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Seismic disturbance of 1976 March 20, East Kazakhstan: earthquake or explosions? Research note
174A and locations of these latter failure surfaces are almost unaffected by the presence of failure surfaces caused by the initial fault movement. Ground surface expressions in alluvium associated with movements on dip-slip faults are summarized. Three field cases are reviewed and related to the experimental observations and the proposed simple model. This model is used to predict shapes and locations of failure surfaces in alluvium overlying dip-slip faults. Model predictions compare favourably with observations from the field. Auth. 845O95 Tectonic stress field in East Eurasia Eguchi, T Phys Earth Planet Inter V33, N4, Dec 1983, P318-327 845O96 Fault mechanism in the Toledo shear zone in Spain Hernandez-Enrile, J L Proc 5th Congress of the International Society for Rock Mechanics, Melbourne, 10-15 April 1983 V2, PF75-F78. Publ Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema, 1983 The microstructural development of the mylonite present in the Toledo shear zone has been examined in order to establish a macroscopic fracture mechanism. Microstructural development has occurred through dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization of the grains of the minerals present. The Toledo shear zone has developed under steady strain rates of aseismic shear. 845097 Measurements of tectonic stresses, strain rates related to active faults and observed earthquakes around large caverns Kanagawa, T; Komada, H; Hayashi, M Proc 5th Congress of the International Society for Rock Mechanics, Melbourne, 10-15 April 1983 V2, PF85-F88. Publ Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema, 1983 On the basis of approximately 20 experiments of tectonic stress measurements in large underground excavations and active faults the suitability of employing the acoustic emission method and a miniaturization of the overcoring method, as well as the effects of tectonics, topography and faults, are examined. Moreover, the connection between the geodetically ascertained shear strain rate in Japan and the range of historically observed earthquakes over the past 1200 years in the surroundings of underground power stations is discussed. Auth. 845098 Mechanisms of the deformation of the earth's crust - induced structures and anisotropy (In French) Deramond, J; Sirieys, P; Soula, J C Proc 5th Congress of the International Society for Rock Mechanics, Melbourne, 10-15 April 1983 V2, PF89.F93. Publ Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema, 1983 The deformation of the earth's crust appears as continuous (viscous or plastic flow) or discontinuous fracturing. Its mechanisms have been investigated with emphasis on the role of the structure of the deformed medium (strain induced or preexisting structure) which can be active or passive. Laboratory experiments on rock samples and analogical models are interpreted and applied to natural examples from the Pyrenees and the southern French Massif Central, relating to the opening of sedimentary basins and the sliding-spreading of nappes. Auth.
845O99 Rock mechanics and mathematical models applied to geology (In French) Quiblier, J A; Ngokwey, K Proc 5th Congress of the International Society for Rock Mechanics, Melbourne, 10-15 April 1983 V2, PF191-F194. Publ Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema, 1983 A large-deformation viscoelastic mathematical model applied to the overthrusting of two plates of the earth's crust clearly illustrates the deformation of the sedimentary cover and can be used to analyse various parameters. An elastic model applied to a fault can be used to determine the thrust that caused the fault to be propagated. Auth, Environmental effects, weathering and soil formation
See: 845348 Earthquake mechanisms and effects
See also: 845048, 845075 845100 Determination of seismic reference motion for nuclear sites in France Levret, A; Mohammadioun, B Engng Geol V20, N1-2, March 1984, P25-38 The Nuclear Safety Department in France has developed a method for site-specific hazard assessment, entailing the definition of specific reference motions. Seismotectonic criteria are used to define a site's reference earthquake, then corresponding ground motions are obtained by: (1) a thorough analysis of macroseismic data to define the characteristics of reference events; (2) calculation of ground motion from a statistical study of strong-motion records collected in a data bank, based on correlations between response spectra, magnitudes, focal distances and macroseismic intensities, corresponding to the records. A valid approach has recently been sought for taking nearby, lowmagnitude earthquakes into account, due to the high ground accelerations with which they are associated. 845101 Relations between ground motions and earthquake magnitude, focal distance and epicentrni intensity Schenk, V Engng Geol II20, 311-2, March 1984, P143-151 845102 On some problems related to soil failures and intensity evaluations. Short communication Gurpinar, A Engng Geol }'20, N1-2, March 1984, P181-185 The use of intensity values to describe seismic effects expected at a given site has become of significant engineering design interest. One problem area is the damage caused on soils of different quality. It is then important to separate the damage due to soil amplification from that of soil failure. Examples from recent earthquakes are given for illustration purposes. 845103 Seismic disturbance of 1976 March 20, East Kazakhstan: earthquake or explosions? Research note Pooley, C I; Douglas, A; Pearce, R G Geophys J R Astr Soc V74, N2, Aug 1983, P621-631
175A On the mb:Ms criterion the disturbance was indentified as an earthquake, but it has been suggested that it may have been one or more explosions. It is shown that the polarities and relative amplitudes of the main arrivals on the short-period P-wave seismograms of the disturbance can be accounted for by assuming the source was an earthquake in a crust with some lateral variation in structure. There is no evidence that the disturbance was anything other than a single earthquake.
845104 Descriptive statistical model of earthquake source radiation and its application to an estimation of short-period strong motion Gusev, A A Geophys J R Astr Soc V74, N3, Sept 1983, P787-808 A wide-band source spectrum scaling law is derived from various data sources; its main features are: a lack of similitude and two characteristic frequencies of about 0.2 and 5-l 0Hz. F o r sources of great earthquakes a short-period radiation flux is relatively low. The spectrum scaling law is used to determine near-field accelerations. 57 refs.
845105 Source parameter inversion of a reservoir-induced seismic sequence: Lake Kariba, Africa (1963 September) Pavlin, G B; Langston, C A Geopkys J R Astr Soc V74, N3, Sept 1983, P819-841 The depth and seismic source parameters of the three largest reservoir-induced earthquakes associated with the impoundment of Lake Kariba, Africa, were determined, using a moment tensor formalism of the generalized inverse technique. It is suggested that an active N-S running, normal fault underlying the reservoir's deep Sanyati Basin may be the source of the seismicity.
845106 High stress drop events in the Victoria, Baja California earthquake swarm of March 1978 Munguia, L; Brune, J N Geophys J R Astr Soe V76, 173, March 1984, P725-752
845108 Empirical relation between electrical transverse resistance and hydraulic transmissivity Ponzini, G; Ostroman, A; Molinari, M Geoexploration V22, NI, Feb 1984, PI-15 An empirical function between electrical transverse resistances of an aquifer, corrected for the effect of their pore water resistivities, and corresponding hydraulic transmissivities has been found from vertical electrical sounding methods and pumping tests performed on a number of aquifers. It is concluded that the relation is valid only for aquifers characterised by simple hydrogeological situations and simple corresponding electric stratigraphies.
845109 Radio-indicator tests in hydrogeological boreholes Hulla, J; Ravinger, R; Tureek, P lnt Assoc Engng Geol Bull N26-27, Dec 1982-June 1983, P439-442 (Paper to the International Symposium on Soil and Rock Investigations by In Situ Testing, Paris, 18-20 May 1983) Two single-borehole methods are chosen from a number of radio-indicator methods for the determination of water flow parameters and described. The dilution method and the measurement of vertical displacement in boreholes make it possible to limit expensive pumping tests and to give data for the location and projection of the optimum depth of boreholes. The applications of these tests include investigations of landslide areas and a study of the efficiency of sealing elements of foundation excavations.
845110 Comparison of different methods of estimating infiltration at a landfill site in south Essex with implications for leachate management and control Holmes, R Q J Engng Geoi V17, N1, 1984, P9-18
A composite fault plane solution prepared with data from the largest earthquakes of the swarm indicates right lateral strikeslip movement along a vertical plane parallel to the Cerro Prieto fault. Seismic moment, source radius and stress drop are calculated from strong motion records and digital seismograph records. The high stress drop values are corroborated by using a root mean square acceleration formulation. 43 refs.
As a result primarily of rainfall infiltration through waste materials, all landfill sites in the United Kingdom will produce leachate. A procedure for estimating rainfall infiltration through landfill sites founded on readily and cheaply available Meteorological Office data is presented. This accounts for the distribution of rainfall throughout the year and shows that for a site in south Essex, between 14 and 34% (average 24%) of annual rainfall infiltrated in the past eight years. Winter and summer operational strategies which may minimize the production of ieachate are summarized.
Frost action, permafrost and frozen ground
Groundwater
See also: 845182, 845287
See also: 845059
845107 Results of observations on actual freezing depth of soils Kiselev, M F Soil Mech Found Engng V19, N6, Nov-Dec 1982, P267-268
845111 Permeability determination of the alluvium using electrical prospecting (In French) Allessandrello, E; Lemoine, Y lnt Assoc Engng Geol Bull N26-27, Dec 1982-June 1983, P357-360 (Paper to the International Symposium on Soil and Rock Investigations by In Situ Testing, Paris, 18-20 May 1983)
Presents data on the actual freezing depth of soils in the area of the Lenin Hills, Moscow, USSR, over a period of 26 years.
Hydrogeology See also: 845335
Resistivity surveys have been carried out along the Saone, Rhone and Loire valleys to locate water wells in alluvial aquifers. Empirical relationships drawn up between resistivity and permeability show that there is a relationship between these two factors for each type of sedimentation, if various factors such as water resistivity and unsaturated zones are allowed for and corrected.
845O99 Rock mechanics and mathematical models applied to geology (In French) Quiblier, J A; Ngokwey, K Proc 5th Congress of the International Society for Rock Mechanics, Melbourne, 10-15 April 1983 V2, PF191-F194. Publ Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema, 1983 A large-deformation viscoelastic mathematical model applied to the overthrusting of two plates of the earth's crust clearly illustrates the deformation of the sedimentary cover and can be used to analyse various parameters. An elastic model applied to a fault can be used to determine the thrust that caused the fault to be propagated. Auth, Environmental effects, weathering and soil formation
See: 845348 Earthquake mechanisms and effects
See also: 845048, 845075 845100 Determination of seismic reference motion for nuclear sites in France Levret, A; Mohammadioun, B Engng Geol V20, N1-2, March 1984, P25-38 The Nuclear Safety Department in France has developed a method for site-specific hazard assessment, entailing the definition of specific reference motions. Seismotectonic criteria are used to define a site's reference earthquake, then corresponding ground motions are obtained by: (1) a thorough analysis of macroseismic data to define the characteristics of reference events; (2) calculation of ground motion from a statistical study of strong-motion records collected in a data bank, based on correlations between response spectra, magnitudes, focal distances and macroseismic intensities, corresponding to the records. A valid approach has recently been sought for taking nearby, lowmagnitude earthquakes into account, due to the high ground accelerations with which they are associated. 845101 Relations between ground motions and earthquake magnitude, focal distance and epicentrni intensity Schenk, V Engng Geol II20, 311-2, March 1984, P143-151 845102 On some problems related to soil failures and intensity evaluations. Short communication Gurpinar, A Engng Geol }'20, N1-2, March 1984, P181-185 The use of intensity values to describe seismic effects expected at a given site has become of significant engineering design interest. One problem area is the damage caused on soils of different quality. It is then important to separate the damage due to soil amplification from that of soil failure. Examples from recent earthquakes are given for illustration purposes. 845103 Seismic disturbance of 1976 March 20, East Kazakhstan: earthquake or explosions? Research note Pooley, C I; Douglas, A; Pearce, R G Geophys J R Astr Soc V74, N2, Aug 1983, P621-631
175A On the mb:Ms criterion the disturbance was indentified as an earthquake, but it has been suggested that it may have been one or more explosions. It is shown that the polarities and relative amplitudes of the main arrivals on the short-period P-wave seismograms of the disturbance can be accounted for by assuming the source was an earthquake in a crust with some lateral variation in structure. There is no evidence that the disturbance was anything other than a single earthquake.
845104 Descriptive statistical model of earthquake source radiation and its application to an estimation of short-period strong motion Gusev, A A Geophys J R Astr Soc V74, N3, Sept 1983, P787-808 A wide-band source spectrum scaling law is derived from various data sources; its main features are: a lack of similitude and two characteristic frequencies of about 0.2 and 5-l 0Hz. F o r sources of great earthquakes a short-period radiation flux is relatively low. The spectrum scaling law is used to determine near-field accelerations. 57 refs.
845105 Source parameter inversion of a reservoir-induced seismic sequence: Lake Kariba, Africa (1963 September) Pavlin, G B; Langston, C A Geopkys J R Astr Soc V74, N3, Sept 1983, P819-841 The depth and seismic source parameters of the three largest reservoir-induced earthquakes associated with the impoundment of Lake Kariba, Africa, were determined, using a moment tensor formalism of the generalized inverse technique. It is suggested that an active N-S running, normal fault underlying the reservoir's deep Sanyati Basin may be the source of the seismicity.
845106 High stress drop events in the Victoria, Baja California earthquake swarm of March 1978 Munguia, L; Brune, J N Geophys J R Astr Soe V76, 173, March 1984, P725-752
845108 Empirical relation between electrical transverse resistance and hydraulic transmissivity Ponzini, G; Ostroman, A; Molinari, M Geoexploration V22, NI, Feb 1984, PI-15 An empirical function between electrical transverse resistances of an aquifer, corrected for the effect of their pore water resistivities, and corresponding hydraulic transmissivities has been found from vertical electrical sounding methods and pumping tests performed on a number of aquifers. It is concluded that the relation is valid only for aquifers characterised by simple hydrogeological situations and simple corresponding electric stratigraphies.
845109 Radio-indicator tests in hydrogeological boreholes Hulla, J; Ravinger, R; Tureek, P lnt Assoc Engng Geol Bull N26-27, Dec 1982-June 1983, P439-442 (Paper to the International Symposium on Soil and Rock Investigations by In Situ Testing, Paris, 18-20 May 1983) Two single-borehole methods are chosen from a number of radio-indicator methods for the determination of water flow parameters and described. The dilution method and the measurement of vertical displacement in boreholes make it possible to limit expensive pumping tests and to give data for the location and projection of the optimum depth of boreholes. The applications of these tests include investigations of landslide areas and a study of the efficiency of sealing elements of foundation excavations.
845110 Comparison of different methods of estimating infiltration at a landfill site in south Essex with implications for leachate management and control Holmes, R Q J Engng Geoi V17, N1, 1984, P9-18
A composite fault plane solution prepared with data from the largest earthquakes of the swarm indicates right lateral strikeslip movement along a vertical plane parallel to the Cerro Prieto fault. Seismic moment, source radius and stress drop are calculated from strong motion records and digital seismograph records. The high stress drop values are corroborated by using a root mean square acceleration formulation. 43 refs.
As a result primarily of rainfall infiltration through waste materials, all landfill sites in the United Kingdom will produce leachate. A procedure for estimating rainfall infiltration through landfill sites founded on readily and cheaply available Meteorological Office data is presented. This accounts for the distribution of rainfall throughout the year and shows that for a site in south Essex, between 14 and 34% (average 24%) of annual rainfall infiltrated in the past eight years. Winter and summer operational strategies which may minimize the production of ieachate are summarized.
Frost action, permafrost and frozen ground
Groundwater
See also: 845182, 845287
See also: 845059
845107 Results of observations on actual freezing depth of soils Kiselev, M F Soil Mech Found Engng V19, N6, Nov-Dec 1982, P267-268
845111 Permeability determination of the alluvium using electrical prospecting (In French) Allessandrello, E; Lemoine, Y lnt Assoc Engng Geol Bull N26-27, Dec 1982-June 1983, P357-360 (Paper to the International Symposium on Soil and Rock Investigations by In Situ Testing, Paris, 18-20 May 1983)
Presents data on the actual freezing depth of soils in the area of the Lenin Hills, Moscow, USSR, over a period of 26 years.
Hydrogeology See also: 845335
Resistivity surveys have been carried out along the Saone, Rhone and Loire valleys to locate water wells in alluvial aquifers. Empirical relationships drawn up between resistivity and permeability show that there is a relationship between these two factors for each type of sedimentation, if various factors such as water resistivity and unsaturated zones are allowed for and corrected.