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Lysine Requirements of Starting and Growing Turkeys1
1698
E. M. PUTNAM, R. N. BREWER AND G. J. COTTIER
Eden, W. G., 1951. Toxicity of dieldrin to chickens. J. Econ. Entomol. 44: 1013. Kawano, Y., A. Bevenue and A. Y. Miyahara, 1967. The effect of an accidental exposure of broiler chicks to dieldrin. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2: 12-24.
Sherman, M., and M. M. Rosenberg, 1954. Subchronic toxicity of four chlorinated dimethanonaphthalene insecticides to chicks. J. Econ. Entomol. 47: 10821083.
Lysine Requirements of Starting and Growing Turkeys1 W . L . TUTTLE 2 AND S. L . BALLOUN
Animal Science Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50010 (Received for publication December 10, 1973)
POULTRY SCIENCE 53: 1698-1704, 1974
INTRODUCTION YSINE is one of the first amino acids to become limiting as the protein concentration of a poult diet is reduced by replacing soybean meal with corn. Kratzer (1950) and Richardson et al. (1953) reported growth improvement in poults when lysine was added to a diet deficient in lysine. Kratzer et al. (1955) concluded that the lysine requirement, as a percentage of the protein, was no more than 4.75% to 4 weeks of age, and
L
1. Journal Paper No. J-7762 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa. Project No. 1976. 2. Present address: Standard Chemical Manufacturing Co., Omaha, Nebraska.
was approximately 4.00% of the protein for 6 week-old poults. Balloun and Phillips (1957) reported a diet containing 26 to 27% protein with 1.55% lysine was adequate for male poults to six weeks of age. From 6 to 12 weeks of age, the lysine requirement was at least 1.21% in a 23% protein diet. Balloun (1962) reported that the lysine requirement was at least 5% of the protein of the diet. Fitzsimmons and Waibel (1962) showed that the lysine requirement to 4 weeks of age was 1.36% of a 24% protein diet. Kummero et al. (1971) reported that the requirements for lysine was a function of the energy level of the diet, and was 0.564% per megacalorie of metabolizable energy (M.E.) per kg. of diet for turkeys to 3 weeks of age.
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ABSTRACT The lysine requirement of large-type turkey poults was studied in three experiments. For male poults to 4 weeks of age, diets containing 22% or 24% protein, and less than 1.50% lysine, did not support growth equivalent to that obtained when 28% protein diets were fed, or when the low-protein diets were supplemented to give a concentration of 1.50% or greater of lysine. It is concluded that the minimum lysine requirement in this period was 1.50% of a 28% protein diet or 5.3% of the protein. As a function of energy, the lysine requirement was at least 0.52% per megacalorie of metabolizable energy (M.E.) per kg. of diet. For male poults 4 to 8 weeks of age, the lysine requirement was 1.40% of a 26% protein diet or 5.4% of the protein. As a function of energy, the lysine requirement for this period was 0.46% per megacalorie of M.E. per kg. of diet. For male poults 8 to 12 weeks of age, diets containing less than 22% protein did not support maximum growth. For this stage of growth, the requirement was 22% protein with more than 5.09% of the protein as lysine, or 0.40% lysine per megacalorie of M.E. per kg. of diet. The lysine requirement was not a constant percentage of the protein over a range of protein concentrations in the diet within an age period, but did remain a constant percentage of the protein from 1 day to 8 weeks of age. In the 8-12 week period, lysine requirements were less (as a percentage of the protein) than at earlier stages of growth.
1699
POULT LYSINE REQUIREMENTS
The National Research Council (N.R.C.) (1971) lysine requirement for poults to 4 weeks of age is 1.50% in a 28% diet containing 2750 kcal. of M.E. per kg. of diet, or 5.36% lysine of the protein. Contrasted to the report of Kummero et al. (1971), the N.R.C. requirement is 0.545% lysine per megacalorie of M.E. per kg. of diet.
METHODS OF PROCEDURE Three experiments were conducted with Broad Breasted White male poults. 3 Poults were raised to 4 weeks of age in batteries equipped with wire floors and thermostatically controlled heat. From 4 to 8 weeks of age, poults were grown in unheated batteries and from 8 to 12 weeks of age, in floor pens. Feed and water were available ad libitum throughout all trials. In Experiment 1, 10 7-day-old poults were allotted at random to each of 24 pens. Four replicate groups were fed each of 6 experimental diets. One of the rations was a practical 28% protein starter diet (Table 1). The other 5 rations contained 24% protein with 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 or 0.20% added lysine. All diets were maintained isocaloric, and methionine was added to meet or exceed N.R.C. (1971) requirements. The 24% diets were further supplemented with leucine, cystine, arginine and threonine to insure adequacy in all essential amino acids except lysine. Group weight gains and feed consumption were recorded to 28 days of age,
3. Poults obtained from Iowa State University breeder hen experiments.
Experiments 1 and 2>a 28% Protein Ingredient Ground yellow corn Soybean meal (48% protein) Fish meal (70% protein) Alfalfa meal (17% protein) Dicalcium phosphate Ground limestone Soybean oil Salt +• mineral mix 0 Vitamin mix c 10% methionine mix Amino acids'* Calculated analysis: M.E. (kcal./kg.) Calcium (%) Phosphorus (%) Protein (%) Lysine (%)
24% Protein
22% Protein
(%)
(%)
-
53.35 34.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.5 0.65
55.35 30.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.5 0.5 2.0 0.65
2900 1.44 0.79 28.04 1.65
2900 1.42 0.76 24.10 1.35
2950 1.40 0.75 22.09 1.30
(%) 42.0 45.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.5 0.5 1.0
a Lysine was added to these basal rations to obtain the levels desired. b Supplied per kg. of diet: NaCl, 4.4 g.; Mn, 136 mg.; Zn, 75 mg.; Fe, 55 mg.; Cu, 9.0 mg.; I 2 , 2.0 mg.; Co, 0.55 mg. c Supplied per kg. of diet: vitamin A, 9,000 I.U.; vitamin D 3 , 2,200 I.C.U.; vitamin E, 10 I.U.; menadione, 2 mg.; vitamin B I 2 , 10 meg.; riboflavin, 6 mg.; pantothenic acid, 10 mg.; niacin, 60 mg.; choline, 500 mg.; folacin, 0.55 mg.; ethoxyquin, 115 mg. d Supplied to diet: arginine, 0.25%; cystine, 0.1%; leucine, 0.2%; threonine, 0.1%.
at which time the experiment was terminated. Experiment 2 was similar to the first, except that 3 replicate groups of 10 7-day-old poults were fed each of 7 diets. The same 28% control diet was used but, in this trial, 6 22%-protein diets were fed (Table 1) with from 0 to 0.25% supplemental lysine. The diets contained adequate levels of all essential amino acids except lysine. Group weight gains and feed consumption were recorded to 5 weeks of age. In the third experiment, the lysine requirement of male turkeys was investigated in 3 age periods. For the period, 1 to 28 days, 10 1-day-old poults were allotted at random to 36 pens. An additional 100 poults were maintained on a 28% diet for use in later phases of the experiment. Four replicate groups were fed each of 9 experimental diets (Table 2). Three diets contained 30% protein,
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The objectives of the study to be reported were: (1) to determine more precisely the lysine requirements of male poults to 12 weeks of age and (2) to determine whether the lysine requirement is a constant proportion of the protein of the diet over several age periods and for different diet protein concentrations within the same age period.
TABLE 1.—Composit ion of basal diets in
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W . L . TUTTLE AND S. L . BALLOUN
TABLE 2.—Composition of basal diets for Experiment 3" 30% Protein Ingredient Ground yellow corn Soybean meal (48% protein) Corn gluten meal (60% protein) Soybean oil Dicalcium phosphate Ground limestone Salt + mineral mix b Vitamin mixc DL-methionine Amino acidsd
22% Protein
18% Protein
14% Protein
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
40.0 37.0 15.0 2.25 3.0 1.5 0.5 0.75
—
50.15 32.0 10.0 2.0 3.0 1.5 0.5 0.75 0.1
59.05 26.0 7.0 2.0 3.0 1.5 0.5 0.75 0.2
69.0 22.0 2.0 1.0 3.0 1.5 0.5 0.75 0.25
76.95 15.0 1.0 1.0 3.0 1.5 0.5 0.75 0.3
3060 1.37 0.98 30.50 1.40
3060 1.38 0.94 26.00 1.21
3060 1.37 0.92 22.05 1.08
3090 1.36 0.89 18.04 0.90
3130 1.34 0.86 14.64 0.65
* Lysine was added to these basal diets to obtain the desired levels. b Supplied per kg. of diet: NaCl, 4.4 g.; Mn, 136 mg.; Zn, 75 mg.; Fe, 55 mg.; Cu, 9.0 mg.; I2, 2.0mg.;Co,0.55mg. c Supplied per kg. of diet: vitamin A, 9,900 I.U.; vitamin D3, 2,640 I.C.U.; vitamin E, 8.4 I.U.; menadione, 2.1 mg.; vitamin B l2 , 16.5 meg.; riboflavin, 6.6 mg.; pantothenic acid, 13.2 mg.; niacin, 55.0 mg.; choline, 660 mg.; folacin, 1.6 mg.; biotin, 1.6 meg. d Arginine, cystine, leucine and threonine were added to low-protein diets to meet or exceed N.R.C. requirements.
with calculated lysine concentrations of 1.40, 1.55 and 1.70% of the diet. Three diets contained 26% protein, with calculated lysine of 1.21, 1.40 and 1.56%, and three diets contained 22% protein and calculated lysine levels of 1.08, 1.25 and 1.42% of the diet. Group weight gains and feed consumption were recorded when poults reached 4 weeks of age. For the second period (28 to 56 days), 8 4-week-old poults from the 1- to 28-day experiment were randomly allotted to each of 27 groups, with the restriction that pen weights were approximately equalized. Three replicate groups were fed each of 9 diets. The 26% and 22% protein diets (Table 2) were supplemented as in the first period of the trial. Three other diets were 18% protein diets containing calculated lysine at 0.90, 1.05 and
1.20%. Group weight gains and feed consumption were recorded from 4 to 8 weeks of age. The final part of the trial involved 27 pens, each with 10 8-week-old poults, obtained from the previous trial and extra poults from the same hatch used in the previous trials. Nine experimental rations were fed. The same 22% and 18% diets were used as in the second period of the experiment. In addition, three 14% diets, containing calculated lysine levels of 0.65, 0.90 and 1.05% were fed. Group weight gains and feed consumption were recorded for from 8 to 12 weeks of age. All diets contained adequate levels (N.R.C.) of all essential amino acids except lysine, and lysine of each of the basal rations (Table 2) was determined by the use of a Technicon Auto Analyzer. L-lysine was added
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Calculated analysis: M.E.,kcal./kg. Calcium (%) Phosphorus(%) Protein (%) Lysine (%)
26% Protein
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POULT LYSINE REQUIREMENTS
as Lyamine 4 to replace an equal amount of soybean meal in the diets. Data from all trials were subjected to analysis of variance and planned individual comparisons as outlined by Snedecor and Cochran (1967).
TABLE 3.—Effect of lysine supplementation of low-protein diets on 4-week weight gains and feed efficiency. Experiment 1
Protein
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
No significant treatment differences were noted for feed efficiency. A trend for improved efficiency was observed, however, as the lysine level of the 24% protein diet was increased (Table 3). These results indicate that lysine is a limiting amino acid in a 24% protein corn-soybean meal turkey starter diet. A concentration of 1.55% lysine in the 24% protein diet resulted in the greatest weight gains. Experiment 2. To 5 weeks of age, weight gains of poults fed 22% diets with 1.30 or 1.35% lysine were significantly (P < 0.05) less than those of poults fed the 28% protein diet or the 22% protein diet with 1.40% or more lysine (Table 4). Increasing lysine above 1.40% of the 22% protein diet did not result in further increases in gains. In no instance did poults fed supplemented 22% protein diets equal weight gains of poults fed the 28% diets. This suggests that perhaps another essential amino acid in addition to those supplemented (Table 1) was marginal in the 22% protein
(%)
28 24 24 24 24 24
1.65 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.55
Feed/ gain (1-4 weeks) 1.691-2 1.74 1.71 1.71 1.70 1.70
' All values represent means of 4 replicate groups.
2
Standard error of the mean, calculated from the analysis of variance, was 14.7 g. for weight gains and 0.048 for feed/gain. diet or that the 22% protein diet was deficient in total protein for synthesis of dispensable amino acids. Poults fed the 28% protein diet showed significantly (P < 0.05) better feed efficiency than the mean of poults fed 22% rations. Increasing lysine in the 22% diets tended to improve efficiency, but the differences among ly sine-supplemented 22% protein diets were not statistically significant. This experiment supports the results from Experiment 1, which indicated that the young poult has a lysine requirement of more than 6% of the protein in low-protein diets. It seems that, in this experiment, the 22% protein diet was deficient in total protein or in
TABLE 4.—Effect of lysine supplementation of low-protein diets on 5-week weight gains and feed efficiency. Experiment 2
Protein
Lysine
(%)
(%)
28 22 22 22 22 22 22
1.65 1.30 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.55
Av. weight gain (g) 9391'2 842 875 914 905 910 896
Feed/ gam (1-5 weeks) 1.651-2 1.78 1.70 1.71 1.70 1.67 1.75
' All values represent means of 3 replicate groups. Standard error of the mean, calculated from the analysis of variance, was 22.4 g. for weight gain and 0.048 for feed/gain. 2
4. Lyamine, 50% L-lysine, Merck Sharpe and Dohme, Rahway, N.J.
(%)
Av. weight gam (g.) 6531-2 604 597 617 639 668
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Experiment 1. Poults fed 24% protein rations with lysine concentrations at 1.45% or less gained significantly (P < 0.01) less to 4 weeks than did poults fed the 28% protein diet or the 24% protein diets with 1.50% or 1.55% lysine (Table 3). Added lysine caused a linear weight gain increase (P < 0.01). No significant differences were noted in 4-week mean weights among groups fed the 28% protein diet and those fed the 24% protein diets with 1.50% or 1.55% lysine.
Lysine
1702
W. L. TUTTLE AND S. L. BALLOUN
some other essential amino acid, thus making it more difficult to determine a definite lysine requirement. Because, in Experiments 1 and 2, and unexpectedly high lysine requirement (as a percentage of the protein) was indicated, Experiment 3 was conducted to determine whether lysine requirements were a fixed percentage of the diet or of the protein over a range of ages and of diet protein concentrations.
TABLE 5.—Effect Protein
% 30 30 30 26 26 26 22 22 22
of dietary protein and lysine on 4-week weights and feed efficiency. Experiment 3 Added lysine 1 (% of diet) 0 0.15 0.30 0 0.19 0.35 0 0.17 0.34
Total lysine (% of protein) 4.70 5.20 5.70 4.73 5.46 6.08 4.73 5.50 6.27
Av. weight gain (1-28 days) (g-) 608 2 3 684 732 543 642 666 473 563 576
Feed/gain (1-28 days) 1.66" 1.59 1.73 1.78 1.74 1.67 1.84 1.98 1.82
'Lysine, by Technicon analysis, was 1.41, 1.23 and 1.04% for the 30, 26 and 22% basal diets, respectively. 2 All values represent means of 4 replicate groups. 'Standard error of the mean, calculated from the analysis of variance was 21.1 for weight gains and 0.057 for feed/gain.
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Experiment 3. During the first period of this experiment (1 to 28 days), increasing the protein level of the ration had a significant (P < 0.01) linear effect on weight gains to 4 weeks of age (Table 5). Feed efficiency was significantly (P < 0.01) improved as the protein of the ration was increased from 22% to 26%, but no further increase was obtained as the protein level was increased to 30%. Added lysine did not significantly affect feed efficiency. Lysine levels of the 22, 26 and 30% basal diets were analyzed as 4.73, 4.73 and 4.70% of the protein, respectively. Weights of poults fed these diets were significantly (P < 0.01) less at 4 weeks when compared with poults fed the 2 lysine-supplemented diets at each protein level (Table 5). Within each protein
level, there was no significant difference in weight gains of poults fed the 2 lysinesupplemented diets. Increasing the dietary protein in the 4- to 8-week period resulted in significant (P < 0.01) linear and quadratic effects on weight gains of poults (Table 6). Increasing the diet protein from 18 to 22% increased gains significantly (232 g.), and a further increase of diet protein to 26% increased gains significantly (105 g.) over those achieved by poults fed 22% protein diets. Feed efficiency was significantly (P < 0.05) improved when the 18% diet was compared with the 22% diet. No further improvement was noted, however, by increasing protein to 26% (Table 6). As in the first period, added lysine had no significant effect on feed efficiency. The effect of lysine on weight gain was similar to that observed in the first 4-week period. Weight gains of poults fed the basal diet within each protein level were less than weight gains of poults fed the lysinesupplemented diets. There was no significant difference in gains between groups fed the two lysine-supplemented diets within each protein level. These data suggest that poults require a 26% protein diet containing 1.4% lysine
POULT LYSINE REQUIREMENTS
TABLE 6.—Effect Protein
% 26 26 26 22 22 22 18 18 18
1703
of dietary protein and lysine on 4 to 8-week gains and feed efficiency. Experiment 3 Added lysine' (% of diet) 0 0.19 0.35 0 0.17 0.34 0 0.15 0.30
Total lysine (% of protein) 4.73 5.46 6.08 4.73 5.50 6.27 5.00 5.83 6.67
Av. weight gain 4-8 weeks (g.) 16772-3 1756 1751 1562 1621 1685 1357 1440 1377
Feed/gain (4-8 weeks) 1.9923 2.04 2.00 2.13 1.97 2.03 2.35 2.24 2.28
' See footnotes 1, tables 5 and 7. of 3 replicate groups per diet. Standard error of the mean, calculated from the analysis of variance, was 44.6 for weight gains and 0.063 for feed/gain. 2 Means 3
Protein
(%) 22 22 22 18 18 18 14 14 14
of dietary protein and lysine on gains and feed efficiency in the 8 to 12 week period. Experiment 3 Added lysine 1 (% of diet) 0 0.17 0.34 0 0.15 0.30 0 0.17 0.34
Total lysine (% of protein) 5.09 5.26 6.43 5.00 5.83 6.67 4.10 5.28 6.50
Av. weight gain 8-12 weeks (g-) 27902-3 2800 3018 2564 2610 2700 2064 2340 2382
Feed/gain (8-12 weeks) 2.26" 2.38 2.25 2.54 2.43 2.62 2.91 2.74 2.64
'Determined lysine concentration was 1.12, 0.90 and 0.57% for unsupplemented 22, 18 and 14% protein diets, respectively. 2 All values represent means of 3 replicate groups. 3 Standard error of the mean, calculated from the analysis of variance, was 216 g. for weight gain and 0.095 for feed/gain.
(5.40% of the protein) from 4 to 8 weeks of age, or 0.46% lysine per megacalorie of M.E. per kg. of diet. In the 8-12 week period, weight gains of poults fed the 18% diets were significantly (P < 0.01) greater than those of poults fed 14% diets (Table 7), and 22% diets further significantly (P < 0.05) increased gains over poults fed 18% diets. These effects of protein on body weight were linear, and the same effects were noted for feed efficiency (Table 7). Lysine additions to the basal diet increased weight gains linearly (P < 0.10). It seemed that the lysine requirement was more than
1.12% of a 22% protein diet in the 8-12 week period. From the results, it seems the fast growing male poult requires a diet containing 28 to 30% protein with at least 5.30% of this protein as lysine to 4 weeks of age. The protein requirement from 4 to 8 weeks of age is 24 to 26% with 5.40% of the protein as lysine. In the 8-12 week period, a 22% protein diet with somewhat more than 1.12% lysine was required. It has been shown that lysine requirements from 1 day to 8 weeks remain approximately the same when expressed as a percentage of the protein and are reduced in the 8-12 week period. Expressed as a
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TABLE 7.—Effect
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W . L . TUTTLE AND S. L . BALLOUN
function of energy, lysine requirement was 0.52, 0.46 and 0.40% per megacalorie of M.E. per kg. of diet in the 0-4, 4-8 and 8-12 week periods.
A Selenium and Vitamin E Responsive Condition in the Laying Hen J . D . LATSHAW AND M . OSMAN
Department of Poultry Science and Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (Received for publication December 19, 1973)
ABSTRACT Diets composed mostly of low selenium corn and torula yeast were fed to laying hens to produce a selenium and/or vitamin E deficiency. The basal diet was also supplemented with 101. U. of vitamin E per kg., or 0.10 mg. /kg. selenite selenium, or a combination of vitamin E and selenium. Hens fed the basal diet decreased in egg production during the third month and for the remainder of the experiment, a decrease which was mostly corrected by vitamin E, and completely corrected by selenium. Fertility and hatchability of eggs were also low on the basal diet, and were also partly corrected by vitamin E, and completely corrected by selenium. The selenium content of lyophilized egg white and yolk is reported along with the selenium content of several tissues. Gross deficiency signs of the laying hen are also described. POULTRY SCIENCE 53: 1704-1708, 1974
INTRODUCTION
ERY little information is available on the selenium requirements of the laying hen or what deficiency signs develop if the requirement is not met. A selenium deficiency has been suspected in an occasional field
V
Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center Journal Article Series No. 152-73.
report of white streaked breast muscle, or fatty livers, or an exudative diathesis-like condition in hens. When hens were fed diets composed mostly of torula yeast and glucose, the hatchability of eggs laid was low and chick mortality was high during the first week (Jensen and McGinnis, 1960). Adding vitamin E (44 I.U./kg.) to the diet improved hatchability and decreased early mortality, but selenium (1
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Kratzer, F. H., P. N. Davis and B. J. Marshall, 1955. Cottonseed meal in rations for starting poults, growing turkeys and turkey breeder hens. Poultry Sci. 34: 462-468. Kummero, V. E., J. E. Jones and C. B. Loadholt, 1971. Lysine and total sulfur amino acid requireREFERENCES ments of turkey poults, one day to three weeks. Poultry Sci. 50: 752-758. Balloun, S. L., 1962. Lysine, arginine and methionine National Research Council, 1971. Nutrient requirebalance of diets for turkeys to 24 weeks of age. ments of poultry. 6th revised ed. National Academy Poultry Sci. 41:417-424. Science, Washington, D.C. Balloun, S. L., and R. E. Phillips, 1957. Lysine and Richardson, L. R., L. G. Blaylock and C. W. Lyman, protein requirements of bronze turkeys. Poultry Sci. 1953. Influence of dietary amino acid supplements 36: 884-891. on the free amino acids in the blood plasma of Fitzsimmons, R. C , and P. E. Waibel, 1962. Determichicks. J. Nutr. 51:515-522. nation of the limiting amino acids in corn-soybean meal diets for young turkeys. Poultry Sci. 41: Snedecor, G. W., and W. G. Cochran, 1967. Statistical Methods. 6th ed. Iowa State University Press, 260-268. Ames. Kratzer, F. H., 1950. The activities of D and L lysine for turkey poults. J. Nutr. 41: 153-158.
E. M. PUTNAM, R. N. BREWER AND G. J. COTTIER
Eden, W. G., 1951. Toxicity of dieldrin to chickens. J. Econ. Entomol. 44: 1013. Kawano, Y., A. Bevenue and A. Y. Miyahara, 1967. The effect of an accidental exposure of broiler chicks to dieldrin. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2: 12-24.
Sherman, M., and M. M. Rosenberg, 1954. Subchronic toxicity of four chlorinated dimethanonaphthalene insecticides to chicks. J. Econ. Entomol. 47: 10821083.
Lysine Requirements of Starting and Growing Turkeys1 W . L . TUTTLE 2 AND S. L . BALLOUN
Animal Science Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50010 (Received for publication December 10, 1973)
POULTRY SCIENCE 53: 1698-1704, 1974
INTRODUCTION YSINE is one of the first amino acids to become limiting as the protein concentration of a poult diet is reduced by replacing soybean meal with corn. Kratzer (1950) and Richardson et al. (1953) reported growth improvement in poults when lysine was added to a diet deficient in lysine. Kratzer et al. (1955) concluded that the lysine requirement, as a percentage of the protein, was no more than 4.75% to 4 weeks of age, and
L
1. Journal Paper No. J-7762 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa. Project No. 1976. 2. Present address: Standard Chemical Manufacturing Co., Omaha, Nebraska.
was approximately 4.00% of the protein for 6 week-old poults. Balloun and Phillips (1957) reported a diet containing 26 to 27% protein with 1.55% lysine was adequate for male poults to six weeks of age. From 6 to 12 weeks of age, the lysine requirement was at least 1.21% in a 23% protein diet. Balloun (1962) reported that the lysine requirement was at least 5% of the protein of the diet. Fitzsimmons and Waibel (1962) showed that the lysine requirement to 4 weeks of age was 1.36% of a 24% protein diet. Kummero et al. (1971) reported that the requirements for lysine was a function of the energy level of the diet, and was 0.564% per megacalorie of metabolizable energy (M.E.) per kg. of diet for turkeys to 3 weeks of age.
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ABSTRACT The lysine requirement of large-type turkey poults was studied in three experiments. For male poults to 4 weeks of age, diets containing 22% or 24% protein, and less than 1.50% lysine, did not support growth equivalent to that obtained when 28% protein diets were fed, or when the low-protein diets were supplemented to give a concentration of 1.50% or greater of lysine. It is concluded that the minimum lysine requirement in this period was 1.50% of a 28% protein diet or 5.3% of the protein. As a function of energy, the lysine requirement was at least 0.52% per megacalorie of metabolizable energy (M.E.) per kg. of diet. For male poults 4 to 8 weeks of age, the lysine requirement was 1.40% of a 26% protein diet or 5.4% of the protein. As a function of energy, the lysine requirement for this period was 0.46% per megacalorie of M.E. per kg. of diet. For male poults 8 to 12 weeks of age, diets containing less than 22% protein did not support maximum growth. For this stage of growth, the requirement was 22% protein with more than 5.09% of the protein as lysine, or 0.40% lysine per megacalorie of M.E. per kg. of diet. The lysine requirement was not a constant percentage of the protein over a range of protein concentrations in the diet within an age period, but did remain a constant percentage of the protein from 1 day to 8 weeks of age. In the 8-12 week period, lysine requirements were less (as a percentage of the protein) than at earlier stages of growth.
1699
POULT LYSINE REQUIREMENTS
The National Research Council (N.R.C.) (1971) lysine requirement for poults to 4 weeks of age is 1.50% in a 28% diet containing 2750 kcal. of M.E. per kg. of diet, or 5.36% lysine of the protein. Contrasted to the report of Kummero et al. (1971), the N.R.C. requirement is 0.545% lysine per megacalorie of M.E. per kg. of diet.
METHODS OF PROCEDURE Three experiments were conducted with Broad Breasted White male poults. 3 Poults were raised to 4 weeks of age in batteries equipped with wire floors and thermostatically controlled heat. From 4 to 8 weeks of age, poults were grown in unheated batteries and from 8 to 12 weeks of age, in floor pens. Feed and water were available ad libitum throughout all trials. In Experiment 1, 10 7-day-old poults were allotted at random to each of 24 pens. Four replicate groups were fed each of 6 experimental diets. One of the rations was a practical 28% protein starter diet (Table 1). The other 5 rations contained 24% protein with 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 or 0.20% added lysine. All diets were maintained isocaloric, and methionine was added to meet or exceed N.R.C. (1971) requirements. The 24% diets were further supplemented with leucine, cystine, arginine and threonine to insure adequacy in all essential amino acids except lysine. Group weight gains and feed consumption were recorded to 28 days of age,
3. Poults obtained from Iowa State University breeder hen experiments.
Experiments 1 and 2>a 28% Protein Ingredient Ground yellow corn Soybean meal (48% protein) Fish meal (70% protein) Alfalfa meal (17% protein) Dicalcium phosphate Ground limestone Soybean oil Salt +• mineral mix 0 Vitamin mix c 10% methionine mix Amino acids'* Calculated analysis: M.E. (kcal./kg.) Calcium (%) Phosphorus (%) Protein (%) Lysine (%)
24% Protein
22% Protein
(%)
(%)
-
53.35 34.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.5 0.65
55.35 30.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.5 0.5 2.0 0.65
2900 1.44 0.79 28.04 1.65
2900 1.42 0.76 24.10 1.35
2950 1.40 0.75 22.09 1.30
(%) 42.0 45.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.5 0.5 1.0
a Lysine was added to these basal rations to obtain the levels desired. b Supplied per kg. of diet: NaCl, 4.4 g.; Mn, 136 mg.; Zn, 75 mg.; Fe, 55 mg.; Cu, 9.0 mg.; I 2 , 2.0 mg.; Co, 0.55 mg. c Supplied per kg. of diet: vitamin A, 9,000 I.U.; vitamin D 3 , 2,200 I.C.U.; vitamin E, 10 I.U.; menadione, 2 mg.; vitamin B I 2 , 10 meg.; riboflavin, 6 mg.; pantothenic acid, 10 mg.; niacin, 60 mg.; choline, 500 mg.; folacin, 0.55 mg.; ethoxyquin, 115 mg. d Supplied to diet: arginine, 0.25%; cystine, 0.1%; leucine, 0.2%; threonine, 0.1%.
at which time the experiment was terminated. Experiment 2 was similar to the first, except that 3 replicate groups of 10 7-day-old poults were fed each of 7 diets. The same 28% control diet was used but, in this trial, 6 22%-protein diets were fed (Table 1) with from 0 to 0.25% supplemental lysine. The diets contained adequate levels of all essential amino acids except lysine. Group weight gains and feed consumption were recorded to 5 weeks of age. In the third experiment, the lysine requirement of male turkeys was investigated in 3 age periods. For the period, 1 to 28 days, 10 1-day-old poults were allotted at random to 36 pens. An additional 100 poults were maintained on a 28% diet for use in later phases of the experiment. Four replicate groups were fed each of 9 experimental diets (Table 2). Three diets contained 30% protein,
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The objectives of the study to be reported were: (1) to determine more precisely the lysine requirements of male poults to 12 weeks of age and (2) to determine whether the lysine requirement is a constant proportion of the protein of the diet over several age periods and for different diet protein concentrations within the same age period.
TABLE 1.—Composit ion of basal diets in
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W . L . TUTTLE AND S. L . BALLOUN
TABLE 2.—Composition of basal diets for Experiment 3" 30% Protein Ingredient Ground yellow corn Soybean meal (48% protein) Corn gluten meal (60% protein) Soybean oil Dicalcium phosphate Ground limestone Salt + mineral mix b Vitamin mixc DL-methionine Amino acidsd
22% Protein
18% Protein
14% Protein
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
40.0 37.0 15.0 2.25 3.0 1.5 0.5 0.75
—
50.15 32.0 10.0 2.0 3.0 1.5 0.5 0.75 0.1
59.05 26.0 7.0 2.0 3.0 1.5 0.5 0.75 0.2
69.0 22.0 2.0 1.0 3.0 1.5 0.5 0.75 0.25
76.95 15.0 1.0 1.0 3.0 1.5 0.5 0.75 0.3
3060 1.37 0.98 30.50 1.40
3060 1.38 0.94 26.00 1.21
3060 1.37 0.92 22.05 1.08
3090 1.36 0.89 18.04 0.90
3130 1.34 0.86 14.64 0.65
* Lysine was added to these basal diets to obtain the desired levels. b Supplied per kg. of diet: NaCl, 4.4 g.; Mn, 136 mg.; Zn, 75 mg.; Fe, 55 mg.; Cu, 9.0 mg.; I2, 2.0mg.;Co,0.55mg. c Supplied per kg. of diet: vitamin A, 9,900 I.U.; vitamin D3, 2,640 I.C.U.; vitamin E, 8.4 I.U.; menadione, 2.1 mg.; vitamin B l2 , 16.5 meg.; riboflavin, 6.6 mg.; pantothenic acid, 13.2 mg.; niacin, 55.0 mg.; choline, 660 mg.; folacin, 1.6 mg.; biotin, 1.6 meg. d Arginine, cystine, leucine and threonine were added to low-protein diets to meet or exceed N.R.C. requirements.
with calculated lysine concentrations of 1.40, 1.55 and 1.70% of the diet. Three diets contained 26% protein, with calculated lysine of 1.21, 1.40 and 1.56%, and three diets contained 22% protein and calculated lysine levels of 1.08, 1.25 and 1.42% of the diet. Group weight gains and feed consumption were recorded when poults reached 4 weeks of age. For the second period (28 to 56 days), 8 4-week-old poults from the 1- to 28-day experiment were randomly allotted to each of 27 groups, with the restriction that pen weights were approximately equalized. Three replicate groups were fed each of 9 diets. The 26% and 22% protein diets (Table 2) were supplemented as in the first period of the trial. Three other diets were 18% protein diets containing calculated lysine at 0.90, 1.05 and
1.20%. Group weight gains and feed consumption were recorded from 4 to 8 weeks of age. The final part of the trial involved 27 pens, each with 10 8-week-old poults, obtained from the previous trial and extra poults from the same hatch used in the previous trials. Nine experimental rations were fed. The same 22% and 18% diets were used as in the second period of the experiment. In addition, three 14% diets, containing calculated lysine levels of 0.65, 0.90 and 1.05% were fed. Group weight gains and feed consumption were recorded for from 8 to 12 weeks of age. All diets contained adequate levels (N.R.C.) of all essential amino acids except lysine, and lysine of each of the basal rations (Table 2) was determined by the use of a Technicon Auto Analyzer. L-lysine was added
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Calculated analysis: M.E.,kcal./kg. Calcium (%) Phosphorus(%) Protein (%) Lysine (%)
26% Protein
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POULT LYSINE REQUIREMENTS
as Lyamine 4 to replace an equal amount of soybean meal in the diets. Data from all trials were subjected to analysis of variance and planned individual comparisons as outlined by Snedecor and Cochran (1967).
TABLE 3.—Effect of lysine supplementation of low-protein diets on 4-week weight gains and feed efficiency. Experiment 1
Protein
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
No significant treatment differences were noted for feed efficiency. A trend for improved efficiency was observed, however, as the lysine level of the 24% protein diet was increased (Table 3). These results indicate that lysine is a limiting amino acid in a 24% protein corn-soybean meal turkey starter diet. A concentration of 1.55% lysine in the 24% protein diet resulted in the greatest weight gains. Experiment 2. To 5 weeks of age, weight gains of poults fed 22% diets with 1.30 or 1.35% lysine were significantly (P < 0.05) less than those of poults fed the 28% protein diet or the 22% protein diet with 1.40% or more lysine (Table 4). Increasing lysine above 1.40% of the 22% protein diet did not result in further increases in gains. In no instance did poults fed supplemented 22% protein diets equal weight gains of poults fed the 28% diets. This suggests that perhaps another essential amino acid in addition to those supplemented (Table 1) was marginal in the 22% protein
(%)
28 24 24 24 24 24
1.65 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.55
Feed/ gain (1-4 weeks) 1.691-2 1.74 1.71 1.71 1.70 1.70
' All values represent means of 4 replicate groups.
2
Standard error of the mean, calculated from the analysis of variance, was 14.7 g. for weight gains and 0.048 for feed/gain. diet or that the 22% protein diet was deficient in total protein for synthesis of dispensable amino acids. Poults fed the 28% protein diet showed significantly (P < 0.05) better feed efficiency than the mean of poults fed 22% rations. Increasing lysine in the 22% diets tended to improve efficiency, but the differences among ly sine-supplemented 22% protein diets were not statistically significant. This experiment supports the results from Experiment 1, which indicated that the young poult has a lysine requirement of more than 6% of the protein in low-protein diets. It seems that, in this experiment, the 22% protein diet was deficient in total protein or in
TABLE 4.—Effect of lysine supplementation of low-protein diets on 5-week weight gains and feed efficiency. Experiment 2
Protein
Lysine
(%)
(%)
28 22 22 22 22 22 22
1.65 1.30 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.55
Av. weight gain (g) 9391'2 842 875 914 905 910 896
Feed/ gam (1-5 weeks) 1.651-2 1.78 1.70 1.71 1.70 1.67 1.75
' All values represent means of 3 replicate groups. Standard error of the mean, calculated from the analysis of variance, was 22.4 g. for weight gain and 0.048 for feed/gain. 2
4. Lyamine, 50% L-lysine, Merck Sharpe and Dohme, Rahway, N.J.
(%)
Av. weight gam (g.) 6531-2 604 597 617 639 668
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Experiment 1. Poults fed 24% protein rations with lysine concentrations at 1.45% or less gained significantly (P < 0.01) less to 4 weeks than did poults fed the 28% protein diet or the 24% protein diets with 1.50% or 1.55% lysine (Table 3). Added lysine caused a linear weight gain increase (P < 0.01). No significant differences were noted in 4-week mean weights among groups fed the 28% protein diet and those fed the 24% protein diets with 1.50% or 1.55% lysine.
Lysine
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W. L. TUTTLE AND S. L. BALLOUN
some other essential amino acid, thus making it more difficult to determine a definite lysine requirement. Because, in Experiments 1 and 2, and unexpectedly high lysine requirement (as a percentage of the protein) was indicated, Experiment 3 was conducted to determine whether lysine requirements were a fixed percentage of the diet or of the protein over a range of ages and of diet protein concentrations.
TABLE 5.—Effect Protein
% 30 30 30 26 26 26 22 22 22
of dietary protein and lysine on 4-week weights and feed efficiency. Experiment 3 Added lysine 1 (% of diet) 0 0.15 0.30 0 0.19 0.35 0 0.17 0.34
Total lysine (% of protein) 4.70 5.20 5.70 4.73 5.46 6.08 4.73 5.50 6.27
Av. weight gain (1-28 days) (g-) 608 2 3 684 732 543 642 666 473 563 576
Feed/gain (1-28 days) 1.66" 1.59 1.73 1.78 1.74 1.67 1.84 1.98 1.82
'Lysine, by Technicon analysis, was 1.41, 1.23 and 1.04% for the 30, 26 and 22% basal diets, respectively. 2 All values represent means of 4 replicate groups. 'Standard error of the mean, calculated from the analysis of variance was 21.1 for weight gains and 0.057 for feed/gain.
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Experiment 3. During the first period of this experiment (1 to 28 days), increasing the protein level of the ration had a significant (P < 0.01) linear effect on weight gains to 4 weeks of age (Table 5). Feed efficiency was significantly (P < 0.01) improved as the protein of the ration was increased from 22% to 26%, but no further increase was obtained as the protein level was increased to 30%. Added lysine did not significantly affect feed efficiency. Lysine levels of the 22, 26 and 30% basal diets were analyzed as 4.73, 4.73 and 4.70% of the protein, respectively. Weights of poults fed these diets were significantly (P < 0.01) less at 4 weeks when compared with poults fed the 2 lysine-supplemented diets at each protein level (Table 5). Within each protein
level, there was no significant difference in weight gains of poults fed the 2 lysinesupplemented diets. Increasing the dietary protein in the 4- to 8-week period resulted in significant (P < 0.01) linear and quadratic effects on weight gains of poults (Table 6). Increasing the diet protein from 18 to 22% increased gains significantly (232 g.), and a further increase of diet protein to 26% increased gains significantly (105 g.) over those achieved by poults fed 22% protein diets. Feed efficiency was significantly (P < 0.05) improved when the 18% diet was compared with the 22% diet. No further improvement was noted, however, by increasing protein to 26% (Table 6). As in the first period, added lysine had no significant effect on feed efficiency. The effect of lysine on weight gain was similar to that observed in the first 4-week period. Weight gains of poults fed the basal diet within each protein level were less than weight gains of poults fed the lysinesupplemented diets. There was no significant difference in gains between groups fed the two lysine-supplemented diets within each protein level. These data suggest that poults require a 26% protein diet containing 1.4% lysine
POULT LYSINE REQUIREMENTS
TABLE 6.—Effect Protein
% 26 26 26 22 22 22 18 18 18
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of dietary protein and lysine on 4 to 8-week gains and feed efficiency. Experiment 3 Added lysine' (% of diet) 0 0.19 0.35 0 0.17 0.34 0 0.15 0.30
Total lysine (% of protein) 4.73 5.46 6.08 4.73 5.50 6.27 5.00 5.83 6.67
Av. weight gain 4-8 weeks (g.) 16772-3 1756 1751 1562 1621 1685 1357 1440 1377
Feed/gain (4-8 weeks) 1.9923 2.04 2.00 2.13 1.97 2.03 2.35 2.24 2.28
' See footnotes 1, tables 5 and 7. of 3 replicate groups per diet. Standard error of the mean, calculated from the analysis of variance, was 44.6 for weight gains and 0.063 for feed/gain. 2 Means 3
Protein
(%) 22 22 22 18 18 18 14 14 14
of dietary protein and lysine on gains and feed efficiency in the 8 to 12 week period. Experiment 3 Added lysine 1 (% of diet) 0 0.17 0.34 0 0.15 0.30 0 0.17 0.34
Total lysine (% of protein) 5.09 5.26 6.43 5.00 5.83 6.67 4.10 5.28 6.50
Av. weight gain 8-12 weeks (g-) 27902-3 2800 3018 2564 2610 2700 2064 2340 2382
Feed/gain (8-12 weeks) 2.26" 2.38 2.25 2.54 2.43 2.62 2.91 2.74 2.64
'Determined lysine concentration was 1.12, 0.90 and 0.57% for unsupplemented 22, 18 and 14% protein diets, respectively. 2 All values represent means of 3 replicate groups. 3 Standard error of the mean, calculated from the analysis of variance, was 216 g. for weight gain and 0.095 for feed/gain.
(5.40% of the protein) from 4 to 8 weeks of age, or 0.46% lysine per megacalorie of M.E. per kg. of diet. In the 8-12 week period, weight gains of poults fed the 18% diets were significantly (P < 0.01) greater than those of poults fed 14% diets (Table 7), and 22% diets further significantly (P < 0.05) increased gains over poults fed 18% diets. These effects of protein on body weight were linear, and the same effects were noted for feed efficiency (Table 7). Lysine additions to the basal diet increased weight gains linearly (P < 0.10). It seemed that the lysine requirement was more than
1.12% of a 22% protein diet in the 8-12 week period. From the results, it seems the fast growing male poult requires a diet containing 28 to 30% protein with at least 5.30% of this protein as lysine to 4 weeks of age. The protein requirement from 4 to 8 weeks of age is 24 to 26% with 5.40% of the protein as lysine. In the 8-12 week period, a 22% protein diet with somewhat more than 1.12% lysine was required. It has been shown that lysine requirements from 1 day to 8 weeks remain approximately the same when expressed as a percentage of the protein and are reduced in the 8-12 week period. Expressed as a
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TABLE 7.—Effect
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W . L . TUTTLE AND S. L . BALLOUN
function of energy, lysine requirement was 0.52, 0.46 and 0.40% per megacalorie of M.E. per kg. of diet in the 0-4, 4-8 and 8-12 week periods.
A Selenium and Vitamin E Responsive Condition in the Laying Hen J . D . LATSHAW AND M . OSMAN
Department of Poultry Science and Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (Received for publication December 19, 1973)
ABSTRACT Diets composed mostly of low selenium corn and torula yeast were fed to laying hens to produce a selenium and/or vitamin E deficiency. The basal diet was also supplemented with 101. U. of vitamin E per kg., or 0.10 mg. /kg. selenite selenium, or a combination of vitamin E and selenium. Hens fed the basal diet decreased in egg production during the third month and for the remainder of the experiment, a decrease which was mostly corrected by vitamin E, and completely corrected by selenium. Fertility and hatchability of eggs were also low on the basal diet, and were also partly corrected by vitamin E, and completely corrected by selenium. The selenium content of lyophilized egg white and yolk is reported along with the selenium content of several tissues. Gross deficiency signs of the laying hen are also described. POULTRY SCIENCE 53: 1704-1708, 1974
INTRODUCTION
ERY little information is available on the selenium requirements of the laying hen or what deficiency signs develop if the requirement is not met. A selenium deficiency has been suspected in an occasional field
V
Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center Journal Article Series No. 152-73.
report of white streaked breast muscle, or fatty livers, or an exudative diathesis-like condition in hens. When hens were fed diets composed mostly of torula yeast and glucose, the hatchability of eggs laid was low and chick mortality was high during the first week (Jensen and McGinnis, 1960). Adding vitamin E (44 I.U./kg.) to the diet improved hatchability and decreased early mortality, but selenium (1
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Kratzer, F. H., P. N. Davis and B. J. Marshall, 1955. Cottonseed meal in rations for starting poults, growing turkeys and turkey breeder hens. Poultry Sci. 34: 462-468. Kummero, V. E., J. E. Jones and C. B. Loadholt, 1971. Lysine and total sulfur amino acid requireREFERENCES ments of turkey poults, one day to three weeks. Poultry Sci. 50: 752-758. Balloun, S. L., 1962. Lysine, arginine and methionine National Research Council, 1971. Nutrient requirebalance of diets for turkeys to 24 weeks of age. ments of poultry. 6th revised ed. National Academy Poultry Sci. 41:417-424. Science, Washington, D.C. Balloun, S. L., and R. E. Phillips, 1957. Lysine and Richardson, L. R., L. G. Blaylock and C. W. Lyman, protein requirements of bronze turkeys. Poultry Sci. 1953. Influence of dietary amino acid supplements 36: 884-891. on the free amino acids in the blood plasma of Fitzsimmons, R. C , and P. E. Waibel, 1962. Determichicks. J. Nutr. 51:515-522. nation of the limiting amino acids in corn-soybean meal diets for young turkeys. Poultry Sci. 41: Snedecor, G. W., and W. G. Cochran, 1967. Statistical Methods. 6th ed. Iowa State University Press, 260-268. Ames. Kratzer, F. H., 1950. The activities of D and L lysine for turkey poults. J. Nutr. 41: 153-158.