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LITERATURE ON AIR POLLUTION AND LICHENS XLVII
Lichenologist 30(3): 279–286 (1998) Article No. li980132
LITERATURE ON AIR POLLUTION AND LICHENS XLVII* A. HENDERSON‡ Bargagli, R., Gasparo, D., Lazzarin, A., Lazzarin, G., Olivieri, S. & Tretiach, M. (1991) Lichens as indicators and monitors of atmospheric pollutants in NE Italy: preliminary data on the integrated testing system. Botanika Chronika 10: 997–982. [Study of epiphytic lichen associations and of A1, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations in Parmelia subrudecta in 290 km2 of Vincenza Province. Three-dimensional imaging of air pollution levels and of Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Pb and Zn concentrations.] Baticˇ, F. (1986) Stanje epifitiske lišajske flore in pojav temperaturne inverzije v Ljubljanski kotlini. Epiphytic lichen vegetation and temperature inversion on the area of the town of Ljubljana. Bioloski Vestnik 34(2): 1–12 [Mapping of IAP values and lichen occurrence, using epiphytic species, with a table of toxiphobic index values for almost 50 species, and quantity, frequency and cover classification.] Baticˇ, F. (1990) Lichen mapping in Jugoslavia, especially in Slovenia. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie A, 456: 121–124. [Presents a preliminary red data list of Slovenian lichens, classified into 6 categories, air pollution being a major factor of concern.] Baticˇ, F. (1996) Poznavanje lišajev (Lichenophyta) in njihova ogrozenost. In Narava Slovenije, stanje in perspektive. Zbornik prispevkov o naravni dedisˇcˇini Slovenije (J. Gregori, A. Martincˇicˇ, K. Tarman, O. Urbanc-Bercˇicˇ. D. Tome & M. Zupancˇicˇ, eds): 150–168. Ljubljana: Društvo ekologov Slovenije. [Endangerment and pollution monitoring role of Slovenian lichens, with a list of threatened macrospecies and genera. Lichen mapping reveals severe atmospheric pollution in Slovenia. Knowledge of the country’s microlichens, particularly corticolous, is still fragmentary.] Baticˇ, F. & Martincˇicˇ, A. (1981) Vpliv onesnazˇenage zraka na propadanje klorofila v nekaterih vrstah presajenih lisˇajev. The influence of air pollution on chlorophyll destruction in some transplanted lichen species. Bioloski Vestnik 29(2): 1–22. [Transplants of lichens sensitive (Evernia prunastri, Pseudevernia furfuracea, Parmelia caperata and P. scortea v. pastillifera) and resistant (Parmelia sulcata, Physcia leptalea and Xanthoria parietina) to SO2 pollution were exposed to different levels of air pollution in Ljubljana for different periods. Chlorophyll a measurements in lichen transplants are indicative of air pollution levels. Tabulation of results.] Baticˇ, F. & Martincˇicˇ, A. (1985) Drevesna skorja kot kazalec onesnazˇenosti zraka. Tree bark as an air pollution indicator. Bioloski Vestnik 33(1): 1–12. [The efficacy as air pollution indicators of bark acidity and buffer capacity measurements of some common deciduous trees in Ljubljana is compared with that of epiphytic lichen and moss mapping methodologies.] Baticˇ, F. & Mayrhofer, H. (1995) Bioindication of air pollution by epiphytic lichens in forest decline studies in Slovenia. In Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Bioindication of Forest Site Pollution: Development of Methodology and Training, BIOFOSP, held at Ljubljana, Slovenia, August 22–31, 1995 (H. Kraigher, F. Baticˇ, D. E. Hanke. R. Agerer & D. Grill, eds): 139–144. Ljubljana: BIOFOSP. [Cover, frequency and decline of crustose, foliose and fruticose lichens in Slovenia have been monitored since 1985 and used to assemble a lichen indication map of Slovenia and a forest dieback inventory. Lichen IAP maps for all phorophytes jointly and for Fagus sylvatica.] Bergner, W., Hartmann, E., Oblinger, H. & Seitz, W. (1996) Flechtenflora von Augsburg und Umgebung. Berichte der Bayerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft 66/67: 97–113. [The lichens of Augsburg and environs are listed, following a description and discussion of the historical/ present day scene and the changes wrought in the region by air pollution.] *XLVI in Lichenologist 29: 587–595 (1997) ‡Department of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK. 0024–2829/98/030279+08 $25.00/0
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Biazrov, L. G. (1996) Vidovoe raznoobrazie lishainikov moskvy. Lichen diversity in Moscow city. Byuleten Oveshchestva Ispytatelei Prirody, Otdel Biologicheskii, 101: 68–77. [Of 72 lichen species previously recorded in Moscow (herbarium and literature data) 44 were not found in this recent study. Anaptychia, Bryoria, Peltigera, Stereocaulon, Usnea and Cladina species have disappeared since the early 1900s. Physcia stellaris, Phaeophyscia orbicularis, Parmelia sulcata and Scoliciosporum chlorococcum are the most widespread species. Twenty new species were recorded.] Camenzind, R. & Wildi, E. (1992) Das Arten- und Biotopschutzprojekt stark bedrohter Flechten. Meylania 2: 17–18. [Description of a 3-part lichen conservation project, the first section concerned with Bactryospora dryina, Cladonia incrassata, Lobaria amplissima, L. pulmonaria, Parmelia laevigata, Sphaerophorus melanocarpus, Usnea glabrescens and U. longissima in 8 localities.] Can˜as, M. S., Orellana, L. & Pignata, M. L. (1997) Chemical response of the lichens Parmotrema austrosinense and P. conferendum, transplanted to urban and non-polluted environments. Annales Botanici Fennici 34: 27–34. [Parmotrema austrosinense and P. conferendum thalli from a clean air site were transplanted there and in polluted situations in Cordoba city. Changes in chlorophyll levels (particularly chlorophyll a) and in malondialdehyde concentrations after various exposure periods can be attributed to atmospheric pollution.] Carballal, R., Iglesias, R. & Lopez de Silanes, M. E. (1990) Delimitación de areas de isocontaminación atmosférica en la ciudad de La Corun˜a mediante bioindicadores liquénicos. Nova Acta Cientifica Compostelana (Bioloxia) 1: 19–24. [Four-zonal IAP mapping of air pollution in La Corun˜a, north-west Spain, using 56 epiphytic lichen species on 9 phorophyte species.] Carignan, J. & Gariépy, C. (1995) Isotopic composition of epiphytic lichens as a tracer of the sources of atmospheric lead emissions in Southern Quebec, Canada. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 59: 4427–4433. [Study with detailed analytical discussion of Pb-isotope data from Parmelia sulcata, Evernia mesomorpha and Usnea spp. collected from young branch-tips of evergreen/birch, and in other vegetation samples and lake sediments. Up to 500 km north of Noranda smelting activities cause significant Pb input in lichens; at more than 53N only typical aerosol Pb is present. Along the St Lawrence Valley dominant Pb input is from US sources.] Chettri, M. K. & Sawidis, T. (1997) Impact of heavy metals on water loss from lichen thalli. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 37: 103–111. [In Pb-treated Cladonia convoluta water loss was reduced, but in C. rangiformis water loss increased with 10 2 M Pb treatment. In Cu-treated C. convoluta water loss was increased, but was reduced in C. rangiformis after 10 8 and 10 6 M CuCl treatment. Increased water loss was observed in all Zn-treated thalli, but decreased in C. rangiformis after 10 8 M treatment. K + efflux indicated the extent to which the plasmamembrane is a barrier to metal ion uptake.] Chiarenzelli, J. R., Aspler, L. B., Ozarko, D. L., Hall, G. E. M., Powis, K. B. & Donaldson, J. A. (1997) Heavy metals in lichens, southern district of Keewatin, Northwest Territories, Canada. Chemosphere 35: 1329–1341. [Examination of metal contents in Parmelia fuliginosa, P. mougeotii, Umbilicaria polyphylla, Alectoria pubescens, Cetraria nivalis, C. cucullata, Cladonia stellaris, Nephroma arcticum, Masonhalea richardsonii and Stereocaulon paschale growing on 7 different substrata at Otter Lake, northern Canada. Compared with other sites, levels are low and suggest minimal anthropogenic input over the last 28 years. Metal contents are species-dependent, and crustose lichens are the most efficient metal accumulators/retainers.] Cugny, P. & Vincent, J. P. (1996) Analyse factorielle de la distribution de la flore lichénique en zone urbaine. Mise en évidence de zones de pollution dans l’agglomération toulousaine. Bulletin de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse 132: 41–47. [Multi-dimensional analysis is used to map 4 concentric pollution zones in Toulouse city and suburbs, each typified by one or more lichen assemblages and directly correlated with the degree of urbanisation and, notably, traffic density.] Evans, C. A. & Hutchinson, T. C. (1996) Mercury accumulation in transplanted moss and lichens at high elevation sites in Quebec. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 90: 475–488. [Cladina rangiferina, Hypogymnia physodes and the moss, Pleurozium schreberi, were transplanted from northern Ontario to Roundtop Mountain and Mt Tremblant, southern Quebec. C. rangiferina transplants showed increased Hg after 12 months and further
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increase after 20 months. Greatest Hg increases occurred in the moss; Hypogymnia physodes showed no change.] Falandysz, J., Dembowska, A., Ichihashi, H. & Daniesiewicz, D. (1997) Stez˚enie rte¸ci ogółem w poros´cie pustułka pe¸cherzykowata Hypogymnia physodes w zalez˚nos´ci od gatunku forofitu. Bromatologia i Chemia Toksykologiczna 30: 133–136. [Concentrations of Hg were determined in Hypogymnia physodes collected from pine, juniper, lime, alder, hazel, oak, birch and spruce in the Tucholskie Forests in 1994. Levels were highest in H. physodes from pine and juniper. Tabulation of data.] Garty, J., Cohen, Y., Kloog, N. & Karieli, A. (1997) Effects of air pollution on cell membrane integrity, spectral reflectance and metal and sulfur concentrations in lichens. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16: 1396–1402. [Ramalina duriaei transplanted to industrial sites in the town of Ashdod from an unpolluted site in the HaZorea Forest, north-eastern Israel, had high concentrations of Pb, Cd, Ni, Fe, S, Mg, Na, Ca and K after 100 days. Concentration of S correlated well with cell membrane damage and inversely with chlorophyll content and reflectance response. Photobiont chlorophyll maintained its integrity, which correlated well with thalline reflectance response. Mg accumulation in dusty sites correlated with membrane damage.] Garty, J., Kauppi, M. & Kauppi, A. (1997) The influence of air pollution on the concentration of airborne elements and on the production of stress-ethylene in the lichen Usnea hirta (L.) Weber em. Mot. transplanted in urban sites in Oulu, north Finland. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 32: 285–290. [Stress-ethylene production was investigated in Usnea hirta transplants exposed to a buffered acidic solution and to a solution containing bisulphite ions, both at pH 4·0. Usnea hirta transplants exposed in slow traffic streets in Oulu accumulated high levels of K, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, Zn and Mn compared with in situ transplants at the original site outside the city. Pb and Ca correlated with ethylene concentration in U. hirta treated with H2O (pH 6·8). Stress-ethylene concentrations in U. hirta from slow traffic streets with fewer vehicles (14 000 per day) soaked in NaHSO3 (pH 4·0) were higher than in thalli near a highway (25 000 cars per day), due to bad ventilation and slow dispersion of air pollutants.] Grube, M., Baticˇ, F. & Mayrhofer, H. (1995) Contributions to the lichen flora of Slovenia 1. Epiphytic lichens of the Snezˇnik area. Herzogia 11: 189–196. [Industrial activity is assumed to be responsible for the lichen flora of the Snezˇnik (Krainer Schneeberg) being poorer than in the best-sheltered, medium-sized valleys and on some forest fringes where oceanic species occur. Old large thalli of Degelia plumbea, apparently extinct elsewhere in Slovenia, are found in the latter, but in poor condition. The lack of younger thalli suggests a decline in air quality.] Heibel, E. (1996) Erfassung des Flechtenbestandes in Nordrhein-Westfalen. Floristische Rundbriefe 30: 158–162. [Lichen impoverishment in NR-Westphalia necessitates conservationally orientated lichen mapping. A bibliography of current literature on the area is given, and the project, Lichen Mapping in NR-Westphalia, is described.] Heibel, E., Mies, B. A. & Feige, G.-B. (1996) Interessante Flechtenfunde aus NordrheinWestfalen im Herbarium Siegfried Woike. Herzogia 12: 85–96. [Decline in the lichen flora of NR-Westphalia as a result of industrial pollution is starkly described with notes on degrees of endangerment of a selection of interesting species.] Insarov, G. & Semenov, S. (1993) Evaluation of epiphytic lichen monitoring data. In Biogeomon. Symposium on Ecosystem Behaviour: Evaluation of Integrated Monitoring in Small Catchments, Prague, September 17–18, 1993 (J. Cerny, ed.): 136–137. Prague: Czech Geological Survey. [A method for early detection of changes in low background levels of air pollution using epiphytic lichens (Integrated Index) is outlined. The method is well tested, having been applied at over 30 nature reserves in Europe, Asia and America. A sample set of data from Voronezh Biosphere Reserve is presented.] Jacquiot, L. & Daillant, O. (1997) Bio-accumulation des métaux lourds et d’autres elements traces par les lichens. Revue bibliographique. Bulletin de l’Observatoire Mycologique 12: 2–31. [Analytic bibliography of French and English publications on the bioaccumulation of trace elements, particularly heavy metals in lichens (59 elements and more than 260 lichen taxa). A later comparable bibliography is intended of literature specifically concerned with radioactive elements.] Jeran, Z., Jac´imovic´, R., Smodiš, B. & Baticˇ, F. (1996) The use of lichens in atmospheric trace element deposition studies in Slovenia. Phyton 36 (3. Special Issue): 91–94. [Lichen
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mapping data on air pollution from a 1992 national monitoring survey were compared with IAP data from a denser 1991 lichen mapping programme. Mapping of S and trace elements matched well with lichen floral status. NW alpine Slovenia and E Slovenia had high trace element levels and low IAP values.] John, V. (1992a) Das die Türkei betreffende lichenologische Schrifttum. Türkiye likenleri ile ilgili literatür. Pollichia 1: 1–14. [Bibliography of the lichen literature relevant to Turkey (126 items) listing 6 papers of immediate reference to air pollution.] John, V. (1992b) Rote Liste gefährdeter Pflanzen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Schriftenreihe fu¨r Vegetationskunde 23: 27–29. [Paper on red data listings for Rheinland-Pfalz (flowering plants, ferns, mosses and lichens); from a workshop examining nature and degrees of endangerment in Germany, held in the International Nature Conservation Academy, Isle of Vilm, 25–28 November 1991.] John, V. (1995) Ergänzungen zum die Türkei betreffenden lichenologischen Schrifttum. Türkiye likenleri ile ilgili literatürleri ilaveler. Pollichia 4: 1–10. [Continuation of the bibliography in John (1992) above. Lists 5 items immediately concerning air pollution.] John, V. (1996) Les lichens des Réserves de la Biosphère des Vosges du Nord et du ‘Pfälzerwald’ 1. Qualité de l’air et valeurs indicatrices. Premiers résultats. Annales Scientifiques des Reserves de la Biosphere des Vosges du Nord 5: 17–41. [Altogether 130 lichens were recorded from these two reserves, and on the basis of lichen indication evaluations for acidity, nitrification, toxitolerance and humidity were established and investigated. Table of evaluations for 60 epiphytic species, and 6 evaluatory maps.] Kobayashi, T. & Nakagawa, Y. (1990) Evaluation of atmospheric mercury pollution by using epiphytic lichens. 2. Mapping the distribution of mercury content in Parmelia tinctorum over the Hyogo Prefecture. Journal of the Japanese Society of Air Pollution 25: 206–211. [Table of Hg contents in 13 foliose and 5 fruticose lichen species from shrines and temples, plus 3 graphs and a map of Hg content in Parmelia tinctorum. Hg and S levels in P. tinctorum correlated well. Japanese text.] Kobayashi, T., Nakagawa, Y., Motsugi, H. & Watanabe, H. (1986) Estimation of atmospheric mercury pollution by using epiphytic lichen. Journal of the Japanese Society of Air Pollution 21: 151–155. [Parmelia tinctorum around a steelworks in Harima was analysed for Hg, Fe, Cu, S, Ca, Zn, Pb, Cd, Mn and Mg. Hg uptake levels correlated well with atmospheric Hg concentrations. Map and graphs. Japanese text.] Kravchuk, L. A. & Kakareka, C. V. (1995) Likhenaindykatsyinae kartagrafavanne minska. (Lichen indication mapping of Minsk.) Vesti Akademii Navuk Belarusi, Seria Bialagichnykh (1995)(2): 23–28. [Investigation carried out in spring, 1993, mapping pollution zones in Minsk by employing lichen cover indices.] Kubin, E., Lippo, H., Karhu, J. & Poikolainen, J. (1997) Environmental specimen banking of nationwide biomonitoring samples in Finland. Chemosphere 34: 1939–1944. [In the environmental specimen bank established in 1994 by the Finnish Research Institute the main material stored is moss samples, but there are corresponding samples of epiphytic lichen, pine bark and humus for surveying atmospheric heavy metal pollution. The store includes 4385 samples of Hypogymnia physodes collected in 1985 and 1990. Forest litter samples have been stored since 1960, and litter fall collections from 1967 to 1985 include Hypogymnia physodes, Bryoria spp. and Usnea spp., valuable in indicating environmental changes (graph of frequencies 1967–1985).] Lerond, M., Van Haluwyn, C. & Cuny, D. (1996) Lichens et bioindication: réalisations concrètes et exigences éthiques. Écologie 27: 277–283. [Summary of lichen indication work in France since the 1960s, describing inter alia the ‘ecolichenological diagnosis’ (Van Haluwyn & Lerond), a new methodology designed to meet decreasing SO2 levels; studies of Fl levels in corticolous and terricolous lichens from the Alpine valleys, of Pb accumulation from Fontainbleau A6 traffic, of lichen recolonisation in northern France; and of the demands of environmental planning and of epidemiological survey requirements.] Levin, A. G. & Pignata, M. L. (1995) Ramalina ecklonii as a bioindicator of atmospheric pollution in Argentina. Canadian Journal of Botany 73: 1196–1202. [Study of chlorophyll, phaeophytin, protein and S levels in Ramalina ecklonii transplants along three transects in western Cordoba, representative of three traffic densities. A pollution index was calculated using these data. Index values along the different transects reflected the different traffic densities.]
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Loppi, S., Capitani, G. & Corsinsi, A. (1996) Lichens as bioindicators of air quality in Pistoia (Central-Northern Italy). Archivo Geobotanico 2(1): 41–46. [In this 5-zonal IAP mapping of Pistoia town over 85% of the area had high levels of pollution, mainly resulting from vehicular traffic.] Loppi, S., Giovanelli, L., Franchi, F. C., Limberti, A. & Tacconi, C. (1996) Lichens as biomonitors of air quality in Prato (Central-Northern Italy). Allionia 34: 29–34. [5-Zonal mapping of Prato town revealed motorized traffic as the main air pollution source and NOx as the main determinant of lichen frequencies.] Loppi, S., Malfatti, A., Sani, M. & Whitehead, N. E. (1997) Lichens as biomonitors of geothermal radionuclide pollution. Geothermics 26: 535–540. [Monitoring of radionuclide accumulation in epiphytic Parmelia caperata in the Travali-Radicondoli geothermal field (central Italy). Mean radionuclide content compared well with data from other geothermal areas. Total beta radioactivity in lichens was negatively associated with distance from geothermal plants, which may therefore be local radionuclide pollution sources.] Loppi, S., Nelli, L., Ancora, S. & Bargagli, R. (1997a) Passive monitoring of trace elements by tree leaves, epiphytic lichens and bark substrate. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 45: 81–88. [Comparison of Al, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mo, Mn and Zn concentrations in Parmelia caperata, bark and leaf samples (Quercus cerris and Q. pubescens) showed that oak leaves were more suitable biomonitors than bark, and that despite disadvantageous trapping of soil particulates in the medulla, P. caperata is a highly efficient accumulator of pollutants. Elemental composition in all unwashed samples was significantly affected by soil contamination, and the correction of such contamination was essential.] Loppi, S., Nelli, L., Ancora, S. & Bargagli, R. (1997b) Accumulation of trace elements in the peripheral and central parts of a foliose lichen. Bryologist 100: 251–253. [Concentrations of Al, Cd and Pb in Parmelia caperata from central Italy were higher in central thalline areas, probably being trapped in the medulla. Levels of Co, Cu, Mo and Zn were higher in peripheral areas, suggesting easy displacement from one thalline part to another.] Loppi, S., Pirintsos, S. A. & Dominicis, V. (1997) Analysis of distribution of epiphytic lichens on Quercus pubescens along an altitudinal gradient in a Mediterranean area (Tuscany, central Italy). Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 45: 53–58. [Lichens on Quercus pubescens in Tuscany were studied along an altitudinal gradient from 0 to 900 m. Epiphytic lichens below the ecotone distinguished at 500 m differed from those below in relation to bark pH. Increased bark pH was probably due to dust enrichment. Lichen distribution fitted a core-satellite dichotomous grouping, and core species were utilised as pollution indicators.] Mayrhofer, H., Koch, M. & Baticˇ, F. (1996) Beiträge zur Flechtenflora von Slowenien 2. Die Flechten des Pohorje. Herzogia 12: 111–127. [A closing discussion (:125–127) describes the effects of pollution from a nearby factory in Sostanj (NW Slovenia) and the stronger contamination experienced in the west of the area where lichen cover and species diversity count as well as lower vitality levels indicate higher pollution levels.] McCune, B., Dey, J., Peck, J., Heiman, K. & Will-Wolf, S. (1997) Regional gradients in lichen communities of the south-east United States. Bryologist 100: 145–158. [In epiphytic lichen sampling at 203 southeastern US plots 176 lichen species were recorded. Two major gradients were distinguished, the strongest being microclimatic from the coast through Piedmont to the Appalachians. The second was correlated with air quality, with lower species numbers in urban industrial areas, although species richness was locally variable.] Mikhailova, I. N. & Vorobeichik, E. L. (1995) Epiphytic lichen synusia under conditions of chemical pollution: dose effect dependencies. Russian Journal of Ecology 26: 425–431. [Study around a Cu-smelting plant in the mid-Urals of the effects of toxicant penetration upon lichen cover and diversity in corticolous communities. Three zones (background, impact and lichen desert) were delineated. A gradual increase in toxic load caused a surprisingly sharp transition in the quality of the epiphytic lichen flora.] Nimis, P. L. (1992) Data quality in environmental sciences and the biomonitoring of air pollution. Sereno Symposium Review 27: 65–74. [Discussion of data equality evaluation with example of the application of data quality assessment to air pollution monitoring and mapping using lichen indicators.] Nonnis Marzano, F., Favali, M. A. & Triulzi, C. (1992) Primordial and anthropogenic radionuclides in lichens and mosses. In Atti: VIII Convegno Nazionale sulla Attivita di Ricerca
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nei Settori della Radiochimica e della Chimica Nucleare, delle Radiazioni e dei Radioelementi, Torino, 16–19 Giugno, 1992: 141–144. Torino: Consiglio Nazionale degli Ricerche, Universita degli Studi di Torino. [In this part of a programme of work assessing 137Cs, 134Cs and 40K contamination levels in lichens and mosses in several geographic environments, samples from areas affected by Chernobyl fallout (Scandinavian and southern European countries) were compared with samples from the Nepalese Himalayan chain and from Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica. Includes figures for levels in Cladonia, Parmelia, Umbilicaria, Cetraria, Usnea, Candelaria, Lepraria, Physcia and Xanthoria.] Oblinger, H. (1996) Bartflechten (Usneaceae) in Augsburger Raum. Berichte des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins für Schwaben 100: 55–61. [Examination of the occurrence of species of the Usneaceae in the region of Augsburg. Loss of vitality over the last century is noted. In 1904 beard lichens occurred up to 30 cm long; today the longest is 5 cm. Drawings of 1904 specimens and photography of present day species.] Passadore, M. V. & Brusoni, M. (1996) I licheni come bioindicatori di inquinamento atmosferico: dati preliminari relativi alla città de Brescia. Archivo Geobotanico 2: 31–40. [A significant contribution to the air pollutants active on lichens in Brescia, which has a lichen desert in its town centre, is made by agricultural fertilisers.] Pfefferkorn, V. & Türk, R. (1993) Immissionsökologische Flechtenkartierung an vier Transekten in nördlichen Vorarlberg (Österreich). Montfort. Vierteljahresschrift für Geschichte und Gegenwart Vorarlbergs 45: 147–162. [Air quality mapping of northern Vorarlberg, Austria, using lichen monitoring along four transects. Five lichen zones were recognised.] Schmeling, M., Alt, F., Klockenkamper, R. & Klockow, D. (1997) Multielement analysis by total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for the certification of lichen research material. Fresenius’ Journal of Analytical Chemistry 357: 1042–1044. [Total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry was applied to the determination of Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr and Pb for certification of research material, IAEA lichen-336 Evernia prunastri, and for comparison of results with those obtained from other methodologies and laboratories.] Seaward, M. R. D. (1995) Use and abuse of heavy metal bioassays in environmental monitoring. Science of the Total Environment 176: 129–134. [A macro-environmental zonational approach and accumulation studies using lichens are among the matters discussed in some detail in this evaluatory review, pointing out guide-line features and procedures for heavy metal bioassays.] Seaward, M. R. D. (1997) Use and abuse of heavy metal bioassays of lichens in cases of heavy metal pollution monitoring. Journal de Botanique de la Societe Botanique France 1: 53–55. [Complementary alternative to Seaward (1995) above, with some additional examples.] Seaward, M. R. D. (1997) Urban deserts bloom: a lichen renaissance. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 67: 297–309. [Re-establishing lichen floras in many cities and towns differ from those originally wiped out by air pollution. In the West Yorkshire conurbation, distributional and ecological responses of the lichen flora to qualitative/quantitative changes in air pollution have been documented and are described. These long-term data have made possible the modelling of biodiversity dynamics in deteriorating and ameliorating environments.] Seitz, W. (1983) Studien an Rindenflechten und ihrer ökologischen Korrelation zur Luftverunreinigung in einigen Städten Süd(west)deutschlands und Östfrankreichs. Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen 58: 1–45. [Five lichen zones were demarcated in this study of the lichen floras of 209 deciduous trees in Augsburg, Bavaria (44 lichen species) and 155 in Strasbourg, E. France (23 lichen species). Supplementary work in Saarbrücken, Karlsruhe, Neunkirchen, Trier and Zweibrücken confirmed the impossibility of specifying atmospheric SO2 levels by using lichen-based graduation scales. Occurrence of Physcia dimidiata and Biatorella pinicola (Augsburg) and of Bacidia chlorococca (Saarbrücken) is discussed. A Lecanora varia transplant exposed to SO2 in Neunkirchen came to resemble entirely L. conizaeoides (with PD reaction changed from +Y to +R); in the light of which the concept of species pairs is examined.] Shapiro. I. A. (1996) Fiziologo-biokhimicheskie izmeneniya u lishainikov pod vliyaniem atmosferogo zagryazneniya. (Physiological and biochemical changes in lichens due to air pollution.) Uspekhi Sovremmennoi Biologi 116: 158–171. [Review of current data on the effects of SO2, atmospheric oxidants, acid deposition, N compounds, heavy metals and radioactivity and ultraviolet radiation on lichen physiology and biochemistry. Experimental results show that lichen sensitivity to air pollution is higher than that of seed plants owing to a lower degree of stress avoidance.]
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Skinner, J. (1996) Lichens. Essex Naturalist 13: 13–15. [Includes discussion of some recent examples of lichen recolonisation following decreases in air pollution levels in south-east England, although ‘certain developments give rise to concern for our county’s lichens’.] Sloof, J. E. & Wolterbeek, B. T. (1993) Substrate influence on epiphytic lichens. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 25: 225–234. [Analysis of lichens, bark and tree-rings, using phorophytes of Lecanora conizaeoides, growing in the Broekpolder region, The Netherlands, which has heavy soil pollution, showed that As, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Sc and V levels originated from dry/wet deposition, whereas levels of Cd, Mn and Zn might have arisen additionally from the bark substratum.] Storm, C. (1996) Beziehungen zwischen epiphytischen Flechten und Umweltfaktoren (unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Immissionen) im Mittleren Schwarzwald. Jahreshefte der Gesellschaft fu¨r Naturkunde 152: 133–165. [Examination of the relationships between Hypogymnia physodes, Bryoria and Usnea spp. and the moss, Hylocomium splendens and site characteristics in the mid-Black Forest, SW Germany, taking into consideration 80 environmental factors, particularly emission effects. Above certain levels of precipitation high humidity, usually favourable to lichen cover, is harmful to Usnea and Bryoria due to air pollution effects. A good supply of K enhances lichen cover, but plentiful N is detrimental to Usnea and Bryoria development.] Tausz, M., Scardelli, U., Grill, D. & Türk, R. (1994) Immissionsökologische Bioindikation in alpinen Seitentälern des Pölser Raums. Mitteilungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereines für Steiermark 124: 191–217. [Lichens were among the indicator plants employed in this investigation into the impact and distribution of emissions in the alpine valleys in the Pöls region, where lower areas are influenced by acid pollution. Lichen recolonisation patterns indicate that such pollution has lowered over recent years. Oxidation compounds are influential at higher altitudes. Among 31 lichen species recorded, Hypogymnia physodes, Usnea and Bryoria species, Pseudevernia furfuracea, Cetraria chlorophylla, Scoliciosporum chlorococcum and Lecanora conizaeoides are discussed in some detail.] Tausz, M., Baticˇ, F. & Grill, D. (1996) Bioindication at forest sites—concepts, practice and outlook, Phyton 36: 7–14. [Lichen indication of the impact of stress on forest ecosystems and of heavy metal pollution. Lichen biomonitoring remains a significant tool for the assessment of forest decline, and lichenological evaluation of the environment is still an important part of the Slovenian TEMPUS programme for the bioindication of forest pollution.] Trembley, M. L., Fahselt, D. & Madzia, S. (1997) Localization of uranium in Cladina rangiferina and Cladina mitis and removal by aqueous washing. Bryologist 100: 368–376. [Investigation of the qualitative/quantitative distribution within the thalli of Cladina rangiferina and C. mitis of artificially introduced soluble U, of the possibility of U removal by washing with water, cationic or proton solutions, and of U distribution within thalli once exposed to atmospheric U in the field. U concentrations were higher in the mycobiont than in the photobiont in both species, and also higher in inner conglutinate hyphae. U in thalli collected near a U mine 3 years after closure was in particulates along the inner podetial surface, not the outer, nor in the medulla. Full discussion of results with details of differences between reactions of the two species. Electron microscopic and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis illustrations.] Triulzi, C., Nonnis Marzano, F. & Vaghi, M. (1996) Important alpha, beta, and gammaemitting radionuclides in lichens and mosses collected in different world areas. Annali di Chimica 86: 699–704. [Radioecological data are presented on 134Cs, 137Cs, 90Sr and 239,240 Pu in Cladonia and Parmelia (collected in Scandinavia 1986–1993), in Lepraria, Umbilicaria, Usnea (Antarctica, 1988–1991), Cetraria, Umbilicaria (Nepal, 1987) and in Parmelia, Physcia and Xanthoria (Italy, 1990–1993). Discussion of data with reference to Chernobyl fallout. Map of 137Cs distribution & graphs of altitude/137Cs and 90Sr concentration correlations in Parma province.] Vainshtein, E. A., Lazareva. I, Ravinskaya, A. & Shapiro, I. (1994) Indikatsiya zagryazneniya vozdukha v raione deistviya kostomukshskogo gorno-obogatitel’nogo kombinata. (Air pollution indication in the region of Kostomuksha iron-ore dressing plant activity.) Narodnoe Khozyaistvo Republiki Komi 3(1): 62–67. [Monitoring survey around an iron-ore dressing plant discharging 70 000 tons per annum of SO2, NOx and Fe-rich dust. Tabulation of data for Hypogymnia physodes, Cetraria islandica and Cladina rangiferina; 3 graphs of data for H. physodes. This paper was presented at the 1994 International
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Conference, ‘Arctic Town and Environment’ (ISSN 0204 3343).] Wirth, V., Scholler, H., Scholz, P., Ernst, G., Feuerer, T., Gnuchtel, A., Hauck, M., Jacobsen, P., John, V. & Litterski, B. (1996) Rote Liste der Flechten (Lichenes) der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Schriftenreihe für Vegetationskunde 28: 307–368. [A detailed red data assessment of German lichens (1690 known in 1994) with full listing and detailed endangerment categorisations. Profiles of Teloschistes chrysophthalmus, Lobaria amplissima, Anaptychia ciliaris, Parmelia acetabulum, Umbilicaria cinereorufescens and Caloplaca hungarica (respectively endangerment category 0, 1, 2, 3, R and G).] Worthington, R. D. (1990) Effects of El Paso pollutants on the lichen, moss and winter annual flora on andesite rock formations. In Environmental Hazards and Bioresource Management in the US-Mexico Borderlands (P. Ganster & H. Walter, eds): 105–115. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center Publications. [Monitoring survey using, along with mosses and winter annuals, Acarospora fuscata, A. schleicheri, A. smaragdula, Caloplaca modesta, Lecanora alphoplaca, L. cf. caesiocinerea, L. frustulosa, L. garovaglii, L. muralis and Xanthoparmelia weberi. Air pollution has apparently eliminated the lichens, mosses and winter annuals once present on andesite hills within the city, but they occur on outcrops to the north. Transplants of 3 species were able to survive at least 3 months in the polluted environment (during which time, however, they were only wetted 64 times.)] Zeltyn’, S. A. & Insarov, G. E. (1993) Baza dannykh fonovogo monitoringa epifitnykh lishainikov. (A database of epiphytic lichen background monitoring.) Problemy Ekologicheskogo Monitoringa i Modelirovaniya Ekosystem 15: 247–262. [A database, devised using the Clipper computer language, holds observation records, a table of species sensitivity, various glossaries and ancillary files. The database is operated in the dialogue regime, using a hierarchical menu system. Its superiority to the earlier system is particularised.] Zhang, L., Planas, D.& Qian, J.-L. (1995) Mercury concentrations in black spruce (Picea mariana Mill. B.S.P.) and lichens in boreal Quebec, Canada. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 81: 153–161. [Examination of the role of atmospheric transport in the Hg contamination of trees distant from direct industrial Hg sources and close to reservoirs of different ages. Lichens had highest Hg levels, several times higher than bark and up to double those in needles. Hg concentrations in lichens differed between the two reservoir sites, but concentrations in bark and needles did not.] I am grateful to Profs D. L. Hawksworth, D. H. S. Richardson and M. R. D. Seaward, and to Drs F. Baticˇ, D. H. Brown, V. John and S. Loppi for drawing certain items to my attention; to the staffs of the British Lending Library, English Nature Library, and Edward Boyle Library, Leeds University, for their assistance; and to Prof. M. R. Hollingdale for generous provision of facilities. Accepted for publication 13 February 1998
LITERATURE ON AIR POLLUTION AND LICHENS XLVII* A. HENDERSON‡ Bargagli, R., Gasparo, D., Lazzarin, A., Lazzarin, G., Olivieri, S. & Tretiach, M. (1991) Lichens as indicators and monitors of atmospheric pollutants in NE Italy: preliminary data on the integrated testing system. Botanika Chronika 10: 997–982. [Study of epiphytic lichen associations and of A1, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations in Parmelia subrudecta in 290 km2 of Vincenza Province. Three-dimensional imaging of air pollution levels and of Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Pb and Zn concentrations.] Baticˇ, F. (1986) Stanje epifitiske lišajske flore in pojav temperaturne inverzije v Ljubljanski kotlini. Epiphytic lichen vegetation and temperature inversion on the area of the town of Ljubljana. Bioloski Vestnik 34(2): 1–12 [Mapping of IAP values and lichen occurrence, using epiphytic species, with a table of toxiphobic index values for almost 50 species, and quantity, frequency and cover classification.] Baticˇ, F. (1990) Lichen mapping in Jugoslavia, especially in Slovenia. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie A, 456: 121–124. [Presents a preliminary red data list of Slovenian lichens, classified into 6 categories, air pollution being a major factor of concern.] Baticˇ, F. (1996) Poznavanje lišajev (Lichenophyta) in njihova ogrozenost. In Narava Slovenije, stanje in perspektive. Zbornik prispevkov o naravni dedisˇcˇini Slovenije (J. Gregori, A. Martincˇicˇ, K. Tarman, O. Urbanc-Bercˇicˇ. D. Tome & M. Zupancˇicˇ, eds): 150–168. Ljubljana: Društvo ekologov Slovenije. [Endangerment and pollution monitoring role of Slovenian lichens, with a list of threatened macrospecies and genera. Lichen mapping reveals severe atmospheric pollution in Slovenia. Knowledge of the country’s microlichens, particularly corticolous, is still fragmentary.] Baticˇ, F. & Martincˇicˇ, A. (1981) Vpliv onesnazˇenage zraka na propadanje klorofila v nekaterih vrstah presajenih lisˇajev. The influence of air pollution on chlorophyll destruction in some transplanted lichen species. Bioloski Vestnik 29(2): 1–22. [Transplants of lichens sensitive (Evernia prunastri, Pseudevernia furfuracea, Parmelia caperata and P. scortea v. pastillifera) and resistant (Parmelia sulcata, Physcia leptalea and Xanthoria parietina) to SO2 pollution were exposed to different levels of air pollution in Ljubljana for different periods. Chlorophyll a measurements in lichen transplants are indicative of air pollution levels. Tabulation of results.] Baticˇ, F. & Martincˇicˇ, A. (1985) Drevesna skorja kot kazalec onesnazˇenosti zraka. Tree bark as an air pollution indicator. Bioloski Vestnik 33(1): 1–12. [The efficacy as air pollution indicators of bark acidity and buffer capacity measurements of some common deciduous trees in Ljubljana is compared with that of epiphytic lichen and moss mapping methodologies.] Baticˇ, F. & Mayrhofer, H. (1995) Bioindication of air pollution by epiphytic lichens in forest decline studies in Slovenia. In Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Bioindication of Forest Site Pollution: Development of Methodology and Training, BIOFOSP, held at Ljubljana, Slovenia, August 22–31, 1995 (H. Kraigher, F. Baticˇ, D. E. Hanke. R. Agerer & D. Grill, eds): 139–144. Ljubljana: BIOFOSP. [Cover, frequency and decline of crustose, foliose and fruticose lichens in Slovenia have been monitored since 1985 and used to assemble a lichen indication map of Slovenia and a forest dieback inventory. Lichen IAP maps for all phorophytes jointly and for Fagus sylvatica.] Bergner, W., Hartmann, E., Oblinger, H. & Seitz, W. (1996) Flechtenflora von Augsburg und Umgebung. Berichte der Bayerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft 66/67: 97–113. [The lichens of Augsburg and environs are listed, following a description and discussion of the historical/ present day scene and the changes wrought in the region by air pollution.] *XLVI in Lichenologist 29: 587–595 (1997) ‡Department of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK. 0024–2829/98/030279+08 $25.00/0
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Biazrov, L. G. (1996) Vidovoe raznoobrazie lishainikov moskvy. Lichen diversity in Moscow city. Byuleten Oveshchestva Ispytatelei Prirody, Otdel Biologicheskii, 101: 68–77. [Of 72 lichen species previously recorded in Moscow (herbarium and literature data) 44 were not found in this recent study. Anaptychia, Bryoria, Peltigera, Stereocaulon, Usnea and Cladina species have disappeared since the early 1900s. Physcia stellaris, Phaeophyscia orbicularis, Parmelia sulcata and Scoliciosporum chlorococcum are the most widespread species. Twenty new species were recorded.] Camenzind, R. & Wildi, E. (1992) Das Arten- und Biotopschutzprojekt stark bedrohter Flechten. Meylania 2: 17–18. [Description of a 3-part lichen conservation project, the first section concerned with Bactryospora dryina, Cladonia incrassata, Lobaria amplissima, L. pulmonaria, Parmelia laevigata, Sphaerophorus melanocarpus, Usnea glabrescens and U. longissima in 8 localities.] Can˜as, M. S., Orellana, L. & Pignata, M. L. (1997) Chemical response of the lichens Parmotrema austrosinense and P. conferendum, transplanted to urban and non-polluted environments. Annales Botanici Fennici 34: 27–34. [Parmotrema austrosinense and P. conferendum thalli from a clean air site were transplanted there and in polluted situations in Cordoba city. Changes in chlorophyll levels (particularly chlorophyll a) and in malondialdehyde concentrations after various exposure periods can be attributed to atmospheric pollution.] Carballal, R., Iglesias, R. & Lopez de Silanes, M. E. (1990) Delimitación de areas de isocontaminación atmosférica en la ciudad de La Corun˜a mediante bioindicadores liquénicos. Nova Acta Cientifica Compostelana (Bioloxia) 1: 19–24. [Four-zonal IAP mapping of air pollution in La Corun˜a, north-west Spain, using 56 epiphytic lichen species on 9 phorophyte species.] Carignan, J. & Gariépy, C. (1995) Isotopic composition of epiphytic lichens as a tracer of the sources of atmospheric lead emissions in Southern Quebec, Canada. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 59: 4427–4433. [Study with detailed analytical discussion of Pb-isotope data from Parmelia sulcata, Evernia mesomorpha and Usnea spp. collected from young branch-tips of evergreen/birch, and in other vegetation samples and lake sediments. Up to 500 km north of Noranda smelting activities cause significant Pb input in lichens; at more than 53N only typical aerosol Pb is present. Along the St Lawrence Valley dominant Pb input is from US sources.] Chettri, M. K. & Sawidis, T. (1997) Impact of heavy metals on water loss from lichen thalli. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 37: 103–111. [In Pb-treated Cladonia convoluta water loss was reduced, but in C. rangiformis water loss increased with 10 2 M Pb treatment. In Cu-treated C. convoluta water loss was increased, but was reduced in C. rangiformis after 10 8 and 10 6 M CuCl treatment. Increased water loss was observed in all Zn-treated thalli, but decreased in C. rangiformis after 10 8 M treatment. K + efflux indicated the extent to which the plasmamembrane is a barrier to metal ion uptake.] Chiarenzelli, J. R., Aspler, L. B., Ozarko, D. L., Hall, G. E. M., Powis, K. B. & Donaldson, J. A. (1997) Heavy metals in lichens, southern district of Keewatin, Northwest Territories, Canada. Chemosphere 35: 1329–1341. [Examination of metal contents in Parmelia fuliginosa, P. mougeotii, Umbilicaria polyphylla, Alectoria pubescens, Cetraria nivalis, C. cucullata, Cladonia stellaris, Nephroma arcticum, Masonhalea richardsonii and Stereocaulon paschale growing on 7 different substrata at Otter Lake, northern Canada. Compared with other sites, levels are low and suggest minimal anthropogenic input over the last 28 years. Metal contents are species-dependent, and crustose lichens are the most efficient metal accumulators/retainers.] Cugny, P. & Vincent, J. P. (1996) Analyse factorielle de la distribution de la flore lichénique en zone urbaine. Mise en évidence de zones de pollution dans l’agglomération toulousaine. Bulletin de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse 132: 41–47. [Multi-dimensional analysis is used to map 4 concentric pollution zones in Toulouse city and suburbs, each typified by one or more lichen assemblages and directly correlated with the degree of urbanisation and, notably, traffic density.] Evans, C. A. & Hutchinson, T. C. (1996) Mercury accumulation in transplanted moss and lichens at high elevation sites in Quebec. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 90: 475–488. [Cladina rangiferina, Hypogymnia physodes and the moss, Pleurozium schreberi, were transplanted from northern Ontario to Roundtop Mountain and Mt Tremblant, southern Quebec. C. rangiferina transplants showed increased Hg after 12 months and further
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increase after 20 months. Greatest Hg increases occurred in the moss; Hypogymnia physodes showed no change.] Falandysz, J., Dembowska, A., Ichihashi, H. & Daniesiewicz, D. (1997) Stez˚enie rte¸ci ogółem w poros´cie pustułka pe¸cherzykowata Hypogymnia physodes w zalez˚nos´ci od gatunku forofitu. Bromatologia i Chemia Toksykologiczna 30: 133–136. [Concentrations of Hg were determined in Hypogymnia physodes collected from pine, juniper, lime, alder, hazel, oak, birch and spruce in the Tucholskie Forests in 1994. Levels were highest in H. physodes from pine and juniper. Tabulation of data.] Garty, J., Cohen, Y., Kloog, N. & Karieli, A. (1997) Effects of air pollution on cell membrane integrity, spectral reflectance and metal and sulfur concentrations in lichens. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16: 1396–1402. [Ramalina duriaei transplanted to industrial sites in the town of Ashdod from an unpolluted site in the HaZorea Forest, north-eastern Israel, had high concentrations of Pb, Cd, Ni, Fe, S, Mg, Na, Ca and K after 100 days. Concentration of S correlated well with cell membrane damage and inversely with chlorophyll content and reflectance response. Photobiont chlorophyll maintained its integrity, which correlated well with thalline reflectance response. Mg accumulation in dusty sites correlated with membrane damage.] Garty, J., Kauppi, M. & Kauppi, A. (1997) The influence of air pollution on the concentration of airborne elements and on the production of stress-ethylene in the lichen Usnea hirta (L.) Weber em. Mot. transplanted in urban sites in Oulu, north Finland. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 32: 285–290. [Stress-ethylene production was investigated in Usnea hirta transplants exposed to a buffered acidic solution and to a solution containing bisulphite ions, both at pH 4·0. Usnea hirta transplants exposed in slow traffic streets in Oulu accumulated high levels of K, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, Zn and Mn compared with in situ transplants at the original site outside the city. Pb and Ca correlated with ethylene concentration in U. hirta treated with H2O (pH 6·8). Stress-ethylene concentrations in U. hirta from slow traffic streets with fewer vehicles (14 000 per day) soaked in NaHSO3 (pH 4·0) were higher than in thalli near a highway (25 000 cars per day), due to bad ventilation and slow dispersion of air pollutants.] Grube, M., Baticˇ, F. & Mayrhofer, H. (1995) Contributions to the lichen flora of Slovenia 1. Epiphytic lichens of the Snezˇnik area. Herzogia 11: 189–196. [Industrial activity is assumed to be responsible for the lichen flora of the Snezˇnik (Krainer Schneeberg) being poorer than in the best-sheltered, medium-sized valleys and on some forest fringes where oceanic species occur. Old large thalli of Degelia plumbea, apparently extinct elsewhere in Slovenia, are found in the latter, but in poor condition. The lack of younger thalli suggests a decline in air quality.] Heibel, E. (1996) Erfassung des Flechtenbestandes in Nordrhein-Westfalen. Floristische Rundbriefe 30: 158–162. [Lichen impoverishment in NR-Westphalia necessitates conservationally orientated lichen mapping. A bibliography of current literature on the area is given, and the project, Lichen Mapping in NR-Westphalia, is described.] Heibel, E., Mies, B. A. & Feige, G.-B. (1996) Interessante Flechtenfunde aus NordrheinWestfalen im Herbarium Siegfried Woike. Herzogia 12: 85–96. [Decline in the lichen flora of NR-Westphalia as a result of industrial pollution is starkly described with notes on degrees of endangerment of a selection of interesting species.] Insarov, G. & Semenov, S. (1993) Evaluation of epiphytic lichen monitoring data. In Biogeomon. Symposium on Ecosystem Behaviour: Evaluation of Integrated Monitoring in Small Catchments, Prague, September 17–18, 1993 (J. Cerny, ed.): 136–137. Prague: Czech Geological Survey. [A method for early detection of changes in low background levels of air pollution using epiphytic lichens (Integrated Index) is outlined. The method is well tested, having been applied at over 30 nature reserves in Europe, Asia and America. A sample set of data from Voronezh Biosphere Reserve is presented.] Jacquiot, L. & Daillant, O. (1997) Bio-accumulation des métaux lourds et d’autres elements traces par les lichens. Revue bibliographique. Bulletin de l’Observatoire Mycologique 12: 2–31. [Analytic bibliography of French and English publications on the bioaccumulation of trace elements, particularly heavy metals in lichens (59 elements and more than 260 lichen taxa). A later comparable bibliography is intended of literature specifically concerned with radioactive elements.] Jeran, Z., Jac´imovic´, R., Smodiš, B. & Baticˇ, F. (1996) The use of lichens in atmospheric trace element deposition studies in Slovenia. Phyton 36 (3. Special Issue): 91–94. [Lichen
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mapping data on air pollution from a 1992 national monitoring survey were compared with IAP data from a denser 1991 lichen mapping programme. Mapping of S and trace elements matched well with lichen floral status. NW alpine Slovenia and E Slovenia had high trace element levels and low IAP values.] John, V. (1992a) Das die Türkei betreffende lichenologische Schrifttum. Türkiye likenleri ile ilgili literatür. Pollichia 1: 1–14. [Bibliography of the lichen literature relevant to Turkey (126 items) listing 6 papers of immediate reference to air pollution.] John, V. (1992b) Rote Liste gefährdeter Pflanzen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Schriftenreihe fu¨r Vegetationskunde 23: 27–29. [Paper on red data listings for Rheinland-Pfalz (flowering plants, ferns, mosses and lichens); from a workshop examining nature and degrees of endangerment in Germany, held in the International Nature Conservation Academy, Isle of Vilm, 25–28 November 1991.] John, V. (1995) Ergänzungen zum die Türkei betreffenden lichenologischen Schrifttum. Türkiye likenleri ile ilgili literatürleri ilaveler. Pollichia 4: 1–10. [Continuation of the bibliography in John (1992) above. Lists 5 items immediately concerning air pollution.] John, V. (1996) Les lichens des Réserves de la Biosphère des Vosges du Nord et du ‘Pfälzerwald’ 1. Qualité de l’air et valeurs indicatrices. Premiers résultats. Annales Scientifiques des Reserves de la Biosphere des Vosges du Nord 5: 17–41. [Altogether 130 lichens were recorded from these two reserves, and on the basis of lichen indication evaluations for acidity, nitrification, toxitolerance and humidity were established and investigated. Table of evaluations for 60 epiphytic species, and 6 evaluatory maps.] Kobayashi, T. & Nakagawa, Y. (1990) Evaluation of atmospheric mercury pollution by using epiphytic lichens. 2. Mapping the distribution of mercury content in Parmelia tinctorum over the Hyogo Prefecture. Journal of the Japanese Society of Air Pollution 25: 206–211. [Table of Hg contents in 13 foliose and 5 fruticose lichen species from shrines and temples, plus 3 graphs and a map of Hg content in Parmelia tinctorum. Hg and S levels in P. tinctorum correlated well. Japanese text.] Kobayashi, T., Nakagawa, Y., Motsugi, H. & Watanabe, H. (1986) Estimation of atmospheric mercury pollution by using epiphytic lichen. Journal of the Japanese Society of Air Pollution 21: 151–155. [Parmelia tinctorum around a steelworks in Harima was analysed for Hg, Fe, Cu, S, Ca, Zn, Pb, Cd, Mn and Mg. Hg uptake levels correlated well with atmospheric Hg concentrations. Map and graphs. Japanese text.] Kravchuk, L. A. & Kakareka, C. V. (1995) Likhenaindykatsyinae kartagrafavanne minska. (Lichen indication mapping of Minsk.) Vesti Akademii Navuk Belarusi, Seria Bialagichnykh (1995)(2): 23–28. [Investigation carried out in spring, 1993, mapping pollution zones in Minsk by employing lichen cover indices.] Kubin, E., Lippo, H., Karhu, J. & Poikolainen, J. (1997) Environmental specimen banking of nationwide biomonitoring samples in Finland. Chemosphere 34: 1939–1944. [In the environmental specimen bank established in 1994 by the Finnish Research Institute the main material stored is moss samples, but there are corresponding samples of epiphytic lichen, pine bark and humus for surveying atmospheric heavy metal pollution. The store includes 4385 samples of Hypogymnia physodes collected in 1985 and 1990. Forest litter samples have been stored since 1960, and litter fall collections from 1967 to 1985 include Hypogymnia physodes, Bryoria spp. and Usnea spp., valuable in indicating environmental changes (graph of frequencies 1967–1985).] Lerond, M., Van Haluwyn, C. & Cuny, D. (1996) Lichens et bioindication: réalisations concrètes et exigences éthiques. Écologie 27: 277–283. [Summary of lichen indication work in France since the 1960s, describing inter alia the ‘ecolichenological diagnosis’ (Van Haluwyn & Lerond), a new methodology designed to meet decreasing SO2 levels; studies of Fl levels in corticolous and terricolous lichens from the Alpine valleys, of Pb accumulation from Fontainbleau A6 traffic, of lichen recolonisation in northern France; and of the demands of environmental planning and of epidemiological survey requirements.] Levin, A. G. & Pignata, M. L. (1995) Ramalina ecklonii as a bioindicator of atmospheric pollution in Argentina. Canadian Journal of Botany 73: 1196–1202. [Study of chlorophyll, phaeophytin, protein and S levels in Ramalina ecklonii transplants along three transects in western Cordoba, representative of three traffic densities. A pollution index was calculated using these data. Index values along the different transects reflected the different traffic densities.]
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Loppi, S., Capitani, G. & Corsinsi, A. (1996) Lichens as bioindicators of air quality in Pistoia (Central-Northern Italy). Archivo Geobotanico 2(1): 41–46. [In this 5-zonal IAP mapping of Pistoia town over 85% of the area had high levels of pollution, mainly resulting from vehicular traffic.] Loppi, S., Giovanelli, L., Franchi, F. C., Limberti, A. & Tacconi, C. (1996) Lichens as biomonitors of air quality in Prato (Central-Northern Italy). Allionia 34: 29–34. [5-Zonal mapping of Prato town revealed motorized traffic as the main air pollution source and NOx as the main determinant of lichen frequencies.] Loppi, S., Malfatti, A., Sani, M. & Whitehead, N. E. (1997) Lichens as biomonitors of geothermal radionuclide pollution. Geothermics 26: 535–540. [Monitoring of radionuclide accumulation in epiphytic Parmelia caperata in the Travali-Radicondoli geothermal field (central Italy). Mean radionuclide content compared well with data from other geothermal areas. Total beta radioactivity in lichens was negatively associated with distance from geothermal plants, which may therefore be local radionuclide pollution sources.] Loppi, S., Nelli, L., Ancora, S. & Bargagli, R. (1997a) Passive monitoring of trace elements by tree leaves, epiphytic lichens and bark substrate. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 45: 81–88. [Comparison of Al, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mo, Mn and Zn concentrations in Parmelia caperata, bark and leaf samples (Quercus cerris and Q. pubescens) showed that oak leaves were more suitable biomonitors than bark, and that despite disadvantageous trapping of soil particulates in the medulla, P. caperata is a highly efficient accumulator of pollutants. Elemental composition in all unwashed samples was significantly affected by soil contamination, and the correction of such contamination was essential.] Loppi, S., Nelli, L., Ancora, S. & Bargagli, R. (1997b) Accumulation of trace elements in the peripheral and central parts of a foliose lichen. Bryologist 100: 251–253. [Concentrations of Al, Cd and Pb in Parmelia caperata from central Italy were higher in central thalline areas, probably being trapped in the medulla. Levels of Co, Cu, Mo and Zn were higher in peripheral areas, suggesting easy displacement from one thalline part to another.] Loppi, S., Pirintsos, S. A. & Dominicis, V. (1997) Analysis of distribution of epiphytic lichens on Quercus pubescens along an altitudinal gradient in a Mediterranean area (Tuscany, central Italy). Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 45: 53–58. [Lichens on Quercus pubescens in Tuscany were studied along an altitudinal gradient from 0 to 900 m. Epiphytic lichens below the ecotone distinguished at 500 m differed from those below in relation to bark pH. Increased bark pH was probably due to dust enrichment. Lichen distribution fitted a core-satellite dichotomous grouping, and core species were utilised as pollution indicators.] Mayrhofer, H., Koch, M. & Baticˇ, F. (1996) Beiträge zur Flechtenflora von Slowenien 2. Die Flechten des Pohorje. Herzogia 12: 111–127. [A closing discussion (:125–127) describes the effects of pollution from a nearby factory in Sostanj (NW Slovenia) and the stronger contamination experienced in the west of the area where lichen cover and species diversity count as well as lower vitality levels indicate higher pollution levels.] McCune, B., Dey, J., Peck, J., Heiman, K. & Will-Wolf, S. (1997) Regional gradients in lichen communities of the south-east United States. Bryologist 100: 145–158. [In epiphytic lichen sampling at 203 southeastern US plots 176 lichen species were recorded. Two major gradients were distinguished, the strongest being microclimatic from the coast through Piedmont to the Appalachians. The second was correlated with air quality, with lower species numbers in urban industrial areas, although species richness was locally variable.] Mikhailova, I. N. & Vorobeichik, E. L. (1995) Epiphytic lichen synusia under conditions of chemical pollution: dose effect dependencies. Russian Journal of Ecology 26: 425–431. [Study around a Cu-smelting plant in the mid-Urals of the effects of toxicant penetration upon lichen cover and diversity in corticolous communities. Three zones (background, impact and lichen desert) were delineated. A gradual increase in toxic load caused a surprisingly sharp transition in the quality of the epiphytic lichen flora.] Nimis, P. L. (1992) Data quality in environmental sciences and the biomonitoring of air pollution. Sereno Symposium Review 27: 65–74. [Discussion of data equality evaluation with example of the application of data quality assessment to air pollution monitoring and mapping using lichen indicators.] Nonnis Marzano, F., Favali, M. A. & Triulzi, C. (1992) Primordial and anthropogenic radionuclides in lichens and mosses. In Atti: VIII Convegno Nazionale sulla Attivita di Ricerca
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nei Settori della Radiochimica e della Chimica Nucleare, delle Radiazioni e dei Radioelementi, Torino, 16–19 Giugno, 1992: 141–144. Torino: Consiglio Nazionale degli Ricerche, Universita degli Studi di Torino. [In this part of a programme of work assessing 137Cs, 134Cs and 40K contamination levels in lichens and mosses in several geographic environments, samples from areas affected by Chernobyl fallout (Scandinavian and southern European countries) were compared with samples from the Nepalese Himalayan chain and from Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica. Includes figures for levels in Cladonia, Parmelia, Umbilicaria, Cetraria, Usnea, Candelaria, Lepraria, Physcia and Xanthoria.] Oblinger, H. (1996) Bartflechten (Usneaceae) in Augsburger Raum. Berichte des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins für Schwaben 100: 55–61. [Examination of the occurrence of species of the Usneaceae in the region of Augsburg. Loss of vitality over the last century is noted. In 1904 beard lichens occurred up to 30 cm long; today the longest is 5 cm. Drawings of 1904 specimens and photography of present day species.] Passadore, M. V. & Brusoni, M. (1996) I licheni come bioindicatori di inquinamento atmosferico: dati preliminari relativi alla città de Brescia. Archivo Geobotanico 2: 31–40. [A significant contribution to the air pollutants active on lichens in Brescia, which has a lichen desert in its town centre, is made by agricultural fertilisers.] Pfefferkorn, V. & Türk, R. (1993) Immissionsökologische Flechtenkartierung an vier Transekten in nördlichen Vorarlberg (Österreich). Montfort. Vierteljahresschrift für Geschichte und Gegenwart Vorarlbergs 45: 147–162. [Air quality mapping of northern Vorarlberg, Austria, using lichen monitoring along four transects. Five lichen zones were recognised.] Schmeling, M., Alt, F., Klockenkamper, R. & Klockow, D. (1997) Multielement analysis by total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for the certification of lichen research material. Fresenius’ Journal of Analytical Chemistry 357: 1042–1044. [Total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry was applied to the determination of Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr and Pb for certification of research material, IAEA lichen-336 Evernia prunastri, and for comparison of results with those obtained from other methodologies and laboratories.] Seaward, M. R. D. (1995) Use and abuse of heavy metal bioassays in environmental monitoring. Science of the Total Environment 176: 129–134. [A macro-environmental zonational approach and accumulation studies using lichens are among the matters discussed in some detail in this evaluatory review, pointing out guide-line features and procedures for heavy metal bioassays.] Seaward, M. R. D. (1997) Use and abuse of heavy metal bioassays of lichens in cases of heavy metal pollution monitoring. Journal de Botanique de la Societe Botanique France 1: 53–55. [Complementary alternative to Seaward (1995) above, with some additional examples.] Seaward, M. R. D. (1997) Urban deserts bloom: a lichen renaissance. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 67: 297–309. [Re-establishing lichen floras in many cities and towns differ from those originally wiped out by air pollution. In the West Yorkshire conurbation, distributional and ecological responses of the lichen flora to qualitative/quantitative changes in air pollution have been documented and are described. These long-term data have made possible the modelling of biodiversity dynamics in deteriorating and ameliorating environments.] Seitz, W. (1983) Studien an Rindenflechten und ihrer ökologischen Korrelation zur Luftverunreinigung in einigen Städten Süd(west)deutschlands und Östfrankreichs. Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen 58: 1–45. [Five lichen zones were demarcated in this study of the lichen floras of 209 deciduous trees in Augsburg, Bavaria (44 lichen species) and 155 in Strasbourg, E. France (23 lichen species). Supplementary work in Saarbrücken, Karlsruhe, Neunkirchen, Trier and Zweibrücken confirmed the impossibility of specifying atmospheric SO2 levels by using lichen-based graduation scales. Occurrence of Physcia dimidiata and Biatorella pinicola (Augsburg) and of Bacidia chlorococca (Saarbrücken) is discussed. A Lecanora varia transplant exposed to SO2 in Neunkirchen came to resemble entirely L. conizaeoides (with PD reaction changed from +Y to +R); in the light of which the concept of species pairs is examined.] Shapiro. I. A. (1996) Fiziologo-biokhimicheskie izmeneniya u lishainikov pod vliyaniem atmosferogo zagryazneniya. (Physiological and biochemical changes in lichens due to air pollution.) Uspekhi Sovremmennoi Biologi 116: 158–171. [Review of current data on the effects of SO2, atmospheric oxidants, acid deposition, N compounds, heavy metals and radioactivity and ultraviolet radiation on lichen physiology and biochemistry. Experimental results show that lichen sensitivity to air pollution is higher than that of seed plants owing to a lower degree of stress avoidance.]
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Skinner, J. (1996) Lichens. Essex Naturalist 13: 13–15. [Includes discussion of some recent examples of lichen recolonisation following decreases in air pollution levels in south-east England, although ‘certain developments give rise to concern for our county’s lichens’.] Sloof, J. E. & Wolterbeek, B. T. (1993) Substrate influence on epiphytic lichens. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 25: 225–234. [Analysis of lichens, bark and tree-rings, using phorophytes of Lecanora conizaeoides, growing in the Broekpolder region, The Netherlands, which has heavy soil pollution, showed that As, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Sc and V levels originated from dry/wet deposition, whereas levels of Cd, Mn and Zn might have arisen additionally from the bark substratum.] Storm, C. (1996) Beziehungen zwischen epiphytischen Flechten und Umweltfaktoren (unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Immissionen) im Mittleren Schwarzwald. Jahreshefte der Gesellschaft fu¨r Naturkunde 152: 133–165. [Examination of the relationships between Hypogymnia physodes, Bryoria and Usnea spp. and the moss, Hylocomium splendens and site characteristics in the mid-Black Forest, SW Germany, taking into consideration 80 environmental factors, particularly emission effects. Above certain levels of precipitation high humidity, usually favourable to lichen cover, is harmful to Usnea and Bryoria due to air pollution effects. A good supply of K enhances lichen cover, but plentiful N is detrimental to Usnea and Bryoria development.] Tausz, M., Scardelli, U., Grill, D. & Türk, R. (1994) Immissionsökologische Bioindikation in alpinen Seitentälern des Pölser Raums. Mitteilungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereines für Steiermark 124: 191–217. [Lichens were among the indicator plants employed in this investigation into the impact and distribution of emissions in the alpine valleys in the Pöls region, where lower areas are influenced by acid pollution. Lichen recolonisation patterns indicate that such pollution has lowered over recent years. Oxidation compounds are influential at higher altitudes. Among 31 lichen species recorded, Hypogymnia physodes, Usnea and Bryoria species, Pseudevernia furfuracea, Cetraria chlorophylla, Scoliciosporum chlorococcum and Lecanora conizaeoides are discussed in some detail.] Tausz, M., Baticˇ, F. & Grill, D. (1996) Bioindication at forest sites—concepts, practice and outlook, Phyton 36: 7–14. [Lichen indication of the impact of stress on forest ecosystems and of heavy metal pollution. Lichen biomonitoring remains a significant tool for the assessment of forest decline, and lichenological evaluation of the environment is still an important part of the Slovenian TEMPUS programme for the bioindication of forest pollution.] Trembley, M. L., Fahselt, D. & Madzia, S. (1997) Localization of uranium in Cladina rangiferina and Cladina mitis and removal by aqueous washing. Bryologist 100: 368–376. [Investigation of the qualitative/quantitative distribution within the thalli of Cladina rangiferina and C. mitis of artificially introduced soluble U, of the possibility of U removal by washing with water, cationic or proton solutions, and of U distribution within thalli once exposed to atmospheric U in the field. U concentrations were higher in the mycobiont than in the photobiont in both species, and also higher in inner conglutinate hyphae. U in thalli collected near a U mine 3 years after closure was in particulates along the inner podetial surface, not the outer, nor in the medulla. Full discussion of results with details of differences between reactions of the two species. Electron microscopic and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis illustrations.] Triulzi, C., Nonnis Marzano, F. & Vaghi, M. (1996) Important alpha, beta, and gammaemitting radionuclides in lichens and mosses collected in different world areas. Annali di Chimica 86: 699–704. [Radioecological data are presented on 134Cs, 137Cs, 90Sr and 239,240 Pu in Cladonia and Parmelia (collected in Scandinavia 1986–1993), in Lepraria, Umbilicaria, Usnea (Antarctica, 1988–1991), Cetraria, Umbilicaria (Nepal, 1987) and in Parmelia, Physcia and Xanthoria (Italy, 1990–1993). Discussion of data with reference to Chernobyl fallout. Map of 137Cs distribution & graphs of altitude/137Cs and 90Sr concentration correlations in Parma province.] Vainshtein, E. A., Lazareva. I, Ravinskaya, A. & Shapiro, I. (1994) Indikatsiya zagryazneniya vozdukha v raione deistviya kostomukshskogo gorno-obogatitel’nogo kombinata. (Air pollution indication in the region of Kostomuksha iron-ore dressing plant activity.) Narodnoe Khozyaistvo Republiki Komi 3(1): 62–67. [Monitoring survey around an iron-ore dressing plant discharging 70 000 tons per annum of SO2, NOx and Fe-rich dust. Tabulation of data for Hypogymnia physodes, Cetraria islandica and Cladina rangiferina; 3 graphs of data for H. physodes. This paper was presented at the 1994 International
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Conference, ‘Arctic Town and Environment’ (ISSN 0204 3343).] Wirth, V., Scholler, H., Scholz, P., Ernst, G., Feuerer, T., Gnuchtel, A., Hauck, M., Jacobsen, P., John, V. & Litterski, B. (1996) Rote Liste der Flechten (Lichenes) der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Schriftenreihe für Vegetationskunde 28: 307–368. [A detailed red data assessment of German lichens (1690 known in 1994) with full listing and detailed endangerment categorisations. Profiles of Teloschistes chrysophthalmus, Lobaria amplissima, Anaptychia ciliaris, Parmelia acetabulum, Umbilicaria cinereorufescens and Caloplaca hungarica (respectively endangerment category 0, 1, 2, 3, R and G).] Worthington, R. D. (1990) Effects of El Paso pollutants on the lichen, moss and winter annual flora on andesite rock formations. In Environmental Hazards and Bioresource Management in the US-Mexico Borderlands (P. Ganster & H. Walter, eds): 105–115. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center Publications. [Monitoring survey using, along with mosses and winter annuals, Acarospora fuscata, A. schleicheri, A. smaragdula, Caloplaca modesta, Lecanora alphoplaca, L. cf. caesiocinerea, L. frustulosa, L. garovaglii, L. muralis and Xanthoparmelia weberi. Air pollution has apparently eliminated the lichens, mosses and winter annuals once present on andesite hills within the city, but they occur on outcrops to the north. Transplants of 3 species were able to survive at least 3 months in the polluted environment (during which time, however, they were only wetted 64 times.)] Zeltyn’, S. A. & Insarov, G. E. (1993) Baza dannykh fonovogo monitoringa epifitnykh lishainikov. (A database of epiphytic lichen background monitoring.) Problemy Ekologicheskogo Monitoringa i Modelirovaniya Ekosystem 15: 247–262. [A database, devised using the Clipper computer language, holds observation records, a table of species sensitivity, various glossaries and ancillary files. The database is operated in the dialogue regime, using a hierarchical menu system. Its superiority to the earlier system is particularised.] Zhang, L., Planas, D.& Qian, J.-L. (1995) Mercury concentrations in black spruce (Picea mariana Mill. B.S.P.) and lichens in boreal Quebec, Canada. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 81: 153–161. [Examination of the role of atmospheric transport in the Hg contamination of trees distant from direct industrial Hg sources and close to reservoirs of different ages. Lichens had highest Hg levels, several times higher than bark and up to double those in needles. Hg concentrations in lichens differed between the two reservoir sites, but concentrations in bark and needles did not.] I am grateful to Profs D. L. Hawksworth, D. H. S. Richardson and M. R. D. Seaward, and to Drs F. Baticˇ, D. H. Brown, V. John and S. Loppi for drawing certain items to my attention; to the staffs of the British Lending Library, English Nature Library, and Edward Boyle Library, Leeds University, for their assistance; and to Prof. M. R. Hollingdale for generous provision of facilities. Accepted for publication 13 February 1998