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Learning from experiences with heat exchangers in aggressive environments
11 Process heating, power and incineration (energy applications in industry)
96/03048 Gas service technology. Volume 2. Domestic installation and servicing practice Glenon, E. and Saxon, F. (eds) Benn Tech., Third Edition, ISBN 186012 174 1, 1995, 7/0 pp. The third edition contains the theory and practice of gas servicing and installation. 96/03049 Gas-based direct reduction processes for Iron and steel production Zervas, T. et al., Int. J. Energy Research, Feb. 1996,20, (2), 157-185. Gas-based processes for the direct reduction of iron are discussed and compared in terms of their costs and energy effectiveness. Possible future lines of development are presented. 96/03050 Immersing cooling of large spherical produces: Thermal parameters Dincer, 1. and Dost, S. Int. J. of Energy Research, Apr. 1996, 20, (4), 351-358. The article presents a combined experimental and modelling study for determining the thermal parameters of spherical produces in immersing cooling. 96/03051 Kinetics of adsorption and diffusional characteristics of carbon molecular sieves Chagger, H. K. et al., Carbon, 1995,33, (10), 1405-1411. Commercially available carbon molecular sieve materials from a variety of sources, and molecular sieving carbons produced from the carbonization of coal have been studied. These materials have been assessed in terms of their kinetics of adsorption of oxygen and nitrogen. The diffusion kinetics of gases into the carbons have been analysed using Fickian and phenomenological models. 96/03052 learning from experiences with heat exchangers in aggressive environments Berntsson, T. et al., CADDET, Analyses Series No. 16, Nov. 1995, 621-671. An up to date summary of the relevant characteristics of the available materials of construction for heat exchanger equipment operating in aggressive environments. 96/03053 Modernization of the iron making plant at SOLlAC FOS Van Creyelynghe, M. et al., Proc. Ironmaking Conf., 1995, 195-200. When the blast furnaces at SOLLAC/FOS were relined, the objective was to ensure a work life of 15 years, and the iron making plant would be modernized at the same time. The coking plant was overhauled and renovated and its coking time increased to ensure a work life of at least 34 years. Since these heavy investments were completed, SOLLAC/FOS has high-performance iron making plants, allowing it to face new challenges in the future. 96/03054 NO. emission control In batch annealing furnace Lai, H. et al., Jishu Yu Xunlian, 1995,20, (3),159-172. (In Chinese) Cold rolled coils are heated up in batch annealing furnaces by firing with coke oven gas. In order to meet the 1993 NO, emission standard, three tactics are employed to reduce emissions. The results show that the NO, emission level is proportional to the residual oxygen content. It is suggested to use the least amount of combustion air under perfect combustion conditions. 96/03055 Operational results for high pulverized coal injection rate at Klmlt8u No.3 btast furnace Ueno, H. et al., Proc. Ironmaking Conference, 1995, 54, 29-36, The paper reports that in a high-rate pulverized coal injection test at the Kimitsu No.3 blast furnace, a stable operation was achieved at the pulverized coal rate of 190 kg/ton pig iron. 96/03056 Optimization of COREX process Fang, J. et al., Dongbei Daxue Xuebao, Ziran Kexueban, 1995, 16, (3), 293-297. (In Chinese) Discusses the influences of reduction conditions on COREX (a molten reduction process) shaft gas utilization which have been researched with thermal simulating tests. 96/03057 Optimization of In-tube enhancement for large evaporators and condensers Ravigururajan, T. S. and Bergles, A. E. Energy. May 1996, 21. (5), 421-432. Introducing roughness in tubes increases the turbulent heat-transfer coefficient but there is usually a much larger increase in friction factor for constant geometry and flow conditions. In this study, generalized rib-tube correlations are used in optimizing the roughness geometry for two different objective functions or performance evaluation criteria.
212 Fuel and Energy Abstracts May 1996
96/03058 Partially fluxed pellets with low silica for blast furnace at Samarco Mlneracao S.A. Cano, J. A Min. Eng. (Littleton, Colo.), 1995, 47, (8), 765-768. Samaroo's partially fluxed low-silica pellets for iron blast furnaces and containing 2-2.2% SiOI can be produced with metallurgical quality and are equivalent to conventional high-silica pellets. An advantage is the higher percent of Fe content in the pellets and lower operation costs. 96/03059 Pellet property requirements for future blast-furnace operations and other new ironmaking processes Agrawal, A K. and Oshnock, T. W. Proc. Ironmaking Conf., 1995, 477-486. The requirements for the physical, chemical and metallurgical properties of pellets have continued to become more stringent as blast furnace productivity and coke rate have been rapidly improved during the last decade. In addition, the age and deterioration of the North American coke batteries, the lack of capital to sufficiently rebuild them, and the threat of increasingly more stringent environmental controls for the coke batteries has forced North American iron-makers to begin implementing pulverized coal injection to minimize the coke requirements for the blast furnace and to seriously investigate developing other ironmaking processes that use coal instead of coke. The paper explores the pellet property requirements for future blast furnace operations and cokeless ironmaking processes. 96/03060 Photosynthetic efficiency improvement by rnleroalgae cultivation in tubular-type reactor Nishikawa, N. et al., Energy Converso Mgmt., Jun.-Sep. 1995, 36, (6), 681-684. Describes the study of light utilization efficiency on Chlorella vulgaris cultivation in continuous or flashing light irradiation by developing a new tubular-type reactor for microalgae cultivation. The results were obtained by measuring light utilization efficiency under changing lighting conditions for C. vulgaris cultivation as follows: (1) Flashing light effect is confirmed in laboratory tests conducted on C. vulgaris cultivation. (2) This new type-tubular reactor can be used to improve light utilization efficiency. 96/03061 Prediction of the coke rate in blast furnaces with artificial neural nets Singh, H. and Deo, B. Iron Steelmaker, 1995, 22, (10), 85-92. In the development of the artificial neural network for the prediction of coke consumption in ironmaking, the blast furnace is regarded as a countercurrent heat and mass exchange reactor invovling solid, liquid and gaseous phases. Discusses the characteristics and the performance of the model. 96/03062 Process control techniques for the Sid mar blast furnaces Vandenberghe, D. et al., Proc. Ironmaking Conf., 1995, 249-257. The paper discusses the major challenges for modern blast furnace operation which is the achievement of a high productivity, excellent hot metal quality, low fuel consumption and longer blast furnace campaigns. The introduction of predictive models, decision supporting software and expert systems has reduced the standard deviation of the hot metal silicon content. The production loss due to the thermal state of the blast furnace has decreased three times since 1990. An appropriate control of the heat losses with high pulverized coal injection rates, is of the utomost importance for the life of the blast furnace. 96/03063 Pulverized coal injection (PCI) at Inland's No. 7 blast furnace Carter, W. L. et al., Proc. Ironmaking Conference, 1995,54, 51-60. Describes the pulverized coal injection experience at Inland's No.7 blast furnace (Inland Steel Co. East Chicago, IN, USA) during the 1991-1994 period. 96/03064 Raceway behaviors in blast furnace with pulverized coal Injection Chung, J. K. et al., Proc. Ironmaking Conf, 1995,54, 13-19. The paper describes how the blast furnace raceway shows different characteristics with pulverized coal injection rate (PCR). It was found that with the increase of PCR the raceway depth decreases, and the size of birds nest and sometimes with liquid holdup increases. Oxygen enrichment with coaxial lances was known to be very effective on the extension of raceway depth and size reduction of birds nest. It was also found that there are various factors which affect the coke properties of tuyere levels of the blast furnace. 96/03065 Recovery of sensible heat from crude coke oven gases by coating catalysts on heat transfer tubes for efficiency Shikada, T. et al., (Assigned to) Nippon Kokan KK, JAP. Pat. JP'07,188,664, Jul. 1995.
96/03048 Gas service technology. Volume 2. Domestic installation and servicing practice Glenon, E. and Saxon, F. (eds) Benn Tech., Third Edition, ISBN 186012 174 1, 1995, 7/0 pp. The third edition contains the theory and practice of gas servicing and installation. 96/03049 Gas-based direct reduction processes for Iron and steel production Zervas, T. et al., Int. J. Energy Research, Feb. 1996,20, (2), 157-185. Gas-based processes for the direct reduction of iron are discussed and compared in terms of their costs and energy effectiveness. Possible future lines of development are presented. 96/03050 Immersing cooling of large spherical produces: Thermal parameters Dincer, 1. and Dost, S. Int. J. of Energy Research, Apr. 1996, 20, (4), 351-358. The article presents a combined experimental and modelling study for determining the thermal parameters of spherical produces in immersing cooling. 96/03051 Kinetics of adsorption and diffusional characteristics of carbon molecular sieves Chagger, H. K. et al., Carbon, 1995,33, (10), 1405-1411. Commercially available carbon molecular sieve materials from a variety of sources, and molecular sieving carbons produced from the carbonization of coal have been studied. These materials have been assessed in terms of their kinetics of adsorption of oxygen and nitrogen. The diffusion kinetics of gases into the carbons have been analysed using Fickian and phenomenological models. 96/03052 learning from experiences with heat exchangers in aggressive environments Berntsson, T. et al., CADDET, Analyses Series No. 16, Nov. 1995, 621-671. An up to date summary of the relevant characteristics of the available materials of construction for heat exchanger equipment operating in aggressive environments. 96/03053 Modernization of the iron making plant at SOLlAC FOS Van Creyelynghe, M. et al., Proc. Ironmaking Conf., 1995, 195-200. When the blast furnaces at SOLLAC/FOS were relined, the objective was to ensure a work life of 15 years, and the iron making plant would be modernized at the same time. The coking plant was overhauled and renovated and its coking time increased to ensure a work life of at least 34 years. Since these heavy investments were completed, SOLLAC/FOS has high-performance iron making plants, allowing it to face new challenges in the future. 96/03054 NO. emission control In batch annealing furnace Lai, H. et al., Jishu Yu Xunlian, 1995,20, (3),159-172. (In Chinese) Cold rolled coils are heated up in batch annealing furnaces by firing with coke oven gas. In order to meet the 1993 NO, emission standard, three tactics are employed to reduce emissions. The results show that the NO, emission level is proportional to the residual oxygen content. It is suggested to use the least amount of combustion air under perfect combustion conditions. 96/03055 Operational results for high pulverized coal injection rate at Klmlt8u No.3 btast furnace Ueno, H. et al., Proc. Ironmaking Conference, 1995, 54, 29-36, The paper reports that in a high-rate pulverized coal injection test at the Kimitsu No.3 blast furnace, a stable operation was achieved at the pulverized coal rate of 190 kg/ton pig iron. 96/03056 Optimization of COREX process Fang, J. et al., Dongbei Daxue Xuebao, Ziran Kexueban, 1995, 16, (3), 293-297. (In Chinese) Discusses the influences of reduction conditions on COREX (a molten reduction process) shaft gas utilization which have been researched with thermal simulating tests. 96/03057 Optimization of In-tube enhancement for large evaporators and condensers Ravigururajan, T. S. and Bergles, A. E. Energy. May 1996, 21. (5), 421-432. Introducing roughness in tubes increases the turbulent heat-transfer coefficient but there is usually a much larger increase in friction factor for constant geometry and flow conditions. In this study, generalized rib-tube correlations are used in optimizing the roughness geometry for two different objective functions or performance evaluation criteria.
212 Fuel and Energy Abstracts May 1996
96/03058 Partially fluxed pellets with low silica for blast furnace at Samarco Mlneracao S.A. Cano, J. A Min. Eng. (Littleton, Colo.), 1995, 47, (8), 765-768. Samaroo's partially fluxed low-silica pellets for iron blast furnaces and containing 2-2.2% SiOI can be produced with metallurgical quality and are equivalent to conventional high-silica pellets. An advantage is the higher percent of Fe content in the pellets and lower operation costs. 96/03059 Pellet property requirements for future blast-furnace operations and other new ironmaking processes Agrawal, A K. and Oshnock, T. W. Proc. Ironmaking Conf., 1995, 477-486. The requirements for the physical, chemical and metallurgical properties of pellets have continued to become more stringent as blast furnace productivity and coke rate have been rapidly improved during the last decade. In addition, the age and deterioration of the North American coke batteries, the lack of capital to sufficiently rebuild them, and the threat of increasingly more stringent environmental controls for the coke batteries has forced North American iron-makers to begin implementing pulverized coal injection to minimize the coke requirements for the blast furnace and to seriously investigate developing other ironmaking processes that use coal instead of coke. The paper explores the pellet property requirements for future blast furnace operations and cokeless ironmaking processes. 96/03060 Photosynthetic efficiency improvement by rnleroalgae cultivation in tubular-type reactor Nishikawa, N. et al., Energy Converso Mgmt., Jun.-Sep. 1995, 36, (6), 681-684. Describes the study of light utilization efficiency on Chlorella vulgaris cultivation in continuous or flashing light irradiation by developing a new tubular-type reactor for microalgae cultivation. The results were obtained by measuring light utilization efficiency under changing lighting conditions for C. vulgaris cultivation as follows: (1) Flashing light effect is confirmed in laboratory tests conducted on C. vulgaris cultivation. (2) This new type-tubular reactor can be used to improve light utilization efficiency. 96/03061 Prediction of the coke rate in blast furnaces with artificial neural nets Singh, H. and Deo, B. Iron Steelmaker, 1995, 22, (10), 85-92. In the development of the artificial neural network for the prediction of coke consumption in ironmaking, the blast furnace is regarded as a countercurrent heat and mass exchange reactor invovling solid, liquid and gaseous phases. Discusses the characteristics and the performance of the model. 96/03062 Process control techniques for the Sid mar blast furnaces Vandenberghe, D. et al., Proc. Ironmaking Conf., 1995, 249-257. The paper discusses the major challenges for modern blast furnace operation which is the achievement of a high productivity, excellent hot metal quality, low fuel consumption and longer blast furnace campaigns. The introduction of predictive models, decision supporting software and expert systems has reduced the standard deviation of the hot metal silicon content. The production loss due to the thermal state of the blast furnace has decreased three times since 1990. An appropriate control of the heat losses with high pulverized coal injection rates, is of the utomost importance for the life of the blast furnace. 96/03063 Pulverized coal injection (PCI) at Inland's No. 7 blast furnace Carter, W. L. et al., Proc. Ironmaking Conference, 1995,54, 51-60. Describes the pulverized coal injection experience at Inland's No.7 blast furnace (Inland Steel Co. East Chicago, IN, USA) during the 1991-1994 period. 96/03064 Raceway behaviors in blast furnace with pulverized coal Injection Chung, J. K. et al., Proc. Ironmaking Conf, 1995,54, 13-19. The paper describes how the blast furnace raceway shows different characteristics with pulverized coal injection rate (PCR). It was found that with the increase of PCR the raceway depth decreases, and the size of birds nest and sometimes with liquid holdup increases. Oxygen enrichment with coaxial lances was known to be very effective on the extension of raceway depth and size reduction of birds nest. It was also found that there are various factors which affect the coke properties of tuyere levels of the blast furnace. 96/03065 Recovery of sensible heat from crude coke oven gases by coating catalysts on heat transfer tubes for efficiency Shikada, T. et al., (Assigned to) Nippon Kokan KK, JAP. Pat. JP'07,188,664, Jul. 1995.