D., N. Ruiz, andR. H. Harms, 1983. The relationship between methionine, choline and sulfate in turkey diets. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 173:32-34. National Research Council, 1984. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. Natl. Acad. Sci., Washington, DC. Robbins, K. R., and D. H. Baker, 1980. Effect of high-level copper feeding on the sulfur amino acid need of chicks fed corn-soybean meal and crystalline amino acid diets. Poultry Sci. 59:1099-1108.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Manchester on May 1, 2015
ceiving the diets containing supplemental DLmethionine. Feed efficiency was significantly improved when 500 ppm of copper from copper sulfate was added to the diet (Table 2). This improvement was probably due to the sulfate portion of the compound. The addition of 750 ppm of copper to the diet did not influence feed efficiency. The addition of .06% methionine from either Liquid MHA® or DL-methionine significantly improved feed efficiency when diets with 0 or 750 ppm of copper were fed. The addition of .06% methionine to the diet resulted in an increase in sulfur amino acid consumption at all levels of copper supplementation (Table 2). Sulfur amino acid consumption for poults receiving the three diets with supplemental Liquid MHA® was 4175 g as compared to 4174 g for the poults receiving the diets with supplemental DL-methionine. The milligrams of sulfur amino acids consumed per gram of body weight were 11.39 and 11.35 for the Liquid MHA® and DL-methionine, respectively. The addition of 500 ppm of copper to the diet resulted in reducing the milligrams of sulfur amino acids consumed per gram of body weight (Table 2). This was probably due to the sparing effect of sulfate on sulfur amino acids. However, the addition of 750 ppm of copper did not influence the amount of sulfur amino acids required per gram of body weight. The addition of .06% methionine from both sources resulted in an in-