Lysine Requirements of Growing Turkeys in Various Temperature Environments12

Lysine Requirements of Growing Turkeys in Various Temperature Environments1SALLY L. NOLL and PAUL E. WAIBEL Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 (Received for publication June 15, 1987)

1989 Poultry Science 68:781-794 INTRODUCTION

Lysine and methionine are limiting amino acids in corn and soybean meal diets for turkeys. Lysine has been observed to be first limiting in diets for growing turkeys (Balloun, 1962; Carter et al., 1962). However, the lysine requirement has not been adequately defined for growing and finishing turkeys. Large variations in the requirement have been noted in both the growing and finishing periods. Warnick (1979) estimated the requirement to be 1.23% during the 8 to 12-wk age period using Orlopp turkeys. Potter et al. (1981) estimated the requirement to be 1.34% for Large White male turkeys. During the finishing stage (16 to 20 wk of age) the requirement for lysine has been determined to be .73% by Jensen et al. (1976) using a triticale-soybean meal-based diet. Warnick (1979) and Potter et al. (1981) have

Published as Paper Number 15457 of the Scientific Journal Series of the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station. 2 This report was drawn from the Ph.D. dissertation research of the senior author.

found higher requirements of .9 and .97%, respectively, in corn-soybean meal-based diets. Variability in requirements expressed as dietary concentrations could be the result of study conditions such as environmental temperature. Growth and feed consumption of poultry have been observed to be affected by environmental temperature (Prince et al., 1961; Milligan and Winn, 1964; de Albuquerque et al., 1978; Deaton et al, 1978). Due to changes in feed intake, it has been suggested that an adjustment in dietary protein or amino acid concentration should be made (Combs, 1970; Wilgus, 1973; Waibel et al., 1976). Several reports have shown a relationship between environmental temperature and protein requirements. Waibel et al. (1975) observed that growth of turkeys reared at 10.6 C from 4 to 20 wk was maximized on a lower protein level than in the 22.2 C environment. Similar results were reported by Waibel et al. (1976), who showed that lower dietary protein was needed by Large White male turkeys reared at environmental temperatures of 9.4 C or 14.4 C than at 20 C or 27 C from 6 to 20 wk of age. Data of March and Biely (1972) indicated a greater concentration of dietary

781

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ABSTRACT The lysine requirement of Large White male turkeys (Nicholas strain commercial cross) was determined in two experiments at different environmental temperatures for two age periods (8 to 12 and 16 to 20 wk of age). Response curves (segmented and exponential) were obtained by regressing body weight gain (grams/day) on dietary lysine concentration (percentage) or lysine intake (grams/day). Varying levels of dietary lysine were obtained by supplementing a corn-sesame meal diet with L-lysineHCl. Temperature affected percentage lysine requirement as determined by the segmented (broken line) regression model during 8 to 12 wk of age in Experiment 1 (P<.05) and in Experiment 2 (P<.10). The requirements (x ± SE) by broken line regression for the 8 to 12-wk age period were: Experiment 1,1.13 ± .02 and 1.25 ±.02% at 6 and 23 C, respectively, and Experiment 2,1.10±.03,1.09±.03,and 1.23±.04%at7,20, and 26 C, respectively. For the 16 to 20 wk age period the requirements for Experiment 1 were .75 ± .02 and .77 ± .03% at 8 and 24 C, respectively. For Experiment 2, requirements were .74 ± .03, .72 ± .02, and .78 ± .02% at 7, 16, and 24 C, respectively. Percentage requirements by the exponential model showed the same patterns relative to temperature. Multiple regression analysis of gain on lysine intake and temperature indicated that variability in gain was primarily explained by intake (R ranged from .82 to .97) with deficient lysine intakes. Temperature environment also affected the gain response to lysine intake, resulting in different response curves at the different environmental temperatures. (Key words: lysine, turkeys, temperature)

782

NOLL AND WAIBEL

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Large White male turkeys of the Nicholas strain were used in both experiments. Turkeys were hbused in floor pens in windowless houses. Rooms within each house have separate heating, ventilating, and lighting controls. An intermittent light program was used where the lights were on during 0300 to 0500 h, 0800 to 1100 h, 1400 to 1700 h, and 2100 to 2300 h. The experimental diets were fed when the turkeys were 8 to 12 and 16 to 20 wk of age. When the turkeys were not on experiment they were fed nutritionally adequate diets composed primarily of ground yellow corn, soybean meal, and 4% supplemental fat. In Experiment 1 floor pens in each of the two rooms measured 1.83 m by 2.44 m, and rice hulls were used for bedding. During the 8 to 12 and 16 to 20-wk experimental periods there were 11 and 8 birds per pen, respectively. In Experiment 2 floor pens measured 1.22 m by 2.44 m in each of the three rooms, and wood shavings were used for bedding. During the two experimental age periods there were eight and six turkeys per pen, respectively. The turkeys were randomly placed into pens prior to die start of each experimental period using the procedure described by Behrends and Waibel (1980). Room temperatures were recorded continuously by hygrothermographs (H311, Weather Measure Co., Sacramento, CA). Room humidity was measured by sling psychrometer twice

daily in the second experiment. Experimental diets with varying levels of lysine were obtained by supplementing a cornsesame meal basal diet with L-lysine-HCl (78.4% lysine, Merck and Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ). The basal diet was formulated using sesame meal (Sesame Products, Inc., Paris, TX) as a major protein source. The metabolizable energy content of the sesame meal was calculated based on the analyzed protein, fat, sugar, and starch contents (Carpenter and Clegg, 1956). Amino acid analyses were completed after sample hydrolysis in 6 A7 HC1 at 110 C for 22 h. Amino acid contents were determined by ion-exchange chromatography on a Dionex D-300 analyzer (Dionex Corp., Sunnyvale, CA). Experiment 1, Seven levels of dietary lysine were obtained by supplementing the basal diet with L-lysine-HCl. The basal diet for each experimental period (Table 1) was formulated to meet or exceed minimum specifications in relation to the energy level of the diet for the sulfur amino acids, threonine, calcium, and available phosphorus [National Research Council (NRC), 1984]. One treatment group was fed a control diet composed mainly of corn and soybean meal. The response to lysine was measured in two temperature environments, targeted at 7.2 and 24.0 C. Within each temperature environment a randomized block design was used to assign the eight dietary treatments to each of four blocks of pens. Experiment 2. The basal diets (Table 1) were formulated to meet minimum specifications as above except for threonine. As the threonine specification (NRC, 1984) was based on an unconfirmed estimate of the threonine requirement, it was decided to lower the threonine specification to obtain a lower dietary protein level than provided in the diets in Experiment 1. The seven dietary treatments consisted of varying the dietary levels of lysine. A corn-soybean meal diet was included as a positive control in each experimental period. In the 8 to 12-wk age period, the three targeted temperature environments were 7.2, 21.1, and 26.7 C. During the 16 to 20-wk age period, the targeted environmental temperatures were 7.2, 15.6, and 21.1 C. Each dietary treatment was randomly assigned to each of four blocks within each temperature environment.

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lysine was needed to maximize gains of broilers from 2 to 4 wk of age at 31.1 C than at 20.0 C. Other studies have shown no difference in percentage requirements with environmental temperature. Similar protein (Adams et al., 1962a; Adams and Rogler, 1968) and sulfur amino acid (Adams et al., 1962b) requirements were observed for broilers (4 to 8 wk) held at ambient temperatures of 21 or 29 C. Murillo and Jensen (1976) saw no difference in methionine requirements for turkeys at low or moderate temperatures. Sinurat and Balnave (1985) found the response to dietary lysine by broilers was dependent on both dietary energy level and temperature. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of environmental temperature on the lysine requirement of male turkeys during 8 to 12 and 16 to 20 wk of age.

Composition

2.19 .50 .12 .30

.99

41.26 54.63

30.16 3,581 1.31 .59 .78 1.27 .94

B

.40 .12 .26

23.30 4.00 .40 .04 .01 .55 1.60

69.44

17.62 3,278 .62 .40 .92 .59 .72

C

23.97 3,075 1.05 .52 1.40 .83 .96

2.13 .40 .10 .26

1.44 .40 .12 .26

51.99

.73

C

38.46 4.00 1.20 .12 .08 1.26

73.41 23.64

18.12 3,469 .85 .40 .46 .75 .64

E

16 to 20 wk

8

5 Vitamin mix MTG-74 supplied (per kilogram of mixture) 3,300,000 IU vitamin A acetate, 1,200,000 ICU vitam dimethylpyrimidinol bisulfite, 1.98 g riboflavin, 2.6 g d-calcium pantothenate, 20 g niacin, 110.2 g choline chloride, a

'M'race mineral mixture MN-74 was formulated to contain 2% iron (from ferrous sulfate), .2% copper (from copper sul (from zinc oxide), .12% iodine (from ethylene diamine dihydroiodine), and .02% cobalt (from cobalt carbonate). Trace mine (from sodium selcnitc) and an additional .1% copper.

DL-Methionine potency was 98% in Experiment 1 and 99% in Experiment 2.

3

.40 .12 .30

38.70 4.00 1.20 .12 .07 .60 2.20

52.29

24.11 3,092 .81 .53 1.40 .83 .97

C

1

Fish solubles dried on soybean meal at 100% equivalence (52% protein).

Fermaclo-500® (Borden).

2

Calculated nutrient content Protein, % ME, kcal/kg Calcium, % Phosphorus available, % Lysine, % Methionine plus cystine, % Threonine, %

Ingredient, % Cora, ground yellow Sesame meal Soybean meal, dehulled Animal fat Fish solubles product Fermentation residue product2 DL-Methionine3 Calcium carbonate Dicalcium phosphate Defluorinated phosphate Salt Trace mineral mix Vitamin mix MTG-745

8 to 12 wk

TABLE 1. Composition of control (C) and basal (B) diets in Experiments

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784

NOLL AND WAIBEL

1) Yi = A + B(Xj -

XR)

for Xj <

2) Yi = A for Xi >

XR

XR

[1] [2]

where: Yj A B Xi

= = = =

average daily gain, plateau, slope, supplemental lysine (percentage) or lysine intake (grams per day), XR = value of Xi at breakpoint, i.e., requirement level. The exponential model was of the following form: Yj = Bi + B 2 (l - e B 3 x i)

[3]

where: Yj Bi Bi + B2 B3 Xi

= = = = =

average daily gain, intercept, upper asymptote, curvature coefficient, supplemental lysine (percentage) or lysine intake (grams per day).

A general model was obtained by fitting the regression for the response to lysine considering the effect of environmental temperature. To determine if the regression coefficients were similar for each curve, the regressions were fit assuming a common parameter value ignoring temperature effects. A chi-square test was used to compare the residual sums of squares of the new model to the general for acceptance of the new model. The requirement for lysine in the broken line regression model was the breakpoint. For comparison purposes, the requirement calculated with the exponential model was selected to be the lysine level required to obtain the same level of gain as in the plateau of the broken line model. RESULTS

General. The effect of environmental temperature and dietary lysine level on gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, lysine intake, and ratio of gain to lysine intake measurements for the 8 to 12 wk and 16 to 20-wk age periods in Experiment 1 and 2 are shown in Tables 2 through 5, respectively. Average environmental temperatures obtained were close to the targeted temperatures. Dietary treatment significantly (P<.001) affected all variables. Generally, as lysine supplementation increased, lysine and feed intake increased along with improvements in gain and feed efficiency in each temperature environment. Responses in gain and feed efficiency reached a plateau at the higher levels of lysine intake. The ratio of gain to lysine intake decreased with increasing levels of lysine supplementation as the requirement for maximum growth was reached. No significant statistical interactions were observed for temperature environment x dietary treatment except in the 8 to 12-wk age period in Experiment 2 for feed efficiency and feed intake. Turkeys fed the corn-sesame diets containing adequate levels of lysine had gains similar to those fed the corn-soy control diet, but with lower feed intake and better feed efficiency. Differences were probably the result of the higher metabolizable energy levels of the cornsesame meal diets. Experiments 1 and 2,8 to 12 Weeks of Age. Increasing environmental temperature reduced body weight gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency. In Experiment 1 (Table 2), turkeys

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Data Collection. Body weights were measured at the beginning and end of each 4-wk experimental period. Feed consumption was measured at the end of each experimental period. The pen of turkeys was considered as the experimental unit and pen means were calculated for daily weight gain and daily feed and lysine intake. Statistical Analyses. Analyses of variance were computed using SAS (1982). The experimental design was a split plot with the temperature environments as unreplicated main plots; the dietary treatments formed the split plots. The least significant difference was used for mean comparisons. Regression equations were calculated relating gain to supplemental lysine or lysine intake. Segmented (broken line) and exponential models were fit using a nonlinear computer program (Bingham and Davis, 1976). Broken line regression (Hinkley, 1971) has been used to determine the minimum amount of a nutrient required to maximize growth (Robbins et ai, 1979). The broken line regression model is described by two equations:

.782 .862 .942 1.052 1.172 1.332 1.492 1.3954

23.3 ± .3 C

4

Values represent x of 4 pens/diet with 11 birds/pen.

(%)

.00 .08 .16 .27 .39 .55 .71 .00

.00 .08 .16 .27 .39 .55 .71 .00

Supplementary

Lysine level

x ± SD; LSD = least significant difference (P<.05).

Corn-soybcan control.

3

Average initial body weight was 2.62 kg.

SE LSD

.782 .862 .942 1.052 1.172 1.332 1.492 1.3954

Dietary

6.1 ± .6 C

Ambient temperature

2.1 6.0

60.3 73.3 83.6 94.9 102.2 107.8 109.0 111.0 92.9 52.0 58.9 67.7 84.2 93.6 104.4 102.3 102.1 83.1

x daily gain •(g)

daily

168 178 199 211 218 225 223 267 211 131 147 150 173 180 197 192 229 175 3.2 9.2

FI

TABLE 2. Effect of dietary lysine level and ambient temperature on average daily gain, feed inta feed efficiency (F:G), and ratio of gain to lysine intake of Large White male turkeys, Experime

ed from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on May 14, 2015

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.464 .514 .564 .614 .714 .814 .964 .9204

23.7 ± .3 C

4

Values represent average of 4 pens/diet with 8 birds/pen.

(%)

.00 .05 .10 .15 .25 .35 .50 .00

.00 .05 .10 .15 .25 .35 .50 .00

Supplemcnlary

Lysine level

x ± SD; LSD = least significant difference (P<.05).

Corn-soybean meal control.

3

2

'Average initial body weight was 8.53 kg.

SE LSD

.464 .514 .564 .614 .714 .814 .964 .9204

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Ambient temperature

25.1

3.9 11.0

•(g)

x daily Fl

366 385 398 425 434 459 449 473 424 283 304 325 339 355 354 362 379 338 8.8

71.6 82.3 95.0 107.3 120.9 129.2 130.9 124.5 107.7 50.8 64.1 69.6 82.0 94.6 103.0 109.9 100.4 84.3

x daily gain

TABLE 4. Effect of dietary lysine level and ambient temperature on average daily gain, feed inta feed efficiency (F:G), and ratio of gain to lysine intake of Large White male turkeys, Experimen

ded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on May 14, 2015

.00 .05 .10 .15 .25 .40 .60 .00 .00 .05 .10 .15 .25 .40 .60 .00

.504 .554 .604 .654 .754 .904 1.104 .9174

.504 .554 .604 .654 .754 .904 1.104 ,9174

15.5 ± .2 C

24.3 ± .3 C

3

Corn-soybean meal control.

x ± SD; LSD = least significant difference (P<.05).

Values represent average of 4 pens/diet, with 6 birds/pen.

Average initial body weight was 9.10 kg.

x SE LSD

.00 .05 .10 .15 .25 .40 .60 .00

(%)

Supplementary

Lysine level

.504 .554 .604 .654 .754 .904 1.104 .9174

Dietary

7.2 ± .6 C

Ambient temperature3

26.9

3.9

78.0 86.2 90.1 108.8 123.8 128.9 128.4 120.0 108.0 10.9

(g)

x daily FI

447 460 484 503 514 512 509 538 496 404 430 448 468 478 465 474 501 459 369 378 374 407 428 415 427 461 407 9.5 100.2 102.3 126.6 131.0 149.7 155.5 151.4 153.4 133.8 97.2 107.0 117.1 131.5 142.6 145.7 143.3 143.2 128.4

x daily gain

TABLE 5. Effect of dietary lysine level and ambient temperature on average daily gain, feed inta feed efficiency (F:G), and ratio of gain to lysine intake of Large White male turkeys, Experimen

ded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on May 14, 2015

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kept at 23 C had gains averaging 89% of those at 6 C, or a decrease in gain of .6% per degree C. In Experiment 2 (Table 3), gains at 20 and 26 C averaged 87 and 79% of the gain at 7 C. Gain decreased more rapidly at warmer temperatures; as temperature increased from 7 to 20 C, gain decreased by 1.03% per degree C, compared to a decrease of 1.50% in gain per degree C as temperature increased from 20 to 26 C. Feed efficiency response to temperature was similar in both experiments, with lowered feed: gain values in the warmer temperature environment. However, in Experiment 2, response was dependent on the dietary lysine level, accounting for the significant statistical interaction between temperature and diet. At temperatures of 20 and 26 C, feed.gain was much worse at the two lowest levels of lysine when compared to the response at 7 C (Table 3). Different regressions of gain on lysine percentage were obtained among the temperature environments (Figures la and lb). The broken line and exponential models fit all data sets except data from Experiment 1 at 23 C with the exponential model. In Experiments 1 and 2, a significant difference (P<.05) among breakpoints was detected. Thus, a greater percentage of lysine was required to maximize growth at 23 C than at 6 C in Experiment 1 (Table 6). In Experiment 2, a greater estimate for the breakpoint (requirement) was observed at 26 C than at 7 and 20 C. Percentage dietary lysine requirements by the broken line model for the two experiments averaged 1.11 and 1.24% at cooler and warmer temperatures, respectively. Requirement estimates by the exponential model showed the same pattern but gave higher estimated values. Regression of gain on lysine intake should produce similar responses irrespective of temperature if consumption of the deficient nutrient is the only limiting factor. Plots of gain against lysine intake (Figures lc and Id) show a relationship between gain and lysine intake for both experiments. At deficient levels of lysine intake, correlation coefficients for gain and lysine intake were .97 and .91 for Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. However, regression analysis indicated a different regression for each temperature environment except for data from Experiment 1 with the exponential model. Requirements on an intake basis, reflecting the rate of gain, were greater in the cooler temperature environment with both the

Exponential

TURKEY LYSINE REQUIREMENTS AND TEMPERATURE

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.4

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.3 .6 SUPPLEMENTAL LYSINE (%)

SUPPLEMENTAL LYSINE (X)

la.

lb. MO

120

110 120-j -

/^J^^^r.

ioo4 100

-

iff?

704

.riff' Fitted Regressions Segmented • C 10(1.6 *• 33.2(x-2.67> 103.3 * 39.0
Fitted Regressions 7 C 20 C 26 C

«H..j

7 C 20 C 26 C 1

\i

2J

2

LYSINE INTAKE

lc.

(G/OAY)

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i5

1.5

110. 1 . 32. 3(x-3. OO) 107.3 * 41.4(x-2.61) 100.3 • 34.6(x-2.63> Exponential — -31.3 * 102. 1 ( 1-e ~- 7 1 x ) -O0.7 . 200. 3( 1-e -.17x' -33.3 • 163. 91 1-e --02xj

1

I

2.2

2.9

1

3.6

LYSINE INTAKE (G/DAY)

I ~

1

u

Id.

FIGURE la-d. Gain response of male turkeys (8 to 12 wk of age) to supplemental lysine content (percentage) or dietary intake (grams per day) at differing environmental temperatures in Experiments 1 ( • 6 C, • 23 C) and 2 (3 7 C, • 20 C, A 26 C).

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on May 14, 2015

Fitted Regressions Segmented"

6 C 23 C

TURKEY LYSINE REQUIREMENTS AND TEMPERATURE

DISCUSSION

Environmental temperature had the greatest effect on the percentage lysine requirements during the 8 to 12-wk age period. The lack of a better correlation of temperature and percentage lysine requirement during 16 to 20 wk of age appeared to be due to the low maximum level of gain reached in the warm environ-

ments. The effect of temperature on percentage protein and amino acid requirements has usually been explained on the basis of temperature effects on feed intake (NRC, 1981). In this study, although rate of gain was mostly determined by lysine intake, it appears that temperature effects on growth and requirements are not entirely explained on the basis of changes in nutrient intake. Some of the gain response may not entirely reflect the effects of temperature per se but instead conditions associated with a particular temperature environment. Growth in the warm environments seemed to be limited by factors other than lysine intake. Other uncontrolled environmental factors such as humidity (Prince et al., 1965; Waibel et al., 1983), ammonia, dust, and ventilation rate (Prince et al., 1961) have affected growth rate. Relative humidity measurements in Experiment 2 showed decreased humidity as environmental temperature increased. As a result, the warmer temperature environments tended to be drier and dustier. Effects of air quality on the health of the respiratory system (Nagaraja et al., 1983, 1984) could ultimately affect gain over a longer time period of exposure. Physiologically, metabolic adjustments occur that decrease growth and feed intake in warm temperatures. Birds acclimated to warm environmental temperatures show a decrease in thyroid hormone level and metabolic rate (Whittow, 1976). A lower rate of gain will result in a lower amino acid requirement per calorie at higher environmental temperatures as hypothesized by Hurwitz et al. (1980). Turkeys in this study in the warm environment may have undergone some additional stress due to the change in temperature at the start of each 4-wk experimental period. The lack of coincident lysine consumption curves in most of the data sets indicated temperature changed the response to lysine. The differences could result from temperature effects on the utilization of lysine for body weight gain. Rates of utilization of lysine would differ if energy consumption was limiting or if the composition of gain was affected by lysine intake or environmental temperature. Body composition has been shown to be affected by temperature and dietary amino acid status. The effects of temperature on carcass composition have been observed in broilers;

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broken line model and the exponential model (Table 6). Experiments 1 and 2, 16 to 20 Weeks of Age. Increasing environmental temperature significantly decreased gain and feed intake on the average with little effect on overall feed efficiency. In Experiment 1 (Table 4), gain at 24 C averaged 78% of the gain at 8 C with a decrease in gain of 1.38% per degree C. In Experiment 2 (Table 5), gain at 16 and 24 C averaged 96 and 81% of the gain at 7 C. Average gain at 16 C was only slightly decreased (.49% per degree C) compared to 7 C. A rapid decrease in gain (1.8% per degree C) occurred as temperature increased from 16 to 24 C. In Experiments 1 and 2, regression of gain on percentage lysine in the broken line model showed no differences in the breakpoint parameters (Figures 2a and 2b). Percentage levels of lysine needed to reach the plateau were statistically similar in all temperature environments (Table 6). For each temperature environment a different plateau in the response curve was reached. Differences in the exponential curves were also observed for each environment in both experiments. On a dietary percentage basis, the requirements by the broken line model for the two experiments averaged .75 and .77% at cooler and warmer temperatures, respectively. Correlations of gain and intake were .91 and .82 in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively, with deficient lysine intakes. The response of gain to lysine intake (Figures 2c and 2d) was found to result in different response curves among temperature environments for both the broken line model and the exponential model. Requirements on a daily intake basis were related to level of gain, so that turkeys in the cooler environment required more lysine on a daily basis to maximize gain with the broken line model. Requirements according to the exponential model also reflected the increased growth rate at cooler temperatures (Table 6).

791

792

NOLL AND WAIBEL 170

.2 .3 .4 .5 SUPPLEMENTAL LYSINE (X)

2b.

2a. 160i

170

140

150

^~^^2!z§E

/ y ^

» .

*?-^>~-^-

120

»•

4fa

130

/f/L 100

110

* 7

z <

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U

1.7

2.2

17

3.2

LYSINE INTAKE

17

1.2

4.7

Fitted 7 C 16 C 24 C

70-

7 C 16 C 24

c

1.8

i

1

2.4

3

Regressions

153. 2 * 3 2 . 0 < x - 3 . 9 3 > 1 4 3 . 9 • 3 3 . 8 ( x - 4 . 11) 120.7 ' 35.0*) - 2 6 9 . 4 • 419. 5 ( l - e " • , 9 x ) -25S.0 * 3 9 l . 6 < l - e ~''0x)

1 3.6

1 4.2

1 4.8

1 5.4

1

(G/DAY)

LYSINE INTAKE (G/DAY) 2c.

2d.

FIGURE 2a-d. Gain response of male turkeys (16 to 20 wk of age) to supplemental lysine content (percentage) or dietary intake (grams per day) at differing environmental temperatures in Experiments 1 (O 8 C, • 24 C) and 2 (O 7 C, • 16 C, A 24 C).

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.1

.1 .2 .3 .4 SUPPLEMENTAL L Y S I N E (X)

TURKEY LYSINE REQUIREMENTS AND TEMPERATURE

estimated requirements were 15 to 20% less than those estimated by Warnick (1979) and Potter et al. (1981) and similar to the estimate of .73% determined by Jensen et al. (1976). When the requirement was related to the energy level of the diet in percentage per therm ME, the estimates began to deviate to a greater degree from previously reported values. In comparison to the NRC (1984) requirement, the experimentally determined requirement in the warmer environment is even lower by 18 and 10%, respectively, for the two age periods. The major source of protein in the assay diets was sesame meal, which contained a high amount of fat. The diets were calculated to be high in ME content, but the actual value is unknown and may contribute to the lowappearing requirement when expressed as percentage per therm ME. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This research was supported in part by the Minnesota Turkey Research and Promotion Council and a computer-time grant from the University Computer Center, University of Minnesota. REFERENCES Adams, R. L., F. N. Andrews, J. C. Rogler, and C. W. Carrick, 1962a. The protein requirement of 4-week old chicks as affected by temperature. J. Nutr. 77: 121-126. Adams, R. L., F. N. Andrews, J. C. Rogler, and C. W. Carrick, 1962b. The sulfur amino acid requirement of the chick from 4 to 8 weeks of age as affected by temperature. Poultry Sci. 41:1801-1806. Adams, R. L., and J. C. Rogler, 1968. The effects of environmental temperature on the protein requirements and response to energy in slow and fast growing chicks. Poultry Sci. 47:579-586. Balloun, S. L., 1962. Lysine, arginine and methionine balance of diets for turkeys to 24 weeks of age. Poultry Sci. 41:417-424. Behrends, B. R., and P. E. Waibel, 1980. Methionine and cystine requirements of growing turkeys. Poultry Sci. 59:849-859. Bingham, C , and T. M. Davis, 1976. NONLINS-An Interactive Program for Nonlinear Regression. Dept. Stat., Univ. Minn., St. Paul, MN. Carpenter, K. J., and K. M. Clegg, 1956. The metabolizable energy of poultry feeding stuffs in relation to their chemical composition. J. Sci. Food Agric. 1:45-51. Carter, R. D., E. C. Naber, S. P. Touchburn, J. W. Wyne, V. D. Chamberlin, and M. G. McCartney, 1962. Amino acid supplementation of low protein turkey growing rations. Poultry Sci. 41:305-311. Combs, G. F., 1970. Feed ingredient composition and amino acid standards for broilers. Pages 81-89 in: Proc.

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percentage fat (Swain and Farrell, 1975; El Husseiny and Creger, 1980) and protein contents (El Husseiny and Creger, 1980) have been shown to decrease as temperature decreased. Changes in carcass composition due to dietary amino acid deficiency have been observed by Velu et al. (1972). As the limiting amino acid became less deficient, chick carcass fat increased whereas protein and moisture contents tended to decrease. If the same relationship is present for turkeys, response curves using protein gain rather than live weight gain would be more appropriate in the different temperature environments. An effect of temperature on protein or amino acid utilization has been observed only when energy consumption was inadequate for thermogenesis in rats (Payne and Jacob, 1965). By calculation, temperatures in the study were within the thermoneutral zone except in Experiment 1 for the 8 to 12-wk age period, where the cooler temperature may have been less than the calculated lower critical temperature (11 to 15 C) based on body weight (Teter and DeShazer, 1976). The actual lower critical temperature will vary from these calculated values due to the influence of other environmental and pen factors. The exponential model resulted in higher lysine requirement estimates than in the broken line model at the selected level of gain. Robbins et al. (1979) noted greater requirements for the nonlinear models in comparison with the broken line method. Due to the nature of the regression models, the different requirements were the result of the way that the two models fit the data in die area of the lysine response curve where the requirement for lysine is starting to be met. The broken line model reaches a plateau at a lower level of lysine than die exponential model. Dietary percentages of the lysine requirements by the broken line model are in good agreement for the two age periods in both experiments. The requirements in the warmer environments for both age periods were lower than the NRC (1984) recommendations by 4.6 and 3.7%, respectively, for the 8 to 12 wk and 16 to 20-wk age periods. Percentage requirements in the warmer temperature environment for the 8 to 12-wk period are similar to that obtained by Warnick (1979) and less than indicated by Potter et al. (1981). During the 16 to 20-wk age period,

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