- Email: [email protected]
Lysine and Protein Requirements of Growing Turkeys
Lysine and Protein Requirements of Growing Turkeys L. M. POTTER, J. R. SHELTON, and J. P. MCCARTHY
Department of Poultry Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
ABSTRACT A study was conducted with 1,751 Large White turkeys divided into 36 pens of males and 36 pens of females between 8 and 24 or 20 weeks of age, respectively, to determine the requirements of protein and lysine for turkeys. Diets were composed of ground yellow corn, dehulled soybean meal, 6% stabilized fat, 4% meat and bone meal, .4% methionine, minerals, and vitamins. A 3 X 3 factorial design of nine diets varying in protein (18, 21, and 24%) and added lysine (0, .1, and .2%) was used between 8 and 12 weeks of age. Birds were reassigned to new balanced pens at the end of each 4-week period, and protein levels were reduced by 3.0%. The addition of 3 and 6% protein, which provides .22 and .44% lysine, to diets of turkeys between 8 and 20 weeks of age increased body weight gains 18.3 and 24.7%, respectively, in contrast to an increase of only 2.2 and 3.6% from .1 and .2% added L-lysineper se. The minimum protein requirements of Large White male turkeys at 10, 14, and 18 weeks of age are 21.3, 19.5, and 17.6% and for female turkeys 21.7, 18.4, and 15.0%, respectively. The minimum lysine requirements of Large White turkeys to 12, 16, and 20 weeks of age are about 1.4, 1.2, and .9%, respectively, or 4.5, 3.7, and 3.0 g/kcal metabolizable energy. Another amino acid appears to be equally or more deficient than lysine in diets used in this study. (Key words: lysine, protein, turkeys) 1981 Poultry Science 60:2678-2686 INTRODUCTION Based on the National Research Council's data (1977), the lysine and protein requirements of male turkeys between 8 and 12 weeks and females between 8 and 11 weeks of age are 1.35 and 22%, respectively. For male turkeys over 20 weeks of age and females over 17 weeks of age, the lysine and protein requirements are .65 and 14%, respectively. Assuming 3000 and 3300 kcal metabolizable energy (ME)/kg of diet for male turkeys 8 to 12 and over 20 weeks of age, the lysine requirements are 4.50 and 1.97 g/Mcal ME, respectively. Kratzer et al. (1956) reported that the requirement for lysine decreased almost proportionally to the decrease in recommended protein level for turkeys after 4 weeks of age. Carter et al. (1962) observed that lysine was the first limiting amino acid in 14% protein diets whereas methionine was the more limiting amino acid in 17 and 20% protein diets composed primarily of ground yellow corn and soybean meal. Significant increases in body weight gains from lysine added to diets of turkeys after 8 weeks of age have been demonstrated by Balloun and Phillips (1957), Carter and Wyne (1958), Balloun (1961, 1962), Jensen et al. (1965, 1976), Tuttle and Balloun (1974), and Waldroup et al. (1979). Additional
data are needed to determine the effects of adding lysine to diets varying in protein content for turkeys. The purpose of this study was to determine the lysine requirement of male and female turkeys fed varying levels of protein from 8 to 24 or 20-weeks of age, respectively, in diets well supplemented with methionine. The protein requirements of male and female turkeys during these periods were also determined. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two experiments were conducted during 1974 and one in 1979 using a total of 1,751 Large White turkeys. Each 1974 experiment contained nine pens of males and nine pens of females, and the 1979 experiment contained 18 pens of each sex. Each pen contained from 21 to 25 birds per pen (30 or 31 in Experiment 2), depending upon the availability of birds. Eight-week-old turkeys from a previous experiment were assigned at random to nine pens according to sex. Each pen was 2.74 x 3.66 m equipped with shavings as litter, a 1.22-m feeder, and a .76-m waterer. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum, and artificial light was provided continuously. The 24% protein basal ration is presented in Table 1. Sufficient feed for both males and fe-
2678
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum Comp Zoology, Harvard University on April 28, 2015
(Received for publication April 21, 1980)
LYSINE AND PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS OF TURKEYS
TABLE 1. Composition of basal ration containing 24% protein3Ingredients Ground yellow corn Stabilized animal and vegetable fat Dehulled soybean meal Meat and bone scrap Corn distillers dried grains with solubles Defluorinated phosphate Iodized salt DL-Methionine Trace mineral mix D Vitamin and feed additive premix c
Total
(g/kg) 505.69 60 350 40 15 20 4 4 .5 .81
1000.00
The nutrient contents of the 24% and 12% protein diets, by calculation, were .72 and .56% methionine, .35 and .17% cystine, 1.35 and .47% lysine, and 3158 and 3455 kcal/kgME, respectively. Contained manganese oxide, zinc oxide, ferrous sulfate, copper oxide, calcium iodate, cobalt carbonate, and calcium carbonate and supplied the following in milligrams per kilogram of diet: manganese, 75; zinc, 50; iron, 35; copper, 5; iodine, 1.1; and cobalt, .4. Supplied the following vitamins and feed additives per kilogram of diet: vitamin A, 6350 IU; vitamin D 3 , 2205 ICU; vitamin E, 2.2 IU; menadione sodium bisulfite complex, 1.76 mg; riboflavin, 3.3 mg; calcium D-pantothenate, 11 mg; niacin, 33 mg; choline chloride, 250 mg; vitamin B 12 , 6.6 Mg; ethoxyquin, 62.5 mg; and bacitracin from zinc bacitracin, 11 mg.
content of diets were 15, 18, and 21% for the 12 to 16-week period, 12, 15, and 18% for the 16 to 20-week period, and 11, 13, and 15% for the 20 to 24-week period. For the 20 to 24-week period, lysine was added at 0, .3, and .6% levels. The females were discontinued at 20 weeks of age. All birds were individually weighed at. 2week intervals. Feed and mortality records were collected to permit calculating feed efficiency at 2-week intervals. The body weight gain, feed consumption, and feed efficiency data for each 2 and 4-week period from the four replicates (one each from the 1974 experiments and two from the 1979 experiments) within a sex were subjected to analysis of variance. RESULTS Effects of Protein. The effects of protein on the average body weight gains, feed consumptions, and feed efficiencies during each 4-week period are presented in Tables 2 and 3 for male and female turkeys, respectively. Body weight gains of the male and female turkeys during each 4-week period were increased from the added dietary protein. In general, significant increases in feed efficiencies, expressed as percentages, approached corresponding increases in body weight gains. Feed consumptions were significantly increased, in some cases, in amounts equal to about two-thirds of the body weight gains on an absolute basis and about one-sixth on a percentage basis. Using procedures for calculating the protein requirements of turkeys outlined previously (Potter and Shelton, 1980), the minimum protein requirements of Large White male and female turkeys were calculated. The percentage increase in body weight from adding protein to diets of male and female turkeys by 2-week periods are presented in Table 4 and in Figures 1 and 2. By calculating multiple regressions of percent increase in average body weight gain of males (Yj) or females (Y 2 ) on age of turkeys in weeks (Xi) and percent protein in diet (X 2 ) as previously outlined, the following respective equations were obtained: Y! = 109.2 - 1.96Xj - 4.20X2 Y 2 = 84.7 - 2.34XX - 2.83X2 The midpoint of the range in age and the lower protein level given in Table 4 were used in the regression. Where the percent increase in body
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum Comp Zoology, Harvard University on April 28, 2015
males was prepared for each 4-week period. All common ingredients, constituting 84.745% of the total (89.235% for the 20 to 24-week period) were first blended, and the variables were added to portions of the blend to form the individual diets. The nine diets for the 8 to 12-week period contained 18, 21, or 24% protein and 0, . 1 , or .2% added lysine to form a 3 x 3 factorial experiment. To decrease the protein level by 3.0%, 7.5% ground yellow corn was added in the place of an equal amount of dehulled soybean meal. The lysine was added to the appropriate diets as L-lysine HCl, assuming it contained 78% L-lysine, in the place of ground yellow corn. At the end of each 4-week period, the turkeys of nine pens within a sex were systematically reassigned to nine new groups of equivalent background. Additional diets containing lower levels of protein were prepared for the ensuing four-week periods. The protein
2679
2680
POTTER ET AL. the average body weight gains, feed consumptions, and feed efficiencies during each 4-week period are presented in Tables 5 and 6 for male and female turkeys, respectively. Body weight gains were significantly increased from added lysine only during the 16 to 20-week period for the females and the 20 to 24-week period for the males. The corresponding feed efficiencies were also significantly increased from added lysine.
TABLE 2. Effects of dietary protein on body weight gain, feed consumption, and feed efficiency of male turkeys at various ages
Age in weeks
Body weight
Feed consumption (kg)
Feed efficiency
Protein (%)
gain (kg)
8-12
18 21 24 21-18 24-21 2 1 over 18 <%) 2 4 over 21 (%)
2.512 2.906 2.999 .394*** .093 15.7*** 3.2
6.582 6.871 6.827 .289** -.044 4 4** -.6
.3820 .4234 .4397 .0414*** .0163** 10.8*** 3.8**
12-16
15 18 21 18-15 21-18 18 over 15 (%) 2 1 over 18 (%)
2.493 2.813 2.940 .320*** .127* 12.8*** 4.5*
8.948 9.135 9.135 .187 .000 2.1 0.0
.2798 .3092 .3230 .0294*** .0138** 10.5*** 4.5**
16-20
12 15 18 15-12 18-15 15 over 12 (%) 18 over 15 (%)
2.087 2.631 2.943 .544*** .312*** 26.1*** 11.9***
9.857 10.316 10.440 .459*** .124 4.7** 1.2
.2115 .2555 .2832 .0440*** .0277*** 20.8*** 10.8***
20-24
11 13 15 13-11 15-13 13 over 11 (%) 15 over 13 (%)
1.698 2.277 2.619 .579*** .342** 34.1*** 15.0**
10.142 10.672 10.742 .530** .070 5.2** .7
.1677 .2137 .2447 .0460*** .0310*** 27.4*** 14.5***
.115 .109 .134 .191
.162 .258 .336 .367
.0116 .0080 .0126 .0139
Difference required for significance (12 vs. 12 pens) 8-12 12-16 16-20 20-24
•Significant at the 5% level. "Significant at the 1% level. ***Significant at the . 1 % level.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum Comp Zoology, Harvard University on April 28, 2015
weight gain of turkeys from feeding a given level of protein over a lower level becomes zero, the lower level of protein is considered the protein requirement at the stated age. The minimum protein requirements at 10, 14, and 18 weeks of age for Large White male turkeys are 21.3, 19.5, and 17.6% and for female turkeys 21.7, 18.4, and 15.0%, respectively (Figs. 1 and 2). Effects of Lysine. The effects of lysine on
LYSINE AND PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS OF TURKEYS
2681
TABLE 3. Effect of dietary protein on body weight gain, feed consumption, and feed efficiency of female turkeys at various ages
Age in weeks
Feed consumption (kg)
Body weight gain (kg)
Protein (%)
Feed efficiency
18 21 24 21-18 24-21 21 over 18 (%) 24 over 21 (%)
1.868 2.039 2.129 .171*'* .090* 9.2*** 4.4*
5.146 5.257 5.397 .111 .140 2.2 2.7
.3632 .3885 .3950 .0253*** .0065 7.0*** 1.7
12-16
15 18 21 18-15 21-18 18 over 15 (%) 21 over 18 (%)
1.698 1.774 1.816 .076* .042 4.5* 2.4
6.694 6.642 6.744 -.052 .102 -.8 1.5
.2542 .2675 .2699 .0133** .0024 5.2** .9
16-20
12 15 18 15-12 18-15 15 over 12 (%) 18 over 15 (%)
6.271 6.428 6.447 .157 .026 2.5 .4
.1912 .2104 .2119 .0192*** .0015 10.0*** .7
1.200 1.353 1.364 .153*** .011 12.8*** .8
Difference required for significance (12 vs. 12 pens) 8-12 12-16 16-20
.078 .067 .081
.165 .168 .191
.0087 .0075 .0102
'Significant at the 5% level. ** Significant at the 1% level. '••Significant at the . 1 % level.
TABLE 4. Percentage increase in body weight gain from adding protein to the diet Protein in diet Sex
(%)
Males 3
24 21 18 15
over over over over
24 21 18 15
over over over over
Age (weeks) 8-10
10-12
21 18 15 12
1.9 17.0
4.7 14.2
21 18 15 12
7.9 12.5
12-14
14-16
Increase in body weight gain
Females 1
.6 5.6
4.4 21.1
4.6 4.4
12.3 4.1
-9.5 4.8
16-18
18-20
9.4 37.0
14.3 17.2
4.3 16.0
-3.6 8.7
(%)
Regression calculated with Y = increase in body weight gain (%), X, = age in weeks (midpoint), and X 2 = protein in diet (%) (lower level) produced the equation Y = 109.2 — 1.96Xj 2.34X, - 2.83X 2 for females.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum Comp Zoology, Harvard University on April 28, 2015
8-12
POTTER ET AL.
2682
FEMALES
MALES PROTEIN, %
PROTEIN, %
8
a 12 14 16 18 20 22 AGE AT END OF PERIOD, WEEKS FIG. 1. Plot of percent increase in body weight from increasing the protein content of the diet of male turkeys by 2-week periods.
The lysine contents of the unsupplemented diets calculated using NRC (1977) values were 1.35, 1.13, .91, .69, .47, and .40% for 24, 2 1 , 18, 15, 12, and 11% protein diets, respectively. Lysine is not the limiting amino acid in 18 or 15% protein diets of either male or female turkeys between 8 and 12 or between 12 and 16 weeks of age, respectively. After 16 weeks of age, added lysine to diets of both male and female turkeys produced small increases in
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 AGE AT END OF PERIOD, WEEKS
FIG. 2. Plot of percent increase in body weight from increasing the protein content of the diet of female turkeys by 2-week periods.
body weight gains. Added lysine to diets of male turkeys between 20 and 24 weeks of age produced increases equal to only about onesixth that obtained from that amount of protein, which contributed an equal quantity of lysine. Therefore, another amino acid is equally or more limiting than lysine in diets composed of 11 or 13% protein primarily from corn, soybean meal, and meat and bone meal. Interaction of Protein and Lysine. Plots of the body weight gain of the males and females
FEMALES 12-16 WEEKS
0.8
1.2
1.6
0.6 1.0 1.4 04 0.8 1.2 TOTAL DIETARY LYSINE, %
0.3
0.8
1.3
0.8
1.2
1.6 0.6 1.0 1.4 0 4 0.8 TOTAL DIETARY LYSINE, *
12
FIG. 3. Plot of body weight gain of males and females in kilograms on lysine content of diet in percent.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum Comp Zoology, Harvard University on April 28, 2015
8
"4
LYSINE AND PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS OF TURKEYS
of age increased body weights 18.3% and 24.7% in contrast to only 2.2 and 3.6% from .1 and .2% added lysine, respectively. The 3.0% protein, which supplied about .22% lysine, produced 7 or 8 times the growth response over the . 1 % added lysine from L-lysine HCl. The relative increase in growth of male turkeys from added protein to that from added lysine during the 20 to 24-week period was even greater than at the young ages. Therefore, another amino acid is equally or more deficient than lysine in the diets used in this study.
TABLE 5. Effects of added lysine to diets of male turkeys at various ages on body weight gain, feed consumption, and feed efficiency Body Age in weeks 8-12
12-16
16-20
20-24
Protein (%)
gain (kg)
Feed consumption (kg)
.1 .2 .1-0 .2 - .1 .1 over 0 ( % ) .2 over .1 (%)
2.786 2.801 2.830 .015 .029 .5 1.0
6.764 6.709 6.807 -.055 .098 -.8 1.5
.4116 .4177 .4158 .0061 -.0019 1.5 -.5
.1 .2 .1-0 .2 - .1 .1 over 0 ( % ) .2 over .1 (%)
2.705 2.759 2.781 .054 .022 2.0 .8
9.084 9.086 9.048 .002 -.038 .0 -.4
.2985 .3048 .3086 .0063 .0038 2.1 1.2
.1 .2 .1-0 .2 - . 1 .1 over 0 ( % ) .2 over .1 (%)
2.468 2.566 2.628 .098 .062 4.0 2.4
10.055 10.281 10.276 .226 -.005 2.2 -.0
.2444 .2502 .2557 .0058 .0055 2.4 2.2
.3 .6 .3-0 .6-.3 .3 over 0 (%) .6 over .3 <%)
2.075 2.202 2.316a .127 .114 6.1 5.2
10.441 10.422 10.693 -.019 .271 -.2 2.6
.1987 .2109 .2165a .0122 .0056 6.1 2.7
weight
0
0
0
0
Feed efficiency
Difference required for significance (12 vs. 12 pens) 8-12 12-16 16-20 20-24
.115 .109 .134 .191
Values significantly greater (P<.05) than those of 0 level.
.162 .258 .336 .367
.0116 .0080 .0126 .0139
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum Comp Zoology, Harvard University on April 28, 2015
for each 4-week period on percentage of dietary protein for each diet varying in added lysine are presented in Figure 3. The only significant interaction in the body weight gain data was observed in the 16 to 20-week period for the male turkeys. Some trends for interaction were observed during other periods; however, we observed no consistent interaction yielding greater body weight gains from added lysine at lower protein levels than at higher protein levels. Therefore, the addition of 3 and 6% protein to diets of turkeys between 8 and 20 weeks
2683
2684
POTTER ET AL. TABLE 6. Effects of added lysine to diets of female turkeys at various ages on body weight gain, feed consumption, and feed efficiency
Age in weeks
12-16
16-20
Feed consumption (kg)
Feed efficiency
.1 .2 .1-0 . 2 - .1 .1 over 0 (%) .2 over .1 (%)
2.014 1.999 2.023 -.015 .024 -.7 1.2
5.276 5.256 5.269 -.020 .013 -.4 .2
.3820 .3808 .3839 -.0012 .0031 -.3 .8
.1 .2 .1-0 . 2 - .1 .1 over 0 (%) .2 over .1 (%)
1.749 1.759 1.780 .010 .021 .6 1.2
6.704 6.655 6.721 -.049 .066 -.7 1.0
.2614 .2648 .2654 .0034 .0006 1.3 .2
.1 .2 .1-0 . 2 - .1 .1 over 0 (%) .2 over .1 (%)
1.239 1.333 1.346 .094' .013 7.6* 1.0
6.300 6.410 6.436 .110 .026 1.7 .4
.1965 .2076 .2093 .0111* .0017 5.6* .8
0
0
0
Difference required for significance •(12 vs. 12 pens) 8-12 12-16 16-20
.078 .067 .081
.165 .168 .191
.0087 .0075 .0102
•Significant at the 5% level.
DISCUSSION When diets contained 3158, 3307, and 3455 kcal ME/kg for turkeys at 10, 14, and 18 weeks of age in this study, the protein requirements were found to be 21.3, 19.5, and 17.6% for males and 21.7, 18.4, and 15.0% for females, respectively. The protein requirements expressed as percent of diet for males (Y 3 ) and for females (Y 4 ) varied with age of the turkeys in weeks (X!) according to the following equations: Y 3 = 26.0 - .467Xj Y 4 = 29.9 - .827Xj When adjusted to 3000, 3100, and 3200 kcal ME/kg of diet for males 8 to 12, 12 to 16, and 16 to 20 weeks of age and for females 8 to 11, 11 to 14, and 14 to 17 weeks of age, the pro-
tein requirements at the midpoint of the respective age periods became 20.3, 18.3, and 16.3% for males (Y s ) and 21.1, 18.7, and 16.3% for females (Y 6 ). These values follow the equations: Y5 = 2 5 . 2 - . 4 9 5 X ! Y 6 = 28.7 - .799Xj and may be compared to 22, 19, and 16.5%, respectively, as listed by the NRC (1977). These comparisons are illustrated graphically in Figures 4 and 5. When expressed per unit of ME, the protein requirements of turkeys between 8 and 20 weeks of age as found in this study agree closely with those listed by the NRC (1977). The lysine requirements are estimated to be about 1.4, 1.2, and .9% of the diet (1.34, 1.15,
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum Comp Zoology, Harvard University on April 28, 2015
8-12
Protein (%)
Body weight gain (kg)
LYSINE AND PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS OF TURKEYS MALES
FEMALES
24 --
24
AS FED
3? 22
22-
-) O
-
IH
(U
UJ
tO £
NRC (1977)
20
^
s
\ -
18
a. 16 z
v.
UJ
o. 14 -
14 12
1
1
1
1
1
12 16 AGE, WEEKS
12
1
20
FIG. 4. Plot of the protein requirement of male turkeys as found in this study from 1) the diets as fed, 2) diets adjusted to 3000, 3100, and 3200 kcal/kg diet, and 3) the NRC (1977) publication.
and .97 for males and 1.46, 1.29, and .87% for females; Figure 3) from 8 t o 12, 12 t o 16, and 16 t o 2 0 weeks of age, respectively. When expressed as a percentage of dietary p r o t e i n , t h e lysine requirements of males are approxim a t e l y 6 . 3 , 5.9, and 5.5% of t h e p r o t e i n during these respective age periods. When t h e lysine requirements are expressed per unit of ME, approximately 4 . 5 , 3.7 and 3.0 g lysine are required per megacalorie of ME as o b t a i n e d from this s t u d y c o m p a r e d t o 4 . 5 , 3.2, and 2.5 g/Mcal as d e d u c t e d from t h e N R C ( 1 9 7 7 ) .
8
12 16 AGE, WEEKS
20
FIG. 5. Plot of the protein requirement of female turkeys as found in this study from 1) the diets as fed, 2) diets adjusted to 3000, 3100, 3200, and 3300 kcal/ kg, and 3) the NRC (1977) publication.
Using t h e d a t a presented b y t h e N R C ( 1 9 7 7 ) , lysine is calculated to be t h e m o s t deficient amino acid in t h e low p r o t e i n diets of this s t u d y (Table 7). Therefore, b y increasing t h e level of a d d e d lysine, b o d y weight gains were e x p e c t e d t o increase at least t o t h e p o i n t a t which a n o t h e r a m i n o acid b e c a m e m o r e deficient. Because of t h e general lack of a consistent g r o w t h response from lysine, it appears t h a t s o m e o t h e r amino acid is equally or m o r e deficient t h a n lysine. In general, t h e b o d y weight gain of t u r k e y s fed low protein diets with added lysine were
TABLE 7. Amino acids calculated to be deficient in the diets fed to males from 8 to 12 and 16 to 20 weeks of age3Amino acid or protein
8 to 12 wk 21 % b
16 to 20 wk 18%
irement) (Amount in diet as % of requirement) Arginine Histidine Isoleucine Lysine Phenylalanine Threonine Tryptophan Valine Protein
117 114 116
84 116 104 126 122 96
98 96
97 67 101 90 104 105 83
12%
15%
104 102 102 86 114 102 109 117 93
— 79 78 77 58 94 82 80 94 75
Only those amino acids which calculate to be deficient in one of the four diets at the stated age are listed. Protein in diet.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum Comp Zoology, Harvard University on April 28, 2015
-
AS FED ADJUSTED
ADJUSTED
? 20 Ui K
2685
POTTER ET AL.
2686
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Individual vitamins were supplied b y Agricultural Processing C o r p o r a t i o n , Salem, V A , and b y Hoffmann-LaRoche, Inc., Nutley, N J , and DL-methionine was supplied b y Degussa Corporation, T e t e r b o r o , N J . Appreciation is extended t o L. R. Barnett, Q. Self, N. LeBlanc, and G. P. S c h m i d t for care of birds and collection of data.
REFERENCES Balloun, S. L., 1961. Lysine requirements of growing turkeys. Poultry Sci. 40:1376. Balloun, S. L., 1962. Lysine, arginine and methionine balance of diets for turkeys to 24 weeks of age. Poultry Sci. 41:417-424. Balloun, S. L., and R. E. Phillips, 1957. Lysine and
protein requirements of bronze turkeys. Poultry Sci. 36:884-891. Carter, R. D., E. C. Naber, S. P. Touchburn, J. W. Wyne, V. D. Chamberlin, and M. S. McCartney, 1962. Amino acid supplementation of low protein turkey growing rations. Poultry Sci. 4 1 : 305-311. Carter, R. D., and J. W. Wyne, 1958. Amino ,-acid supplementation of low protein turkey growing rations. Poultry Sci. 37:1193. Jensen, L. S., B. Manning, L. Falen, and J. McGinnis, 1976. Lysine needs of rapidly growing turkeys from 12—22 weeks of age. Poultry Sci. 55: 1394-1400. Jensen, L. S., G. O. Ranit, R. K. Wagstaff, and J. McGinnis, 1965. Protein and lysine requirements of developing turkeys as influenced by pelleting. Poultry Sci. 44:1435-1441. Kratzer, F. H., P. N. Davis, and B. J. Marshall, 1956. The protein and lysine requirements of turkeys at various ages. Poultry Sci. 35:197-202. National Research Council, 1977. Nutrient requirements of poultry. 7th rev. ed. Nat. Acad. Sci., Washington, DC. Potter, L. M., and J. R. Shelton, 1980. Methionine and protein requirements of turkeys 8 to 16 weeks of age. Poultry Sci. 59:1268-1274. Turtle, W. L., and S. L. Balloun, 1974. Lysine requirements of starting and growing turkeys. Poultry Sci. 53:1698-1704. Waldroup, P. W„ J. F. Maxey, L. W. Luther, H. D. Morrow, and Z. B. Johnson, 1979. Amino acid needs of turkey poults. Arkansas Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 834.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum Comp Zoology, Harvard University on April 28, 2015
n o t as great as those fed higher protein diets with t h e same level of lysine during any age period of this s t u d y . Therefore, a n o t h e r amino acid is equally or m o r e limiting t h a n lysine in these diets. Until m o r e information is gathered on t h e amino acid r e q u i r e m e n t s of older turkeys, it is r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t commercial diets be formulated t o m e e t first t h e protein requirem e n t and t h e n t h e lysine r e q u i r e m e n t .
Department of Poultry Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
ABSTRACT A study was conducted with 1,751 Large White turkeys divided into 36 pens of males and 36 pens of females between 8 and 24 or 20 weeks of age, respectively, to determine the requirements of protein and lysine for turkeys. Diets were composed of ground yellow corn, dehulled soybean meal, 6% stabilized fat, 4% meat and bone meal, .4% methionine, minerals, and vitamins. A 3 X 3 factorial design of nine diets varying in protein (18, 21, and 24%) and added lysine (0, .1, and .2%) was used between 8 and 12 weeks of age. Birds were reassigned to new balanced pens at the end of each 4-week period, and protein levels were reduced by 3.0%. The addition of 3 and 6% protein, which provides .22 and .44% lysine, to diets of turkeys between 8 and 20 weeks of age increased body weight gains 18.3 and 24.7%, respectively, in contrast to an increase of only 2.2 and 3.6% from .1 and .2% added L-lysineper se. The minimum protein requirements of Large White male turkeys at 10, 14, and 18 weeks of age are 21.3, 19.5, and 17.6% and for female turkeys 21.7, 18.4, and 15.0%, respectively. The minimum lysine requirements of Large White turkeys to 12, 16, and 20 weeks of age are about 1.4, 1.2, and .9%, respectively, or 4.5, 3.7, and 3.0 g/kcal metabolizable energy. Another amino acid appears to be equally or more deficient than lysine in diets used in this study. (Key words: lysine, protein, turkeys) 1981 Poultry Science 60:2678-2686 INTRODUCTION Based on the National Research Council's data (1977), the lysine and protein requirements of male turkeys between 8 and 12 weeks and females between 8 and 11 weeks of age are 1.35 and 22%, respectively. For male turkeys over 20 weeks of age and females over 17 weeks of age, the lysine and protein requirements are .65 and 14%, respectively. Assuming 3000 and 3300 kcal metabolizable energy (ME)/kg of diet for male turkeys 8 to 12 and over 20 weeks of age, the lysine requirements are 4.50 and 1.97 g/Mcal ME, respectively. Kratzer et al. (1956) reported that the requirement for lysine decreased almost proportionally to the decrease in recommended protein level for turkeys after 4 weeks of age. Carter et al. (1962) observed that lysine was the first limiting amino acid in 14% protein diets whereas methionine was the more limiting amino acid in 17 and 20% protein diets composed primarily of ground yellow corn and soybean meal. Significant increases in body weight gains from lysine added to diets of turkeys after 8 weeks of age have been demonstrated by Balloun and Phillips (1957), Carter and Wyne (1958), Balloun (1961, 1962), Jensen et al. (1965, 1976), Tuttle and Balloun (1974), and Waldroup et al. (1979). Additional
data are needed to determine the effects of adding lysine to diets varying in protein content for turkeys. The purpose of this study was to determine the lysine requirement of male and female turkeys fed varying levels of protein from 8 to 24 or 20-weeks of age, respectively, in diets well supplemented with methionine. The protein requirements of male and female turkeys during these periods were also determined. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two experiments were conducted during 1974 and one in 1979 using a total of 1,751 Large White turkeys. Each 1974 experiment contained nine pens of males and nine pens of females, and the 1979 experiment contained 18 pens of each sex. Each pen contained from 21 to 25 birds per pen (30 or 31 in Experiment 2), depending upon the availability of birds. Eight-week-old turkeys from a previous experiment were assigned at random to nine pens according to sex. Each pen was 2.74 x 3.66 m equipped with shavings as litter, a 1.22-m feeder, and a .76-m waterer. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum, and artificial light was provided continuously. The 24% protein basal ration is presented in Table 1. Sufficient feed for both males and fe-
2678
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum Comp Zoology, Harvard University on April 28, 2015
(Received for publication April 21, 1980)
LYSINE AND PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS OF TURKEYS
TABLE 1. Composition of basal ration containing 24% protein3Ingredients Ground yellow corn Stabilized animal and vegetable fat Dehulled soybean meal Meat and bone scrap Corn distillers dried grains with solubles Defluorinated phosphate Iodized salt DL-Methionine Trace mineral mix D Vitamin and feed additive premix c
Total
(g/kg) 505.69 60 350 40 15 20 4 4 .5 .81
1000.00
The nutrient contents of the 24% and 12% protein diets, by calculation, were .72 and .56% methionine, .35 and .17% cystine, 1.35 and .47% lysine, and 3158 and 3455 kcal/kgME, respectively. Contained manganese oxide, zinc oxide, ferrous sulfate, copper oxide, calcium iodate, cobalt carbonate, and calcium carbonate and supplied the following in milligrams per kilogram of diet: manganese, 75; zinc, 50; iron, 35; copper, 5; iodine, 1.1; and cobalt, .4. Supplied the following vitamins and feed additives per kilogram of diet: vitamin A, 6350 IU; vitamin D 3 , 2205 ICU; vitamin E, 2.2 IU; menadione sodium bisulfite complex, 1.76 mg; riboflavin, 3.3 mg; calcium D-pantothenate, 11 mg; niacin, 33 mg; choline chloride, 250 mg; vitamin B 12 , 6.6 Mg; ethoxyquin, 62.5 mg; and bacitracin from zinc bacitracin, 11 mg.
content of diets were 15, 18, and 21% for the 12 to 16-week period, 12, 15, and 18% for the 16 to 20-week period, and 11, 13, and 15% for the 20 to 24-week period. For the 20 to 24-week period, lysine was added at 0, .3, and .6% levels. The females were discontinued at 20 weeks of age. All birds were individually weighed at. 2week intervals. Feed and mortality records were collected to permit calculating feed efficiency at 2-week intervals. The body weight gain, feed consumption, and feed efficiency data for each 2 and 4-week period from the four replicates (one each from the 1974 experiments and two from the 1979 experiments) within a sex were subjected to analysis of variance. RESULTS Effects of Protein. The effects of protein on the average body weight gains, feed consumptions, and feed efficiencies during each 4-week period are presented in Tables 2 and 3 for male and female turkeys, respectively. Body weight gains of the male and female turkeys during each 4-week period were increased from the added dietary protein. In general, significant increases in feed efficiencies, expressed as percentages, approached corresponding increases in body weight gains. Feed consumptions were significantly increased, in some cases, in amounts equal to about two-thirds of the body weight gains on an absolute basis and about one-sixth on a percentage basis. Using procedures for calculating the protein requirements of turkeys outlined previously (Potter and Shelton, 1980), the minimum protein requirements of Large White male and female turkeys were calculated. The percentage increase in body weight from adding protein to diets of male and female turkeys by 2-week periods are presented in Table 4 and in Figures 1 and 2. By calculating multiple regressions of percent increase in average body weight gain of males (Yj) or females (Y 2 ) on age of turkeys in weeks (Xi) and percent protein in diet (X 2 ) as previously outlined, the following respective equations were obtained: Y! = 109.2 - 1.96Xj - 4.20X2 Y 2 = 84.7 - 2.34XX - 2.83X2 The midpoint of the range in age and the lower protein level given in Table 4 were used in the regression. Where the percent increase in body
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum Comp Zoology, Harvard University on April 28, 2015
males was prepared for each 4-week period. All common ingredients, constituting 84.745% of the total (89.235% for the 20 to 24-week period) were first blended, and the variables were added to portions of the blend to form the individual diets. The nine diets for the 8 to 12-week period contained 18, 21, or 24% protein and 0, . 1 , or .2% added lysine to form a 3 x 3 factorial experiment. To decrease the protein level by 3.0%, 7.5% ground yellow corn was added in the place of an equal amount of dehulled soybean meal. The lysine was added to the appropriate diets as L-lysine HCl, assuming it contained 78% L-lysine, in the place of ground yellow corn. At the end of each 4-week period, the turkeys of nine pens within a sex were systematically reassigned to nine new groups of equivalent background. Additional diets containing lower levels of protein were prepared for the ensuing four-week periods. The protein
2679
2680
POTTER ET AL. the average body weight gains, feed consumptions, and feed efficiencies during each 4-week period are presented in Tables 5 and 6 for male and female turkeys, respectively. Body weight gains were significantly increased from added lysine only during the 16 to 20-week period for the females and the 20 to 24-week period for the males. The corresponding feed efficiencies were also significantly increased from added lysine.
TABLE 2. Effects of dietary protein on body weight gain, feed consumption, and feed efficiency of male turkeys at various ages
Age in weeks
Body weight
Feed consumption (kg)
Feed efficiency
Protein (%)
gain (kg)
8-12
18 21 24 21-18 24-21 2 1 over 18 <%) 2 4 over 21 (%)
2.512 2.906 2.999 .394*** .093 15.7*** 3.2
6.582 6.871 6.827 .289** -.044 4 4** -.6
.3820 .4234 .4397 .0414*** .0163** 10.8*** 3.8**
12-16
15 18 21 18-15 21-18 18 over 15 (%) 2 1 over 18 (%)
2.493 2.813 2.940 .320*** .127* 12.8*** 4.5*
8.948 9.135 9.135 .187 .000 2.1 0.0
.2798 .3092 .3230 .0294*** .0138** 10.5*** 4.5**
16-20
12 15 18 15-12 18-15 15 over 12 (%) 18 over 15 (%)
2.087 2.631 2.943 .544*** .312*** 26.1*** 11.9***
9.857 10.316 10.440 .459*** .124 4.7** 1.2
.2115 .2555 .2832 .0440*** .0277*** 20.8*** 10.8***
20-24
11 13 15 13-11 15-13 13 over 11 (%) 15 over 13 (%)
1.698 2.277 2.619 .579*** .342** 34.1*** 15.0**
10.142 10.672 10.742 .530** .070 5.2** .7
.1677 .2137 .2447 .0460*** .0310*** 27.4*** 14.5***
.115 .109 .134 .191
.162 .258 .336 .367
.0116 .0080 .0126 .0139
Difference required for significance (12 vs. 12 pens) 8-12 12-16 16-20 20-24
•Significant at the 5% level. "Significant at the 1% level. ***Significant at the . 1 % level.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum Comp Zoology, Harvard University on April 28, 2015
weight gain of turkeys from feeding a given level of protein over a lower level becomes zero, the lower level of protein is considered the protein requirement at the stated age. The minimum protein requirements at 10, 14, and 18 weeks of age for Large White male turkeys are 21.3, 19.5, and 17.6% and for female turkeys 21.7, 18.4, and 15.0%, respectively (Figs. 1 and 2). Effects of Lysine. The effects of lysine on
LYSINE AND PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS OF TURKEYS
2681
TABLE 3. Effect of dietary protein on body weight gain, feed consumption, and feed efficiency of female turkeys at various ages
Age in weeks
Feed consumption (kg)
Body weight gain (kg)
Protein (%)
Feed efficiency
18 21 24 21-18 24-21 21 over 18 (%) 24 over 21 (%)
1.868 2.039 2.129 .171*'* .090* 9.2*** 4.4*
5.146 5.257 5.397 .111 .140 2.2 2.7
.3632 .3885 .3950 .0253*** .0065 7.0*** 1.7
12-16
15 18 21 18-15 21-18 18 over 15 (%) 21 over 18 (%)
1.698 1.774 1.816 .076* .042 4.5* 2.4
6.694 6.642 6.744 -.052 .102 -.8 1.5
.2542 .2675 .2699 .0133** .0024 5.2** .9
16-20
12 15 18 15-12 18-15 15 over 12 (%) 18 over 15 (%)
6.271 6.428 6.447 .157 .026 2.5 .4
.1912 .2104 .2119 .0192*** .0015 10.0*** .7
1.200 1.353 1.364 .153*** .011 12.8*** .8
Difference required for significance (12 vs. 12 pens) 8-12 12-16 16-20
.078 .067 .081
.165 .168 .191
.0087 .0075 .0102
'Significant at the 5% level. ** Significant at the 1% level. '••Significant at the . 1 % level.
TABLE 4. Percentage increase in body weight gain from adding protein to the diet Protein in diet Sex
(%)
Males 3
24 21 18 15
over over over over
24 21 18 15
over over over over
Age (weeks) 8-10
10-12
21 18 15 12
1.9 17.0
4.7 14.2
21 18 15 12
7.9 12.5
12-14
14-16
Increase in body weight gain
Females 1
.6 5.6
4.4 21.1
4.6 4.4
12.3 4.1
-9.5 4.8
16-18
18-20
9.4 37.0
14.3 17.2
4.3 16.0
-3.6 8.7
(%)
Regression calculated with Y = increase in body weight gain (%), X, = age in weeks (midpoint), and X 2 = protein in diet (%) (lower level) produced the equation Y = 109.2 — 1.96Xj 2.34X, - 2.83X 2 for females.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum Comp Zoology, Harvard University on April 28, 2015
8-12
POTTER ET AL.
2682
FEMALES
MALES PROTEIN, %
PROTEIN, %
8
a 12 14 16 18 20 22 AGE AT END OF PERIOD, WEEKS FIG. 1. Plot of percent increase in body weight from increasing the protein content of the diet of male turkeys by 2-week periods.
The lysine contents of the unsupplemented diets calculated using NRC (1977) values were 1.35, 1.13, .91, .69, .47, and .40% for 24, 2 1 , 18, 15, 12, and 11% protein diets, respectively. Lysine is not the limiting amino acid in 18 or 15% protein diets of either male or female turkeys between 8 and 12 or between 12 and 16 weeks of age, respectively. After 16 weeks of age, added lysine to diets of both male and female turkeys produced small increases in
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 AGE AT END OF PERIOD, WEEKS
FIG. 2. Plot of percent increase in body weight from increasing the protein content of the diet of female turkeys by 2-week periods.
body weight gains. Added lysine to diets of male turkeys between 20 and 24 weeks of age produced increases equal to only about onesixth that obtained from that amount of protein, which contributed an equal quantity of lysine. Therefore, another amino acid is equally or more limiting than lysine in diets composed of 11 or 13% protein primarily from corn, soybean meal, and meat and bone meal. Interaction of Protein and Lysine. Plots of the body weight gain of the males and females
FEMALES 12-16 WEEKS
0.8
1.2
1.6
0.6 1.0 1.4 04 0.8 1.2 TOTAL DIETARY LYSINE, %
0.3
0.8
1.3
0.8
1.2
1.6 0.6 1.0 1.4 0 4 0.8 TOTAL DIETARY LYSINE, *
12
FIG. 3. Plot of body weight gain of males and females in kilograms on lysine content of diet in percent.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum Comp Zoology, Harvard University on April 28, 2015
8
"4
LYSINE AND PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS OF TURKEYS
of age increased body weights 18.3% and 24.7% in contrast to only 2.2 and 3.6% from .1 and .2% added lysine, respectively. The 3.0% protein, which supplied about .22% lysine, produced 7 or 8 times the growth response over the . 1 % added lysine from L-lysine HCl. The relative increase in growth of male turkeys from added protein to that from added lysine during the 20 to 24-week period was even greater than at the young ages. Therefore, another amino acid is equally or more deficient than lysine in the diets used in this study.
TABLE 5. Effects of added lysine to diets of male turkeys at various ages on body weight gain, feed consumption, and feed efficiency Body Age in weeks 8-12
12-16
16-20
20-24
Protein (%)
gain (kg)
Feed consumption (kg)
.1 .2 .1-0 .2 - .1 .1 over 0 ( % ) .2 over .1 (%)
2.786 2.801 2.830 .015 .029 .5 1.0
6.764 6.709 6.807 -.055 .098 -.8 1.5
.4116 .4177 .4158 .0061 -.0019 1.5 -.5
.1 .2 .1-0 .2 - .1 .1 over 0 ( % ) .2 over .1 (%)
2.705 2.759 2.781 .054 .022 2.0 .8
9.084 9.086 9.048 .002 -.038 .0 -.4
.2985 .3048 .3086 .0063 .0038 2.1 1.2
.1 .2 .1-0 .2 - . 1 .1 over 0 ( % ) .2 over .1 (%)
2.468 2.566 2.628 .098 .062 4.0 2.4
10.055 10.281 10.276 .226 -.005 2.2 -.0
.2444 .2502 .2557 .0058 .0055 2.4 2.2
.3 .6 .3-0 .6-.3 .3 over 0 (%) .6 over .3 <%)
2.075 2.202 2.316a .127 .114 6.1 5.2
10.441 10.422 10.693 -.019 .271 -.2 2.6
.1987 .2109 .2165a .0122 .0056 6.1 2.7
weight
0
0
0
0
Feed efficiency
Difference required for significance (12 vs. 12 pens) 8-12 12-16 16-20 20-24
.115 .109 .134 .191
Values significantly greater (P<.05) than those of 0 level.
.162 .258 .336 .367
.0116 .0080 .0126 .0139
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum Comp Zoology, Harvard University on April 28, 2015
for each 4-week period on percentage of dietary protein for each diet varying in added lysine are presented in Figure 3. The only significant interaction in the body weight gain data was observed in the 16 to 20-week period for the male turkeys. Some trends for interaction were observed during other periods; however, we observed no consistent interaction yielding greater body weight gains from added lysine at lower protein levels than at higher protein levels. Therefore, the addition of 3 and 6% protein to diets of turkeys between 8 and 20 weeks
2683
2684
POTTER ET AL. TABLE 6. Effects of added lysine to diets of female turkeys at various ages on body weight gain, feed consumption, and feed efficiency
Age in weeks
12-16
16-20
Feed consumption (kg)
Feed efficiency
.1 .2 .1-0 . 2 - .1 .1 over 0 (%) .2 over .1 (%)
2.014 1.999 2.023 -.015 .024 -.7 1.2
5.276 5.256 5.269 -.020 .013 -.4 .2
.3820 .3808 .3839 -.0012 .0031 -.3 .8
.1 .2 .1-0 . 2 - .1 .1 over 0 (%) .2 over .1 (%)
1.749 1.759 1.780 .010 .021 .6 1.2
6.704 6.655 6.721 -.049 .066 -.7 1.0
.2614 .2648 .2654 .0034 .0006 1.3 .2
.1 .2 .1-0 . 2 - .1 .1 over 0 (%) .2 over .1 (%)
1.239 1.333 1.346 .094' .013 7.6* 1.0
6.300 6.410 6.436 .110 .026 1.7 .4
.1965 .2076 .2093 .0111* .0017 5.6* .8
0
0
0
Difference required for significance •(12 vs. 12 pens) 8-12 12-16 16-20
.078 .067 .081
.165 .168 .191
.0087 .0075 .0102
•Significant at the 5% level.
DISCUSSION When diets contained 3158, 3307, and 3455 kcal ME/kg for turkeys at 10, 14, and 18 weeks of age in this study, the protein requirements were found to be 21.3, 19.5, and 17.6% for males and 21.7, 18.4, and 15.0% for females, respectively. The protein requirements expressed as percent of diet for males (Y 3 ) and for females (Y 4 ) varied with age of the turkeys in weeks (X!) according to the following equations: Y 3 = 26.0 - .467Xj Y 4 = 29.9 - .827Xj When adjusted to 3000, 3100, and 3200 kcal ME/kg of diet for males 8 to 12, 12 to 16, and 16 to 20 weeks of age and for females 8 to 11, 11 to 14, and 14 to 17 weeks of age, the pro-
tein requirements at the midpoint of the respective age periods became 20.3, 18.3, and 16.3% for males (Y s ) and 21.1, 18.7, and 16.3% for females (Y 6 ). These values follow the equations: Y5 = 2 5 . 2 - . 4 9 5 X ! Y 6 = 28.7 - .799Xj and may be compared to 22, 19, and 16.5%, respectively, as listed by the NRC (1977). These comparisons are illustrated graphically in Figures 4 and 5. When expressed per unit of ME, the protein requirements of turkeys between 8 and 20 weeks of age as found in this study agree closely with those listed by the NRC (1977). The lysine requirements are estimated to be about 1.4, 1.2, and .9% of the diet (1.34, 1.15,
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum Comp Zoology, Harvard University on April 28, 2015
8-12
Protein (%)
Body weight gain (kg)
LYSINE AND PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS OF TURKEYS MALES
FEMALES
24 --
24
AS FED
3? 22
22-
-) O
-
IH
(U
UJ
tO £
NRC (1977)
20
^
s
\ -
18
a. 16 z
v.
UJ
o. 14 -
14 12
1
1
1
1
1
12 16 AGE, WEEKS
12
1
20
FIG. 4. Plot of the protein requirement of male turkeys as found in this study from 1) the diets as fed, 2) diets adjusted to 3000, 3100, and 3200 kcal/kg diet, and 3) the NRC (1977) publication.
and .97 for males and 1.46, 1.29, and .87% for females; Figure 3) from 8 t o 12, 12 t o 16, and 16 t o 2 0 weeks of age, respectively. When expressed as a percentage of dietary p r o t e i n , t h e lysine requirements of males are approxim a t e l y 6 . 3 , 5.9, and 5.5% of t h e p r o t e i n during these respective age periods. When t h e lysine requirements are expressed per unit of ME, approximately 4 . 5 , 3.7 and 3.0 g lysine are required per megacalorie of ME as o b t a i n e d from this s t u d y c o m p a r e d t o 4 . 5 , 3.2, and 2.5 g/Mcal as d e d u c t e d from t h e N R C ( 1 9 7 7 ) .
8
12 16 AGE, WEEKS
20
FIG. 5. Plot of the protein requirement of female turkeys as found in this study from 1) the diets as fed, 2) diets adjusted to 3000, 3100, 3200, and 3300 kcal/ kg, and 3) the NRC (1977) publication.
Using t h e d a t a presented b y t h e N R C ( 1 9 7 7 ) , lysine is calculated to be t h e m o s t deficient amino acid in t h e low p r o t e i n diets of this s t u d y (Table 7). Therefore, b y increasing t h e level of a d d e d lysine, b o d y weight gains were e x p e c t e d t o increase at least t o t h e p o i n t a t which a n o t h e r a m i n o acid b e c a m e m o r e deficient. Because of t h e general lack of a consistent g r o w t h response from lysine, it appears t h a t s o m e o t h e r amino acid is equally or m o r e deficient t h a n lysine. In general, t h e b o d y weight gain of t u r k e y s fed low protein diets with added lysine were
TABLE 7. Amino acids calculated to be deficient in the diets fed to males from 8 to 12 and 16 to 20 weeks of age3Amino acid or protein
8 to 12 wk 21 % b
16 to 20 wk 18%
irement) (Amount in diet as % of requirement) Arginine Histidine Isoleucine Lysine Phenylalanine Threonine Tryptophan Valine Protein
117 114 116
84 116 104 126 122 96
98 96
97 67 101 90 104 105 83
12%
15%
104 102 102 86 114 102 109 117 93
— 79 78 77 58 94 82 80 94 75
Only those amino acids which calculate to be deficient in one of the four diets at the stated age are listed. Protein in diet.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum Comp Zoology, Harvard University on April 28, 2015
-
AS FED ADJUSTED
ADJUSTED
? 20 Ui K
2685
POTTER ET AL.
2686
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Individual vitamins were supplied b y Agricultural Processing C o r p o r a t i o n , Salem, V A , and b y Hoffmann-LaRoche, Inc., Nutley, N J , and DL-methionine was supplied b y Degussa Corporation, T e t e r b o r o , N J . Appreciation is extended t o L. R. Barnett, Q. Self, N. LeBlanc, and G. P. S c h m i d t for care of birds and collection of data.
REFERENCES Balloun, S. L., 1961. Lysine requirements of growing turkeys. Poultry Sci. 40:1376. Balloun, S. L., 1962. Lysine, arginine and methionine balance of diets for turkeys to 24 weeks of age. Poultry Sci. 41:417-424. Balloun, S. L., and R. E. Phillips, 1957. Lysine and
protein requirements of bronze turkeys. Poultry Sci. 36:884-891. Carter, R. D., E. C. Naber, S. P. Touchburn, J. W. Wyne, V. D. Chamberlin, and M. S. McCartney, 1962. Amino acid supplementation of low protein turkey growing rations. Poultry Sci. 4 1 : 305-311. Carter, R. D., and J. W. Wyne, 1958. Amino ,-acid supplementation of low protein turkey growing rations. Poultry Sci. 37:1193. Jensen, L. S., B. Manning, L. Falen, and J. McGinnis, 1976. Lysine needs of rapidly growing turkeys from 12—22 weeks of age. Poultry Sci. 55: 1394-1400. Jensen, L. S., G. O. Ranit, R. K. Wagstaff, and J. McGinnis, 1965. Protein and lysine requirements of developing turkeys as influenced by pelleting. Poultry Sci. 44:1435-1441. Kratzer, F. H., P. N. Davis, and B. J. Marshall, 1956. The protein and lysine requirements of turkeys at various ages. Poultry Sci. 35:197-202. National Research Council, 1977. Nutrient requirements of poultry. 7th rev. ed. Nat. Acad. Sci., Washington, DC. Potter, L. M., and J. R. Shelton, 1980. Methionine and protein requirements of turkeys 8 to 16 weeks of age. Poultry Sci. 59:1268-1274. Turtle, W. L., and S. L. Balloun, 1974. Lysine requirements of starting and growing turkeys. Poultry Sci. 53:1698-1704. Waldroup, P. W„ J. F. Maxey, L. W. Luther, H. D. Morrow, and Z. B. Johnson, 1979. Amino acid needs of turkey poults. Arkansas Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 834.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum Comp Zoology, Harvard University on April 28, 2015
n o t as great as those fed higher protein diets with t h e same level of lysine during any age period of this s t u d y . Therefore, a n o t h e r amino acid is equally or m o r e limiting t h a n lysine in these diets. Until m o r e information is gathered on t h e amino acid r e q u i r e m e n t s of older turkeys, it is r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t commercial diets be formulated t o m e e t first t h e protein requirem e n t and t h e n t h e lysine r e q u i r e m e n t .