LITERATURE ON AIR POLLUTION AND LICHENS XLIX

Lichenologist 32(1): 89–102 (2000) Article No. lich.1999.0249 Available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on

LITERATURE ON AIR POLLUTION AND LICHENS XLIX* A. HENDERSON‡ Anon. (1998) Premio tesi di lichenologia 1997. Notiziario della Società Lichenologica Italiana 11: 57–64. [Includes a summary (:58–59) of Biodiversita lichenica e qualità dell’aria in provincia di Gorizia (Badin, G., Thesis, Dept of Biological Sciences, Trieste). See also Badin & Nimis 1996, listed in XLVI of this series.] Anon. (1998) Bibliografia 1996/97. Notiziario della Società Lichenologica Italiana 11: 65–69. [Bibliography of Italian lichen publications 1996/97, including 30 items relevant to air pollution.] Asta, J. (1998) Brève histoire de la lichénologie dans les Alpes françaises nord-occidentales. Écologie 29: 261–265. [Account of lichenological work carried out in the north-eastern region of the French Alps, from 1785 (Dominique Villars) to the present period; includes a commentary on lichen bioindicator work conducted from 1968 (Kofler) to date.] Bachereau, F. & Asta, J. (1997) Effects of solar ultraviolet radiation at high altitude on the physiology and the biochemistry of a terricolous lichen (Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach.). Symbiosis 23: 197–217. [A more detailed account is presented of the work in Bachereau & Asta (1998) below, with additional information on the effects of screening of the UV-A/B bands on chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations and on dark respiratory and gross photosynthetic rates.] Bachereau, F. & Asta, J. (1998) Effects of solar ultraviolet radiation at high altitude on the phenolic compounds contents of Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. (terricolous lichen). Écologie 29: 267–270. [Transplanted Cetraria islandica from lowland Pellafol, Isère, was exposed to high sunlight at 2100 m in the Lauteret Pass, with selective screening of UV-B and UV-A solar radiation. After 3 months the action of UV-B radiation on biosynthesis of phenolic compounds had brought about a 53% decrease in 8 out of the 12 molecules analysed.] Bacˇkor, M., Huda´k, J. & Bacˇkorová, M. (1998) Comparison between growth responses of autotrophic and heterotrophic populations of lichen photobiont Trebouxia irregularis (Chlorophyta) on Cu, Hg and Cd chlorides treatment. Phyton 38: 239–250. [Effects on autotrophic and heterotrophic Trebouxia irregularis (from metal-tolerant Cladina mitis) of Cu, Hg & Cd chlorides were studied. Heavy metal content, toxicity of individual metal chlorides. concentration effect, and differences between toxicity to autotrophic and heterotrophic strains are examined.] Balaguer, L., Manrique, E. & Ascaso, C. (1997) Predictability of the combined effects of sulphur dioxide and nitrate on the green-algal lichen Ramalina farinacea. Canadian Journal of Botany 75: 1836–1842. [Study and discussion of the interactive effects of SO2 and NO
3 on the Trebouxia photobiont of Ramalina farinacea based on an investigation of chlorophyll phaeophytinization and ultrastructural damage.] Balaguer, L., Manrique, E., de los Rios, A., Ascaso, C., Palmqvist, K., Fordham, M. & Barnes, J. D. (1999) Long-term responses of the green-algal lichen Parmelia caperata to natural CO2 enrichment. Oecologia 119: 166–174. [Investigation of the effects on Parmelia caperata from the vicinity of a CO2 spring of increased CO2 levels. Decreased N investment in Rubisco occurred only in algae in the area of the thallus margin and was not reflected in overall photosynthetic potential. Enhanced accumulation of some lichen substances in thalli influenced by elevated CO2 suggested that such lichen compounds may be important secondary C sinks in such cases.] *XLVIII in Lichenologist 31: 111–119 (1999) ‡Department of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK. 0024–2829/00/010089+14 r35.00/0

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Bargagli, R., Sanchez-Hernandez, J. C. & Monaci, F. (1999) Baseline concentrations of elements in the Antarctic macrolichen Umbilicaria decussata. Chemosphere 38: 475–487. [Study of the concentrations of major and trace elements in Umbilicaria decussata from ice-free areas in coastal Victoria Land showed the lowest levels for all trace elements except Cd ever reported for Umbilicaria. Pb levels from granitic rock lichens were four times lower than the lowest Arctic record. No local human impact was detected; snow, marine aerosol, salt encrustation and guano are main sources of elemental contribution.] Barto´ k, K. (1999) Pesticide usage and epiphytic lichen diversity in Romanian orchards. Lichenologist 31: 21–25. [Study of lichens on apple trees in 3 Romanian orchards: (i) intensively cultivated with heavy repeated pesticide spraying; (ii) semi-intensively cultivated with much less spraying; and (iii) with no pesticide spraying. Pesticide use was generally unfavourable for corticolous lichen development, but some species, acidophytic and/or indifferent to bark chemistry, survived repeated spraying.] Bartók, K., Mócsy, I., Bolyós, A. & Dezsö, Z. (1998) Studies on 137Cs content of lichens in mountain regions of Romania. Sauteria 9: 249–256. [137Cs levels were measured in epiphytic Pseudevernia furfuracea, Hypogymnia physodes and terricolous Peltigera canina from beech and spruce forests in 5 regions of the Romanian Carpathians. Data were compared with pre-Chernobyl data: a low 137Cs content in 1975 was due to a Chinese nuclear explosion. Post-Chernobyl levels were 80 to 90 times higher. Lower levels occur in Usneaceae, which could be due to morphology being conducive to extensive leaching. The influence of forest type, altitude, age of thallus and location of 137Cs on contamination was examined. Collecting methodology is of prime importance for the interpretation of data.] Bartoli, A., Cardarelli, E., Achilli, M., Campanella, L., Ravera, S. & Massari G. (1997) Valutazione della qualità dell’aria della Maremma laziale con i licheni epifiti. Allionia 35: 69–85. [Air quality of the Maremma Laziale was investigated using epiphytic lichen IAP methodology. From coast to hinterland improvement in air quality was noted, but in the hinterland heavy metal levels are increasing, most probably owing to traffic influences. Detailed analysis, tabulation and discussion of data.] Bell, S. & Jackson, A. (1998) Discovering the signs of clean air. Kew (1998) (Autumn issue): 40–43. [Popular note with colour illustrations: lichen bioindication at Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and Wakehurst.] Bennett, J. P. & Wetmore, C. M. (1999) Changes in element contents of selected lichens over 11 years in northern Minnesota, USA. Environmental and Experimental Botany 41: 75–82. [Analysis of Cladina rangiferina, Evernia mesomorpha, Hypogymnia physodes and Parmelia sulcata from Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness for Al, B, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S and Zn revealed an anthropogenic and a dust component, and a mainly nutritional component. Corticolous lichens were more enriched by heavy metals than terricolous species. Results, discussed in detail, suggest that lichen biomonitoring is strongly species-dependent.] Biazrov, L. G. (1998) The lichen synusia of a birch forest (Southern Urals) with respect to indication of radioactive contamination and diagnosing of ecosystem health. Sauteria 9: 71–78. [An investigation, conducted 30 years after the Kyshtym nuclear accident, examined the condition of lichens on forest communities to evaluate their role in prolonging contamination effects. The index that emerged as a sound indicator of the degree of contamination was that of radioactive concentration inside thalli.] Biazrov, L. G. (1998) Bioindikatsiya kachestva bozdukha v Moskve po kartirovaniyu rasprostraneniya epifitnykh lishainikov. Ekologiya i Promyshlennost’ Rossii 1998(7): 27–31. [Four-zonal air quality mapping of Moscow using epiphytic lichens.] Biazrov, L. G. (1998) Izucheniye reaktsii epifitnykh makrolishainikov na mnogoletnyeye eksperimental’noye vneseniye sul’fata ammoniya v lesnuyu ekosistemu. [Studying the response of epiphytic macrolichens to the long-term application of (NH4)2 SO4 in a forest ecosystem.] Lesovedenie 1998(2): 22–29. [Distribution of epiphytic lichens was studied at 10 experimental and 10 control plots at Bear Brook Watershed, Maine, USA, to investigate the effects of several years of bi-monthly applications of (NH4)2 SO4 on the forest ecosystem. Performances of the 65 species recorded were examined and revealed no significant differences.] Calvelo, S., Baccalá, N., Arribére, M., Guevara, S. R. & Dubach, D. (1998) Concentration of biological relevant elements of foliose and fruticose lichens from Nahuel Huapi National Park (Patagonia), analyzed by INAA. Sauteria 9: 263–272. [Instrumental neutron

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activation analysis of 78 epiphytic lichen specimens (Candelariella vitellina, Hypotrachnya brevirhiza, Physcia adscendens, Parmelia cunninghamii, Protousnea magellanica and Usnea fastigiata) from urban (Bariloche), perurban and pristine areas of Nahuel Huapi National Park obtained values for Br, Ca, Cl. Co, Cu, Fe, I, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, V, Zn and Rb levels similar to or lower than those reported in previous literature. Except for Ca, concentrations in P. magellanica are the lowest ever reported. Although Bariloche is a small, non-industrial city, element levels in urban and perurban areas differ.] Caniglia, G., Tassoni, T. & Carboni, C. (1998) Thallus variations of Parmelia sulcata exposed in suburbs and industrial area (Venice, North-east Italy). Sauteria 9: 95–102. [Parmelia caperata transplants were submitted to image analysis to determine the effects of transfer from a prealpine unpolluted zone to industrial, urban and rural zones. Significant reactions were apparent after 3 to 4 months exposure in transplant habitats.] Carreras, H. A., Gudin˜ o, G. L. & Pignata, M. L. (1998) Comparative biomonitoring of atmospheric quality in five zones of Córdoba city (Argentina) employing the transplanted lichen Usnea sp. Environmental Pollution 103: 317–325. [Increase in chlorophyll a+b in Usnea species ran parallel with increasing traffic emissions; chlorophyll a degradation also increased. Hydroperoxy conjugated dienes and S content increased too. Data enabled the mapping of the city’s air pollution zones.] Caviglia, A. M. & Modenesi, P. (1999) Oxidative stress and ascorbic acid contents in Parmotrema reticulatum and Parmelia sulcata. Lichenologist 31: 105–110. [Parmelia sulcata growing at high light levels and paraquat-treated Parmotrema reticulatum both suffered oxidative stress, resulting in increased ascorbic acid contents. Ascorbic acid content in untreated P. reticulatum was 97% higher in summer than in spring and 56% higher than in autumn. After paraquat treatment for one week, all P. reticulatum thalli showed increases between 37% and 124%. Four weeks after treatment ascorbic acid was undetectable.] Chettri, M. K., Sawidis, T., Zachariadis, G. A. & Stratis, J. A. (1997) Uptake of heavy metals by living and dead Cladonia thalli. Environmental and Experimental Botany 37: 39–52. [In this study of Pb, Cu and Zn uptake by Cladonia convoluta and C. rangiformis, Zn accumulation was higher in living than in dead thalli, Cu and Pb accumulation higher in dead than in living. Data on metal uptake from single and from mixed metal solutions are presented and discussed. The plasma membrane does not appear to act as a barrier to all heavy metals. Pb, Cu and Zn bind more strongly in C. convoluta than in C. rangiformis, and accumulation is higher in C. convoluta. As Zn forms only a weak complex in Cladonia, and easily leaches, these lichens are unsuitable for indication of environmental Zn.] Chettri, M. K., Sawidis, T. & Karataglis, S. (1997) Lichens as a tool for geochemical prospecting. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 38: 322–335. [Examination of Cu, Mn, Pb, Zn and Cr levels in epilithic lichens and vascular plants from the Gerakario and Megali Panagia, two porphyry cupriferous areas of Macedonia, found highest accumulation of Cu and Pb in Neophuscelia pulla, and of Zn in Xanthoparmelia taractica. Levels of Cu and Pb were highest in N. pulla, and Zn levels in plant and soil were correlated for Cu, Pb, Mn and Cr in Cladonia convoluta, and for Cu and Mn in N. pulla and X. taractica. C. convoluta with higher Cu concentrations exhibited discolouration which would aid biogeochemical exploration.] Davey, S. (1999) Lichens in Quito. British Lichen Society Bulletin 84: 26. [Luxuriant growth of Teloschistes, Lobaria, Sticta, Heterodermia, Pseudocyphellaria and Leptogium species is noted on trees in the busy urban-industrial conurbation of Quito.] Dobson, F. S. & Buckle, P. (1996) The lichens of St Paul’s churchyard, Chipperfield, and surrounding area. Hertfordshire Naturalist 32: 435–437. [Comparison of 1995, 1951 and 1919 lichen records.] Dobson, F. S. (1998) London’s lichens are making a welcome return. Wild London 1998 (Autumn/Winter issue): 12–13. [Popular note on amelioration of London’s lichen flora.] Estrabou, C. (1998) Lichen species identification and distribution according to tolerance to airborne contamination in the city of Córdoba (Argentina). In Lichenology in Latin America: History, Current Knowledge and Applications (M. P. Marcelli & M. R. D. Seaward, eds): 165–169. Sao Paulo: CETESB. [Air pollution survey of Córdoba city using epiphytic lichen (over 30 species) distribution and cover in four areas, from the city centre to 15 km west. After 7 years research Ramalina ecklonii and Usnea were considered most poleotolerant, Rimelia reticulata and Punctelia hypoleucites tolerant, and Physcia undulata,

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Hyperphyscia variabilis and H. endochrysea most resistant. Four-yearly investigations will continue.] Figueira, R., Catarino, F., Pacheco, A. M. G. & Sousa, A. J. (1998) In situ studies on sea-salt uptake by epiphytic lichens. Sauteria 9: 143–150. [Saline particle deposition and cellular location of cations were studied on Ramalina canariensis on pines at c. 800 m from the southern Portugese coast. Some thalli were rinsed with deionised water. Extra- and intracellular concentrations of Na + , K + and Mg2+ and of extracellular C1
were measured and showed very different patterns. Extracellular concentration measurements indicated a fast recovery of these concentrations under field conditions.] Garty, J., Cohen, Y. & Kroog, N. (1998) Airborne elements, cell membranes, and chlorophyll in transplanted lichens. Journal of Environmental Quality 27: 973–979. [Ramalina lacera was transplanted for 10 months from HaZorea forest to the climatically similar but polluted region of Ashdod 100 km distant. Analysis of 20 elements, cell membrane status and chlorophyll integrity showed that the lichen had great potential for Pb, V, Ni, Zn and Cu accumulation; K and P leached out at high levels of Ni; Mg and B coincided with cell membrane damage. Chlorophyll integrity correlated positively with K concentration and inversely with Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and B levels.] Gastberger, M., Pausch, G., Türk, R. & Hofmann, W. (1998) Long term study of 137Cs in lichens at different locations in Austria. Sauteria 9: 273–280. [Lichens collected from different areas of Austria over 15 years (before, immediately after and a few years later than the Chernobyl disaster) showed a high increase in 137Cs concentrations. It proved possible to estimate the biological half-life of 137Cs in Cetraria islandica as 2 years and, less certainly, in C. cucullata and in Cladonia arbuscula as similar.] Gaveriaux, J.-P. (1998) Site Web: Lichens et qualité de l’air. Bulletin d’Informations de l’Association Française de Lichénologie 23(1): 53–54. [Details of lichen mapping in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region. After two years of the programme, results have been published on the Internet (URL on site: http://www2.ac-lille.fr/lichen).] Giralt, M. (1997) Estudi de la contaminació atmosfèrica de la plana del Camp de Tarragona (Catalunya) prenent els líquens com a bioindicadors. Collecteana Botanica 23: 53–71. [Six-zonal air pollution mapping of the Camp de Tarragona region using corticolous lichens on carob. Over 40 lichen species (including 30 crustose and only 1 foliose) were found, of which 16 are accorded sensitivity status.] Gombert, S. & Asta, J. (1997) Étude du suivi de la pollution chlorée émise par une usine d’incinération d’ordures me´ nagères per l’utilisation de bioindicateurs végétaux: lichens et sphaignes. Écologie 28: 365–372. [Study of the impact of the renovaton of the Grenoble incinerator, using Parmelia sulcata and Sphagnum Cl
accumulation data, showed a decrease in pollution levels following incinerator renewal.] Gombert, S. & Asta, J. (1998) The effect of refuse incinerator fumes on the lead and cadmium content of experimentally exposed corticolous lichens. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 104: 29–40. [Anaptychia ciliaris, Hypogymnia physodes, Letharia divaricata, Lobaria pulmonaria, Parmelia caperata, P. sulcata, Physcia adscendens, Usnea species and Xanthoria parietina from the Chartreuse Massif, Grenoble, were analysed for Pb and Cd levels after a 43-day experiment submitting separate batches to (a) fumigation by an old incinerator oven, (b) air breathed within the incinerator building and (c) dry lab storage. No significant changes in thalline colour, morphology or necrosis were observed.] Gonzalez, C. M., Orellana, L. C., Casanovas, S. S. & Pignata, M. L. (1998) Environmental conditions and chemical response of a transplanted lichen to an urban area. Journal of Environmental Management 53: 73–81. [Redundancy analysis detected variations in concentrations of S, phaeophytin and soluble protein and in phaeophytin a: chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b: chlorophyll a ratios, responses associated with emission sources and topographic features.] Gonzalez, C. M. & Pignata, M. L. (1997) Chemical response of the lichen Punctelia subrudecta (Ny1.) Krog transplanted close to a power station in an urban-industrial environment. Environmental Pollution 97: 195–203. [Punctelia subrudecta at 22 sites in Córdoba city, Argentina, with different levels of traffic and industry and at different distances from a power station was assessed for chlorophyll a+b, phaeophytin a, hyperoxy conjugated dienes, malondialdehyde and S accumulation. Lichen response is particularised and discussed in detail.]

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Gonzalez, C. M. & Pignata, M. L. (1999) Effect of pollutants emitted by different urbanindustrial sources on the chemical response of the transplanted Ramalina ecklonii (Spreng.) Mey. & Flot. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry 69: 61–73. [Pigments, hyperoxy conjugated dienes, malondialdehyde, soluble protein and S were quantified in Ramalina ecklonii transplanted to 20 urban-industrial sites including a power station. Traffic and power plant pollutants effected lichen chemical response synergistically.] Grasso, M. F., Clochiatti, R., Carrot, F., Deschamps, C. & Vurro, F. (1999) Environmental lichens as bioindicators in volcanic areas: Mt. Etna and Vulcano Island (Italy). Environmental Geology 37: 207–217. [Accumulation of atmospheric contaminators associated with volcanic activity from two active volcanic areas was investigated in lichens from trees and rocks. Results are discussed in detail. Lichens reflect the contribution of airborne particulates, and As, Sb, Br and Pb show different geochemical trends on Mt Etna and Vulcano.] Gueidan, C., Daillant, O. & Tillier, C. (1997) Observation de la qualité de l’air par les lichens à Autun. Bulletin de la Societé d’Histoire Naturelle d’Autun 164: 15–32. [A lichen indication study of air quality in Autun, Saône-et-Loire, showed that the overall situation is good, although there are three areas where the atmosphere is of merely medium condition. Parmelia sulcata was analysed for heavy metals and trace elements relevant to public health (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, Co and Fe) and for radioactive elements (137+134Cs, 40 K, 238U, 226Ra, 210Pb, 228Ra and 228Th). Tabulation and discussion of data.] Haas, J. R., Bailey, E. H. & Purvis, O. W. (1998) Bioaccumulation of metals by lichens: Uptake of aqueous uranium by Peltigera membranacea as a function of time and pH. American Mineralogist 83: 1494–1502. [Uranium sorption in Peltigera membranacea was highest (averaging 42 000 ppm) at pH 4·5. U uptake is heterogeneous throughout the lichen thallus with very high local concentrations scattered on the upper cortex. Strong U uptake correlates with P signal intensity.] Heinrich, G., Oswald, K. & Müller, H. (1994) Zur Kontamination von Flechten in der Steiermark vor und nach dem Reaktorunglück von Chernobyl. Mitteilungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereines fur Steiermark 124: 173–189. [Investigation and discussion of the huge post-Chernobyl increases in radionuclide activity in lichens (epiphytic Pseudevernia furfuracea and terricolous Cetraria islandica) and other plants, with tabulation of results (mainly 137Cs and 90Sr).] Heinrich, G., Oswald, K. & Müller, H. J. (1999) Lichens as monitors of radiocesium and radiostrontium in Austria. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 45: 13–27. [In Styria, after Chernobyl, 137Cs activity in lichens rose from 0·4 kBq kg to 50 kBq kg. 137Cs activity in Pseudevernia furfuracea exceeded natural radioactivity levels up to 430-fold. Uneven distribution of 137Cs and 90Sr in P. furfuracea and in terricolous C. islandica is discussed (see Heinrich et al. (1994) above). Contains figures for radionuclide activity in Bryoria fuscescens and Hypogymnia physodes also.] Heinrich, G. & Remele K. (1996) 137Cs, 90Sr, K + , and Ca + + in lichens, mosses and vascular plants of a mountain area in Styria. Mitteilungen des Österreichischen Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft 53: 243–250. [Examination and discussion of the biological half-life of 137Cs and 90Sr in lichens: includes figures for 137Cs, 90Sr, and K + and Ca2+ yield in lichens, 7 mosses and 10 vascular plants.] Hufnagel, G. & Türk, R. (1998) Monitoring of air pollutants by exposed lichens in Salzburg (Austria). Sauteria 9: 281–288. [Hypogymnia physodes transplants exposed at 9 sites in Salzburg and Hallein from March to September, 1995, were examined for CO2-gas exchange and, photographically, for visible damage and growth. Changes in vitality parameters were correlated with air pollution and climatic data.] Hyvärinen, M. & Crittenden, P. D. (1998) Growth of the cushion-forming lichen, Cladonia portentosa, at nitrogen-polluted and unpolluted heathland sites. Environmental and Experimental Botany 40: 67–76. [Examination of growth and nitrogen uptake in in situ and transplanted thalli of Cladonia portentosa at 5 heathland sites in Britain (Midlands to North Scotland). Results are discussed in detail.] Hyvärinen, M. & Crittenden, P. D. (1998) Relationships between atmospheric nitrogen inputs and the vertical nitrogen and phosphorus concentration gradients in the lichen Cladonia portentosa. New Phytologist 140: 519–530. [In Cladonia portentosa from 31 UK heathland and upland moorland sites percentage N was 0·08–1·82 and percentage P was 0·04–0·17,

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dependent on site and lichen fraction (apical or basal), both N and P being 2–5 times greater in apical than in basal fractions. Detailed presentation, tabulation and discussion of results.] Hyvärinen, M. & Crittenden, P. D. (1998) Phosphate uptake in Cladonia portentosa. Lichenologist 30: 297–301. [Description and discussion of a laboratory experiment, using Cladonia portentosa from Upper Teesdale, UK, demonstraitng the extreme efficiency of C. portentosa in scavenging PO43
from wet deposits.] Insarov, G. E. & Pchiolkin (1990) Kolichestvennye Kharakteristiki Sostoyaniya Epifitnoi Likhenoflory Astrakhanskogo Zalovednika. [Quantitative Characteristics of the Condition of the Epiphytic Lichen Flora of the Astrakhan Nature Reserve.]: 1–18. Obninsk: Natural Environment and Climate Monitoring Laboratory, GOST Committee of the USSR for Hydrometeorology. [In this line-intercept distributional survey of epiphytic lichens at three sites (SW, central and E) in the Volga mouth only 10 poleotolerant species of the XanthorionPhyscietum are recorded. Tables of frequency and cover.] Insarov, G. E., Semenov, S. M. & Insarova, I. D. (1999) A system to monitor climate change with epilithic lichens. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 55: 279–298. [A monitoring programme is described aimed at the assessment of expected global climatic changes, using a scheme sampling the lichens of flat calcareous rocks in the Central Negev Highlands, Israel, and constructing from the resultant data a trend detection index (a sum of lichen species cover with coefficients suitable for the detection of climate trends). Study on an altitudinal gradient (500–1000 m a.s.l.) demonstrated the superiority of this index over others. Practical application of the scheme is described and discussed.] Jensen, M., Linke, K., Dickhäuser, A. & Feige, G. B. (1999) The effect of agronomic photosystem-II herbicides on lichens. Lichenologist 31: 95–103. [Chlorophyll fluorescence and oxygen-exchange measurements were employed to assess the sensitivity to 6 photosystem-II herbicides and DBMIB of Hypogymnia physodes, Lobaria pulmonaria and Peltigera aphthosa and of the isolated photobionts of the first two species. Highest sensitivity was to urea herbicides, with H. physodes most sensitive. All three lichens showed the same reactions to other agents. Green algae showed no greater sensitivity to the herbicides compared with other photobionts. Hypogymnia physodes recovered from diuron treatment within weeks, so damage to lichens from such agricultural herbicides is considered of only local occurrence.] Jia, G., Desideri, D., Guerra, F., Meli, M. A. & Testa, C. (1997) Determination of plutonium and americium in moss and lichen samples. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 220: 15–19. 238Pu, 239,240Pu, and 241Am levels were measured in 10 epiphytic lichens and 12 mosses from Urbino, central Italy, using a ‘simple sensitive and selective radioanalytical method’, particular attention being paid to 210Po elimination.] Jia, G., Desideri, D., Guerra, F., Meli, M. A. & Testa, C. (1997) Concentration and vertical distribution of plutonium and americium in Italian mosses and lichens. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 222: 3–9. [Analysis of tree-trunk lichens (unspecified) and tree mosses for concentrations of 239,240Pu, 238Pu and 241Am showed that values in the tree mosses are higher and more scattered. Pu and Am levels in terrestrial mosses are lower. Presentation of data and discussion concluding that lichens and mosses are valuable indicators of airborne radionuclide distribution and can play an important role in cycling naturally/artificially enhanced radionuclides in the atmosphere.] John, V. (1979) Die Flechte Bacidia inundata (Fr.) Koerb. aus Eisengegenstanden im Saarland. Faunistisch-floristische Notizen aus dem Saarland 1–2: 1–4. [First three records for Bacidia inundata in Saarland, on iron, two sites from an old mine in densely industrialised Heinitz.] Joyeux, E. & Daillant, O. (1999) Comparaison de différentes méthodes d’évaluation de la qualité de l’air par les lichens en Bourgogne en 1998. Bulletin d’Informations de l’Association Française de Lichénologie 24(1): 45–52. [A programme of lichen indication of atmospheric quality in 4 Departments of Bourgogne afforded the opportunity of comparing several different methodologies employed: Van Haluwyn & Lerond, Lallemant et al., and Kirschbaum & Wirth. Full presentation and discussion.] Ketner-Oostra, R. & Huijsman, W. (1998) Heeft het stuifzandlandschap in Nederland toekomst? De Levende Natuur 99(7): 272–277. [Evaluation of management effects on drift-sand vegetation in an area with high airborne nitrogen deposition. In the north-east and south-east vegetation developed rich in terricolous lichens (Coelocaulon, Hypogymnia

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and numerous Cladonia species). Monitoring of nitrogen intensity is necessary for continuity of diversity.] Ketner-Oostra, R. (1998) Effects of shoreface nourishment on the vegetation of Terschelling (NL). Coastline 7(4): 28. [Note on the conservation of lichen-rich vegetation on the coast between Hoorn and Oosterend, the negative effects of nitrogen deposition being counteracted by incoming calcium-rich sand.] Ketner-Oostra, R. & Masselinkk, A. (1999) Veranderingen in de korstmos-vegetatie van het Wekeromse Zand: een vergelijking tussen 1984 en 1994. Buxbaumiella 48: 24–30. [Comparison of 1984 and 1994 relevés from the Veluwe inland sand-dune area of Gelderland showed changes due partly to succession but mainly to bioindustrial nitrogen deposition. Terrestrial lichen diversity remained considerable but cover declined.] Ketner-Oostra, R. & van der Loo, H. (1998) Is lichen-rich dry dune grassland (VioloCorynephoretum dunense) on the verge of disappearing from the West-Frisian Islands, through aerial eutrophication? Senckenbergiana maritima 29(1/6): 45–49. [From 1970 to 1991 lichen cover reduced, while moss cover increased, in lichen-rich middle dune grassland (with grey hair-grass) ‘influenced by processes of biotic and abiotic origin’ (N deposition). Reindeer lichen cover, however, did not decrease.] Khalil, K. & Asta, J. (1998) Les lichens, bioindicateurs de pollution atmosphérique dans la region lyonnaise. Écologie 29: 467–472. [Lichen distributional studies in the Lyon area revealed floral modification marked by the inward progression of acidophilous and nitrophilous species. Comparison of Hawksworth & Rose methodology with that of Van Haluwyn & Lerond.] Kirschbaum, U. & Hanewald, K. (1998) Immissionsbezogene Flechtenkartierungen in hessischen Dauerbeobachtungsflächen. Journal of Applied Botany 72: 212–227. [Lichen indication at long-term observation areas established in Hesse showed that from 1992 to 1997 lichen diversity had improved throughout, with areas worst in 1992 improving most. In all areas colonisation is by some poleosensitive species and also some eutrophication indicators.] Koplik, R., Mestek, O., Fingerová, H. & Suchánek, M. (1999) Validation protocol for the determination of copper in plant samples by isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 14: 241–245. [Includes inter alia figures for copper in lichen reference material.] Kummer, V., Kümmerling, H., Rätzel, S. & Otte, V. (1995) Bemerkenswerte Flechtenfunde aus Brandenburg—eine Anregung zur floristischen Arbeit. Verhandlungen des botanischen Vereins Berlin Brandenburg 128: 229–245. [Detailed data on species distribution in the Brandenburg area, with comments in the light of industrial-urban pollution and ameliorative influences.] Lackovicˇ ová, A. (1996) Lisajniky. In Cervene Zoznamy Flóry a Fauny Národnej Prírodnej Rezervácie S { úr (A. Zemanova, ed.): 13. Bratislava: APOP. [Lichen decrease due to pollutant emissions is indicated by the data in this local Red List book for Reserve S { úr, situated in Svätý S { úr, Zahlbruckner’s birthplace, near Bratislava.] Lackovicˇ ová, A. (1997) Lišajníky Pustých Úlan (Podunajská Nížina). Ochrana Prírody 15: 29–34. [28 lichen taxa, the only ones recorded between Pusté Ulany and Velky Grob villages in 1996, demonstrate the hypertrophication of flora due to the ‘immense concentration of nitrogenous pollutants’.] Lackovicˇ ová, A., Banásová, V., Pišút, I. & Riman, J. (1993) Rastliny—Bioindikátory Zhecˇistenia Z { ivotneho Prostredia. U u stredné Metodické Oentrum Ministerstva S { kolstva a Vedy SR. Bratislava: UMC. [Vegetational bioindication of environmental pollution. Description of principles and methodology involved, with numerous sections dealing with lichen bioindication.] Lackovicˇ ová, A. & Kontrišová, O. (1998) Využitie lišajnikov pri hodnotení cˇ istoty ovzdušia v oblasti kovohút na dolnej Orave (SZ. Slovensko). In Monitorovanie a Hodnotenie Stavu Životného Prostredia, FEE TU vo Zvolene a ÚEL SAV vo Zvolene (O. Kontrisova & E. Bublinec, eds): 121–131. [Three zones of environmental pollution were distinguished around smelters emitting up to 18 000 tons of heavy-metal-impregnated dust per year, by mapping of 40 epiphytic lichens, IAP evaluation, and distributional data on Lecanora conizaeoides and Hypogymnia physodes.]

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Leger, C. & Lerond M. (1999) Charte graphique pour les cartes de qualité de l’air obtenue par bioindication lichénique. Bulletin d’Informations de l’Association Française de Lichénologie 24(1): 41–43. [Principles and purposes explained of a graphic chart designed to increase map legibility and comprehension, extend inter-project comparability, and increase the reliability of bioindication methods.] Legrand, I. & Asta, J. (1995) Epiphytic lichen flora and bark characteristics (pH, conductivity) in relation to forest decline in the northern Alps. In Forest Decline and Atmospheric Deposition Effects in the French Mountains (Landmann & Bonneau, eds): 394–403. Heidelberg/Berlin: Springer-Verlag. [Investigation of the applicability of lichen indication to the assessment of diffuse pollution as manifested by tree decline in European mountain forests. Relationships between corticolous lichens, bark acidity and conductivity, and general forest decline were examined. Survival of healthy Lobaria pulmonaria indicates that SO2 is not responsible for the decline noted.] Legrand, I., Asta, J. & Goudard, Y. (1996) Variations in bark acidity and conductivity over the trunk length of silver fir and Norway spruce. Trees 11: 54–58. [Description and discussion of the methodology of bark acidity and conductivity measurements, using the example of work on Norway spruce and silver fir.] Lerond, M. (1999) La bioindication lichénique, une activité professionelle? Bulletin d’Informations de l’Association Française de Lichénologie 24(1): 53–57. [A professional ecological consultant considers the practical possibility of pursuing a career in bioindication work, taking account of his own history in that regard, with an honest eye on financial aspects. Concludes with a useful listing of his own publications and reports (37) in this field.] Liiv, S. & Sander, E. (1998) Distribution of epiphytic lichens indicating air pollution in Estonia. Sauteria 9: 289–296. [Bioindication mapping of air pollution examining the distribution patterns of 32 epiphytic lichens of old estates, churchyards and cemeteries on Tilia cordata and Acer platanoides, showed that the commonest lichens were toxitolerant Phlyctis argena and Physcia tenella and the less tolerant Ramalina farinacea. Poleosensitive Lobaria pulmonaria, Ramalina baltica and Pleurosticta acetabulum occur only very seldomly. The distribution of several other species is discussed.] Lisická, E. & Lackovicˇ ová, A. (1998) On lichens in Slovakia. Sauteria 9: 297–302. [Paper presented at the Conference IAL3, summarising the overall lichen situation in various regions of Slovakia. Of 1479 lichens recorded, 591 are threatened due to pollution impact. Mountain areas are of particular conservation importance.] Liška, J. (1998) An international air pollution survey by school children using lichens (participation of the Czech Republic in 1995/96). Sauteria 9: 303–310. [Children from 13 countries took part in Air Pollution Project Europe: Acid Rain Project and Lichen Project. In the latter, lichen growth form and diversity on conifers, Betula and other deciduous trees were examined, along with lichen cover, site type and distance from pollution source. 2396 trees were studied in this way in the Czech Republic in 1995/96; the results are compared with those from other countries.] Liška, J., Deˇ tinský, R. & Palice, Z. (1998) A project on distribution changes of lichens in the Czech Republic. Sauteria 9: 351–360. [Studies show rapid changes in the lichen floras of Central Europe. Distributional changes in a selection of lichens from diverse habitats in the Czech Republic, the loss of some, and the degree of vulnerability of others are discussed in the light of air pollution, forestry practices, habitat destruction and agricultural changes.] Loppi, S., Pacioni, G., Olivieri, N. & di Giacomo, F. (1998) Accumulation of trace metals in the lichen Evernia prunastri transplanted at biomonitoring sites in central Italy. Bryologist: 101: 451–454. [Examination of Evernia prunastri transplanted into urban Teramo (central Italy) indicates that enhanced Cr, Cu and Pb are due to motor-traffic pollution, and increases in Cd and Zn levels are additionally caused by phosphate fertilizer and pesticide usage in surrounding farmland. Discussion of uptake and accumulation processes.] Miller, J. E. & Brown, D. H. (1999) Studies of ammonia uptake and loss by lichens. Lichenologist 31: 85–93. [Investigation of extra- and intracellular uptake in several lichens; possible competitive effects of other cations on ammonia binding; uncharged gaseous ammonia binding to exchange sites; rapid loss of ammonium from extracellular sites and intracellular uptake; possible underestimation of quantity of ammonium bound due to its labile nature during transference to the laboratory.]

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Molina, M. del C. & Vicente, C. (1998) Analysis of three different lichen species as bioindicator of acid rain. An experimental proof. Sauteria 9: 311–322. [Xanthoria parietina, Evernia prunastri and Ramalina farinacea were submitted to several concentrations of H2SO4, and chlorophyll concentration, absorption and fluorescence emission spectra were examined. Ramalina farinacea and E. prunastri emerged as the more useful bioindicators of acid rain. The method of chlorophyll extraction employed is a simple and effective way of removing phenolic acids.] Nedic´ , O., Stankovic´ , A. & Stankovic´ , S. (1998) The existence and removal of evaporable 137 Cs-containing compound(s) from the extract of lichen Cetraria islandica. Chemistry and Ecology 14: 143–149. [137Cs-radioactive Cetraria islandica was heated and the resultant vapour passed over activated charcoal. 40·6% of extracted 137Cs was evaporated and bound to the charcoal. Unless captured, this radiocaesium would contaminate immediate breathing space.] Nedic´ , O., Stankovic´ , A. & Stankovic´ , S. (1999) Organic cesium carrier(s) in lichen. Science of the Total Environment 227: 93–100. [91·5% of radiocaesium was extracted from Cetraria islandica. Analysis showed that radiocaesium in lichens is associated with organic molecules but not essential biomacromolecules.] Nifontova, M. (1998) Bioaccumulation of radionuclides in lichens and mosses. Sauteria 9: 323–330. [Study of 90Sr and 137Cs contents in Hypogymnia physodes, ground moss-lichen vegetation, tree bark and soil samples collected within 60 km radius of Ekaterinburg, Mid Urals. 90Sr concentrations were practically constant throughout the period. 137Cs in lichens and mosses increased 20–40-fold post-Chernobyl.] Ockenden, W. A., Steinnes, E., Parker, C. & Jones, K. C. (1998) Observations on persistent organic pollutants in plants: implications for their use as passive air samplers and for POP cycling. Environmental Science and Technology 32: 2721–2726. [Analysis of Hypogymnia physodes and pine needles from remote Norwegian sites for a range of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) shows the importance of intraspecies rather than interspecies comparison.
/-HCH ratios were highest at colder northern sites; PCBs 101, 118, 138 and 153 in H. physodes were higher at lower temperatures; and plant/air partition coefficients showed favoured PCB accumulation at lower temperatures and for higher chlorinated congeners.] Olsson, M. (1993) Ecological effects of airborne contaminants in Arctic aquatic ecosystems: a discussion of methodological approaches. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Ecological Effects of Arctic Airborne Contaminants, held at Hotel Saga, Reykjavik, Iceland, October 4–8, 1993 (S. J. Christie & J. Martin, eds): 100. [USA CRREL. Special Report 93–23.] [Long-range transport of contaminants and pollutants to ‘clean and unpolluted’ polar ecosystems is now recognised. Discussion of the choice of methods ‘to cover known and unknown contaminants in the arctic region, where, from a worldwide perspective, the concentrations at comparable ecological niches are low.’ Abstract only.] Osorio, H., Aguiar, L. W. & Martau, L. (1997) Contribuição a flora liguênica do Brasil XXXIII. Liquens do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul: Depressão Central. Iheringia, Series Botanica 49: 11–20. [Distributional study of 119 lichen species recorded in Rio Grande do Sul municipalities, as baseline data for air quality studies.] Otnyukova, T. N. (1993) Morphological changes of terricolous lichens (Cladoniaceae family) as an indicator of ecological condition in Siberian subarctic ecosystems. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Ecological Effects of Arctic Airborne Contaminants:13. (For details see Olsson (1993) above.) [Cladina lichens in northern subarctic Krasnoyarsk have undergone acidic deposition from Norilsk industrial pollution for over 50 years, S emissions being as great as 2·3 million tons per year. Morphological changes, deformities and damage occur in 20 of the 40 Cladina/Cladonia species studied in detail. Abstract only.] Otnyukova, T. N. (1996) Monitoring i khronologiya atmosfernogo zagryanenii po morfologicheskomu sostoyaniyu yagel ’nykh lishainikov subarktiki. [Monitoring and chronology of the effects of atmospheric pollution on the morphological conditon of sub-arctic reindeer lichens.] In Pervaya Mezhdunarodnaya Konferentsiya ‘Znanie—na Sluzhbu Nuzhdam Severa’, 25–29 iyunya 1996 g.: 38–39. Yakutsk: Akademii Severnogo Foruma. [Ist International Conference ‘Knowledge of the Service Needs of the North’, 25–29 June, 1996. Yakutsk: Academic Forum of the North. [Summary discussion of changes in reindeer lichen morphology due to airborne pollution.]

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Otnyukova, T. N. (1996) Ispol’zovanie epifitnykh lishainikov dlya monitoringa ekologicheskogo sostoyaniya territorii goszapovednika ‘Stolby’ i prigorodnoi zony. [Epiphytic lichens as monitors of the ecological condition in the ‘Stolby’ state reserve and green zone.] In Materiali: Konferentsii Posvyashchennoi 20-letiyu Sayano-Shushenskogo zapovednika: Problemi Zapovednogo dela Sibiri. Shushenskoye, 1996. Regional’nii uchenii sovet eniseiskikh zapovednikov 107–110. [Proceedings: Conference on the Sayano-Shushenski Reserve: Siberian Reserve Problems.] [Includes a table of lichen occurrence on birch, pine and silver fir throughout the state reserve and green zone.] Otnyukova, T. N. (1997) Adaptatsiya lishainikov k ekstremal’nym usloviyam okruzhayushchei sredy. [Adaptability of lichens to extreme environmental conditions.] In Materialy VIII Vserossiiskogo Simpoziuma (s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem). Gomeostaz i Okruzhayushchaya Sreda. Krasnayorsk, marta 10–14 1997 g, (V. P. Nefedov, ed.) 2: 76–80. Krasnoyarsk: Rossiiskaya Akademia Nauk, Sibirskoe otdelenie, Krasnoyarskii nauchnyi tsentr. [Proceedings of the 8th All-Russian Symposium (with international collaboration). Stability and Conservation of the Environment. 10–14 March, 1997, Krasnayorsk. Krasnayorsk: Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Department. [Study of historical and recent changes in the lichen flora in this Siberian region shows pronounced tendencies towards vegetative modes of propagation in relict and numerous poleotolerant epiphytic species, considered due to environmental conditioning. Tables for reproduction and tolerance in lichens on granite in Stolbi State Reserve and for lichen tolerance in Krasnayorsk.] Otte, V. & Rätzel, S. (1996) Bemerkenswerte Flechtenfunde aus Brandenburg II. Verhandlungen des botanischen Vereins Berlin Brandenburg 129: 249–268. [Continuation of the detailed data and commentary in Kummer et al. (1995) above.] Otte, V., Rätzel, S. & Kummer, V. (1997) Bemerkenswerte Flechtenfunde aus Brandenburg III. Verhandlungen des botanischen Vereins Berlin Brandenburg 130: 259–283. [Includes further information on survival and reinvasion of some species in previously strongly polluted parts of the territory.] Paris, M. & Daillant, O. (1999) Surveillance de la qualité de l’air par l’étude des lichens sur l’agglomération maconnaise. Terre Vive 70: 9–14. [Lichen bioindication survey of Macon and environs (1994–8) revealed areas of amelioration in former industrial sites, and areas of some degradation in sites influenced by busy roads. Includes tabulation of figures for heavy metals in Xanthoria parietina and Parmelia sulcata.] Pignata, M. L. (1998) Studies on lichens and atmospheric pollution in Argentina. In Lichenology in Latin America: History, Current Knowledge and Applications (M. P. Marcelli & M. R. D. Seaward, eds): 155–164. Sao Paolo: CETESB. [Investigation of atmospheric quality in C u ordoba (urban-industrialised) and Bariloche (non-industrial) using lichen monitors. Data and conclusions are compared with analytical and transplant data from lichens from Nahuel Huapi National Park, NW Patagonia.] Pišút, I. (1997) Application of some epiphytic lichens for environmental valorisation of mountain forests in Slovakia. Biologia 52: 23–26. [Adaptation of the British Index of Ecological Continuity (ancient lowland woodlands) for use in environmental assessment of Slovakian mountain (500–1400 m) forests. Immission influences from local, middle and long distant sources are the most significant factor, with Lecanora conizaeoides in all reserves and only damaged Lobaria pulmonaria observed.] Pišút, I. (1997) Changes in the epiphytic lichen flora of Slovakia. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 67: 289–295. [Only 200 of 423 lichen species recorded from Slovakia are believed to occur there today, and probably only 15–20% of the present flora prospers. 9 maps of species increase and decrease. Despite hopes of amelioration many endangered species are expected to become extinct.] Pišút, I. & Guttová, A. (1998) Deterioration of the lichen flora in the National Nature Reserve Rozsutec (the Malá Fatra Mts, Slovakia). Folia Cryptogamica 32: 69–73. [Data from Malá Fatra Mts in 1970 indicated intensifying anthropogenic pressures in the Reserve area, and 59 of 124 taxa recorded recently are red-listed. Most vulnerable are humidity-dependent epiphytes and alpine muscicolous/terricolous taxa.] Pyatt, F. B., Grattan, J. P., Lacy, D., Pyatt, A. J. & Seaward, M. R. D. (1999) Comparative effectiveness of Tillandsia usneoides L. and Parmotrema praesorediosum (Nyl.) Hale as bioindicators of atmospheric pollution in Louisiana (U.S.A.). Water, Air and Soil Pollution 111: 317–326. [Tillandsia usneoides and Parmotrema praesorediosum from bald

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cypress trees in southern Louisiana were analysed for elemental contents (Na, Cl, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni and Cd). Tillandsia usneoides is a more effective accumulator of Ni, and also accumulates Cr, Mn, Fe and Cd as effectively as P. praesorediosum. As the bromeliad occurs more commonly, it should be utilised in preference.] Remy, C. (1998) Activités lichénologiques dans le Briançonnais (Collaboration: Association Française de Lichénologie—Arnica Montana). Bulletin d’Informations de l’Association Française de Lichénologie 23(1): 49–51. [Includes particulars of several lichen-air pollution studies in the Briançonnais region.] Riga-Karandinos, A. M. & Karandinos, M. G. (1998) Assessment of air pollution from a lignite power plant in the plain of Megalopolis (Greece) using as biomonitors three species of lichens; impacts of some biochemical parameters of lichens. The Science of the Total Environment 215: 167–183. [Metal levels (Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe and Mn), thallus pH, total proteins, reducing sugars and chlorophyll/phaeophytin ratio were determined in Anaptychia ciliaris, Lobaria pulmonaria and Ramalina farinacea from Quercus in the plain of Megalopolis. Full tabulation and discussion of data.] Riga-Karandinos, A. N. & Karandinos, M. G. (1998) Caesium-137 concentrations and ecological half-lives in three epiphytic lichen species from southern Greece (Megalopolis). Bryologist 101: 422–427. [Concern over post-Chernobyl radionuclide contamination in Greece prompted analysis of 137Cs content in Anaptychia ciliaris, Lobaria pulmonaria and Ramalina farinacea from Quercus in Megalopolis-Peloponessos in 1988 and 1996. Anaptychia ciliaris accumulates more 137Cs than the other two species, retains it the longest and, being common in Greece, makes a good biomonitor of radionuclide pollution.] Rodnikova, I. M., Skirina, I. F. & Khristoforova, N. K. (1998) Otsenka vozdushnoi sredy v lazovskom zapovednike (primorskii krai) metodami likhenoindikatsii. [Evaluation of air in the Lasovsky Reserve (Primorsky region) by lichenoindication methods.] Botanicheskii Zhurnal 83: 48–56. [Lichen distribution, morphology and performance in the Lasovsky Reserve were assessed, a Poleotolerance Index was calculated, and heavy metal (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni and Cd) levels were measured in Parmelia aurulenta and P. caperata.] Rodrigo, A., Avila, A. & Gómez-Bolea, A. (1998) Trace metal contents in Parmelia caperata (L.) Ach. compared to bulk deposition, throughfall and leaf-wash fluxes in two holm oak forests in Montseny (NE Spain). Atmospheric Environment 33: 359–367. [Concentrations of V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg and Pb in Parmelia caperata from two forests with different degrees of exposure to industrial/traffic pollution from Barcelona. Tabulation and discussion of data.] Ruoss, E. (1999) How agriculture affects lichen vegetation in Central Switzerland. Lichenologist 31: 63–73. [Several Swiss surveys (1986–1998) show that the effects of agricultural N and agrochemical emissions are correlated with the distribution patterns of nutrient-tolerant lichens and increased N content in Physcia caesia. Cetraria islandica responded positively to mineral nutrient application and to increased CO2 in high altitude open chambers.] Sarret, G., Manceau, A., Cuny, D., Van Haluwyn, C., Deruelle, S., Hazemann, J.-L., Soldo, Y., Eybert-Berard, L. & Menthonnex, J.-J. (1998) Mechanics of lichen resistance to metallic pollution. Environmental Science and Technology 32: 3325–3330. [Chemical speciation of Pb and Zn in the metal hyperaccumulator Diploschistes muscorum and in the metallotolerant lichen Xanthoria parietina was investigated by X-ray diffraction and absorption spectrography. In both lichens heavy metal complexes give protection from toxicity, but their strategies differ: in D. muscorum accumulation occurs by enhanced oxalate synthesis, precipitating toxic elements as insoluble salts; in X. parietina Pb is complexed to carboxylic groups of the fungal cell walls.] Savic´ , S. (1998) Epiphytic lichens as bioindicators of air pollution in the area of Belgrade. Sauteria 9: 331–340. [Three-zonal mapping of the Belgrade area from an investigation of the distribution of 43 epiphytic lichen taxa. Commonest species were Amandinea punctata, Lecanora hagenii, Physcia adscendens, Phaeophyscia orbicularis, Parmelia sulcata, Lepraria incana, Hypogymnia physodes and Lecanora conizaeoides. The central ‘lichen desert’ is without epiphytic lichens but epilithic species occur there.] Sawidis, T., Heinrich, G. & Chettri, M. K. (1997) Cesium-137 monitoring using lichens from Macedonia, northern Greece. Canadian Journal of Botany 75: 2216–2223. [137Cs levels were measured in 23 Macedonian lichen species (terricolous, saxicolous and corticolous;

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foliose and fruticose). Saxicolous lichens had higher levels, and foliose plants (Parmelia sulcata, Xanthoria parietina, X. calcicola and Xanthoparmelia somloensis) were more contaminated than filamentous lichens at the same biotope. Larger surface area:biomass ratio increased accumulative performance. Even after 10 years Mount Vernion was a ‘hot spot’.] Seaward, M. R. D. (1999) Realistic and relevant data accumulation for environmental impact assessment. In China Mainland-Hong Kong Symposium on Regional Environmental Impact Assessment: 17–21. Hong Kong: School of Science and Technology, Open University of Hong Kong. [The importance of basing environmental monitoring and environmental impact assessment methodologies on ‘standardized procedures and substantial scientific evidence’ is stressed.] Showman, R. E. (1997) Continuing lichen recolonization in the upper Ohio River valley. Bryologist 100: 478–481. [The once very heavily industrialised upper Ohio River valley has now seen considerable amelioration of air quality, resulting in an increase of corticolous macrolichen species in the area from 6 to 20, and mean species richness per site rising from 0·8 to 6·5, and with Parmelia caperata, once unseen, now at 27 out of 28 study sites.] Sims, I. R. & Reynolds, P. J. (1999) Effects of atmospheric pollution on a lichenophagous lepidopteran. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 42: 30–34. [Epiphytic Pleurococcus with absorbed atmospheric pollutants was fed to bagmoth larvae; samples were also adulterated with pesticides to simulate agricultural sprays, and with exhaust gases to simulate road traffic emissions. Dose-response relationships were seen for larval mortality, immobilisation and feeding. Larval feeding on Diplococcus species collected from farms, a motorway, and woodland, was reduced from all but the woodland samples.] Takala, K., Salminen, R. & Olkkonen, H. (1998) Geogenic and anthropogenic zinc in epiphytic and terricolous lichens in Finland. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 63: 57–66. [Zn contents were determined in Hypogymnia physodes on pine and birch, in terricolous Cladina, and in pine and birch barks. Anomalous levels of Zn in H. physodes (on pine) and Cladina on soil seemed strongly related to sulphide ore deposits; anthropogenic Zn correlated well with S and Fe in H. physodes on pine and Fe in Cladina. Tabulation and graphs of results, and information on Zn accumulation in lichens.] Tarazona Lafarga, T., Gonzalez Bueno, A., Salas Mun˜ oz, A. & Calvo Haro, R. (1994) Analisis del comportamiento de detectores fisicos y biologicos de la contaminación atmosférica por metales pesados en el área industrial de Madrid. Studia Botanica 13: 147–150. [Comparison of measurements of Zn, Cd, Mn and Pb contents in Ramalina farinacea and Lasallia pustulata transplants with those obtained using esparto and physical gauges. Discussion of results.] Tarhanen, S. (1998) Ultrastructural responses of the lichen Bryoria fuscescens to simulated acid rain and heavy metal deposition. Annals of Botany 82: 735–246. [In Bryoria fuscescens, subjected to simulated rain containing Cu2+ and Ni2+ singly or combined with acid rain (H2SO4) at pH 3, the photobiont was most sensitive to acid rain and heavy metals, the fungal partner more sensitive to high metal ion levels in the absence of acidity. Tabulation of data, electron micrography and discussion of results.] Tarhanen, S., Metsärinne, S., Holopainen, T. & Oksanen, J. (1999) Membrane permeability response of lichen Bryoria fuscescens to wet deposited heavy metals and acid rain. Environmental Pollution 104: 121–129. [Paper complementary to and extending the investigation in Tarhanen (1998) above. Results imply that ‘differences in membrane responses are associated with different sensitivity of photobiont and mycobiont to acidity of heavy metal solutions’.] Temina, M. (1998) Growth of lichens on limestone outcrops in Northern Estonia. Sauteria 9: 173–180. [Lichens of limestone exposures of a range of ages in Maardu and Vasalemma quarries were compared, the former long polluted by chemical industry emissions, the latter free from local pollution and with a harder crystalline limestone. Rate of colonisation depended on substratum texture and hardness, the harder limestone being colonised later. Lichen growth rate is slower in polluted conditions but lifespan increases.] Testa, C., Degetto, S., Jia, G., Gerdol, R., Desideri, D., Meli, M. A. & Guerra, F. (1998) Plutonium and americium concentrations and vertical profiles in some Italian mosses used as bioindicators. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 234: 273–276. [Study of Am and Pu uptake by epiphytic mosses and lichens and by terrestrial mosses. Includes figures for Pu and Am in lichens (unspecified) from the area of Urbino.]

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Thor, G. (1995) Red lists—aspects of their compilation and use in lichen conservation. Mitteilungen der Eidgenössischen Forschungsanstalt für Wald, Schnee und Landschaft 70: 29–39. [Discussion of methodology for compilation of lichen red lists, and of the criteria for selection of indicator species for various endangered habitat types.] Thor, G. (1996) The biology and distribution of three red-listed lichens in Sweden. Symbolae Botanicae Uppsalienses 31: 356–363. [Greatly decreased dust impregnation due to replacement of gravelled roads by asphalt roads is considered an important factor in the decline of Swedish Acarospora anomala, with herbicides and air pollution seen as possible threats. Eupyrenula leucoplaca has been long under threat; most herbarium material dates from the 19th century. Air pollution is the likeliest cause of its decline; it avoids dust-impregnated habitats.] Thor, G. (1998) Red-listed lichens in Sweden: habitats, threats, protection, and indicator value in boreal coniferous forests. Biodiversity and Conservation 7: 59–72. [Forestry, air pollution and agricultural landscape changes are outlined as the major threats to Swedish lichens. The present situation of lichen conservation in Sweden is delineated, important habitats described, and protective measures in force particularised.] Tretiach, M. & Ganis, P. (1999) Hydrogen sulphide and epiphytic lichen vegetation: a case study on Mt. Amiata (Central Italy). Lichenologist 31: 163–181. [Survey of epiphytic lichens at Acquapassante along a transect from a chimney emitting H2S found correlations between: distance from chimney, bark pH, lichen biomass and total S in Evernia prunastri, Hypogymnia physodes, Parmelia sulcata and Ramalina fastigiata. Species are distributed along the transect according to H2S-tolerance; Lecanora cf. conizaeoides, L. saligna and Scoliciosporum umbrinum, however, are at their optimum nearest the chimney.] Tsatsenko, L. V. & Filipchuk, O. D. (1997) Bioindikatsiya i ‘geneticheskii skrining’ zagryazneniya komponentov agrotsenoza. [Bioindication and genetic screening of the pollution of agrocenoses components.] Sel ’skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya, Seriya Rastenii (1997) (5): 33–47. [Lichens are among the bioindicator organisms in this examination of test species.] Upreti, D. K. & Negi, H. R. (1998) Lichen flora of Chopta-Tumnganath, Garhwal Himalayas, India. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 22: 273–286. [Chopta-Tunganath is a region not badly influenced by anthropogenic activities as yet, but now subject to increasing tourist pressures. This survey of 92 lichens found there is intended as a baseline study using lichens as the best environmental indicators of air pollution and microclimatic changes.] van Dobben, H. F. & ter Braak, C. J. F. (1999) Ranking of epiphytic lichen sensitivity to air pollution using survey data: a comparison of indicator scales. Lichenologist 31: 27–39. [Survey data for the 65 most frequent of 104 lichens found on 12 160 wayside trees (Quercus, Populus, Salix, Ulmus, Fraxinus and Tilia) in the Netherlands were submitted to four statistical methods assessing the relationship between lichen presence/abundance and SO2, NO2 and NH3 concentrations. ‘Claims that these organisms can be used as indicators for a ‘‘general’’ pollution level cannot be maintained. None of these species were sensitive to all three pollutants.’] van Herk, C. M. (1999) Mapping of ammonia pollution with epiphytic lichens in the Netherlands. Lichenologist 31: 9–20. [Nitrophilous epiphytic lichens provide a cheap, effective method for the detailed mapping and monitoring of ammonia pollution in the Netherlands. Elsewhere such interference factors as climate, dust, other pollutants, etc., may be of greater importance. Quercus robur is considered to be a highly effective monitor of airborne nitrogenous distribution.] Vonarburg, C. (1998) Damage to epiphytic lichen caused by hail. Sauteria 9: 221–226. [Considerable destruction of corticolous lichens around Küssnacht, Lake Lucerne, was caused by a violent storm. At Lake Zurich a dramatic decline in the lichen flora of Aesculus over six years was in contrast to a recorded improvement in air quality. Physical damage from hail, wind and/or rain is most likely the main cause of the visible damage.] Wolseley, P. A. & Pryor, K. V. (1999) The potential of epiphytic twig communities on Quercus petraea in a Welsh woodland site (Tycanol) for evaluating environmental changes. Lichenologist 31: 41–61. A 15-year study of lichens on Quercus twigs established a correlation with environmental conditions. Lowest diversity occurs near intensive agriculture in

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prevailing wind direction. Indicator species show trends towards acidification or eutrophication.] I am grateful to Profs D. L. Hawksworth, D. H. S. Richardson and M. R. D. Seaward, and to Dr D. H. Brown for drawing my attention to certain items; to the staffs of the British Lending Library, English Nature Library and Edward Boyle Library, Leeds University, for their assistance; and to Prof. M. R. Hollingdale for generous provision of facilities. Accepted for publication 25 October 1999