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LITERATURE ON AIR POLLUTION AND LICHENS XLVIII
Lichenologist 31(1): 111–119 (1999) Article No. lich. 1998.0183 Available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on
LITERATURE ON AIR POLLUTION AND LICHENS XLVIII* A. HENDERSON‡ Adamson, E., Adamson, H., Vesk, M. & Seppelt, R. D. (1990) Morphological, ultrastructural and physiological characteristics of damage to an extensive stand of the lichen Usnea sphacelata at Casey Station, East Antarctica. Proceedings of the Linnean Society 112: 229–240. [Damage to Usnea sphacelata near the new Casey Station in Antarctica is considered to result from ‘ a catastrophic event and is not symptomatic of an ongoing chronic pollution problem ’ at the station. Study of alkaline cement dust pollution effects on U. sphacelata in the locality showed quite different damage symptoms. A leak of poisonous fumes and abrasion by airborne particulates are the likeliest contributory factors.] Angold, P. G. (1997) The impact of a road upon adjacent heathland vegetation: effects on plant species composition. Journal of Applied Ecology 34: 409–417. [Investigation of the effects of a road on nearby heathland plants at 5 sites by the main trunk road through the New Forest, Hampshire, and at 9 sites near 5 minor roads, revealed an enhancement of vascular vegetation, probably due to NOx from vehicular exhausts, but a decrease in abundance and health of lichens. Road edge effect in heathland correlated with traffic density, with a maximum reach of 200 m by a dual carriageway. Loss of luxuriance in Cladonia portentosa growth may be due to traffic exhaust pollution and/or to increased competition from vascular plants.] Aptroot, A. (1998) Lichens in Kew Gardens, Richmond, Surrey. British Lichen Society Bulletin 82: 36–37. [25 epiphytic lichens were recorded in Kew Gardens in 1998. In 1970 Lecanora conizaeoides was the only corticolous species recorded.] Armstrong, R. A. (1997) Are metal ions accumulated by saxicolous lichens growing in a rural environment? Environmental and Experimental Botany 38: 73–79. [Mn, Cu, Zn, Mg and Ca concentrations were measured in Xanthoparmelia conspersa and Parmelia glabratula subsp. fuliginosa on a steep slate rock surface, south Gwynedd. Mn, Mg and Ca increased in surface bottom runoff as compared with surface top runoff. In P. glabratula ssp. fuliginosa ion presence was Mg>Ca=Mn=Zn>Cu with no difference between thalli from top or bottom rock surfaces. Only Mg and Ca ions exceeded those of the substratum. Ca, Cu and Zn levels were similar in thalli up to 4 cm diam., but Mg increased with thallus size in X. conspersa, and Mn levels decreased with thallus size in both taxa. Neither marginal lobes nor centres of thalli accumulated ions preferentially.] Arup, U., Ekman, S., Kärnefelt, I. & Mattsson, J.-E. (1997) Skyddsvärda lavar i sydvästra Sverige: 1–297. Lund: SBF Forlaget. [This red data book of southwestern Sweden’s lichen flora examines inter alia the influences of air pollution and alterations in the flora in detail and with generous illustration. Air pollution and destruction of habitats are considered to be major causes of lichen deterioration throughout the region. Species autecology and floral composition are notably changed by air pollution. Among 116 red-listed species 87 are present, 29 extinct, 56 have decreased, 3–6 are unchanged, and 4 have increased.] Bachereau, F. & Asta, J. (1997) Effects of solar ultraviolet radiation at high altitude on the physiology and the biochemistry of a terricolous lichen (Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach.) Symbiosis 23: 197–217. [Cetraria islandica from a low altitude site (1200 m, northern aspect; Pellafol, Isère) was transplanted to a high altitude site (2058 m, southern aspect; Lauteret Pass, Hautes-Alpes) and exposed to sunlight for 3 months. Photosynthetic respiration, phenolic compound concentrations and chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations were studied, via *XLVII in Lichenologist 30: 279–286 (1998) ‡Department of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK. 0024–2829/99/010111+09 $30.00/0
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selective screening of UV-B and UV-A radiation. Results are presented and discussed in detail, strengthening ‘ the hypothesis of the UV-B protective role of lichen aromatic substances ’.] Bargagli, R., Nimis, P. L. & Monaci, F. (1997) Lichen biomonitoring of trace element deposition in urban, industrial and reference areas of Italy. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 11: 173–175. [Analyses of trace metal contents (Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in corticolous Parmelia caperata, P. sulcata and Xanthoria parietina from 5 urban areas, from industrial areas in northern and central Italy, from Veneto region, from Tuscany and from remote Calabria, showed characteristic value patterns. Despite an increase in use of unleaded fuel, Pb is still of concern, together with Cd, Cr and Cu in urban and industrial sites. Near some industries Ni, Hg and Zn may also be enhanced.] Bates, J. W., McNee, P. J. & McLeod, A. R. (1996) Effects of sulphur dioxide and ozone on lichen colonization of conifers in the Liphook Forest Fumigation Project. New Phytologist 132: 653–660. [Picea abies, P. sitchensis and P. sylvestris were grown from seedlings, were subjected to low and high regimes of ambient SO2 and 2 levels of O3 fumigation between 1987 and 1990 in different combinations. In 1991 abundance of colonization by Evernia prunastri, Hypogymnia physodes and Lecanora conizaeoides was assessed. All preferred P. abies and were scarcest on P. sylvestris. Evernia prunastri was rarest, colonizing only regime sites also preferred by H. physodes (many small thalli). Colonization of L. conizaeoides was increased by SO2. Ozone treatment was ineffective.] Bennett, J. P. & Wetmore, C. M. (1997) Chemical element concentrations in four lichens on a transect entering Voyageurs National Park. Environmental and Experimental Botany 37: 173–185. [Element concentrations (Al, B, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S and Zn) were measured in corticolous Evernia mesomorpha, Hypogymnia physodes and Parmelia sulcata from transect sites up to 24 km away from Voyageurs N.P., Minnesota, in 1990, 1991 and 1992, and also in Cladina rangiferina. Detailed data presentation and discussion. Concentration patterns are consistent with air pollution exposures at the three parks on the transect, Isle Royale, Voyageurs and Indiana Dunes. Highest Pb occurred near a highway.] Branquinho, C., Brown, D. H. & Catarino, F. (1997) The cellular location of Cu in lichens and its effects on membrane integrity and chlorophyll fluorescence. Environmental and Experimental Botany 38: 165–179. [Results and discussion of experiments using Cladonia portentosa, Ramalina fastigiata and Usnea species (U. esperantiana predominant). Supplied Ca replaced naturally acquired extracellular Mg and Ca. In Usnea intracellular uptake, saturated at low Cu concentrations, was toxic. Usnea species were the lichens most sensitive to Cu uptake. The experiments determined and quantified Cu cellular location in lichens and the relative sensitivity of species.] Branquinho, C., Brown, D. H., Maguas, C. & Catarino, F. (1997) Lead (Pb) uptake and its effects on membrane integrity and chlorophyll fluorescence in different lichen species. Environmental and Experimental Botany 37: 95–105. [The effects were studied of extra- and intracellular Pb concentrations on membrane integrity and chlorophyll fluorescence in Lobaria pulmonaria, Ramalina farinacea, Parmelia caperata and Peltigera canina from an unpolluted Portuguese site. Maximum extracellular concentrations were identical in all four lichens, but maximum intracellular levels differed in range. Membrane permeability was unaltered by Pb uptake, but photosystem II photochemical reactions decreased, especially in cyanolichens. Pb effects depended on the nature of the photobiont only. Pb displaced extracellular Ca and Mg.] Brown, D. & Mahmood, S. (1997) Does ion loss from lichens reliably measure membrane damage? Bibliotheca Lichenologica 67: 255–264. [Increases in metal element concentration in water-washings from previously stressed lichens are used as measures of membrane damage. This study investigates the validity of such a procedure by experiments involving element release from Peltigera horizontalis subjected to desiccation or heavy metal stress. The importance of the proportion of elements available in intracellular material is emphasised. Loss of elements from the intracellular fraction is a more direct measure of membrane damage than element amounts in the water-washings. The ratio of intracellular K and Mg is used to examine whether damage is generalised or specific to one element.] Brown, D. H. & Avalos, A. (1993) The role of calcium in intracellular cadmium uptake by the lichen Peltigera membranacea. Annals of Botany 71: 467–473. [No evidence was found of Ca
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affecting intracellular Cd uptake. Ca and Cd uptake differed in their response to the presence of lanthanum, vanadate or verapamil. Intracellular Cd uptake mostly reflected, except in the case of verapamil, the amount of Cd bound to extracellular exchange sites.] Chettri, M. K., Cook, C. M., Vardaka, E., Sawidis, T. & Lanaras, T. (1998) The effect of Cu, Zn and Pb on the chlorophyll content of the lichens Cladonia convoluta and Cladonia rangiformis. Environmental and Experimental Botany 39: 1–10. [To investigate whether Cu causes reduction of chlorophyll in lichens from mining areas, the effects of Cu, Zn and Pb, separately and in combination, on metal contents and subsequent chlorophyll contents in Cladonia convoluta and C. rangiformis were examined. Cu effects on chlorophyll were lower in the presence of Pb and Zn. Cu may affect chlorophyll biosynthesis or cause lipid peroxidation in photosynthetic membranes.] Ciéslin´ski, S. (1991) Stan aktualny oraz zmiany we florze porostów naskalnych i naziemnych w S u wie¸tokrzyskim Parku Narodowym. Parki Narodowe i Rezerwaty Przyrody 10: 125–136. [In this examination of lichen status in S u wie¸tokrzysk National Park, rock and ground lichens showed less sensitivity to atmospheric pollution than epiphytes ‘ for which the last three decades were the period of greatest impoverishment ’, due to general deterioration in air quality. A relict high montane rock lichen community in the deforested Łysa Góra area has survived virtually unchanged.] Déruelle, S. (1991) Rôle du support dans la croissance des microorganismes. Materials and Structures 24: 163–168. [The parts played by substrata in the establishment, growth and successional history of bacteria, algae, fungi, lichens and mosses were studied and are discussed in the light of several factors: light, humidity, temperature and wind. The colonisation of industrial materials (walls, roofs, etc.) is described. Photos of lichens on wooden, terracotta and concrete tiles.] Deruelle, S., Guilloux, F. & Letrouit-Galinou, M. A. (1993) Enjeux et perspectives de l’utilisation des lichens pour la surveillance de la qualité de l’air: trois examples dans le bassin parisien. [Expository colour card on lichen indication of air quality, produced for ‘ Pollutions atmosphériques a l’échelle locale et regionale ’. Colloque de Cachan (France-93), held 7–9 December, 1993 at Cachan.] Ernst, G. (1997) Die Flechten des Landkreises Harburg [Flora des Landkreises Harburg III]. Berichte des Botanischen Vereins zu Hamburg 17: 1–136. [Section 7 presents the distribution pattern of selected species; section 8 discusses changes in the lichen flora over the last 120 years; and section 9 (Endangerment and protective measures) deals particularly (:48–56) with pollution aspects throughout the area.] Falandysz, J., Dembowska, A. & Danisiewicz, D. (1997) Rte¸c´ w plesze porostów z terenu Trójmiejskiego Parku Krajobrazowego. [Mercury in lichen from the Trójmieski Landscape Park.] Bromatologia i Chemia Toksykologiczna 30: 259–261. [Tabulation and discussion of Hg concentrations in Hypogymnia physodes, Cladonia coniocraea, C. fimbriata, C. foliacea, C. mitis, C. arbuscula, Physconia distorta, Physcia tenella, Peltigera didactyla, P. rufescens, Parmelia sulcata, Cetraria islandica and Platismatia glauca from Trojmiejski Landscape Park, abutting on Gdynia-Sopot-Gdansk.] Falandysz, J., Ichihashi, H., Dembowska, A. & Danissiewicz, D. (1998) Porównanie trzech sposobów mineralizacji probek metoda¸ mokra¸ w oznaczaniu rte¸ci w plesze porostów. [A comparison of three procedures of sample digestion for the determination of mercury in lichen.] Bromatologia i Chemia Toksykologiczna 31: 191–195. [Three methods of sample digestion to evaluate mercury levels in Hypogymnia physodes were compared: (i) open tube methodology giving determinations 50–61% lower than (ii) whole glass and (iii) teflon-container procedures. Tabulation of results for 8 different substrata.] Falandysz, J., Ichihashi, H., Piszczek, M. & Yamasaki, S. (1998) Elements in some lichen species from northern Poland. In Interfaces in Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology: from the global to the molecular level. Report of the 8th Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, held 14–18 April 1998, Bordeaux, France. Bordeaux: SETAC. [Abstract only. Nine lichen species from Wolinski National Park and Tucholskie Forests were analysed for levels of 44 elements : to clarify concentrations, possible sources, and interspecific and substratum-related differences.] Figueira, R., Pacheco, A. M. G., Sousa, A. J., Branquinho, C. & Catarino, F. (1998) Assessment of two epiphytic lichens as saltfall biomonitors: calibration of transplants. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Restoration 1: 61–69. [Study in south-west Alentejo,
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Portugal, to evaluate the saltfall monitoring efficacy of Ramalina calicaris (from olive trees) and Usnea species (from cork oaks), using transplant exposure techniques and multivariate modelling of data. The resultant model was considered satisfactory, but adjustments to improve its performance are anticipated.] Fiorentonno, A.-M. (1997) Les lichens épiphytes comme bioindicateurs de la pollution atmosphérique genevoise. Saussurea 28: 189–218. [Epiphytic lichen frequency and IAP monitoring data correlated well with figures for a combination of SO2, NO2, NO and O3 pollution in Geneva. Changes in the lichen flora from 1986 corresponded with alterations in atmospheric quality. Presentation and discussion of results, and 5-zonal mapping of the city. Percentage frequency changes for several acidophilous and basiphilous species are tabulated.] Freitas, M. C. & Nobre, A. S. (1997) Bioaccumulation of heavy metals using Parmelia sulcata and Parmelia caperata for air pollution studies. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 217: 17–20. [Data obtained from Parmelia sulcata and P. caperata on olive trees at 70 random sites throughout Portugal, detailing contents of Na, Mg, Al, Cl, K, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Zn, As, Br, Rb, Sr, Mo and Ba, demonstrated that, while P. caperata should be preferred for Ca studies and both species are equivalent Hg absorbers, for other elements P. sulcata is the more efficient accumulator. Map of locations and frequency histograms; and maps of Ca and Hg concentrations in both species.] Freitas, M. C., Reis, M. A., Alves, L. C., Wolterbeek, H. T., Verburg, T. & Gouveia, M. A. (1997) Bio-monitoring of trace-element air pollution in Portugal: Qualitative survey. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 217: 21–30. [250 collections of Parmelia sulcata from olive trees were analysed for 44 elements (Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Zr, Sb, I, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Lu, Hf, Ta, W, Hg, Pb, Th and U). Factors derived from the database analysis are assigned to environmental sources, pollution from cement production being a strongly pronounced feature.] Garty, J., Karnieli, A., Wolfson, R., Kunin, P. & Garty-Spitz, R. (1997a) Spectral reflectance and integrity of cell membranes and chlorophyll relative to the concentration of airborne minerals in a lichen. Physiologia Plantarum 101: 257–264. [Investigation to determine the impact of oil-combustion pollutants and soil dust on cell membrane integrity and chlorophyll content in Ramalina duriaei from carob trees in the HaZorea Forest, northeastern Israel, transplanted to 10 sites near Ashdod, an industrial area in the south-west, with a power plant and oil refineries. Al, Cr, Fe, K. Ni, P, sulphate-S, Ti and V were measured to assess pollution levels. Detailed presentation and discussion of data. Ramalina duriaei, the only indigenous fruticose lichen in the Ashdod region, is an endangered species.] Garty, J., Kauppi, M. & Kauppi, A. (1997b) The production of stress ethylene relative to the concentration of heavy metals and other elements in the lichen Hypogymnia physodes. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16: 1404–1408. [In this 45-day study of fluctuations in ethylene production in Hypogymnia physodes transplanted into two streets with slow traffic and a highway in Oulu, the transplants showed high accumulation rates compared with extra-urban forest controls. Zn and Fe levels correlated with ethylene concentration in thalli treated with H2O (pH 6·8) or NaHSO3 (pH 4·0). Pb, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu were higher in H. physodes from slow traffic streets (13 600 & 14 290 cars/day) than from a busy highway (25 240 cars/day) after 45 days exposure.] Garty, J., Kloog, N., Cohen, Y., Wolfson, R. & Karnieli, A. (1997c) The effect of air pollution on the integrity of chlorophyll, spectral reflectance response, and on concentrations of nickel, vanadium and sulfur in the lichen Ramalina duriaei (De Not.) Bagl. Environmental Research 74: 174–187. [Further treatment of the research programme dealt with in Garty et al. (1997a) above. ‘ We suggest that a high V/Ni ratio in lichens is a tracer for air pollution caused by the combustion of fuel oil. ’] Garty, J., Kloog, N., Wolfson, R., Cohen, Y., Karnieli, A. & Avni, A. (1997d) The influence of air pollution on the concentration of mineral elements, on the spectral reflectance response and on the production of stress-ethylene in the lichen Ramalina duriaei. New Phytologist 137: 587–597. [Paper supplementary to Garty et al. (1997c) above. Thalline spectral response and stress-ethylene production were measured in Ramalina duriaei transplants exposed to pollution and compared with sulphate-S, V, Ni, K, Pb, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn and Mg concentrations in in situ thalli and transplants. High concentrations coincided with high stress-ethylene production and a low normalised difference vegetation index, indicating
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spectral reflectance response was related to chlorophyll damage. Sulphate-S, Pb, Cu, Ni, V and Cr levels were higher in urban-industrially sited thalli. Individual thalli manifested a correlation between ethylene production and V and Ni concentrations. Ramalina duriaei in urban-industrial areas was under severe stress, possibly endangered by power plant fuel oil pollution and acid rain from oil refineries.] Garty, J., Kloog, N. & Cohen, Y. (1998) Integrity of lichen cell membranes in relation to concentration of airborne elements. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 34: 136–144. [Electric conductivity sufficiently reflected cellular injury in Ramalina duriaei transplants near a motorway, an oil-fired fuel plant and a kibbutz. Figures for concentrations of K, B, Al, Cr, Fe, Si, Ti, Zn, P, Ba, Ca, Mg, Na, Pb, Ca, Mn, Sr and S. K leakage from thalli as a result of air pollution is suggested; such leakage correlated with S and Cr levels in transplants.] Gedeonov, A. D., Kuleshova, I. N., Petrov, E. R., Savopulo, M. L., Shkroev, V. Y., Shuvalov, B. N., Alexeev, V. G., Arkhipov, V. I. & Burtsev, I. S. (1997) Plutonium in soils, bottom sediments and lichen near peaceful nuclear explosion sites in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 221: 85–92. [Lichen (unspecified) was among the environmental samples used to assess radionuclide contamination (239,240Pu) at the ‘ Craton-3 ’ and ‘ Crystal ’ nuclear explosion sites. Detailed tabulation of activity concentrations for 239,240Pu and 137Cs. Decontamination work at both sites has been inadequate to clean them up. Areas of high Pu contamination still persist.] Gilbert, O. L. (1997) The lichens of Eccleshall Woods 1993: a baseline survey. In The Natural History of Eccleshall Woods, 1. (I. D. Rotherham & M. Jones, eds) [Peak District Journal of History and Archaeology, Special Publication 1]: 25–39. [Close searching of these urban polluted woodlands, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, produced a list of 42 lichen species, although 15 of them were found on 1 or 2 trees only.] Glenn, M. G. & Webb, S. L. (1997) Lichens as indicators of forest integrity. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 68: 155–164. [Species diversity and abundance of corticolous forest lichens were investigated at sites in New Jersey, New York and Minnesota along transects up to 45 m distant from an anthropogenic edge in 3 forest types: northern hardwoods (red oak and sugar maple; red pine; and jack pine). Lichen cover and richness (especially foliose) was strikingly low in the polluted east, probably due to air pollution and environmental acidification. Analytical presentation and discussion of data.] Glenn, M. G., Webb, S. L. & Cole, M. S. (1998) Forest integrity at anthropogenic edges: air pollution disrupts bioindicators. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 51: 163–169. [Study of the relationship with anthropogenic edges of corticolous lichen, bryophyte and vascular plant occurrences in northern hardwood forests in comparison with east coast and mid-west situations, using micro-epiphytes on Quercus rubra and Acer saccharum. Severe lichen depauperation in the east, due to air pollution, restricts the usefulness of lichen bioindication of forest integrity, even 120 km from New York city.] Heber, I., Heber, W. & Türk, R. (1994) Die Luftqualität in der Stadt Linz (O } berosterreich, O } sterreich) von Oktober 1990 bis Oktober 1991 festgestellt anhand von Flechtenexponaten. Naturkundliches Jahrbuch der Stadt Linz 37–39: 491–552. [Studies in Linz using Hypogymnia physodes transplants exposed over the period 1990–1991 provided data complementary to the investigation of epiphytic lichen distribution described in Türk et al. (1994) in XLV. Lichen damage/mortality rate was recorded by monthly photography. High dust and NOx concentrations resulted in heavy damage to thalli. Chlorophyll destruction correlated with average SO2/dust concentrations. Detailed tabulation of results, colour maps and illustrations.] John, V. (1997) Aufnahame der epiphytischen Flechtenvegetation an WaldökosystemDauerbeobachtungsflächen in Rheinland-Pfalz. Mitteilungen aus der Forstlichen Versuchsanstalt Rheinland-Pfalz 40: 91–112. [Comparison of the epiphytic lichen flora on permanent forest lots in Rheinland-Pfalz in 1985/86 and 1994/95. The spectrum of 64 recorded species ranges from highly poleotolerant to a set of red-listed species. At 30% of sites in 1994/95 lichen ameliorization was noted, possibly due to a reduction in SO2 pollution. Analytical mapping, tabulation and discussion of results.] Liška, J. (1994a) Lišejníky Libického Luhu. [Lichens of the Nature Reserve Libicky luh (central Bohemia, Czech Republic)]. Muzeum a soucˇasnost, Rostoky, ser. natur. 8: 39–46. [The lichen flora of the Libicky reserve is impoverished due to medium level air pollution and the nearness of more serious pollutant sources. Only Lecanora conizaeoides, Lepraria incana and
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Scoliciosporum chlorococcum occur frequently, but diligent searching recorded 50 species (37 on bark, 8 on wood, 12 on mortar, brick and asbestos-cement). Some sensitive macrolichens were recorded only from the high canopy of fallen trees. Old data verify the extreme depauperation of the flora.] Lisˇka, J. (1994b) C { eská a Slovenská lichenologická bibliografie VII. Bryonora 14: 29–30. [Bibliography of Czech and Slovak lichen literature, two of its listings directly treating air pollution matters.] Liška, J. (1995) C { eská a Slovenská lichenologická bibliografie VIII. Bryonora 16: 32–34. [Czech and Slovak lichen bibliography including several air pollution references.] Liška, J. (1996a) C { eská Slovenská lichenologická bibliografie IX. Bryonora 18: 27–29. [Czech and Slovak bibliography with 4 items immediately concerning air pollution.] Liška, J. (1996b) R { ozšírˇeni vybraných epifytických lišejníku˚ v C { eske republice vge vztahu ke kvaliteˇ ovzduší a dalším faktorum. [Distribution of selected lichens in the Czech Republic; the influence of air pollution and evaluation of other factors.] Prˇíroda 5: 7–21. [Bioindication mapping of epiphytic lichens in the Czech Republic. A 5-zonal map is produced. Comparison is made with Wirth’s toxitolerance scale for Germany, and distribution maps are presented for 14 species.] Liška, J. (1996c) C { ervené seznamy lišejníku˚. [Red lists of lichens.] Severocˇes Prˇiroda, Litomén´ce; supplement 9: 53–59. [Air pollution, acidification and eutrophication are among the several factors influencing the disastrous decline in the Czech lichen flora: c. 15% extinct and 40% endangered, with 1400 species considered vulnerable. Comparison is made with other national red list figures.] Liška, J. (1997a) C { eská a Slovenská lichenologická bibliografie X. Bryonora 20: 24–26. [Czech and Slovak bibliography containing 8 items on air pollution aspects.] Liška, J. (1997b) Pocˇet bioindikacˇních druhu˚ lisejníku˚ jako meˇrˇítko kvality ovzduší. [Use of a number of lichen indicator species bioindication characteristics for air pollution effect assessment.] Prˇiroda 10: 7–14. [A Czech bioindication project utilising epiphytic lichen mapping revealed areas of pollution impact through distribution patterns of sensitive species. Coincidence mapping of selected species of the same ecological grouping was more informative than individual species mapping. Coincidence maps are presented for 6 ecological groups of 6–10 species each.] Liška, J. (1997c) Zkušenosti z dlouhodobého monitorování vlivu znecˇišteˇni ovzduší na lišejníky na Táborsku. [Experience gained from a long-term monitoring study in the Tabor area, South Bohemia]. Prˇiroda 11: 7–15. [Study, spanning 20 years, of epiphytic lichens under moderate stress from two nearby pollutant sources: SO2 emissions increased over the period. Cluster analysis diagram (36 species) and a sensitivity scale (42 species) for eutrophicated and uneutrophicated bark.] Liška, J. & Prochazka, P. (1996) Lisejniky a znecˇišteˇni ovzduší. Prague: TEREZA. [Pull-out colour card with key, illustrating the lichens typical of different pollution levels from 150 ìg m 3 to 50 ìg 3.] Liška, J., Deˇtinsky´, R. & Palice, Z. (1996) Importance of the Sumava Mts. for the biodiversity of lichens in the Czech Republic. [Vyznam Sumavy pro biodiverzitu lisejniku v Ceske republice.] Silva Gabreta 1: 71–78. [In the face of ecological changes, including intensification of air pollution, the Sumava Mts afford a last refuge for many Czech epiphytic lichens. Cetraria sepincola, Lobaria pulmonaria, Nephroma bellum and Menegazzia terebrata show reduced distribution; Evernia divaricata, Lobaria amplissima, Nephroma parile, N. resupinatum, Pachyphiale fagicola and Sphaerophorus globosus are restricted to the Sumava Mts; and Evernia mesomorpha is extinct. Several species persist solely in the confines of relict habitats.] Liška, J., Veˇzda, A. & Deˇtinský, R. (1997) V lichenologických stopách po cˇtyrˇech desetiletích. [Changes of the lichen flora of the Telcˇ area (S.W. Moravia) after 40 years.] Bryonora 19: 14–16. [Together with habitat destruction and landscape management changes, air pollution is a key factor in the severe diminution of the S.W. Moravian lichen flora.] Loppi, S., Cenni, E., Bussotti, F. & Ferretti, M. (1998) Biomonitoring of geothermal air pollution by epiphytic lichens and forest trees. Chemosphere 36: 1079–1082. [Lichen diversity and crown status in Quercus cerris were regarded as active air quality monitors, and lichen distribution was assessed by IAP indexing in the Travale-Radiocondoli geothermal region. Parmelia caperata and tree leaves were analysed for As, B, Hg and S concentrations. Lichen
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contents of Hg were low, of S normal, and of As and B slightly higher than background levels.] Marzano, F. N., Favali, M. A. & Triulzi, C. (1992) Primordial and anthropogenic radionuclides in lichens and mosses. In Atti dello VIII Convegno Nazionale sulla Attivita di Ricerca nei Settori della Radiochimica e della Chimica Nucleare, delle Radiazioni e dei Radioelementi. Torino, 16–19 Giugno, 1992: 141–144. Torino: Universita degli studi di Torino/ Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche. [Cladonia and Parmelia from Scandinavia, Cetraria, Parmelia and Umbilicaria from Nepal, Candelariella, Lepraria, Umbilicaria and Usnea from Antarctica, and Parmelia, Physcia and Xanthoria from Italy, with concomitant mosses and substrata samples, were analysed radiometrically for 137Cs and 134Cs. A northern region slightly influenced by Chernobyl fallout was distinguished from a southern region affected by accidental depositions. An increase in concentrations was observed with increasing altitude in Italian (Parmese) material. 137Cs only was detected in Nepalese and Antarctic specimens. Natural radioactivity was measured only in 40K. Tabulation of 137Cs, 134Cs and 40K levels in individual lichen genera, mosses, soil and cortex.] McCune, B., Dey, J. P., Peck, JL. E., Cassell, D., Heiman, K., Will-Wolf, S. & Neitlich, P. N. (1997) Repeatability of community data: species richness versus gradient scores in large-scale lichen studies. Bryologist 100: 40–46. [Several components of error (betweencrew, crew to expert, between-expert and seasonal variation) in the methodology of lichen community sampling used for the Fort Heath monitoring programme were analysed, using species richness and scores on lichen community gradients (climatic and air-qualitative) for the assessment. Gradient scores were repeatable within 2–10%. Although repeated assessments of species richness contain considerable observer error, shifts in community composition can be detected.] Minger, A. & Kra¨henbu¨hl, U. (1997) Moss and lichen as biomonitors for heavy metals. International Journal of Environmental and Analytical Chemistry 67: 41–48. [Zn, Pb and Cd concentrations were measured and compared in Hypogymnia physodes from spruce and the mosses, Hylocomium splendens from soil and Hypnum cupressiforme from tree-stumps at 5 Swiss sites; and findings checked with data from an intensive investigation in the Bernese Oberland. Lichen:moss concentration ratio is a function of pollution concentration in mosses. For areas of high pollution lichen:moss concentration ratio is c 1:1; for areas of low pollution ratios increase to a maximum of 8:1. Tabulation and discussion of data.] Monaci, F., Bargagli, R. & Gasparo, D. (1997) Air pollution monitoring by lichens in a small medieval town of central Italy. Acta Botanica Neerlandica 46: 403–412. [IAP study of air quality in Siena, using 43 of 46 lichen species found on Tilia cordata (predominantly Physcia adscendens, Physconia grisea, Lecidella elaeochroma and Hyperphyscia adglutinata). Trace element concentrations were analysed using Parmelia caperata from Tilia cordata and Quercus ilex from 28 polluted city sites and 29 unpolluted control sites 10 km distant to the north-west. Traffic was the major air pollutant source in the city, which produced no lichen desert. Results are presented and discussed in detail.] Nimis, P. L. (1989) Urban lichen studies in Italy. III. The City of Rome. Braun-Blanquetia 3: 279–286. [34 epiphytic lichen species were recorded in Rome from 127 relevés carried out on Quercus ilex, Q. suber and Tilia species in 1982. Species number and acidophyte incidence decrease with distance from the city centre. Xanthorion members predominate. Lichen desert and areas dominated by Lecanora conizaeoides extend from the centre south-east and north-east along the line of the city’s two main wind directions.] Öztürk, S., Güvenç, S. & Aslan, A. (1997) Distribution of epiphytic lichens and sulphur dioxide (SO2) pollution in the city of Bursa. Turkish Journal of Botany 21: 211–215. [Air quality assessment in Bursa city using distribution data of 24 corticolous lichen species. Quercus had more than double the number of lichen species (15) found on any other tree. Central Bursa is an epiphytic lichen desert as the result of long-term air pollution and habitat destruction.] Paatero, J. & Jaakkola, T. (1994) Determination of the 241Pu deposition in Finland after the Chernobyl accident. Radiochimica Acta 64: 139–144. [241Pu concentrations were measured in Finnish peat and lichens to study the aerial distribution of 241Pu fallout from Chernobyl. Lichen samples were thick pieces of lichen carpet collected in 1987 and 1988. 241Pu levels in the upper layer of lichen sward are comparable with those from heaviest 1960 weapons test fallout. Tabulation includes lichen activity concentrations; deposition map.]
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Paatero, J., Jaakkola, T. & Kulmala, S. (1998) Lichen (sp. Cladonia) as a deposition indicator for transuranium elements investigated with the Chernobyl fallout. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 38: 223–247. [Deposition of transuranium elements measured after the Chernobyl disaster was very uneven. Eight tables are presented for levels of 238Pu, 239,240Pu, 241 Am, 241,243,244Cm, 95Zr and 144Ce in lichen. Levels in lichen carpet are also compared with levels in corticolous lichen, surface peat, grass, moss and birch leaves. Detailed discussion.] Palmieri, F., Neri, R., Benco, C. & Serracca, L. (1997) Lichens and moss as bioindicators and bioaccumulators in air pollution monitoring. Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology 16: 175–190. [Lichen and moss indication study of SO2 (IAP methodology) and of metal deposition (using Parmelia caperata and Hypnum cupressiforme) in La Spezia in 1989, 1992 and 1994 during which air quality improved. Highest metal contamination is in the south-east of the gulf area. High Pb levels are related to waste incinerator lead oxide plant emissions. High Pb levels were found in the blood of the local populace.] Pandolfini, T., Gremigni, P. & Gabbrielli, R. (1997) Biomonitoring of soil health by plants. In Biological Indicators of Soil Health (C. E. Pankhurst, B. M. Double & V. V. S. R. Gupta, eds): 325–347. Oxford: C.A.B. International. [A section on lichens (:331–333) provides a selective review of work to date on soil contamination, pointing out that ‘ Most aerial pollutants finish up entering the soil and living organisms. ’] Paus, S. M. (1997) Die Erdflechtenvegetation Nordwestdeutschlands und einiger Randgebiete: Vegetationsökologische Untersuchungen und besonderer Berücksichtigung des Chemismus ausgewählter Arten. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 66: 1–222. [Section 10·1 (:115–120) on the status and endangerment of terricolous lichens discusses air pollution impact and especially the effect of intensifying nitrogenous enrichment. Detailed comments (:120–190) on lichens red-listed for the study area of northwestern Germany and some fringe regions.] Piervittori, R. & Maffei, S. (1996) Flora lichenica epifita nella citta` di Aosta e zone limitrofe. Revue Valdotaine d’Histore Naturelle 50: 163–177. [In Aosta and environs 32 lichen species were recorded, 11 new to Aosta Valley. Ecological commentaries are given for each species. 9 or 10 species found in 1910/79 have not been refound. Frequency histogram.] Piervittori, R., Meregalli, M., Maffei, S. & Montersino, M. (1996) Ricolonizzazione lichenica nella citta` di Torino. Allionia 34: 63–65. [Study of epiphytic lichens on Tilia in city and parklands of Turin. 10 species are listed and recolonisation noted.] Pišut, I. (1997) Changes in the epiphytic flora of Slovakia. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 67: 289–295. [Of 423 lichens recorded in Slovakia only 200 epiphytic species are extant. Some acidophiles and nitrophiles are spreading. Only 15–20% of epiphytic lichens are faring well; most are endangered. Future decrease in air pollution levels should bring about an increase in some less sensitive taxa. With no decline in nitrogenous pollution expected yet, the predominance of nitrophiles in rural areas will persist.] Poikolainen, J., Kuusinen, M., Mikkola, K. & Lindgren, M. (1998) Mapping of the epiphytic lichens on conifers in Finland in the years 1985–86 and 1995. Chemosphere 36: 4–5. [Bioindication mapping of 13 selected lichen species on Scots Pine and Norway Spruce in Finland enabled a comparison to be made of 1985–6 and 1995 data. All lichens increased in abundance over the study period. Four groups of descending tolerance were identified: (1) Scoliciosporum chloroccum (+green alga) and Hypocenomyce scalaris; (2) Hypogymnia physodes, Parmeliopsis ambigua, Cetraria chlorophylla, Vulpicida prunastri; (3) Parmeliopsis species, Platismatia glauca, Pseudevernia furfuracea, Parmelia sulcata, Evernia prunastri; and (4) Bryoria and Usnea species. Notable increase of S. chlorococcum in southern Finland reflects increased forest nutrient levels. Increase of poleosensitive species in central Finland reflects decreasing S deposition. Comparative distribution maps for S. chlorococcum, Platismatia glauca, Bryoria, Usnea and IAP.] Roper, M. M. & Ophel-Keller, K. M. (1997) Soil microflora as bioindicators of soil health. In Biological Indicators of Soil Health (C. E. Pankhurst, B. M. Double & V. V. S. R. Gupta, eds): 157–177. Oxford: C.A.B. International. [Brief paragraph on lichens and soil pollution . . . ‘ When pollutants become dissolved in water, sensitive lichens on soil become poisoned and community structures change. If the algal symbiont is a cyanobacterium, pollutants are likely to affect nitrogen fixation and hence the nitrogen status of soils. ’]
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Schöller, H. (1997) Some aspects concerning the influence of substrate, biotope, and organismspecific factors on decline and threat of lichens in Central Europe, in particular Hesse (Germany). Bibliotheca Lichenologica 67: 267–276. [Study of lichens in Hesse (875 taxa) as an example of their general decline in central Europe over recent decades. Epiphytic lichens on isolated trees are particularly affected, and cyanolichens more than green algal lichens. Beard and ramiform lichens and crustose lichens with stalked apothecia have decreased most. Tabulation of data.] Seaward, M. R. D. (1998) Time-space analyses of the British flora, with particular reference to air quality surveys. Folia Cryptogamica Estonica 32: 85–96. [Time-space analyses of distribution data from the British Lichen Society’s Mapping Scheme show the usefulness of lichen indication in air quality surveillance over wide areas where physiochemical equipment is inadequate or lacking. Sensitivity listing (1992 and 1997) for 30 epiphytic species. 9 species distribution maps and table of species expansion.] Thor, G. (1997) Establishment of permanent plots with lichens and mosses for monitoring local human impact on environment in Heimefrontfjella and Vestfjella, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. Nankyoku Shiryo (Antarctic Record) 41: 652–672. [Baseline studies of the lichens at 3 Antarctic stations to monitor the effect of human local activities: trampling, vehicular traffic, air pollution from hydrocarbon combustion, etc. Nearness to the central Antarctic ozone hole means that lichens undergo drastic increase in UV-B radiation measurable in terms of production of cortical screening compounds, and hence are a potential monitor of ozone depletion.] Trass, H. (1997) Lichen mapping in Europe: Lepraria vulpina, Menegazzia terebrata. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences; Biology, Ecology: [Comparison with earlier known distribution reveals that these two lichens have suffered decline due to logging, air pollution and loss of habitat.] Tuba, Z., Csintalan, Z. & Proctor, M. C. F. (1996) Photosynthetic responses of a moss Tortula ruralis, ssp. ruralis, and the lichens, Cladonia convoluta and C. furcata, to water deficit and short periods of desiccation, and their ecophysiological significance: a baseline study at present-day CO2 concentration. New Phytologist 133: 353–361. [Cladonia convoluta, C. furcata and the moss, Tortula ruralis, which together form two-thirds of the above-ground biomass in some Hungarian dry sand-steppe grasslands, were studied to obtain baseline data for investigations into the effect of increased CO2 concentrations on three homoichlorophyllous species.] van Herk, K. & Aptroot, A. (1998) Recovery of epiphytic lichens in the Netherlands. British Lichen Society Bulletin 82: 22–26. [Analysis of occurrence counts of Dutch epiphytic lichens during the period 1900–1995 against a background reduction in major industrial air pollution and the Netherlands’ acute modern ammonia enrichment problem, is used to construct tables of percentage occurrence changes for 245 corticolous lichens collectively and mean frequency and percentage changes for 100 individual species during this century.] I am grateful to Profs J. Garty, D. L. Hawksworth, D. H. S. Richardson and M. R. D. Seaward, and to Drs D. H. Brown and J. Liška for drawing my attention to certain items; to the staffs of the British Lending Library, English Nature Library and Edward Boyle Library, Leeds University, for their assistance; and to Professor M. R. Hollingdale for generous provision of facilities. Accepted for publication 15 October 1998
LITERATURE ON AIR POLLUTION AND LICHENS XLVIII* A. HENDERSON‡ Adamson, E., Adamson, H., Vesk, M. & Seppelt, R. D. (1990) Morphological, ultrastructural and physiological characteristics of damage to an extensive stand of the lichen Usnea sphacelata at Casey Station, East Antarctica. Proceedings of the Linnean Society 112: 229–240. [Damage to Usnea sphacelata near the new Casey Station in Antarctica is considered to result from ‘ a catastrophic event and is not symptomatic of an ongoing chronic pollution problem ’ at the station. Study of alkaline cement dust pollution effects on U. sphacelata in the locality showed quite different damage symptoms. A leak of poisonous fumes and abrasion by airborne particulates are the likeliest contributory factors.] Angold, P. G. (1997) The impact of a road upon adjacent heathland vegetation: effects on plant species composition. Journal of Applied Ecology 34: 409–417. [Investigation of the effects of a road on nearby heathland plants at 5 sites by the main trunk road through the New Forest, Hampshire, and at 9 sites near 5 minor roads, revealed an enhancement of vascular vegetation, probably due to NOx from vehicular exhausts, but a decrease in abundance and health of lichens. Road edge effect in heathland correlated with traffic density, with a maximum reach of 200 m by a dual carriageway. Loss of luxuriance in Cladonia portentosa growth may be due to traffic exhaust pollution and/or to increased competition from vascular plants.] Aptroot, A. (1998) Lichens in Kew Gardens, Richmond, Surrey. British Lichen Society Bulletin 82: 36–37. [25 epiphytic lichens were recorded in Kew Gardens in 1998. In 1970 Lecanora conizaeoides was the only corticolous species recorded.] Armstrong, R. A. (1997) Are metal ions accumulated by saxicolous lichens growing in a rural environment? Environmental and Experimental Botany 38: 73–79. [Mn, Cu, Zn, Mg and Ca concentrations were measured in Xanthoparmelia conspersa and Parmelia glabratula subsp. fuliginosa on a steep slate rock surface, south Gwynedd. Mn, Mg and Ca increased in surface bottom runoff as compared with surface top runoff. In P. glabratula ssp. fuliginosa ion presence was Mg>Ca=Mn=Zn>Cu with no difference between thalli from top or bottom rock surfaces. Only Mg and Ca ions exceeded those of the substratum. Ca, Cu and Zn levels were similar in thalli up to 4 cm diam., but Mg increased with thallus size in X. conspersa, and Mn levels decreased with thallus size in both taxa. Neither marginal lobes nor centres of thalli accumulated ions preferentially.] Arup, U., Ekman, S., Kärnefelt, I. & Mattsson, J.-E. (1997) Skyddsvärda lavar i sydvästra Sverige: 1–297. Lund: SBF Forlaget. [This red data book of southwestern Sweden’s lichen flora examines inter alia the influences of air pollution and alterations in the flora in detail and with generous illustration. Air pollution and destruction of habitats are considered to be major causes of lichen deterioration throughout the region. Species autecology and floral composition are notably changed by air pollution. Among 116 red-listed species 87 are present, 29 extinct, 56 have decreased, 3–6 are unchanged, and 4 have increased.] Bachereau, F. & Asta, J. (1997) Effects of solar ultraviolet radiation at high altitude on the physiology and the biochemistry of a terricolous lichen (Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach.) Symbiosis 23: 197–217. [Cetraria islandica from a low altitude site (1200 m, northern aspect; Pellafol, Isère) was transplanted to a high altitude site (2058 m, southern aspect; Lauteret Pass, Hautes-Alpes) and exposed to sunlight for 3 months. Photosynthetic respiration, phenolic compound concentrations and chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations were studied, via *XLVII in Lichenologist 30: 279–286 (1998) ‡Department of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK. 0024–2829/99/010111+09 $30.00/0
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selective screening of UV-B and UV-A radiation. Results are presented and discussed in detail, strengthening ‘ the hypothesis of the UV-B protective role of lichen aromatic substances ’.] Bargagli, R., Nimis, P. L. & Monaci, F. (1997) Lichen biomonitoring of trace element deposition in urban, industrial and reference areas of Italy. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 11: 173–175. [Analyses of trace metal contents (Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in corticolous Parmelia caperata, P. sulcata and Xanthoria parietina from 5 urban areas, from industrial areas in northern and central Italy, from Veneto region, from Tuscany and from remote Calabria, showed characteristic value patterns. Despite an increase in use of unleaded fuel, Pb is still of concern, together with Cd, Cr and Cu in urban and industrial sites. Near some industries Ni, Hg and Zn may also be enhanced.] Bates, J. W., McNee, P. J. & McLeod, A. R. (1996) Effects of sulphur dioxide and ozone on lichen colonization of conifers in the Liphook Forest Fumigation Project. New Phytologist 132: 653–660. [Picea abies, P. sitchensis and P. sylvestris were grown from seedlings, were subjected to low and high regimes of ambient SO2 and 2 levels of O3 fumigation between 1987 and 1990 in different combinations. In 1991 abundance of colonization by Evernia prunastri, Hypogymnia physodes and Lecanora conizaeoides was assessed. All preferred P. abies and were scarcest on P. sylvestris. Evernia prunastri was rarest, colonizing only regime sites also preferred by H. physodes (many small thalli). Colonization of L. conizaeoides was increased by SO2. Ozone treatment was ineffective.] Bennett, J. P. & Wetmore, C. M. (1997) Chemical element concentrations in four lichens on a transect entering Voyageurs National Park. Environmental and Experimental Botany 37: 173–185. [Element concentrations (Al, B, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S and Zn) were measured in corticolous Evernia mesomorpha, Hypogymnia physodes and Parmelia sulcata from transect sites up to 24 km away from Voyageurs N.P., Minnesota, in 1990, 1991 and 1992, and also in Cladina rangiferina. Detailed data presentation and discussion. Concentration patterns are consistent with air pollution exposures at the three parks on the transect, Isle Royale, Voyageurs and Indiana Dunes. Highest Pb occurred near a highway.] Branquinho, C., Brown, D. H. & Catarino, F. (1997) The cellular location of Cu in lichens and its effects on membrane integrity and chlorophyll fluorescence. Environmental and Experimental Botany 38: 165–179. [Results and discussion of experiments using Cladonia portentosa, Ramalina fastigiata and Usnea species (U. esperantiana predominant). Supplied Ca replaced naturally acquired extracellular Mg and Ca. In Usnea intracellular uptake, saturated at low Cu concentrations, was toxic. Usnea species were the lichens most sensitive to Cu uptake. The experiments determined and quantified Cu cellular location in lichens and the relative sensitivity of species.] Branquinho, C., Brown, D. H., Maguas, C. & Catarino, F. (1997) Lead (Pb) uptake and its effects on membrane integrity and chlorophyll fluorescence in different lichen species. Environmental and Experimental Botany 37: 95–105. [The effects were studied of extra- and intracellular Pb concentrations on membrane integrity and chlorophyll fluorescence in Lobaria pulmonaria, Ramalina farinacea, Parmelia caperata and Peltigera canina from an unpolluted Portuguese site. Maximum extracellular concentrations were identical in all four lichens, but maximum intracellular levels differed in range. Membrane permeability was unaltered by Pb uptake, but photosystem II photochemical reactions decreased, especially in cyanolichens. Pb effects depended on the nature of the photobiont only. Pb displaced extracellular Ca and Mg.] Brown, D. & Mahmood, S. (1997) Does ion loss from lichens reliably measure membrane damage? Bibliotheca Lichenologica 67: 255–264. [Increases in metal element concentration in water-washings from previously stressed lichens are used as measures of membrane damage. This study investigates the validity of such a procedure by experiments involving element release from Peltigera horizontalis subjected to desiccation or heavy metal stress. The importance of the proportion of elements available in intracellular material is emphasised. Loss of elements from the intracellular fraction is a more direct measure of membrane damage than element amounts in the water-washings. The ratio of intracellular K and Mg is used to examine whether damage is generalised or specific to one element.] Brown, D. H. & Avalos, A. (1993) The role of calcium in intracellular cadmium uptake by the lichen Peltigera membranacea. Annals of Botany 71: 467–473. [No evidence was found of Ca
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affecting intracellular Cd uptake. Ca and Cd uptake differed in their response to the presence of lanthanum, vanadate or verapamil. Intracellular Cd uptake mostly reflected, except in the case of verapamil, the amount of Cd bound to extracellular exchange sites.] Chettri, M. K., Cook, C. M., Vardaka, E., Sawidis, T. & Lanaras, T. (1998) The effect of Cu, Zn and Pb on the chlorophyll content of the lichens Cladonia convoluta and Cladonia rangiformis. Environmental and Experimental Botany 39: 1–10. [To investigate whether Cu causes reduction of chlorophyll in lichens from mining areas, the effects of Cu, Zn and Pb, separately and in combination, on metal contents and subsequent chlorophyll contents in Cladonia convoluta and C. rangiformis were examined. Cu effects on chlorophyll were lower in the presence of Pb and Zn. Cu may affect chlorophyll biosynthesis or cause lipid peroxidation in photosynthetic membranes.] Ciéslin´ski, S. (1991) Stan aktualny oraz zmiany we florze porostów naskalnych i naziemnych w S u wie¸tokrzyskim Parku Narodowym. Parki Narodowe i Rezerwaty Przyrody 10: 125–136. [In this examination of lichen status in S u wie¸tokrzysk National Park, rock and ground lichens showed less sensitivity to atmospheric pollution than epiphytes ‘ for which the last three decades were the period of greatest impoverishment ’, due to general deterioration in air quality. A relict high montane rock lichen community in the deforested Łysa Góra area has survived virtually unchanged.] Déruelle, S. (1991) Rôle du support dans la croissance des microorganismes. Materials and Structures 24: 163–168. [The parts played by substrata in the establishment, growth and successional history of bacteria, algae, fungi, lichens and mosses were studied and are discussed in the light of several factors: light, humidity, temperature and wind. The colonisation of industrial materials (walls, roofs, etc.) is described. Photos of lichens on wooden, terracotta and concrete tiles.] Deruelle, S., Guilloux, F. & Letrouit-Galinou, M. A. (1993) Enjeux et perspectives de l’utilisation des lichens pour la surveillance de la qualité de l’air: trois examples dans le bassin parisien. [Expository colour card on lichen indication of air quality, produced for ‘ Pollutions atmosphériques a l’échelle locale et regionale ’. Colloque de Cachan (France-93), held 7–9 December, 1993 at Cachan.] Ernst, G. (1997) Die Flechten des Landkreises Harburg [Flora des Landkreises Harburg III]. Berichte des Botanischen Vereins zu Hamburg 17: 1–136. [Section 7 presents the distribution pattern of selected species; section 8 discusses changes in the lichen flora over the last 120 years; and section 9 (Endangerment and protective measures) deals particularly (:48–56) with pollution aspects throughout the area.] Falandysz, J., Dembowska, A. & Danisiewicz, D. (1997) Rte¸c´ w plesze porostów z terenu Trójmiejskiego Parku Krajobrazowego. [Mercury in lichen from the Trójmieski Landscape Park.] Bromatologia i Chemia Toksykologiczna 30: 259–261. [Tabulation and discussion of Hg concentrations in Hypogymnia physodes, Cladonia coniocraea, C. fimbriata, C. foliacea, C. mitis, C. arbuscula, Physconia distorta, Physcia tenella, Peltigera didactyla, P. rufescens, Parmelia sulcata, Cetraria islandica and Platismatia glauca from Trojmiejski Landscape Park, abutting on Gdynia-Sopot-Gdansk.] Falandysz, J., Ichihashi, H., Dembowska, A. & Danissiewicz, D. (1998) Porównanie trzech sposobów mineralizacji probek metoda¸ mokra¸ w oznaczaniu rte¸ci w plesze porostów. [A comparison of three procedures of sample digestion for the determination of mercury in lichen.] Bromatologia i Chemia Toksykologiczna 31: 191–195. [Three methods of sample digestion to evaluate mercury levels in Hypogymnia physodes were compared: (i) open tube methodology giving determinations 50–61% lower than (ii) whole glass and (iii) teflon-container procedures. Tabulation of results for 8 different substrata.] Falandysz, J., Ichihashi, H., Piszczek, M. & Yamasaki, S. (1998) Elements in some lichen species from northern Poland. In Interfaces in Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology: from the global to the molecular level. Report of the 8th Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, held 14–18 April 1998, Bordeaux, France. Bordeaux: SETAC. [Abstract only. Nine lichen species from Wolinski National Park and Tucholskie Forests were analysed for levels of 44 elements : to clarify concentrations, possible sources, and interspecific and substratum-related differences.] Figueira, R., Pacheco, A. M. G., Sousa, A. J., Branquinho, C. & Catarino, F. (1998) Assessment of two epiphytic lichens as saltfall biomonitors: calibration of transplants. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Restoration 1: 61–69. [Study in south-west Alentejo,
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Portugal, to evaluate the saltfall monitoring efficacy of Ramalina calicaris (from olive trees) and Usnea species (from cork oaks), using transplant exposure techniques and multivariate modelling of data. The resultant model was considered satisfactory, but adjustments to improve its performance are anticipated.] Fiorentonno, A.-M. (1997) Les lichens épiphytes comme bioindicateurs de la pollution atmosphérique genevoise. Saussurea 28: 189–218. [Epiphytic lichen frequency and IAP monitoring data correlated well with figures for a combination of SO2, NO2, NO and O3 pollution in Geneva. Changes in the lichen flora from 1986 corresponded with alterations in atmospheric quality. Presentation and discussion of results, and 5-zonal mapping of the city. Percentage frequency changes for several acidophilous and basiphilous species are tabulated.] Freitas, M. C. & Nobre, A. S. (1997) Bioaccumulation of heavy metals using Parmelia sulcata and Parmelia caperata for air pollution studies. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 217: 17–20. [Data obtained from Parmelia sulcata and P. caperata on olive trees at 70 random sites throughout Portugal, detailing contents of Na, Mg, Al, Cl, K, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Zn, As, Br, Rb, Sr, Mo and Ba, demonstrated that, while P. caperata should be preferred for Ca studies and both species are equivalent Hg absorbers, for other elements P. sulcata is the more efficient accumulator. Map of locations and frequency histograms; and maps of Ca and Hg concentrations in both species.] Freitas, M. C., Reis, M. A., Alves, L. C., Wolterbeek, H. T., Verburg, T. & Gouveia, M. A. (1997) Bio-monitoring of trace-element air pollution in Portugal: Qualitative survey. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 217: 21–30. [250 collections of Parmelia sulcata from olive trees were analysed for 44 elements (Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Zr, Sb, I, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Lu, Hf, Ta, W, Hg, Pb, Th and U). Factors derived from the database analysis are assigned to environmental sources, pollution from cement production being a strongly pronounced feature.] Garty, J., Karnieli, A., Wolfson, R., Kunin, P. & Garty-Spitz, R. (1997a) Spectral reflectance and integrity of cell membranes and chlorophyll relative to the concentration of airborne minerals in a lichen. Physiologia Plantarum 101: 257–264. [Investigation to determine the impact of oil-combustion pollutants and soil dust on cell membrane integrity and chlorophyll content in Ramalina duriaei from carob trees in the HaZorea Forest, northeastern Israel, transplanted to 10 sites near Ashdod, an industrial area in the south-west, with a power plant and oil refineries. Al, Cr, Fe, K. Ni, P, sulphate-S, Ti and V were measured to assess pollution levels. Detailed presentation and discussion of data. Ramalina duriaei, the only indigenous fruticose lichen in the Ashdod region, is an endangered species.] Garty, J., Kauppi, M. & Kauppi, A. (1997b) The production of stress ethylene relative to the concentration of heavy metals and other elements in the lichen Hypogymnia physodes. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16: 1404–1408. [In this 45-day study of fluctuations in ethylene production in Hypogymnia physodes transplanted into two streets with slow traffic and a highway in Oulu, the transplants showed high accumulation rates compared with extra-urban forest controls. Zn and Fe levels correlated with ethylene concentration in thalli treated with H2O (pH 6·8) or NaHSO3 (pH 4·0). Pb, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu were higher in H. physodes from slow traffic streets (13 600 & 14 290 cars/day) than from a busy highway (25 240 cars/day) after 45 days exposure.] Garty, J., Kloog, N., Cohen, Y., Wolfson, R. & Karnieli, A. (1997c) The effect of air pollution on the integrity of chlorophyll, spectral reflectance response, and on concentrations of nickel, vanadium and sulfur in the lichen Ramalina duriaei (De Not.) Bagl. Environmental Research 74: 174–187. [Further treatment of the research programme dealt with in Garty et al. (1997a) above. ‘ We suggest that a high V/Ni ratio in lichens is a tracer for air pollution caused by the combustion of fuel oil. ’] Garty, J., Kloog, N., Wolfson, R., Cohen, Y., Karnieli, A. & Avni, A. (1997d) The influence of air pollution on the concentration of mineral elements, on the spectral reflectance response and on the production of stress-ethylene in the lichen Ramalina duriaei. New Phytologist 137: 587–597. [Paper supplementary to Garty et al. (1997c) above. Thalline spectral response and stress-ethylene production were measured in Ramalina duriaei transplants exposed to pollution and compared with sulphate-S, V, Ni, K, Pb, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn and Mg concentrations in in situ thalli and transplants. High concentrations coincided with high stress-ethylene production and a low normalised difference vegetation index, indicating
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spectral reflectance response was related to chlorophyll damage. Sulphate-S, Pb, Cu, Ni, V and Cr levels were higher in urban-industrially sited thalli. Individual thalli manifested a correlation between ethylene production and V and Ni concentrations. Ramalina duriaei in urban-industrial areas was under severe stress, possibly endangered by power plant fuel oil pollution and acid rain from oil refineries.] Garty, J., Kloog, N. & Cohen, Y. (1998) Integrity of lichen cell membranes in relation to concentration of airborne elements. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 34: 136–144. [Electric conductivity sufficiently reflected cellular injury in Ramalina duriaei transplants near a motorway, an oil-fired fuel plant and a kibbutz. Figures for concentrations of K, B, Al, Cr, Fe, Si, Ti, Zn, P, Ba, Ca, Mg, Na, Pb, Ca, Mn, Sr and S. K leakage from thalli as a result of air pollution is suggested; such leakage correlated with S and Cr levels in transplants.] Gedeonov, A. D., Kuleshova, I. N., Petrov, E. R., Savopulo, M. L., Shkroev, V. Y., Shuvalov, B. N., Alexeev, V. G., Arkhipov, V. I. & Burtsev, I. S. (1997) Plutonium in soils, bottom sediments and lichen near peaceful nuclear explosion sites in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 221: 85–92. [Lichen (unspecified) was among the environmental samples used to assess radionuclide contamination (239,240Pu) at the ‘ Craton-3 ’ and ‘ Crystal ’ nuclear explosion sites. Detailed tabulation of activity concentrations for 239,240Pu and 137Cs. Decontamination work at both sites has been inadequate to clean them up. Areas of high Pu contamination still persist.] Gilbert, O. L. (1997) The lichens of Eccleshall Woods 1993: a baseline survey. In The Natural History of Eccleshall Woods, 1. (I. D. Rotherham & M. Jones, eds) [Peak District Journal of History and Archaeology, Special Publication 1]: 25–39. [Close searching of these urban polluted woodlands, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, produced a list of 42 lichen species, although 15 of them were found on 1 or 2 trees only.] Glenn, M. G. & Webb, S. L. (1997) Lichens as indicators of forest integrity. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 68: 155–164. [Species diversity and abundance of corticolous forest lichens were investigated at sites in New Jersey, New York and Minnesota along transects up to 45 m distant from an anthropogenic edge in 3 forest types: northern hardwoods (red oak and sugar maple; red pine; and jack pine). Lichen cover and richness (especially foliose) was strikingly low in the polluted east, probably due to air pollution and environmental acidification. Analytical presentation and discussion of data.] Glenn, M. G., Webb, S. L. & Cole, M. S. (1998) Forest integrity at anthropogenic edges: air pollution disrupts bioindicators. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 51: 163–169. [Study of the relationship with anthropogenic edges of corticolous lichen, bryophyte and vascular plant occurrences in northern hardwood forests in comparison with east coast and mid-west situations, using micro-epiphytes on Quercus rubra and Acer saccharum. Severe lichen depauperation in the east, due to air pollution, restricts the usefulness of lichen bioindication of forest integrity, even 120 km from New York city.] Heber, I., Heber, W. & Türk, R. (1994) Die Luftqualität in der Stadt Linz (O } berosterreich, O } sterreich) von Oktober 1990 bis Oktober 1991 festgestellt anhand von Flechtenexponaten. Naturkundliches Jahrbuch der Stadt Linz 37–39: 491–552. [Studies in Linz using Hypogymnia physodes transplants exposed over the period 1990–1991 provided data complementary to the investigation of epiphytic lichen distribution described in Türk et al. (1994) in XLV. Lichen damage/mortality rate was recorded by monthly photography. High dust and NOx concentrations resulted in heavy damage to thalli. Chlorophyll destruction correlated with average SO2/dust concentrations. Detailed tabulation of results, colour maps and illustrations.] John, V. (1997) Aufnahame der epiphytischen Flechtenvegetation an WaldökosystemDauerbeobachtungsflächen in Rheinland-Pfalz. Mitteilungen aus der Forstlichen Versuchsanstalt Rheinland-Pfalz 40: 91–112. [Comparison of the epiphytic lichen flora on permanent forest lots in Rheinland-Pfalz in 1985/86 and 1994/95. The spectrum of 64 recorded species ranges from highly poleotolerant to a set of red-listed species. At 30% of sites in 1994/95 lichen ameliorization was noted, possibly due to a reduction in SO2 pollution. Analytical mapping, tabulation and discussion of results.] Liška, J. (1994a) Lišejníky Libického Luhu. [Lichens of the Nature Reserve Libicky luh (central Bohemia, Czech Republic)]. Muzeum a soucˇasnost, Rostoky, ser. natur. 8: 39–46. [The lichen flora of the Libicky reserve is impoverished due to medium level air pollution and the nearness of more serious pollutant sources. Only Lecanora conizaeoides, Lepraria incana and
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Scoliciosporum chlorococcum occur frequently, but diligent searching recorded 50 species (37 on bark, 8 on wood, 12 on mortar, brick and asbestos-cement). Some sensitive macrolichens were recorded only from the high canopy of fallen trees. Old data verify the extreme depauperation of the flora.] Lisˇka, J. (1994b) C { eská a Slovenská lichenologická bibliografie VII. Bryonora 14: 29–30. [Bibliography of Czech and Slovak lichen literature, two of its listings directly treating air pollution matters.] Liška, J. (1995) C { eská a Slovenská lichenologická bibliografie VIII. Bryonora 16: 32–34. [Czech and Slovak lichen bibliography including several air pollution references.] Liška, J. (1996a) C { eská Slovenská lichenologická bibliografie IX. Bryonora 18: 27–29. [Czech and Slovak bibliography with 4 items immediately concerning air pollution.] Liška, J. (1996b) R { ozšírˇeni vybraných epifytických lišejníku˚ v C { eske republice vge vztahu ke kvaliteˇ ovzduší a dalším faktorum. [Distribution of selected lichens in the Czech Republic; the influence of air pollution and evaluation of other factors.] Prˇíroda 5: 7–21. [Bioindication mapping of epiphytic lichens in the Czech Republic. A 5-zonal map is produced. Comparison is made with Wirth’s toxitolerance scale for Germany, and distribution maps are presented for 14 species.] Liška, J. (1996c) C { ervené seznamy lišejníku˚. [Red lists of lichens.] Severocˇes Prˇiroda, Litomén´ce; supplement 9: 53–59. [Air pollution, acidification and eutrophication are among the several factors influencing the disastrous decline in the Czech lichen flora: c. 15% extinct and 40% endangered, with 1400 species considered vulnerable. Comparison is made with other national red list figures.] Liška, J. (1997a) C { eská a Slovenská lichenologická bibliografie X. Bryonora 20: 24–26. [Czech and Slovak bibliography containing 8 items on air pollution aspects.] Liška, J. (1997b) Pocˇet bioindikacˇních druhu˚ lisejníku˚ jako meˇrˇítko kvality ovzduší. [Use of a number of lichen indicator species bioindication characteristics for air pollution effect assessment.] Prˇiroda 10: 7–14. [A Czech bioindication project utilising epiphytic lichen mapping revealed areas of pollution impact through distribution patterns of sensitive species. Coincidence mapping of selected species of the same ecological grouping was more informative than individual species mapping. Coincidence maps are presented for 6 ecological groups of 6–10 species each.] Liška, J. (1997c) Zkušenosti z dlouhodobého monitorování vlivu znecˇišteˇni ovzduší na lišejníky na Táborsku. [Experience gained from a long-term monitoring study in the Tabor area, South Bohemia]. Prˇiroda 11: 7–15. [Study, spanning 20 years, of epiphytic lichens under moderate stress from two nearby pollutant sources: SO2 emissions increased over the period. Cluster analysis diagram (36 species) and a sensitivity scale (42 species) for eutrophicated and uneutrophicated bark.] Liška, J. & Prochazka, P. (1996) Lisejniky a znecˇišteˇni ovzduší. Prague: TEREZA. [Pull-out colour card with key, illustrating the lichens typical of different pollution levels from 150 ìg m 3 to 50 ìg 3.] Liška, J., Deˇtinsky´, R. & Palice, Z. (1996) Importance of the Sumava Mts. for the biodiversity of lichens in the Czech Republic. [Vyznam Sumavy pro biodiverzitu lisejniku v Ceske republice.] Silva Gabreta 1: 71–78. [In the face of ecological changes, including intensification of air pollution, the Sumava Mts afford a last refuge for many Czech epiphytic lichens. Cetraria sepincola, Lobaria pulmonaria, Nephroma bellum and Menegazzia terebrata show reduced distribution; Evernia divaricata, Lobaria amplissima, Nephroma parile, N. resupinatum, Pachyphiale fagicola and Sphaerophorus globosus are restricted to the Sumava Mts; and Evernia mesomorpha is extinct. Several species persist solely in the confines of relict habitats.] Liška, J., Veˇzda, A. & Deˇtinský, R. (1997) V lichenologických stopách po cˇtyrˇech desetiletích. [Changes of the lichen flora of the Telcˇ area (S.W. Moravia) after 40 years.] Bryonora 19: 14–16. [Together with habitat destruction and landscape management changes, air pollution is a key factor in the severe diminution of the S.W. Moravian lichen flora.] Loppi, S., Cenni, E., Bussotti, F. & Ferretti, M. (1998) Biomonitoring of geothermal air pollution by epiphytic lichens and forest trees. Chemosphere 36: 1079–1082. [Lichen diversity and crown status in Quercus cerris were regarded as active air quality monitors, and lichen distribution was assessed by IAP indexing in the Travale-Radiocondoli geothermal region. Parmelia caperata and tree leaves were analysed for As, B, Hg and S concentrations. Lichen
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contents of Hg were low, of S normal, and of As and B slightly higher than background levels.] Marzano, F. N., Favali, M. A. & Triulzi, C. (1992) Primordial and anthropogenic radionuclides in lichens and mosses. In Atti dello VIII Convegno Nazionale sulla Attivita di Ricerca nei Settori della Radiochimica e della Chimica Nucleare, delle Radiazioni e dei Radioelementi. Torino, 16–19 Giugno, 1992: 141–144. Torino: Universita degli studi di Torino/ Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche. [Cladonia and Parmelia from Scandinavia, Cetraria, Parmelia and Umbilicaria from Nepal, Candelariella, Lepraria, Umbilicaria and Usnea from Antarctica, and Parmelia, Physcia and Xanthoria from Italy, with concomitant mosses and substrata samples, were analysed radiometrically for 137Cs and 134Cs. A northern region slightly influenced by Chernobyl fallout was distinguished from a southern region affected by accidental depositions. An increase in concentrations was observed with increasing altitude in Italian (Parmese) material. 137Cs only was detected in Nepalese and Antarctic specimens. Natural radioactivity was measured only in 40K. Tabulation of 137Cs, 134Cs and 40K levels in individual lichen genera, mosses, soil and cortex.] McCune, B., Dey, J. P., Peck, JL. E., Cassell, D., Heiman, K., Will-Wolf, S. & Neitlich, P. N. (1997) Repeatability of community data: species richness versus gradient scores in large-scale lichen studies. Bryologist 100: 40–46. [Several components of error (betweencrew, crew to expert, between-expert and seasonal variation) in the methodology of lichen community sampling used for the Fort Heath monitoring programme were analysed, using species richness and scores on lichen community gradients (climatic and air-qualitative) for the assessment. Gradient scores were repeatable within 2–10%. Although repeated assessments of species richness contain considerable observer error, shifts in community composition can be detected.] Minger, A. & Kra¨henbu¨hl, U. (1997) Moss and lichen as biomonitors for heavy metals. International Journal of Environmental and Analytical Chemistry 67: 41–48. [Zn, Pb and Cd concentrations were measured and compared in Hypogymnia physodes from spruce and the mosses, Hylocomium splendens from soil and Hypnum cupressiforme from tree-stumps at 5 Swiss sites; and findings checked with data from an intensive investigation in the Bernese Oberland. Lichen:moss concentration ratio is a function of pollution concentration in mosses. For areas of high pollution lichen:moss concentration ratio is c 1:1; for areas of low pollution ratios increase to a maximum of 8:1. Tabulation and discussion of data.] Monaci, F., Bargagli, R. & Gasparo, D. (1997) Air pollution monitoring by lichens in a small medieval town of central Italy. Acta Botanica Neerlandica 46: 403–412. [IAP study of air quality in Siena, using 43 of 46 lichen species found on Tilia cordata (predominantly Physcia adscendens, Physconia grisea, Lecidella elaeochroma and Hyperphyscia adglutinata). Trace element concentrations were analysed using Parmelia caperata from Tilia cordata and Quercus ilex from 28 polluted city sites and 29 unpolluted control sites 10 km distant to the north-west. Traffic was the major air pollutant source in the city, which produced no lichen desert. Results are presented and discussed in detail.] Nimis, P. L. (1989) Urban lichen studies in Italy. III. The City of Rome. Braun-Blanquetia 3: 279–286. [34 epiphytic lichen species were recorded in Rome from 127 relevés carried out on Quercus ilex, Q. suber and Tilia species in 1982. Species number and acidophyte incidence decrease with distance from the city centre. Xanthorion members predominate. Lichen desert and areas dominated by Lecanora conizaeoides extend from the centre south-east and north-east along the line of the city’s two main wind directions.] Öztürk, S., Güvenç, S. & Aslan, A. (1997) Distribution of epiphytic lichens and sulphur dioxide (SO2) pollution in the city of Bursa. Turkish Journal of Botany 21: 211–215. [Air quality assessment in Bursa city using distribution data of 24 corticolous lichen species. Quercus had more than double the number of lichen species (15) found on any other tree. Central Bursa is an epiphytic lichen desert as the result of long-term air pollution and habitat destruction.] Paatero, J. & Jaakkola, T. (1994) Determination of the 241Pu deposition in Finland after the Chernobyl accident. Radiochimica Acta 64: 139–144. [241Pu concentrations were measured in Finnish peat and lichens to study the aerial distribution of 241Pu fallout from Chernobyl. Lichen samples were thick pieces of lichen carpet collected in 1987 and 1988. 241Pu levels in the upper layer of lichen sward are comparable with those from heaviest 1960 weapons test fallout. Tabulation includes lichen activity concentrations; deposition map.]
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Paatero, J., Jaakkola, T. & Kulmala, S. (1998) Lichen (sp. Cladonia) as a deposition indicator for transuranium elements investigated with the Chernobyl fallout. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 38: 223–247. [Deposition of transuranium elements measured after the Chernobyl disaster was very uneven. Eight tables are presented for levels of 238Pu, 239,240Pu, 241 Am, 241,243,244Cm, 95Zr and 144Ce in lichen. Levels in lichen carpet are also compared with levels in corticolous lichen, surface peat, grass, moss and birch leaves. Detailed discussion.] Palmieri, F., Neri, R., Benco, C. & Serracca, L. (1997) Lichens and moss as bioindicators and bioaccumulators in air pollution monitoring. Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology 16: 175–190. [Lichen and moss indication study of SO2 (IAP methodology) and of metal deposition (using Parmelia caperata and Hypnum cupressiforme) in La Spezia in 1989, 1992 and 1994 during which air quality improved. Highest metal contamination is in the south-east of the gulf area. High Pb levels are related to waste incinerator lead oxide plant emissions. High Pb levels were found in the blood of the local populace.] Pandolfini, T., Gremigni, P. & Gabbrielli, R. (1997) Biomonitoring of soil health by plants. In Biological Indicators of Soil Health (C. E. Pankhurst, B. M. Double & V. V. S. R. Gupta, eds): 325–347. Oxford: C.A.B. International. [A section on lichens (:331–333) provides a selective review of work to date on soil contamination, pointing out that ‘ Most aerial pollutants finish up entering the soil and living organisms. ’] Paus, S. M. (1997) Die Erdflechtenvegetation Nordwestdeutschlands und einiger Randgebiete: Vegetationsökologische Untersuchungen und besonderer Berücksichtigung des Chemismus ausgewählter Arten. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 66: 1–222. [Section 10·1 (:115–120) on the status and endangerment of terricolous lichens discusses air pollution impact and especially the effect of intensifying nitrogenous enrichment. Detailed comments (:120–190) on lichens red-listed for the study area of northwestern Germany and some fringe regions.] Piervittori, R. & Maffei, S. (1996) Flora lichenica epifita nella citta` di Aosta e zone limitrofe. Revue Valdotaine d’Histore Naturelle 50: 163–177. [In Aosta and environs 32 lichen species were recorded, 11 new to Aosta Valley. Ecological commentaries are given for each species. 9 or 10 species found in 1910/79 have not been refound. Frequency histogram.] Piervittori, R., Meregalli, M., Maffei, S. & Montersino, M. (1996) Ricolonizzazione lichenica nella citta` di Torino. Allionia 34: 63–65. [Study of epiphytic lichens on Tilia in city and parklands of Turin. 10 species are listed and recolonisation noted.] Pišut, I. (1997) Changes in the epiphytic flora of Slovakia. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 67: 289–295. [Of 423 lichens recorded in Slovakia only 200 epiphytic species are extant. Some acidophiles and nitrophiles are spreading. Only 15–20% of epiphytic lichens are faring well; most are endangered. Future decrease in air pollution levels should bring about an increase in some less sensitive taxa. With no decline in nitrogenous pollution expected yet, the predominance of nitrophiles in rural areas will persist.] Poikolainen, J., Kuusinen, M., Mikkola, K. & Lindgren, M. (1998) Mapping of the epiphytic lichens on conifers in Finland in the years 1985–86 and 1995. Chemosphere 36: 4–5. [Bioindication mapping of 13 selected lichen species on Scots Pine and Norway Spruce in Finland enabled a comparison to be made of 1985–6 and 1995 data. All lichens increased in abundance over the study period. Four groups of descending tolerance were identified: (1) Scoliciosporum chloroccum (+green alga) and Hypocenomyce scalaris; (2) Hypogymnia physodes, Parmeliopsis ambigua, Cetraria chlorophylla, Vulpicida prunastri; (3) Parmeliopsis species, Platismatia glauca, Pseudevernia furfuracea, Parmelia sulcata, Evernia prunastri; and (4) Bryoria and Usnea species. Notable increase of S. chlorococcum in southern Finland reflects increased forest nutrient levels. Increase of poleosensitive species in central Finland reflects decreasing S deposition. Comparative distribution maps for S. chlorococcum, Platismatia glauca, Bryoria, Usnea and IAP.] Roper, M. M. & Ophel-Keller, K. M. (1997) Soil microflora as bioindicators of soil health. In Biological Indicators of Soil Health (C. E. Pankhurst, B. M. Double & V. V. S. R. Gupta, eds): 157–177. Oxford: C.A.B. International. [Brief paragraph on lichens and soil pollution . . . ‘ When pollutants become dissolved in water, sensitive lichens on soil become poisoned and community structures change. If the algal symbiont is a cyanobacterium, pollutants are likely to affect nitrogen fixation and hence the nitrogen status of soils. ’]
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Schöller, H. (1997) Some aspects concerning the influence of substrate, biotope, and organismspecific factors on decline and threat of lichens in Central Europe, in particular Hesse (Germany). Bibliotheca Lichenologica 67: 267–276. [Study of lichens in Hesse (875 taxa) as an example of their general decline in central Europe over recent decades. Epiphytic lichens on isolated trees are particularly affected, and cyanolichens more than green algal lichens. Beard and ramiform lichens and crustose lichens with stalked apothecia have decreased most. Tabulation of data.] Seaward, M. R. D. (1998) Time-space analyses of the British flora, with particular reference to air quality surveys. Folia Cryptogamica Estonica 32: 85–96. [Time-space analyses of distribution data from the British Lichen Society’s Mapping Scheme show the usefulness of lichen indication in air quality surveillance over wide areas where physiochemical equipment is inadequate or lacking. Sensitivity listing (1992 and 1997) for 30 epiphytic species. 9 species distribution maps and table of species expansion.] Thor, G. (1997) Establishment of permanent plots with lichens and mosses for monitoring local human impact on environment in Heimefrontfjella and Vestfjella, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. Nankyoku Shiryo (Antarctic Record) 41: 652–672. [Baseline studies of the lichens at 3 Antarctic stations to monitor the effect of human local activities: trampling, vehicular traffic, air pollution from hydrocarbon combustion, etc. Nearness to the central Antarctic ozone hole means that lichens undergo drastic increase in UV-B radiation measurable in terms of production of cortical screening compounds, and hence are a potential monitor of ozone depletion.] Trass, H. (1997) Lichen mapping in Europe: Lepraria vulpina, Menegazzia terebrata. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences; Biology, Ecology: [Comparison with earlier known distribution reveals that these two lichens have suffered decline due to logging, air pollution and loss of habitat.] Tuba, Z., Csintalan, Z. & Proctor, M. C. F. (1996) Photosynthetic responses of a moss Tortula ruralis, ssp. ruralis, and the lichens, Cladonia convoluta and C. furcata, to water deficit and short periods of desiccation, and their ecophysiological significance: a baseline study at present-day CO2 concentration. New Phytologist 133: 353–361. [Cladonia convoluta, C. furcata and the moss, Tortula ruralis, which together form two-thirds of the above-ground biomass in some Hungarian dry sand-steppe grasslands, were studied to obtain baseline data for investigations into the effect of increased CO2 concentrations on three homoichlorophyllous species.] van Herk, K. & Aptroot, A. (1998) Recovery of epiphytic lichens in the Netherlands. British Lichen Society Bulletin 82: 22–26. [Analysis of occurrence counts of Dutch epiphytic lichens during the period 1900–1995 against a background reduction in major industrial air pollution and the Netherlands’ acute modern ammonia enrichment problem, is used to construct tables of percentage occurrence changes for 245 corticolous lichens collectively and mean frequency and percentage changes for 100 individual species during this century.] I am grateful to Profs J. Garty, D. L. Hawksworth, D. H. S. Richardson and M. R. D. Seaward, and to Drs D. H. Brown and J. Liška for drawing my attention to certain items; to the staffs of the British Lending Library, English Nature Library and Edward Boyle Library, Leeds University, for their assistance; and to Professor M. R. Hollingdale for generous provision of facilities. Accepted for publication 15 October 1998