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Lutypha sclerotiophila gen. et sp.nov. (Aphyllophorales) from India
Notes and brief articles and G 59 of C. beticola in Greece, and their lack of sensitivity to the fungicide, tends to support this hypothesis of the origin of resistance in Cercospora towards benomyl in the field. Breeding programmes for disease resistance must thus consider both pathogenic variation and varietal resistance. REFERENCES ARNESON, P. A. (1970). Chemical control of rust and Cercospora leaf spot of peanuts in Honduras and Nicaragua. Phytopathology 60, 1539. BALIS, C. & PAYNE, M. G. (1971). Triglycerides and cercosporin from Cercospora beticola: fungal growth and cercosporin production. Phytopathology 61, 1477-1484.
DASSENOY, B. & MEYER, J. A. (1973). Mutagenic effects of benomyl on Fusarium oxysporum. Mutation Research
21,
119-120.
GEORGOPOULOS, S. G. & DOVAS, C. (1973). A serious outbreak of strains of C. beticola resistant to benzimidazole fungicides in Northern Greece. Plant Disease Reporter 57, 321-324.
HASTIE, A. C. & GEORGOPOULOS, S. G. (1971). Mutational resistance to fungitoxic benzimidazole deriva-
tives in Aspergillus nidulans.Tournalof General Microbiology 67, 371-373.
KAPPAS, A., GEORGOPOULOS, S. G. & HASTIE, A. C. (1974). On the genetic activity of benzimidazoleand thiophanate fungicides on diploid Aspergillus nidulans. Mutation Research 26, 17-27.
LYNCH, F. J. & BALIS, C. (1973). Factors affectingtoxin production by the leafspot fungus Cercospora beticola. Proceedings of the Society for General Microbiology 1, 3 2-33. LYNCH, F. J. (1974). Environmental effects in the taxonomy of the genus Cercospora Fres, Proceedings of the Society for General Microbiology 2, 6. LYNCH, F. J. (1975). The variation, regulation and significance of toxin synthesis in the genus Cercospora with particular reference to C. beticola. Ph.D.
Thesis, National University of Ireland, Dublin. PAULUS, A. 0., SHIBUYA, F., NELSON, J. & HARVEY, O. A. (1970). Systemicfungicidal interval for control of sugar beet Cercospora leaf spot. Phytopathology 60, 1541. SIEGEL, M. R. & ZABBIA, A. J. JR. (1972). Distribution and metabolic fate of the fungicide benomyl in dwarf pea. Phytopathology 62, 630-634.
LUTYPHA SCLEROTIOPHILA GEN. ET SP.NOV. (APHYLLOPHORALES)
FROM INDIA I.
S. KHURANA AND K. S. THIND Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India P.
AND J. BERTHIER Laboratoire de Mycologie, Department de Biologie Vegetale, Uniuersite Claude Bernard Lyon I, 43, bd du 11 Nouembre 1918, F 69621, Villeurbanne, France
During a study on the Indian clavarioid fungi the senior author collected this interesting fungus, with branched fruitbodies arising from a sclerotium from the subtropical forest of Sattal, Nainital, Uttar Pradesh. Karsten (1882), Remsberg (1940) and Comer (1950) used the presence of a sclerotium as a generic character of Typhula Fr. Berthier (1973, 1974) has convincingly proved that the distinction of genera based on the presence or absence of a sclerotium is unnatural, because a species of Pterula, i.e. P. sclerotiicola Berthier, produces sclerotia in nature. Similarly, the senior author has found another undescribed species of Pterula which produces sclerotia. A critical study, however, revealed that the present fungus may have its affinities with the resupinate fungi and may not belong to any of the above genera. The most striking features of this fungus are the hypochnoid hymenium on most parts of the Trans. Br, mycol, Soc. 68 (3) (1977)
branches, and the exogenous origin of the fruitbodies from the sclerotia. The former feature is atypical of clavarioid fungi. This fungus differs from Typhula in its form, consistency and hyphal construction. Even the sclerotial anatomy does not match any of the known species of Typhula. It differs from Pterula in lacking a dimitic hyphal system and the fructifications do not dry in the same manner as those of Pterula. Professor E. J. H. Corner (in litt.) after examining this fungus referred it to Lentaria Comer subgenus Lentariopsis Comer. It should be emphasized, however, that the occurrence of loose arachnoid hyphae hanging from the branches, bearing hypochnoid basidial clusters is not only unusual for Lentaria, but also for all Clavariaceae. Dr D. A. Reid, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, also examined the material and agreed that it represents an undescribed genus, whose possible
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Fig. 1. Fruitbodies with sclerotia. Fig. 2. Showing fruitbodies arising from mycelium, and attached with the plant remains by mycelium. Fig. 3. Mycelium (above pulverulent, below villous). Fig. 4. Branched fruitbodies, Fig. 5. A branch with hypochnoid hymenium. Fig. 6. Cross-section through sclerotium showing outer angular cells (rind), and inner globose, subglobose, thick-walled cells (medulla). Trans. Br, mycol. Soc. 68 (3) (1977) Printed in Great Britain
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Notes and brief articles affinities may well be with the resupinate fungi, on the basis of the exogenous origin of the fruitbodies from the sclerotium and the occurrence of whorled clamps on the vegetative hyphae. Accordingly, a new generic name Lutypha is proposed, the fungus having affinities both with clavarioid species and the resupinate Aphyllophorales. Abbreviations used to designate herbaria are those of Lanjouw & Stafleu (1964), while the Herbarium, Botany Department, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, is abbreviated as PAN.
Lutypha gen.nov. (etym.: anagram of Typhula) Fructificationes exogene orientes ex sclerotia vel ex fibrillis mycelialibus, erectae vel prostratae, simplices vel ramosae, ramificatione irregulari, rami cylindrici vel plani. Hyphae monomiticae; in contextu inflatae, tenuivel crassitunicatae, fibulatae, fibulis verticellatis, in subhymenio non inflatae, tenuitunicatae, sine fibulis; in fibrillis mycelialibus sicut ramorum. Hymenium amphigenum, largiter hypochnoideum, fasciculos pendentes basidiorum et basidiolorum habens. Basidia 4- sporata, cylindrica vel suburnifortnia. Sporae subhyalinae, aguttulatae, tenuirunicatae, acyanophilae. Sclerotium: duae zonae transversim; (1) tectum 3-5 cellularum, cellulae crassitunicatae; (2) medulla: hyphae crassitunicatae, tunicatae leviter gelatinosae. Epiphyticae, in reliquiis plantarum caducarum. Species typica L. sclerotiophila. Fruitbody white, branched or simple, with or without a sclerotium, when without sclerotium fruitbodies arise from an effused snow-white mycelium, appearing pulverulent or villous, with sparse to profuse branching, irregular or often monaxial, branches cylindrical to slightly flattened, erect or prostrate on plant debris, ultimate branches filiform, terete, with acute sterile tips. Sclerotium yellowish brown, exposed. Fruitbodies arise exogenously from the sclerotium. Hyphal system monomitic; subhymenial hyphae not inflated, lacking clamps; hyphae of branches inflated and with clamps generally in whorls, long-celled, thinto slightly thick-walled with frequent intercalary thick-walled cells (Fig. 7); hyphae in the stipitate sterile base are mostly sclerified, slightly gelatinous, relatively less inflated than those of the branches, clamps mostly in whorls, short celled (Fig. 8), hyphae of the mycelium similar to those of the branches. Hymenium amphigenous, not thickening, generally as loose hypochnoid granules, sometimes continuous in some parts of the fruitbody. Most branches produce loose arachnoid hyphae which bear hypochnoid basidial clusters along their length (Figs. 5, 12). Basidia 4-spored, broadly cylindric to suburniform. Spores subhyaline, thinwalled, non-amyloid, acyanophilous. Sclerotium
Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 68 (3) (1977)
with a medulla and outer rind. Rind 3-5 cells thick, yellowish brown, thick-walled (Figs. 6, 9). Internal medullary hyphae appearing cellular in section, cells of various shapes, thick-walled, slightly gelatinous (Figs. 6, 10). The true affinities of Lutypha appear to be with the resupinate fungi because of the hypochnoid hymenium. It also has affinities with clavarioid fungi, because the hymenium is amphigenous and, although the hymenium is mostly hypochnoid, it also forms a continuous layer in some places. Dr Reid also pointed out the unusual behaviour of clamps, which are in whorls on the vegetative hyphae of the branches but absent from the subhymenium and hymenium, and is similar to that observed by Maas Geesteranus (1962) in the hydnoid fungus, Donkia pulcherrima (Berk, & Curt.) Pilar. However, the two organisms are not related.
Lutypha sclerotiophila sp.nov. Fructificationes ad 30 mm longae niveae, coriaceae, simplices vel ramosae, ramificatio sparsa vel profusa, irregularis nonnumquam monaxialis; rami erecti vel prostrati in reliquiis plantarum caducarum, cylindricales vel plani, rami ultimi filiformes, apices steriles. Hypharum systema monomiticum, hyphae in contextu ad 12'5 pm latae, tenui- vel crassitunicatae (0'4-0'5 pm), intercalaris crassitunicatae (ad 1'5 pm crassae), cellulae communes, fibulatae, fibulae verticillatae; in subhymenio ad 4'5 (5) pm latae, non inflatae, tenuitunicatae, afibulatae ; in stipes ad 8 pm latae, sclerificatae; in mycelio ad 7 usx: !atae, tenui- vel leviter crassitunicatae, fibulatae, fibulae nonnumquam verticillatae. Hymenium non spissescens, hypochnoidum, ut fasciculi pendentes basidiorum et basidiolarum. Basidia 14-23 x 6-8 p,m, 4-sporata. Sporae 6-7'5 (8) x 3-4'5 pm, ellipsoideae vel breviter subfusiformes, nonamyloidae, acyanophilae. Sclerotium flavido-brunneum, transversim duae zonae apparent: (1) tectum 3-cellularum, cellulaeangulares, flavido-brunneae; (2) medulla cellularis in sectione, hyphae crassitunicatae (2-5 pm crassae), subhyalinae, leviter gelatinosae. In silvam, in reliquiis caducarum, Sattal, Nainital, Uttar Pradesh, India, 17 Aug. 1973, I.P.S. Khurana 4910 (typus in PAN, isotypus CGE, K).
Fruitbody (Figs. 1-4) gregarious, up to 30 rom tall, snow-white, arising either from a sclerotium or from a snow-white mycelium which appears pulverulent or villous (Figs. 2, 3), sparse to profusely branched (Fig. 4); branching irregular sometimes monaxial, erect or prostrate on plant debris, when prostrate branches are generally slightly compressed and attached by the mycelial strands (Fig. 2), ultimate branches filiform; stipe indistinct or nearly so, sterile; tips acute, sterile;
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Figs. 7-8. Lutypha sclerotiophila. Fig. 7. Hyphae from a branch. Fig. 8. Hyphae from the stipitate sterile base. consistency coriaceous when fresh, drying brittle. Hyphal system monomitic; subhymenial hyphae 3-4'5(-5)!tm wide, not inflated, without clamps, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 68 (3) (1977) 17
thin-walled; context hyphae up to 12'5 !tm wide, inflated, clamped, with clamps generally in whorls, thin- to slightly thick-walled (0'5 !tm),
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Figs. 9-14. Lutypha sclerotiophila, Fig. 9. Rind of sclerotium in cross section. Fig. 10. Medulla of sclerotium in cross section. Fig. 11. Surface aspect of sclerotium. Fig. 12. Clusters of basidia and basidioles. Fig. 13. Basidiospores. Fig. 14. T .S. through stipitate sterile base.
Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 68 (3) (1977)
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Notes and brief articles long-celled, frequently with intercalary thickwalled cells with walls up to 1'5 Ilm thick (Fig. 7); hyphae in stipitate base up to 8 pm wide, mostly sclerified , clamped (Fig. 8) ; mycelial hyphae crystalline encrusted, up to 7 11m wide, with clamps in whorls or not and slightly thickened walls. Cystidia absent. Basidia 14-23 x 6-8 um, broadly cylindric to suburn iform, sometimes with apex swollen, 4-spored, without basal clamps. Spores 6-7"S x 3-4'S pm, ellipsoid to short subfusiform, th in-walled, non-amyloid, acyanophilous, with distinct apiculus, up to 1 p.m long . Sclerotium surface formed of thi ck-walled, brown, angular cells (Fig. 11); two zones are dist inctly visible in section (Fig. 6). Rind 3-S celled, yellowish brown, angular, thick-walled (O' S- l ' O Itm), the appearance of the rind is similar to that of the surface except that the cell walls are slightly thicker (Figs. 6, 9). Medulla of thick-walled (2-S Ilm) hyphae, appearing cellular in section; cells of various shapes, slightly gelatinous, on teasing two types of internal hyphae are clearly visible: (i) hyphae short-celled, thick-walled, without clamps, and (ii) thin-walled, long-celled, sparsely interspersed among the hyphae of the first type (Figs. 6, to). In the stipe the cortex and medulla distinction is not observed ; hyphae up to 6'S(8) p.m wide, thin- to thick-walled, slightly gelatinous (Fig. 14). We are most grateful to Prof. E. J. H. Corner for his valuable comments. The authors also feel deeply indebted to Dr D. A. Reid for his advice,
suggestions and above all for rendering essential moral support to describe this fungus as a new genus. We also wish to thank Dr D . N. Pegler for making many improvements in the manuscript and to Rev . Fr. T. N. Siqueira, Loyola College, Madras, for the latin translation. Financial support of the United States Department of Agricultural Research Service under P .L. 480 Programme (grant no . FG-In-447) is also gratefully acknowledged. REFERENCES
BERTHIER, J. (1973)· Researches sur les Typhula, Pistil/aria et generes affines (Clavariacees) : biologie, anatornie, systematique. These 198. Universite Claude Bernard, Lyon, France 1, 122 PP. BERTHlER, J. (1974)· Les genre Typhula (Clavariacees) et les genres affines. Classification - Especes nouvelles. Bulletin Mensuel de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon 43, 182-188. CORNER, E. J. H. (1950). A monograph of Clavaria and allied genera. Annals of Botany. Memoirs, no. 1,740 pp. London: Oxford University Press. KARSTEN, P. A. (1882). Rysslands, Finland och den Skandinaviska halfons Hattsvampar. II . Pip- , Tag-, Hud-, Klubb- och Gelesvampar. Bidrag till Kannedom of Finlands Natur och Folk 37, xix, 257 pp. LANJouw, J. & STAFLEU, F. A. (1964). Index herbariorum. Part I. The herbaria of the World, 5th ed, Regnum Vegetabile 31, 1-251. MAAS GEESTERANUS, R. A. (1962). Hyphal structures in the Hydnums. Persoonia 2, 377-405. REMSBERG, R. (1940). Studies in the genus Typhula. Mycologia 32, 52-96.
GYROMITRA TASMANICA (BERK.) BERK. & COOKE, NEW TO EUROPE F. D. CALONGE AND M. DE LA TORRE
Instituto Botdnico A .J. Ca vanilles, C.S.I.G., R ealJardin Botdnico, Pla za de Murillo,
The combination Gyromitra tasmanica was made by Berkeley & Cooke in Cooke (1879) with Helvella tasman ica Berk. as the basionym. The distribution of this rare species has been restricted hitherto to Tasmania and New Zealand, but recently Spanish material was found by Dr M. Garcia-Rollan. At first sight we considered the possibility of abnormal specimens of Gyromitra esculenta (Pers. per Pers.) Fr., which is very frequent in the region. Subsequently a careful examination showed that it was G. tasmanica, with the following characters: Carpophores 3-6 ern high. Pileus 2-4 cm diam, irregularly globose or hemisphaerical, undulate but not convolute, with a reddish brown hymenium, free margins and pinkish white underside. Trans. Br. mycol, Soc. 68 (3) (1977)
2,
Madrid-t4, Spain
Stipe robust, hollow, cylindrical, 3-5 x 1-1'5 em, whitish with pale brown scaly spots on the surface (Figs. 1-2a, b). Paraphyses cylindrical, septate, with granular brown contents and enlarged apices (8-10 pm diam). Asci cylindrical, 210-230 x 10-13 pm. Spores uniseriate, ellipsoid, hyaline, smooth, with two small drops at the ends 20-25 x 9-12 pm (Figs. 2C, d). Specimen examined: San Rafael, Segovia, Spain, on the ground in Pinus syl uestris forest, 16 May 1976, Garcia-Rollan.
During a visit to the Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew , we had the opponunity to examine Cooke's type collection from Tasmania and two
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DASSENOY, B. & MEYER, J. A. (1973). Mutagenic effects of benomyl on Fusarium oxysporum. Mutation Research
21,
119-120.
GEORGOPOULOS, S. G. & DOVAS, C. (1973). A serious outbreak of strains of C. beticola resistant to benzimidazole fungicides in Northern Greece. Plant Disease Reporter 57, 321-324.
HASTIE, A. C. & GEORGOPOULOS, S. G. (1971). Mutational resistance to fungitoxic benzimidazole deriva-
tives in Aspergillus nidulans.Tournalof General Microbiology 67, 371-373.
KAPPAS, A., GEORGOPOULOS, S. G. & HASTIE, A. C. (1974). On the genetic activity of benzimidazoleand thiophanate fungicides on diploid Aspergillus nidulans. Mutation Research 26, 17-27.
LYNCH, F. J. & BALIS, C. (1973). Factors affectingtoxin production by the leafspot fungus Cercospora beticola. Proceedings of the Society for General Microbiology 1, 3 2-33. LYNCH, F. J. (1974). Environmental effects in the taxonomy of the genus Cercospora Fres, Proceedings of the Society for General Microbiology 2, 6. LYNCH, F. J. (1975). The variation, regulation and significance of toxin synthesis in the genus Cercospora with particular reference to C. beticola. Ph.D.
Thesis, National University of Ireland, Dublin. PAULUS, A. 0., SHIBUYA, F., NELSON, J. & HARVEY, O. A. (1970). Systemicfungicidal interval for control of sugar beet Cercospora leaf spot. Phytopathology 60, 1541. SIEGEL, M. R. & ZABBIA, A. J. JR. (1972). Distribution and metabolic fate of the fungicide benomyl in dwarf pea. Phytopathology 62, 630-634.
LUTYPHA SCLEROTIOPHILA GEN. ET SP.NOV. (APHYLLOPHORALES)
FROM INDIA I.
S. KHURANA AND K. S. THIND Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India P.
AND J. BERTHIER Laboratoire de Mycologie, Department de Biologie Vegetale, Uniuersite Claude Bernard Lyon I, 43, bd du 11 Nouembre 1918, F 69621, Villeurbanne, France
During a study on the Indian clavarioid fungi the senior author collected this interesting fungus, with branched fruitbodies arising from a sclerotium from the subtropical forest of Sattal, Nainital, Uttar Pradesh. Karsten (1882), Remsberg (1940) and Comer (1950) used the presence of a sclerotium as a generic character of Typhula Fr. Berthier (1973, 1974) has convincingly proved that the distinction of genera based on the presence or absence of a sclerotium is unnatural, because a species of Pterula, i.e. P. sclerotiicola Berthier, produces sclerotia in nature. Similarly, the senior author has found another undescribed species of Pterula which produces sclerotia. A critical study, however, revealed that the present fungus may have its affinities with the resupinate fungi and may not belong to any of the above genera. The most striking features of this fungus are the hypochnoid hymenium on most parts of the Trans. Br, mycol, Soc. 68 (3) (1977)
branches, and the exogenous origin of the fruitbodies from the sclerotia. The former feature is atypical of clavarioid fungi. This fungus differs from Typhula in its form, consistency and hyphal construction. Even the sclerotial anatomy does not match any of the known species of Typhula. It differs from Pterula in lacking a dimitic hyphal system and the fructifications do not dry in the same manner as those of Pterula. Professor E. J. H. Corner (in litt.) after examining this fungus referred it to Lentaria Comer subgenus Lentariopsis Comer. It should be emphasized, however, that the occurrence of loose arachnoid hyphae hanging from the branches, bearing hypochnoid basidial clusters is not only unusual for Lentaria, but also for all Clavariaceae. Dr D. A. Reid, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, also examined the material and agreed that it represents an undescribed genus, whose possible
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Notes and briefarticles
479
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Fig. 1. Fruitbodies with sclerotia. Fig. 2. Showing fruitbodies arising from mycelium, and attached with the plant remains by mycelium. Fig. 3. Mycelium (above pulverulent, below villous). Fig. 4. Branched fruitbodies, Fig. 5. A branch with hypochnoid hymenium. Fig. 6. Cross-section through sclerotium showing outer angular cells (rind), and inner globose, subglobose, thick-walled cells (medulla). Trans. Br, mycol. Soc. 68 (3) (1977) Printed in Great Britain
2
Notes and brief articles affinities may well be with the resupinate fungi, on the basis of the exogenous origin of the fruitbodies from the sclerotium and the occurrence of whorled clamps on the vegetative hyphae. Accordingly, a new generic name Lutypha is proposed, the fungus having affinities both with clavarioid species and the resupinate Aphyllophorales. Abbreviations used to designate herbaria are those of Lanjouw & Stafleu (1964), while the Herbarium, Botany Department, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, is abbreviated as PAN.
Lutypha gen.nov. (etym.: anagram of Typhula) Fructificationes exogene orientes ex sclerotia vel ex fibrillis mycelialibus, erectae vel prostratae, simplices vel ramosae, ramificatione irregulari, rami cylindrici vel plani. Hyphae monomiticae; in contextu inflatae, tenuivel crassitunicatae, fibulatae, fibulis verticellatis, in subhymenio non inflatae, tenuitunicatae, sine fibulis; in fibrillis mycelialibus sicut ramorum. Hymenium amphigenum, largiter hypochnoideum, fasciculos pendentes basidiorum et basidiolorum habens. Basidia 4- sporata, cylindrica vel suburnifortnia. Sporae subhyalinae, aguttulatae, tenuirunicatae, acyanophilae. Sclerotium: duae zonae transversim; (1) tectum 3-5 cellularum, cellulae crassitunicatae; (2) medulla: hyphae crassitunicatae, tunicatae leviter gelatinosae. Epiphyticae, in reliquiis plantarum caducarum. Species typica L. sclerotiophila. Fruitbody white, branched or simple, with or without a sclerotium, when without sclerotium fruitbodies arise from an effused snow-white mycelium, appearing pulverulent or villous, with sparse to profuse branching, irregular or often monaxial, branches cylindrical to slightly flattened, erect or prostrate on plant debris, ultimate branches filiform, terete, with acute sterile tips. Sclerotium yellowish brown, exposed. Fruitbodies arise exogenously from the sclerotium. Hyphal system monomitic; subhymenial hyphae not inflated, lacking clamps; hyphae of branches inflated and with clamps generally in whorls, long-celled, thinto slightly thick-walled with frequent intercalary thick-walled cells (Fig. 7); hyphae in the stipitate sterile base are mostly sclerified, slightly gelatinous, relatively less inflated than those of the branches, clamps mostly in whorls, short celled (Fig. 8), hyphae of the mycelium similar to those of the branches. Hymenium amphigenous, not thickening, generally as loose hypochnoid granules, sometimes continuous in some parts of the fruitbody. Most branches produce loose arachnoid hyphae which bear hypochnoid basidial clusters along their length (Figs. 5, 12). Basidia 4-spored, broadly cylindric to suburniform. Spores subhyaline, thinwalled, non-amyloid, acyanophilous. Sclerotium
Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 68 (3) (1977)
with a medulla and outer rind. Rind 3-5 cells thick, yellowish brown, thick-walled (Figs. 6, 9). Internal medullary hyphae appearing cellular in section, cells of various shapes, thick-walled, slightly gelatinous (Figs. 6, 10). The true affinities of Lutypha appear to be with the resupinate fungi because of the hypochnoid hymenium. It also has affinities with clavarioid fungi, because the hymenium is amphigenous and, although the hymenium is mostly hypochnoid, it also forms a continuous layer in some places. Dr Reid also pointed out the unusual behaviour of clamps, which are in whorls on the vegetative hyphae of the branches but absent from the subhymenium and hymenium, and is similar to that observed by Maas Geesteranus (1962) in the hydnoid fungus, Donkia pulcherrima (Berk, & Curt.) Pilar. However, the two organisms are not related.
Lutypha sclerotiophila sp.nov. Fructificationes ad 30 mm longae niveae, coriaceae, simplices vel ramosae, ramificatio sparsa vel profusa, irregularis nonnumquam monaxialis; rami erecti vel prostrati in reliquiis plantarum caducarum, cylindricales vel plani, rami ultimi filiformes, apices steriles. Hypharum systema monomiticum, hyphae in contextu ad 12'5 pm latae, tenui- vel crassitunicatae (0'4-0'5 pm), intercalaris crassitunicatae (ad 1'5 pm crassae), cellulae communes, fibulatae, fibulae verticillatae; in subhymenio ad 4'5 (5) pm latae, non inflatae, tenuitunicatae, afibulatae ; in stipes ad 8 pm latae, sclerificatae; in mycelio ad 7 usx: !atae, tenui- vel leviter crassitunicatae, fibulatae, fibulae nonnumquam verticillatae. Hymenium non spissescens, hypochnoidum, ut fasciculi pendentes basidiorum et basidiolarum. Basidia 14-23 x 6-8 p,m, 4-sporata. Sporae 6-7'5 (8) x 3-4'5 pm, ellipsoideae vel breviter subfusiformes, nonamyloidae, acyanophilae. Sclerotium flavido-brunneum, transversim duae zonae apparent: (1) tectum 3-cellularum, cellulaeangulares, flavido-brunneae; (2) medulla cellularis in sectione, hyphae crassitunicatae (2-5 pm crassae), subhyalinae, leviter gelatinosae. In silvam, in reliquiis caducarum, Sattal, Nainital, Uttar Pradesh, India, 17 Aug. 1973, I.P.S. Khurana 4910 (typus in PAN, isotypus CGE, K).
Fruitbody (Figs. 1-4) gregarious, up to 30 rom tall, snow-white, arising either from a sclerotium or from a snow-white mycelium which appears pulverulent or villous (Figs. 2, 3), sparse to profusely branched (Fig. 4); branching irregular sometimes monaxial, erect or prostrate on plant debris, when prostrate branches are generally slightly compressed and attached by the mycelial strands (Fig. 2), ultimate branches filiform; stipe indistinct or nearly so, sterile; tips acute, sterile;
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Figs. 7-8. Lutypha sclerotiophila. Fig. 7. Hyphae from a branch. Fig. 8. Hyphae from the stipitate sterile base. consistency coriaceous when fresh, drying brittle. Hyphal system monomitic; subhymenial hyphae 3-4'5(-5)!tm wide, not inflated, without clamps, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 68 (3) (1977) 17
thin-walled; context hyphae up to 12'5 !tm wide, inflated, clamped, with clamps generally in whorls, thin- to slightly thick-walled (0'5 !tm),
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Figs. 9-14. Lutypha sclerotiophila, Fig. 9. Rind of sclerotium in cross section. Fig. 10. Medulla of sclerotium in cross section. Fig. 11. Surface aspect of sclerotium. Fig. 12. Clusters of basidia and basidioles. Fig. 13. Basidiospores. Fig. 14. T .S. through stipitate sterile base.
Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 68 (3) (1977)
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Notes and brief articles long-celled, frequently with intercalary thickwalled cells with walls up to 1'5 Ilm thick (Fig. 7); hyphae in stipitate base up to 8 pm wide, mostly sclerified , clamped (Fig. 8) ; mycelial hyphae crystalline encrusted, up to 7 11m wide, with clamps in whorls or not and slightly thickened walls. Cystidia absent. Basidia 14-23 x 6-8 um, broadly cylindric to suburn iform, sometimes with apex swollen, 4-spored, without basal clamps. Spores 6-7"S x 3-4'S pm, ellipsoid to short subfusiform, th in-walled, non-amyloid, acyanophilous, with distinct apiculus, up to 1 p.m long . Sclerotium surface formed of thi ck-walled, brown, angular cells (Fig. 11); two zones are dist inctly visible in section (Fig. 6). Rind 3-S celled, yellowish brown, angular, thick-walled (O' S- l ' O Itm), the appearance of the rind is similar to that of the surface except that the cell walls are slightly thicker (Figs. 6, 9). Medulla of thick-walled (2-S Ilm) hyphae, appearing cellular in section; cells of various shapes, slightly gelatinous, on teasing two types of internal hyphae are clearly visible: (i) hyphae short-celled, thick-walled, without clamps, and (ii) thin-walled, long-celled, sparsely interspersed among the hyphae of the first type (Figs. 6, to). In the stipe the cortex and medulla distinction is not observed ; hyphae up to 6'S(8) p.m wide, thin- to thick-walled, slightly gelatinous (Fig. 14). We are most grateful to Prof. E. J. H. Corner for his valuable comments. The authors also feel deeply indebted to Dr D. A. Reid for his advice,
suggestions and above all for rendering essential moral support to describe this fungus as a new genus. We also wish to thank Dr D . N. Pegler for making many improvements in the manuscript and to Rev . Fr. T. N. Siqueira, Loyola College, Madras, for the latin translation. Financial support of the United States Department of Agricultural Research Service under P .L. 480 Programme (grant no . FG-In-447) is also gratefully acknowledged. REFERENCES
BERTHIER, J. (1973)· Researches sur les Typhula, Pistil/aria et generes affines (Clavariacees) : biologie, anatornie, systematique. These 198. Universite Claude Bernard, Lyon, France 1, 122 PP. BERTHlER, J. (1974)· Les genre Typhula (Clavariacees) et les genres affines. Classification - Especes nouvelles. Bulletin Mensuel de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon 43, 182-188. CORNER, E. J. H. (1950). A monograph of Clavaria and allied genera. Annals of Botany. Memoirs, no. 1,740 pp. London: Oxford University Press. KARSTEN, P. A. (1882). Rysslands, Finland och den Skandinaviska halfons Hattsvampar. II . Pip- , Tag-, Hud-, Klubb- och Gelesvampar. Bidrag till Kannedom of Finlands Natur och Folk 37, xix, 257 pp. LANJouw, J. & STAFLEU, F. A. (1964). Index herbariorum. Part I. The herbaria of the World, 5th ed, Regnum Vegetabile 31, 1-251. MAAS GEESTERANUS, R. A. (1962). Hyphal structures in the Hydnums. Persoonia 2, 377-405. REMSBERG, R. (1940). Studies in the genus Typhula. Mycologia 32, 52-96.
GYROMITRA TASMANICA (BERK.) BERK. & COOKE, NEW TO EUROPE F. D. CALONGE AND M. DE LA TORRE
Instituto Botdnico A .J. Ca vanilles, C.S.I.G., R ealJardin Botdnico, Pla za de Murillo,
The combination Gyromitra tasmanica was made by Berkeley & Cooke in Cooke (1879) with Helvella tasman ica Berk. as the basionym. The distribution of this rare species has been restricted hitherto to Tasmania and New Zealand, but recently Spanish material was found by Dr M. Garcia-Rollan. At first sight we considered the possibility of abnormal specimens of Gyromitra esculenta (Pers. per Pers.) Fr., which is very frequent in the region. Subsequently a careful examination showed that it was G. tasmanica, with the following characters: Carpophores 3-6 ern high. Pileus 2-4 cm diam, irregularly globose or hemisphaerical, undulate but not convolute, with a reddish brown hymenium, free margins and pinkish white underside. Trans. Br. mycol, Soc. 68 (3) (1977)
2,
Madrid-t4, Spain
Stipe robust, hollow, cylindrical, 3-5 x 1-1'5 em, whitish with pale brown scaly spots on the surface (Figs. 1-2a, b). Paraphyses cylindrical, septate, with granular brown contents and enlarged apices (8-10 pm diam). Asci cylindrical, 210-230 x 10-13 pm. Spores uniseriate, ellipsoid, hyaline, smooth, with two small drops at the ends 20-25 x 9-12 pm (Figs. 2C, d). Specimen examined: San Rafael, Segovia, Spain, on the ground in Pinus syl uestris forest, 16 May 1976, Garcia-Rollan.
During a visit to the Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew , we had the opponunity to examine Cooke's type collection from Tasmania and two
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