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September 2006 New in Review
from the association
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THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION Vol 83, June 2006 (www.ajcn.org) Œ
PERIODICALS Periodical articles of special interest to nutrition professionals are cited or abstracted in this section. Articles that have been abstracted are marked with a darkened circle (●). Literature abstracts and citations are prepared by the Journal editors. Articles are selected from scientific and professional publications chosen to convey fundamental knowledge in nutritional science and to span the specialty practice fields of readers. A list of the publications reviewed for this section is published each year in the January issue. The current list, which includes contact information for each title, appears on page 164 of the January 2006 issue. Readers who want information about any article or publication appearing in New in Review should use this directory to locate the authors or editors of the original article or publication. AMERICAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN Vol 73, June 1, 2006 (www.aafp.org/afp) Œ
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Low-Carbohydrate Diets. (Review). Last AR, Wilson SA. 1942-1948. Inborn Errors of Metabolism in Infancy and Early Childhood: An Update. (Review). Raghuveer TS, Garg U, Graf WD. 1981-1990.
AMERICAN HEART JOURNAL Vol 151, June 2006 (www.mosby.com/ahj) Œ
Comparison of the Serum Ferritin and Percentage of Transferrin Saturation as Exposure Markers of Iron-Driven Oxidative StressRelated Disease Outcomes. Lee
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Probiotic Use in Clinical Practice: What Are the Risks? (Review). Boyle RJ, Robins-Browne RM, Tang ML. 1256-1264. Carotenoids and Cardiovascular Health (Review). Voutilainen S, Nurmi T, Mursu J, Rissanen TH. 1265-1271. From Nutrition Scientist to Nutrition Communicator: Why You Should Take the Leap. (Commentary). Miller GH, Cohen NL, Fulgoni VL, Heymsfield SB, Wellman NS. 1272-1275. Effect of Satiety on Brain Activation during Chocolate Tasting in Men and Women. Smeets PA, de Graaf C, Stafleu A, van Osch MJ, Nievelstein RA, van der Grond J. 1297-1305. Effect of n-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation of Women with Low-Risk Pregnancies on Pregnancy Outcomes and Growth Measures at Birth: A MetaAnalysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. (Meta-Analysis). Szajewska H, Horvath A, Koletzko B. 13371344. Additive Effects of Moderate Drinking and Obesity on Serum ␥–Glutamyl Transferase Activity. Puukka K, Hietala J, Koivisto H, Anttila P, Bloigu R, Niemela O. 1351-1354.
Meta-analysis of fatty acids in pregnancy. A cohort of studies has been published examining the effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation in pregnancy with variable results. This study group conducted a meta-analysis to quantify the pregnancy outcomes and fetal growth changes with PUFA supplementation. A detailed inclusion search strategy identified randomized clinical trials and quasi-randomized clinical trials comparing PUFA supplementation with placebo or control groups in normal pregnancy situations that reported birth outcomes
© 2006 by the American Dietetic Association
published in a peer-reviewed journal. A manual quality index of each study was independently performed by each of two investigators and compared for discrepancy. Data were extracted to standardized forms and transferred to REVMAN software (version 4.2, 2005, Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, UK) for analysis. Both a fixed and random effects model approach were used, fitted to the heterogeneity and Cochrane’s Q statistic. Publication bias was assessed by funnel plot. Initially, 21 randomized clinical trials were identified; six met inclusion criteria (n⫽1,278). Dose and duration of PUFA supplementation varied between trials from 200 mg/d to 1,000 mg/d. Results showed the PUFA supplementation (n⫽640) compared to placebo or control (n⫽638) was associated with slightly longer pregnancy duration (1.57 days) but no other differences in preterm delivery, placental weight, or common complications (gestational diabetes, eclampsia). Infant outcome of PUFA supplementation resulted in no detectable differences in birth-weight or length. The slight increase in head circumference seen in four of the randomized clinical trials did not prevail after the sensitivity analysis or was related to PUFA supplementation amount. The mean effect size of PUFA supplementation was small and nonsignificant, but nondetrimental to mother and infant. No funding source was identified. Additive effects of drinking and obesity. The biological marker, ␥– glutamyl transferase (GGT), is used to estimate liver injury due to chronic ethanol, drug, or xenobiotic use and to indirectly predict nutritional risk. The database from a large cohort sample of healthy Nordic adults (n⫽2,490, 48% men, mean age 47 years), originally collected for serum enzyme reference standards, was used. Data were also available on selfreported alcohol consumption patterns, alcohol consumption in the 24 hours prior to the blood sample, anthropometrics, and smoking. Pearson product correlations were used to assess relationship between GGT, alcohol consumption, and body weight
Journal of the AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION
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NEW IN REVIEW groupings. Baseline GGT was found to significantly increase (P⬍0.001) with body weight (obese, overweight, normal weight, underweight) and alcohol consumption (abstainers vs moderate drinkers). Men appeared to have a greater effect when compared with women, but a three-factorial interaction analysis was not significant. The additive effect of higher body weight and higher alcohol consumption created a total GGT level higher than when predicted by individual effects. The use of GGT as a standard index of liver injury and indirect index of potential ethanol malnutrition may be overestimated in overweightobese individuals, particularly men, in the presence of recent alcohol consumption compared to normal-underweight individuals. Funding was provided by the Finnish Foundation for Alcohol Studies. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF KIDNEY DISEASES Vol 47, June 2006 (www.ajkd.org) Œ
Fish Consumption and Omega-3 Fatty Acid Status and Determinants in Long-Term Hemodialysis. Friedman AN, Moe SM, Perkins SM, Li Y, Watkins BA. 1064-1071.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE Vol 119, June 2006 (www.amjmed.com) Œ
Expectations and Outcomes of Gastric Feeding Tubes. Carey TS, Hanson L, Garrett JM, Lewis C, Phifer N, Cox CE, Jackman A. E11-16.
pate in the study when admitted in active labor to the Kapiolani Medical Center (Honolulu, HI) during July 2004-March 2005. After delivery, a 10-mL tube of cord blood was obtained for newborn mercury cord blood level analysis by a central laboratory. A food frequency questionnaire regarding fish consumption was completed by mothers at their convenience prior to discharge. The statistical analysis compared fish consumption categories using 95% confidence intervals. Complete data were available for analysis from 275 women (94%) and 212 cord samples (72%). Mean age was 26.2 years of age (range 18 to 42 years), predominantly Pacific Islander, mean gravidity 3 (range 1 to 11). Mean newborn mercury cord blood level was 4.82⫾3.4 g/L (range 0 to 20) compared to US Environmental Protection Agency recommended reference of 5.8 g/L. A direct correlation (P⫽0.007) was seen with higher fish consumption (17.6% ate ⬎1 serving fish/wk) resulting in higher newborn mercury cord blood levels. No significant differences were seen with respect to age, gravidity, parity, gestational age, or number of mercury dental fillings. Overall newborn mercury cord blood levels were three times more elevated than the national average, reflecting the higher fish consumption in the island setting. Funding was provided by the Hawaii Medical Service Association Foundation. ARCHIVES OF DISEASE IN CHILDHOOD Vol 91, June 2006 (adc.bmjjournals.com) Œ
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY Vol 194, June 2006 (www.ajog.org)
Does Gastrostomy Tube Feeding in Children with Cerebral Palsy Increase the Risk of Respiratory Morbidity? Sullivan PB, Morrice JS, Vernon-Robersta A, Grant H, Eltumi M, Thomas AG. 458-460.
considered overweight. This goal of this randomized, open-controlled parallel trial was to compare four popular British commercial weight loss programs (Atkins, Weight Watchers, Slim-Fast, and Rosemary Conley) with a control group for changes in weight and body fat over 6 months and participant perceptions at 1 year. Five regional centers were used to recruit 300 initial participants (60 per center, mean age 40.9 years, 27% men) based on a power sample analysis of a 25% dropout rate to require 11 completed participants per group per center. All programs were conducted by the sponsors as per published program standards with study paying all costs. Controls were asked to maintain current diet and exercise pattern. Outcome measures (weight, height, waist circumference, blood pressure, body fat by dual x-ray absorptiometry, fasting blood, food and activity diary) were collected at 0, 2, and 6 months. At 1 year, weight and dietary behavior from a 6- to 12-month time period was collected. An intent to treat analysis was used with analysis of variance to determine effect at 6 months and 1 year. All commercial weight-loss programs produced similar outcome measure and weight loss (4.8 to 6.9 kg) compared to control (0.6 kg) for the 72% who completed the initial six months; 45% were voluntarily continuing weight loss at 1 year. Motivated patients can accomplish reasonable weight loss by any of the commercial weight loss programs used in this study. The identified funding source was the BBC. CANCER Vol 107, June 2006 (www.interscience.wiley.com/cancer) Œ
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Antepartum Seafood Consumption and Mercury Levels in Newborn Cord Blood. Sato RL, Li GG, Shaha S. 1683-1688.
Mercury consumption in pregnancy. Mercury neurotoxicity of newborns has been linked to higher seafood consumption during pregnancy. This prospective observational study estimated the level of fetal mercury exposure by measuring newborn mercury cord blood levels and correlating to fish consumption during pregnancy. Women (n⫽308) were approached to partici-
BMJ Vol 332, June 3, 2006 (www.bmj.org) ●
Randomised Controlled Trial of Four Commercial Weight Loss Programmes in the UK: Initial Findings from the BBC “Diet Trials.” Truby H, Baic S, deLooy A, Fox KR, Livingstone BE, Logan CM, Macdonald IA, Morgan LM, Taylor MA, Millward DJ. 1309-1314.
Commercial weight loss diet comparison. Obesity has become a global issue, with more than 50% of British adults now
Adult Weight Gain and Histopathologic Characteristics of Breast Cancer Among Postmenopausal Women. Feigelson HS, Patel AV, Teras LR, Gansler T, Thun MJ, Galie EE. 12-21.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION Vol 60, June 2006 (www.nature.com/ejcn) Œ
Dietary and Genetic Determinants of Homocysteine Levels among Mexican Women of Reproductive Age. Torres-Sanchez L, Chen J, Diaz-Sanchez Y, Palomeque C, Bot-
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Pischon T, Olsen A, Tjonneland A, Overvad K, Becker N, Linseisen J, Lahmann PH, Arvaniti A, Kassapa C, Trichoupoulou A, Sieri S, Palli D, Tumino R, Vineis P, Panico S, van Gils CH, Peeters PH, Bueno-deMesquita HB, Buchner FL, Ljungberg B, Hallmans G, Berglund G, Wirfalt E, Pera G, Dorronsoro M, Gurrea AB, Navarro C, Martinez C, Quiros JR, Allen N, Roddam A, Bingham S, Jenab M, Slimani N, Norat T, Riboli E. 3133-3139.
tiglieri T, Lopez-Cervantes M, Lopez-Carrillo L. 619-697. The Impact of the Addition of Toppings/Fillings on the Glycaemic Response to Commonly Consumed Carbohydrate Foods. Henry CJ, Lightowler HJ, Kendall FL, Storey M. 763-769.
HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW Vol 84, June 2006 (www.hbr.org) Œ
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Growth as a Process. Stewart TA. 60-70 Leadership Run Amok: The Destructive Potential of Overachievers. Spreier SW, Fontaine MH, Malloy RL. 72-82. Eager Sellers and Stony Buyers: Understanding the Psychology of New-Product Adoption. Gourville JT. 99-106. The Wisdom of Deliberate Mistakes. Schoemker PJH, Gunther RE. 109-115.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS Vol 315, June 2006 (www.intl.elsevierhealth.com/journals/ ijpharm) Œ
HEALTH EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR Vol 33, June 2006 (www.sagepub.com) Œ
Nutrition Education among LowIncome Older Adults: A Randomized Intervention Trial in Congregate Nutrition Sites. Mitchell RE, Ash SL, McClelland JW. 374-392.
HYPERTENSION Vol 47, June 2006 (www.lippincott.com/ ahah) Œ
Surgical Menopause Increases Salt Sensitivity of Blood Pressure. Schulman IH, Aranda P, Raij L, Veronesi M, Aranda FJ, Martin R. 1168-1174.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER Vol 118, June 2006 (www.interscience.wiley.com/ijc) Œ
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Meat, Fish, Poultry, and Egg Consumption in Relation to Risk of Pancreatic Cancer: A Prospective Study. Larsson SC, Hakanson N, Permert J, Wolk A. 2866-2870. Fruit and Vegetables and Renal Cell Carcinoma: Findings from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Weikert S, Boeing H,
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Arsenic Release from Glass Containers by Action of Intravenous Nutrition Formulation Constituents. Bohrer D, Becker E, Nascimento PC, Morschbacher V, de Carvalho LM, da Silva Marques M. 24-29.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGERY Vol 202, June 2006 (www.facs.org/jacs) Œ
Withholding and Withdrawing Life-Sustaining Treatment: A Surgeon’s Perspective. (Commentary). Pawlik TM. 990-994.
JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH Vol 38, June 2006 (www.elsevier.com/ locate/jahonline) Œ
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Weight-Teasing and Emotional Well-Being in Adolescents: Longitudinal Findings from Project EAT. Eisenberg ME, Neumark-Sztainer D, Haines J, Wall M. 675-683. Disordered Eating among a MultiRacial/Ethnic Sample of Female High School Athletes. Pernick Y, Nichols JF, Rauh MJ, Kern M, Ji M, Lawson MJ, Wilfley D. 689-695. Preventing and Treating Adolescent Obesity: A Position Paper of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. (Position Paper). Kohn M, Rees JM, Brill S, Fonseca H, Jacobson M, Katzman DK, Loghmani ES, Neumark-Sztainer D, Schneider M. 784-787.
Female athlete disordered eating patterns. Eating disorders among female athletes are well known but the distribution among racial/ethnic categories is less clear. This prospective convenient cohort sample survey of 513 female athletes (ages 13 to 18 years) was obtained from six Southern California suburban high schools. The Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire was administered in small groups by trained researchers during the third and fourth weeks of the sports season. The Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire measured eating disorders over the last 28 days with a global score and four subscales: dietary restraint, eating concern, shape concern, weight concern. Participants self-reported primary ethnic/racial category. Data were analyzed across ethnic groups by analysis of variance; school clustering effects were examined for potential bias. Completed questionnaires were available from 79% of the available athletes for three major ethnic groups: African American (n⫽73), white (n⫽277), and Latina (n⫽103). Groups were comparable by age but differed slightly by body weight in ascending order of weight (African American, white, Latina). Overall eating disorder prevalence was 19.6% with African Americans at 19.2%, whites at 18.4%, and Latinas at 23.2%, with a much higher incidence of vomiting and binging for Latinas (7.8%, 12.6% P⬍0.05) compared to African Americans (1.4%, 5.5%) or whites (2.2%, 5.4%). Laxative and diuretic use was very low in all groups. African Americans appeared to be least concerned about weight and thinness compared to either whites or Latinas. Funding was provided by the National Athletic Trainers Association’s Research and Education Foundation and San Diego State University. JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY Vol 117, June 2006 (www.aaaai.org/member/jaci.stm) Œ
An Expanding Evidence Base Provides Food for Thought to Avoid Indigestion in Managing Difficult Dilemmas in Food Allergy. (Commentary). Sicherer SH, Bock AS. 1419-1422.
NEW IN REVIEW JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE Vol 71, June/July 2006 (www.ift.org) Œ
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Food Mycotoxins: An Update. (Review). Murphy PA, Hendrich S, Landgren C, Bryant CM. R51-R65. Means of Delivering Recommended Levels of Long Chain n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Human Diets. (Review). Garg ML, Wood LG, Singh H, Moughan PJ. R66R71. Interactions of Milk Proteins and Volatile Flavor Compounds: Implications in the Development of Protein Foods. (Review). Kuhn J, Considine T, Singh H. R72-R82. Portable Electronic Nose for Detection of Spoiling Alaska Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). Chantarachoti J, Oliveira AC, Himelbloom BH, Crapo CA, McLachlan DG. S414-S421.
Detecting fish spoilage electronically. Any raw material may have inconsistency in composition based on the characteristics of natural products. A hand-held portable electronic nose (Cyranose 320, Cyrano Sciences, Pasadena, CA) composed of 32 individual thin-film carbonblack polymer sensors was used to create an electronic sensory evaluation. This electronic sensory evaluation was then compared with the score from a traditional seven-member trained experienced sensory panel. The Alaska Seafood Marketing Institute 2004 guide was used for grading criteria. Wild fresh whole pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) were collected from a single seafood processing plant (same day from same fishing vessel) in Kodiak Island, AK, during the summer of 2004 and brought fewer than 24 hours postmortem to the study site technology pilot plant nearby. All fish (n⫽150) were caught in local waters, ranged in weight from 1.5 to 2.5 kg, and represented highest grade A. The fish were randomly held by two methods: submerged in 14°C temperature-controlled seawater and rated daily over 3 days or kept in ice water slurry at 1°C and rated at intervals over 16 days. Microbial analysis was also performed. The results were compared statistically using a complication classification matrix of correlation along a two-dimensional canonical plot using rating method and storage time as variables. Pearson product moment correlations were then calculated. Both methods re-
jected the seawater at day 3, ice water slurry at day 12, and correlated to microbial measures. The electronic nose was able to accurately discriminate compared to the sensory panel (85% seawater; 92% ice water slurry) with greatest accuracy using belly cavity volatiles. Funding was provided by the Alaska Sea Grant College Program. JOURNAL OF GASTROINTESTINAL SURGERY Vol 10, June 2006 (www.elsevier.com/jgs) ●
Response of the Lower Esophageal Sphincter to Gastric Distention by Carbonated Beverages. Hamoui N, Lord RV, Hagen JA, Theisen J, DeMeester TF, Crookes PF. 870-877.
Carbonated beverage distention. The symptoms associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) tend to be most prominent in the immediate postprandial period compared to resting state. This study used a slow motorized pull-through manometry of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) to examine the physiological effects of tap water compared to three carbonated beverages (sparkling water, caffeinated, or decaffeinated Pepsi [PepsiCo, Inc, Purchase, NY]) on resting parameters. The slow motorized pull-through manometry had four recording sites 90 degrees apart on the same level using a speed of 1 mm/sec. Distal and proximal ports 5 to 15 cm to recording sites was used to measure intragastric pressure and respirations. Subjects consisted of nine healthy nonGERD volunteers (six men, age range 25 to 45 years). All tests were performed after a 5-hour fast in the supine position. Data were analyzed with each subject as their own control for beverage compared to tap water or resting state. The median change from baseline calculated as LES pressure, overall length, and abdominal length used paired sample differences and group percentages to report results. Fasting and tap water produced similar baseline responses. The duration of LES effect was variable between subjects but all carbonated beverages produced an average 20% to 50% reduction from rest. Abdominal length tended to recover more slowly with sparkling water compared to carbonated beverages. Upright ingestion and intraesophageal
ATTENTION: ADA Members There are four easy ways to keep your ADA records current! 1. Using your member ID number and your Web-only password (provided with your membership card), access ADA's Web site at www.eatright.org and enter your member number to access the member-only Web site. Select the option at the top of the screen "Profile". This online option allows you to change your information. Upon submittal of your change, ADA's database will immediately be updated. 2. Call ADA's Member Service Center at 1-800-877-1600, Ext. 5000. Our representatives will gladly update your account information over the telephone. 3. Fax an update to us at 312-899-4812. Please include your member number and previous address. 4. Forward an email to [email protected]. Please include your member number and previous address.
September 2006 ● Journal of the AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION
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NEW IN REVIEW pH were not measured. The gaseous distention mechanism appears to place strong pressure against the LES which causes relaxation and possible sustained injury. No funding source was identified; the study site was the University of Southern California at Los Angeles. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION Vol 136, June 2006 (www.nutrition.org) ●
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The Elevation of Ingested Lipids within Plasma Chylomicrons Is Prolonged in Men Compared to Women. Knuth ND, Horowitz JF. 1498-1503. Long-Term Ingestion of High Flavanol Cocoa Provides Photoprotection against UV-Induced Erythema and Improves Skin Condition of Women. Heinrich U, Neukam K, Tronnier, Sies H, Stahl W. 15651569. Selected Diet and Lifestyle Factors Are Associated with Estrogen Metabolites in a Multiracial/Ethnic Population of Women. Sowers MR, Crawford S, McConnell DS, Randolph JF, Gold EB, Wilkin MK, Lasley B. 1588-1595. Development of a Glycemic Index Database for Food Frequency Questionnaires Used in Epidemiological Studies. Neuhouser ML, Tinker LF, Thomson C, Caan B, Van Horn L, Snetselaar L, Parker LM, Patterson RE, Robinson-O’Brien R, Beresford SA, Shikany JM. 1604-1609. Proteomics and Its Role in Nutrition Research. (Review). Wang J, Li D, Dangott LJ, Wu G. 1759-1762.
Sex difference in gut cholesterol. The pattern of elevated serum lipids appears to have gender differences, but the mechanism is not well understood. The Substrate Metabolism Laboratory at the University of Michigan studied the lipemic response of five nonobese men compared to five premenopausal matched women who consumed 0.7 g/fat/kg body weight administered by isotope-labeled 7 mg/kg density trioleate after an overnight fast. The purpose was to examine the ingested fat differences as chylomicrons, very-lowdensity lipoproteins (VLDL), total cholesterol, and other plasma lipid fractions over an 11-hour postingestion period that included expired breath to analyze oxidation effects. Data were
compared both between and within subjects with paired and unpaired statistical testing. The total cholesterol was greater in men (P⬍0.05) compared to women at the end of the 11-hour period. No significant difference was seen for other plasma lipid fractions (VLDL, chylomicrons) or expired breath between sexes. The prolonged availability of the lipid in the chylomicrons resulted in sustained elevated total cholesterol in men compared to women. The incorporation rate of VLDL into the liver was not changed. The magnitude or prevalence of this sex difference needs further study in larger, more diverse populations, including postmenopausal women. Government and university funding was provided for this study.
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METABOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL Vol 55, June 2006 (www.elsevier.com/ metabolism) Œ
JOURNAL OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY Vol 93, June 2006 (www.interscience.wiley.com/jso) ● Œ
Correlation of Nutritional Parameters of Gallbladder Cancer Patients. Tai A, Tewari M, Mohapatra SC, Shukla HS. 705-708.
THE LANCET Vol 367, June 17, 2006 (www.thelancet.com) Œ
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Effect of Enhanced Feedback and Brief Educational Reminder Messages on Laboratory Test Requesting in Primary Care: A Cluster Randomised Trial. Thomas RE, Croal BL, Ramsay C, Eccles M, Grimshaw J. 1990-1996. Osteoporosis. (Review). Sambrook P, Cooper C. 2010-2018.
Vol 367, June 24/30, 2006 Œ
Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease. (Review). Moayyedi P, Talley NJ. 2086-2100.
MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE Vol 38, June 2006 (www.acsm-msse.org) Œ
Tracking of Physical Fitness and Physical Activity from Youth to Adulthood in Females. Matton L, Thomis M, Wijndaele K, Duvigneaud N, Beunen G, Glaessens
AL, Vanreusel B, Philippaerts R, Lefevre J. 1114-1120. Development and Reproducibility of the Bone Loading History Questionnaire. Dolan SH, Williams DP, AInswroth BE, Shaw JM. 11211131. Relationship between Physical Activity and Body Mass Index in Adolescents. Sulemana H, Smolensky M, Lai D. 1182-1186.
Distribution and Metabolic Syndrome Correlates of Plasma C-Reactive Protein in Biracial (BlackWhite) Younger Adults: The Bogalusa Heart Study. Patel DA, Srinivasan SR, Xu J-H, Li S, Chen W, Berenson GS. 699-705. Effects of Lifestyle Modification and C-Reactive Protein: Contribution of Weight Loss and Improved Aerobic Capacity. Jae SY, Fernhall B, Heffernan KS, Jeong M, Chun EM, Sung J, Lee SH, Lim YJ, Park WH. 825-831.
C-reactive protein and exercise training. High sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) levels have been linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in Westernized populations. This nonrandomized interventional study specifically examined the effects of exercise training and improved aerobic capacity on CRP levels in an AsiaPacific ethnic volunteer cohort of 47 healthy sedentary overweight adults (n⫽47, 74% male, mean age 49.6 years, mean body weight 80 kg, mean body mass index 28) enrolled in a South Korean hospital-sponsored health promotion program during 2002. An exercise group who enrolled in a lifestyle modification program (n⫽23) was compared to an age, sex, and weight-matched control group that declined participation (n⫽24). The lifestyle program consisted of an individualized home-based regular exercise (minimum five days, 60 min/ day) and diet education program (aimed at caloric weight reduction) monitored with biweekly study visits over 3 months. The control group only completed baseline and end of study visits. Data were collected for demo-
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NEW IN REVIEW graphics, anthropometrics, fasting lipids, blood pressure, and symptom-limited maximal heart rate treadmill testing. Results were compared between groups by quartiles using 2⫻2 analysis of variance design, Pearson correlations for relationships, and log-transforming CRP data (not normal distribution). Both weight loss and increased aerobic capacity appeared to have independent effects on decreased CRP in this sedentary Asian population. The addition of directed moderate exercise is an important component to diet and weight loss alone. This study was funded by the IN-SUNG Foundation for Medical Research. NEUROLOGY Vol 66, June 2006 (www.neurology.org) Œ
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The Controversy over Artificial Hydration and Nutrition. (Editorial). Bernat JL, Beresford HR. 1618-1619. Terminating Artificial Nutrition and Hydration in Persistent Vegetative State Patients: Current and Proposed State Laws. (Systemic Review). 1624-1628.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE Vol 354, June 1, 2006 (www.nejm.org) Œ
Body-Mass Index and Symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux in Women. Jacobson BC, Somers SC, Fuchs CS, Kelly CP, Camargo CA. 2340-2348.
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A Controlled Trial of Homocysteine Lowering and Cognitive Performance. McMahon JA, Green TJ, Skeaff CM, Knight RG, Mann JI, Williams SM. 2764-2772. Effect of Iodine Intake on Thyroid Diseases in China. Teng W, Shan X, Teng X, Cuan H, Li Y, Teng D, Jin Y, Uy X Fan C, Chong W, Yang F, Dai H, Uy Y, Li J, Chen Y Zhao D, Shi X, Hu F, Mao J, Gu X, Yang R, Tong Y, Wang W, Gao T, Li C. 2783-2793.
84 deficient, 243 adequate, and 651 excessive levels comprising ⬎16,000 inhabitants living in the area ⬎10 years and at least 13 years of age. Each participant completed an oral questionnaire for eating habits, salt intake, and thyroid disease history. Random baseline home visits divided by region to 3,761 individuals were completed to obtain fasting urine and blood samples and manual and -mode thyroid ultrasonography. A 5-year follow-up study included 80% of the original cohort (n⫽3,018). Statistical comparison between proportions among the cohorts used 2 pairwise, and Student-Newman-Keuls with logistic regression. Levels of urinary excretion and dietary intake remained stable by region between baseline and follow-up but remained statistically different between regions (P⫽0.008 to 0.001). Regional cohorts were not statistically different for demographics, socioeconomic status, or health care. The lowest incidence of abnormal thyroid function was seen with baseline serum thyrotropin antibody levels of 1.0 to 1.9 mIU/L. A direct correlation was seen between level of thyroid (urine or serum) and 5-year incidence of all thyroid disorders (overt and subclinical hypothyroidism, autoimmune thyroiditis). Iodine supplementation in some regions with excessive iodine intake should be re-evaluated. Funding was provided by a cohort of Chinese and American-Chinese government and private funding agencies. PEDIATRICS Vol 117, June 2006 (www.pediatrics.org) ●
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Dietary iodine intake. Fortification of salt with iodine has occurred in China since 1996. The purpose of this longitudinal cohort study was to examine dietary iodine intake patterns over time and correlate to incidence of thyroid diseases. Baseline data were collected in 1999 among three regions representing median urinary iodine excretion in g/L of
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Effects of Breast Milk on the Severity and Outcome of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome among Infants of Drug-Dependent Mothers. AbdelLatif ME, Pinner J, Clews S, Cooke F, Lui K, Oei J. 1163-1169. Iron Fortification Reduces Blood Lead Levels in Children in Bangalore, India. Zimmermann MB, Muthayya S, Moretti D, Kurpad A, Hurrell RF. 2014-2021. Can School Income and Racial/Ethnic Composition Explain the Racial/ Ethnic Disparity in Adolescent Physical Activity Participation? Richmond TK, Hayward RA, Gahagan S, Field AE, Heisler M. 2158-2166. Orthopedic Complications of Overweight in Children and Adolescents. Taylor ED, Theim KR, Mirch MC, Chorbani S, Tanofsky-Kraff M,
Adler-Wailes DC, Brady S, Reynolds JC, Calis KA, Yanovski JA. 2167-2174. Lactation in drug-dependent mothers. Infants born to drug-dependent mothers experience neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), a withdrawal scenario as the infant adapts to a non-addictive drug state. This retrospective study examined the postnatal outcome of 190 consecutive charts of drug-dependent mother–infant pairs admitted between 1998-2004 in a single university hospital setting in New South Wales, Australia. Mothers were encouraged to breastfeed unless medically or socially contraindicated. Charts were reviewed for feeding choice at fifth day of life, infant birth-weight, mother and infant charted responses, supportive intervention (swaddling, NAS drugs), and Finnegan objective scoring system for infant stress level status at each feeding. Infants remained hospitalized until NAS was stabilized and feeding was established. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate predictive factors and Kaplan-Meier productlimit method to estimate sample size. Results showed the majority of mothers were opiate-dependent maintained on methadone treatment with 45% breastfed and 55% on formula. Groups were comparable for socioeconomic and risk characteristics with more formula mothers having a history of multiple drug use. The breastfed infants were less likely to require as much NAS medication (mean 53% vs 79%), had lower mean Finnegan scores during the first 9 days of life, were hospitalized fewer days (mean 14.7 vs 19.1 days), and showed more gradual drug withdrawal (mean 10 vs 3 days) than formula infants. The American Academy of Pediatrics’ 2001 recommendation encouraging breastfeeding by mothers on any level of methadone treatment appears to reduce NAS severity in the newborn. No funding source was identified for the study.
PRACTITIONER’S BOOKSHELF Digestion, Diet, and Disease: Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Gastrointestinal Function By: Janice M. Vickerstaff Joneja, PhD; New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press; 2004; $75.00; hardcover; 416 pp; ISBN: 0-8135-3387-2
ISSN: 1545-1712
O besity Management
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Clinical Strategies for the Management and Treatment of Overweight and Obese Patients
A Special Offer for Members of American Dietetic Association Obesity Management is the only authoritative journal that provides physicians, nurses, and other healthcare providers with effective management options, scientific advances, and information that is imperative to clinical practice. Each issue contains: Medical management of the overweight and obese patient; strategies for prevention; reviews of weight loss programs and products; obesity-related co-morbidities; news and opinions from pertinent professional societies; cutting-edge papers highlighting the clinical implications of recent obesity research and conclusions; valuable patient education tools and support materials; practice-oriented information from key government agencies and much more. Since the ADA is one of the collaborating organizations on this journal, Obesity Management is pleased to offer ADA members two substantial discount subscription options for consideration: Subscription Options Print and Online: Print Only:
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NEW IN REVIEW Dr Janice Vickerstaff Joneja’s Digestion, Diet, and Disease: Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Gastrointestinal Function applies current research data in all of the relevant sciences into a practical resource for the management of gastrointestinal disease, particularly irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Joneja details the medical facts behind gastrointestinal disease by supplying complete scientific references and then applying data on a more practical level by providing specific dietary management strategies for IBS and related dysfunction in the gastrointestinal tract. Meal plans, recipes, and dietary advice for balanced nutrition that avoids foods most likely to trigger or exacerbate IBS are valuable for both doctors and patients. The book is divided into 16 chapters covering various facets of IBS and gastrointestinal function, including a definition of IBS and an overview of its causes, as well as information on gastrointestinal motility, inflammation, microorganisms in the digestive tract, food allergy, psychological factors and stress as contributors to IBS, and dietary management of IBS. Four appendixes provide a guide to dietary management of disaccharide deficiency, a lactose-free diet, meal plans for an IBS diet, and a checklist that may be used to determine gastrointestinal reactions to a wide variety of foods. An extensive glossary and references are also included. Overall, Digestion, Diet, and Disease: Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Gastrointestinal Function provides a comprehensive guide to IBS and related problems for both health professionals and the general public.
SITES IN REVIEW The Vegetarian Resource Group www.vrg.org Avoiding meat, fish, or poultry as a personal choice is an eating behavior that has been practiced for centuries. Leonardo Da Vinci, Benjamin Franklin, and Albert Einstein are all historical figures who adopted a vegetarian diet. According to a Harris poll conducted earlier this year, 2.3% of adults in the US do not eat red meat, fish, and poultry, and approximately 6% exclude animal products in their diet except for fish and dairy. Al-
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though vegetarians represent a small pocket of the American population, the 2005 US Dietary Guidelines advocate fruit, vegetables, and grains as staples of a healthful diet. The Vegetarian Resource Group (VRG) sponsors a Web site (available at www.vrg.org) that promotes a vegetarian lifestyle. Its mission is to inform “the public on vegetarianism and interrelated issues of health, nutrition, ecology, ethics, and world hunger.” VRG is a nonprofit organization supported primarily by memberships ($25 per year), private contributions, and sales of books, brochures, and other educational materials. VRG and its Web site offer vegetarian consumers practical tips, ingredient information, recipes, and updates, all of which can assist individuals in overcoming the challenges of being a vegetarian in a meat-eating society. Registered dietitians or physicians oversee the development of the educational materials found on the site. The home page of VRG is cluttered with promotional material like that typically displayed on many commercial-based Web sites. This marketing presentation unfortunately overshadows the sidebar panel, which is a gold mine for relevant vegetarian resources. Links found in this panel allow users to browse through such topics as the Online Restaurant Guide, Vegetarian Recipes, Guides & Handouts, Ingredient Information and Teens, and Family & Kids. The most impressive feature of the VRG site is its online vegetarian restaurant guide. Users can find restaurant reviews listed by city for all 50 states in the United States as well as throughout the Canadian provinces. For each eatery listed, a brief description of the menu, restaurant location, price range, and other pertinent information is provided. According to the VRG Web master, the site receives 345,000 hits per week, with the Vegetarian Recipes section ranked as the most popular area. This component offers countless recipes, including those for holidays, different ethnicities, and gluten-free diets. Most listings take an interesting twist on traditional American dishes. For instance, Potato Salad with Thai Peanut Dressing is a creative variation of a conventional potato salad recipe. However, a shortcoming of this section is that it lacks a
search engine, which would streamline the user’s ability to browse recipes by category or ingredient. Resources that discuss the “howto’s” of vegetarianism from childhood through adulthood are offered in the Vegetarian Nutrition section. Agespecific guidelines are outlined that address nutritional, social, and environmental issues for one or more vegetarian members of a family. Articles listed in this section are comprehensive and often include a detailed menu plan. Since these articles are only available in a Web-page format, print-friendly versions would enhance the readability of these materials. In summary, the Vegetarian Resource Group Web site is a gateway to a wide array of vegetarian resources. The site is full of unique recipes and helpful tips for following a vegetarian diet. On the other hand, the material is typically presented in a dense text format, which is fatiguing to the user. Also, some articles are more than 5 years old, so updates are warranted. Despite these flaws, the VRG Web site is a useful vegetarian guide for consumers.
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THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION Vol 83, June 2006 (www.ajcn.org) Œ
PERIODICALS Periodical articles of special interest to nutrition professionals are cited or abstracted in this section. Articles that have been abstracted are marked with a darkened circle (●). Literature abstracts and citations are prepared by the Journal editors. Articles are selected from scientific and professional publications chosen to convey fundamental knowledge in nutritional science and to span the specialty practice fields of readers. A list of the publications reviewed for this section is published each year in the January issue. The current list, which includes contact information for each title, appears on page 164 of the January 2006 issue. Readers who want information about any article or publication appearing in New in Review should use this directory to locate the authors or editors of the original article or publication. AMERICAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN Vol 73, June 1, 2006 (www.aafp.org/afp) Œ
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Low-Carbohydrate Diets. (Review). Last AR, Wilson SA. 1942-1948. Inborn Errors of Metabolism in Infancy and Early Childhood: An Update. (Review). Raghuveer TS, Garg U, Graf WD. 1981-1990.
AMERICAN HEART JOURNAL Vol 151, June 2006 (www.mosby.com/ahj) Œ
Comparison of the Serum Ferritin and Percentage of Transferrin Saturation as Exposure Markers of Iron-Driven Oxidative StressRelated Disease Outcomes. Lee
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Probiotic Use in Clinical Practice: What Are the Risks? (Review). Boyle RJ, Robins-Browne RM, Tang ML. 1256-1264. Carotenoids and Cardiovascular Health (Review). Voutilainen S, Nurmi T, Mursu J, Rissanen TH. 1265-1271. From Nutrition Scientist to Nutrition Communicator: Why You Should Take the Leap. (Commentary). Miller GH, Cohen NL, Fulgoni VL, Heymsfield SB, Wellman NS. 1272-1275. Effect of Satiety on Brain Activation during Chocolate Tasting in Men and Women. Smeets PA, de Graaf C, Stafleu A, van Osch MJ, Nievelstein RA, van der Grond J. 1297-1305. Effect of n-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation of Women with Low-Risk Pregnancies on Pregnancy Outcomes and Growth Measures at Birth: A MetaAnalysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. (Meta-Analysis). Szajewska H, Horvath A, Koletzko B. 13371344. Additive Effects of Moderate Drinking and Obesity on Serum ␥–Glutamyl Transferase Activity. Puukka K, Hietala J, Koivisto H, Anttila P, Bloigu R, Niemela O. 1351-1354.
Meta-analysis of fatty acids in pregnancy. A cohort of studies has been published examining the effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation in pregnancy with variable results. This study group conducted a meta-analysis to quantify the pregnancy outcomes and fetal growth changes with PUFA supplementation. A detailed inclusion search strategy identified randomized clinical trials and quasi-randomized clinical trials comparing PUFA supplementation with placebo or control groups in normal pregnancy situations that reported birth outcomes
© 2006 by the American Dietetic Association
published in a peer-reviewed journal. A manual quality index of each study was independently performed by each of two investigators and compared for discrepancy. Data were extracted to standardized forms and transferred to REVMAN software (version 4.2, 2005, Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, UK) for analysis. Both a fixed and random effects model approach were used, fitted to the heterogeneity and Cochrane’s Q statistic. Publication bias was assessed by funnel plot. Initially, 21 randomized clinical trials were identified; six met inclusion criteria (n⫽1,278). Dose and duration of PUFA supplementation varied between trials from 200 mg/d to 1,000 mg/d. Results showed the PUFA supplementation (n⫽640) compared to placebo or control (n⫽638) was associated with slightly longer pregnancy duration (1.57 days) but no other differences in preterm delivery, placental weight, or common complications (gestational diabetes, eclampsia). Infant outcome of PUFA supplementation resulted in no detectable differences in birth-weight or length. The slight increase in head circumference seen in four of the randomized clinical trials did not prevail after the sensitivity analysis or was related to PUFA supplementation amount. The mean effect size of PUFA supplementation was small and nonsignificant, but nondetrimental to mother and infant. No funding source was identified. Additive effects of drinking and obesity. The biological marker, ␥– glutamyl transferase (GGT), is used to estimate liver injury due to chronic ethanol, drug, or xenobiotic use and to indirectly predict nutritional risk. The database from a large cohort sample of healthy Nordic adults (n⫽2,490, 48% men, mean age 47 years), originally collected for serum enzyme reference standards, was used. Data were also available on selfreported alcohol consumption patterns, alcohol consumption in the 24 hours prior to the blood sample, anthropometrics, and smoking. Pearson product correlations were used to assess relationship between GGT, alcohol consumption, and body weight
Journal of the AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION
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NEW IN REVIEW groupings. Baseline GGT was found to significantly increase (P⬍0.001) with body weight (obese, overweight, normal weight, underweight) and alcohol consumption (abstainers vs moderate drinkers). Men appeared to have a greater effect when compared with women, but a three-factorial interaction analysis was not significant. The additive effect of higher body weight and higher alcohol consumption created a total GGT level higher than when predicted by individual effects. The use of GGT as a standard index of liver injury and indirect index of potential ethanol malnutrition may be overestimated in overweightobese individuals, particularly men, in the presence of recent alcohol consumption compared to normal-underweight individuals. Funding was provided by the Finnish Foundation for Alcohol Studies. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF KIDNEY DISEASES Vol 47, June 2006 (www.ajkd.org) Œ
Fish Consumption and Omega-3 Fatty Acid Status and Determinants in Long-Term Hemodialysis. Friedman AN, Moe SM, Perkins SM, Li Y, Watkins BA. 1064-1071.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE Vol 119, June 2006 (www.amjmed.com) Œ
Expectations and Outcomes of Gastric Feeding Tubes. Carey TS, Hanson L, Garrett JM, Lewis C, Phifer N, Cox CE, Jackman A. E11-16.
pate in the study when admitted in active labor to the Kapiolani Medical Center (Honolulu, HI) during July 2004-March 2005. After delivery, a 10-mL tube of cord blood was obtained for newborn mercury cord blood level analysis by a central laboratory. A food frequency questionnaire regarding fish consumption was completed by mothers at their convenience prior to discharge. The statistical analysis compared fish consumption categories using 95% confidence intervals. Complete data were available for analysis from 275 women (94%) and 212 cord samples (72%). Mean age was 26.2 years of age (range 18 to 42 years), predominantly Pacific Islander, mean gravidity 3 (range 1 to 11). Mean newborn mercury cord blood level was 4.82⫾3.4 g/L (range 0 to 20) compared to US Environmental Protection Agency recommended reference of 5.8 g/L. A direct correlation (P⫽0.007) was seen with higher fish consumption (17.6% ate ⬎1 serving fish/wk) resulting in higher newborn mercury cord blood levels. No significant differences were seen with respect to age, gravidity, parity, gestational age, or number of mercury dental fillings. Overall newborn mercury cord blood levels were three times more elevated than the national average, reflecting the higher fish consumption in the island setting. Funding was provided by the Hawaii Medical Service Association Foundation. ARCHIVES OF DISEASE IN CHILDHOOD Vol 91, June 2006 (adc.bmjjournals.com) Œ
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY Vol 194, June 2006 (www.ajog.org)
Does Gastrostomy Tube Feeding in Children with Cerebral Palsy Increase the Risk of Respiratory Morbidity? Sullivan PB, Morrice JS, Vernon-Robersta A, Grant H, Eltumi M, Thomas AG. 458-460.
considered overweight. This goal of this randomized, open-controlled parallel trial was to compare four popular British commercial weight loss programs (Atkins, Weight Watchers, Slim-Fast, and Rosemary Conley) with a control group for changes in weight and body fat over 6 months and participant perceptions at 1 year. Five regional centers were used to recruit 300 initial participants (60 per center, mean age 40.9 years, 27% men) based on a power sample analysis of a 25% dropout rate to require 11 completed participants per group per center. All programs were conducted by the sponsors as per published program standards with study paying all costs. Controls were asked to maintain current diet and exercise pattern. Outcome measures (weight, height, waist circumference, blood pressure, body fat by dual x-ray absorptiometry, fasting blood, food and activity diary) were collected at 0, 2, and 6 months. At 1 year, weight and dietary behavior from a 6- to 12-month time period was collected. An intent to treat analysis was used with analysis of variance to determine effect at 6 months and 1 year. All commercial weight-loss programs produced similar outcome measure and weight loss (4.8 to 6.9 kg) compared to control (0.6 kg) for the 72% who completed the initial six months; 45% were voluntarily continuing weight loss at 1 year. Motivated patients can accomplish reasonable weight loss by any of the commercial weight loss programs used in this study. The identified funding source was the BBC. CANCER Vol 107, June 2006 (www.interscience.wiley.com/cancer) Œ
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Antepartum Seafood Consumption and Mercury Levels in Newborn Cord Blood. Sato RL, Li GG, Shaha S. 1683-1688.
Mercury consumption in pregnancy. Mercury neurotoxicity of newborns has been linked to higher seafood consumption during pregnancy. This prospective observational study estimated the level of fetal mercury exposure by measuring newborn mercury cord blood levels and correlating to fish consumption during pregnancy. Women (n⫽308) were approached to partici-
BMJ Vol 332, June 3, 2006 (www.bmj.org) ●
Randomised Controlled Trial of Four Commercial Weight Loss Programmes in the UK: Initial Findings from the BBC “Diet Trials.” Truby H, Baic S, deLooy A, Fox KR, Livingstone BE, Logan CM, Macdonald IA, Morgan LM, Taylor MA, Millward DJ. 1309-1314.
Commercial weight loss diet comparison. Obesity has become a global issue, with more than 50% of British adults now
Adult Weight Gain and Histopathologic Characteristics of Breast Cancer Among Postmenopausal Women. Feigelson HS, Patel AV, Teras LR, Gansler T, Thun MJ, Galie EE. 12-21.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION Vol 60, June 2006 (www.nature.com/ejcn) Œ
Dietary and Genetic Determinants of Homocysteine Levels among Mexican Women of Reproductive Age. Torres-Sanchez L, Chen J, Diaz-Sanchez Y, Palomeque C, Bot-
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Pischon T, Olsen A, Tjonneland A, Overvad K, Becker N, Linseisen J, Lahmann PH, Arvaniti A, Kassapa C, Trichoupoulou A, Sieri S, Palli D, Tumino R, Vineis P, Panico S, van Gils CH, Peeters PH, Bueno-deMesquita HB, Buchner FL, Ljungberg B, Hallmans G, Berglund G, Wirfalt E, Pera G, Dorronsoro M, Gurrea AB, Navarro C, Martinez C, Quiros JR, Allen N, Roddam A, Bingham S, Jenab M, Slimani N, Norat T, Riboli E. 3133-3139.
tiglieri T, Lopez-Cervantes M, Lopez-Carrillo L. 619-697. The Impact of the Addition of Toppings/Fillings on the Glycaemic Response to Commonly Consumed Carbohydrate Foods. Henry CJ, Lightowler HJ, Kendall FL, Storey M. 763-769.
HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW Vol 84, June 2006 (www.hbr.org) Œ
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Growth as a Process. Stewart TA. 60-70 Leadership Run Amok: The Destructive Potential of Overachievers. Spreier SW, Fontaine MH, Malloy RL. 72-82. Eager Sellers and Stony Buyers: Understanding the Psychology of New-Product Adoption. Gourville JT. 99-106. The Wisdom of Deliberate Mistakes. Schoemker PJH, Gunther RE. 109-115.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS Vol 315, June 2006 (www.intl.elsevierhealth.com/journals/ ijpharm) Œ
HEALTH EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR Vol 33, June 2006 (www.sagepub.com) Œ
Nutrition Education among LowIncome Older Adults: A Randomized Intervention Trial in Congregate Nutrition Sites. Mitchell RE, Ash SL, McClelland JW. 374-392.
HYPERTENSION Vol 47, June 2006 (www.lippincott.com/ ahah) Œ
Surgical Menopause Increases Salt Sensitivity of Blood Pressure. Schulman IH, Aranda P, Raij L, Veronesi M, Aranda FJ, Martin R. 1168-1174.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER Vol 118, June 2006 (www.interscience.wiley.com/ijc) Œ
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Meat, Fish, Poultry, and Egg Consumption in Relation to Risk of Pancreatic Cancer: A Prospective Study. Larsson SC, Hakanson N, Permert J, Wolk A. 2866-2870. Fruit and Vegetables and Renal Cell Carcinoma: Findings from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Weikert S, Boeing H,
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Arsenic Release from Glass Containers by Action of Intravenous Nutrition Formulation Constituents. Bohrer D, Becker E, Nascimento PC, Morschbacher V, de Carvalho LM, da Silva Marques M. 24-29.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGERY Vol 202, June 2006 (www.facs.org/jacs) Œ
Withholding and Withdrawing Life-Sustaining Treatment: A Surgeon’s Perspective. (Commentary). Pawlik TM. 990-994.
JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH Vol 38, June 2006 (www.elsevier.com/ locate/jahonline) Œ
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Weight-Teasing and Emotional Well-Being in Adolescents: Longitudinal Findings from Project EAT. Eisenberg ME, Neumark-Sztainer D, Haines J, Wall M. 675-683. Disordered Eating among a MultiRacial/Ethnic Sample of Female High School Athletes. Pernick Y, Nichols JF, Rauh MJ, Kern M, Ji M, Lawson MJ, Wilfley D. 689-695. Preventing and Treating Adolescent Obesity: A Position Paper of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. (Position Paper). Kohn M, Rees JM, Brill S, Fonseca H, Jacobson M, Katzman DK, Loghmani ES, Neumark-Sztainer D, Schneider M. 784-787.
Female athlete disordered eating patterns. Eating disorders among female athletes are well known but the distribution among racial/ethnic categories is less clear. This prospective convenient cohort sample survey of 513 female athletes (ages 13 to 18 years) was obtained from six Southern California suburban high schools. The Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire was administered in small groups by trained researchers during the third and fourth weeks of the sports season. The Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire measured eating disorders over the last 28 days with a global score and four subscales: dietary restraint, eating concern, shape concern, weight concern. Participants self-reported primary ethnic/racial category. Data were analyzed across ethnic groups by analysis of variance; school clustering effects were examined for potential bias. Completed questionnaires were available from 79% of the available athletes for three major ethnic groups: African American (n⫽73), white (n⫽277), and Latina (n⫽103). Groups were comparable by age but differed slightly by body weight in ascending order of weight (African American, white, Latina). Overall eating disorder prevalence was 19.6% with African Americans at 19.2%, whites at 18.4%, and Latinas at 23.2%, with a much higher incidence of vomiting and binging for Latinas (7.8%, 12.6% P⬍0.05) compared to African Americans (1.4%, 5.5%) or whites (2.2%, 5.4%). Laxative and diuretic use was very low in all groups. African Americans appeared to be least concerned about weight and thinness compared to either whites or Latinas. Funding was provided by the National Athletic Trainers Association’s Research and Education Foundation and San Diego State University. JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY Vol 117, June 2006 (www.aaaai.org/member/jaci.stm) Œ
An Expanding Evidence Base Provides Food for Thought to Avoid Indigestion in Managing Difficult Dilemmas in Food Allergy. (Commentary). Sicherer SH, Bock AS. 1419-1422.
NEW IN REVIEW JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE Vol 71, June/July 2006 (www.ift.org) Œ
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Food Mycotoxins: An Update. (Review). Murphy PA, Hendrich S, Landgren C, Bryant CM. R51-R65. Means of Delivering Recommended Levels of Long Chain n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Human Diets. (Review). Garg ML, Wood LG, Singh H, Moughan PJ. R66R71. Interactions of Milk Proteins and Volatile Flavor Compounds: Implications in the Development of Protein Foods. (Review). Kuhn J, Considine T, Singh H. R72-R82. Portable Electronic Nose for Detection of Spoiling Alaska Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). Chantarachoti J, Oliveira AC, Himelbloom BH, Crapo CA, McLachlan DG. S414-S421.
Detecting fish spoilage electronically. Any raw material may have inconsistency in composition based on the characteristics of natural products. A hand-held portable electronic nose (Cyranose 320, Cyrano Sciences, Pasadena, CA) composed of 32 individual thin-film carbonblack polymer sensors was used to create an electronic sensory evaluation. This electronic sensory evaluation was then compared with the score from a traditional seven-member trained experienced sensory panel. The Alaska Seafood Marketing Institute 2004 guide was used for grading criteria. Wild fresh whole pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) were collected from a single seafood processing plant (same day from same fishing vessel) in Kodiak Island, AK, during the summer of 2004 and brought fewer than 24 hours postmortem to the study site technology pilot plant nearby. All fish (n⫽150) were caught in local waters, ranged in weight from 1.5 to 2.5 kg, and represented highest grade A. The fish were randomly held by two methods: submerged in 14°C temperature-controlled seawater and rated daily over 3 days or kept in ice water slurry at 1°C and rated at intervals over 16 days. Microbial analysis was also performed. The results were compared statistically using a complication classification matrix of correlation along a two-dimensional canonical plot using rating method and storage time as variables. Pearson product moment correlations were then calculated. Both methods re-
jected the seawater at day 3, ice water slurry at day 12, and correlated to microbial measures. The electronic nose was able to accurately discriminate compared to the sensory panel (85% seawater; 92% ice water slurry) with greatest accuracy using belly cavity volatiles. Funding was provided by the Alaska Sea Grant College Program. JOURNAL OF GASTROINTESTINAL SURGERY Vol 10, June 2006 (www.elsevier.com/jgs) ●
Response of the Lower Esophageal Sphincter to Gastric Distention by Carbonated Beverages. Hamoui N, Lord RV, Hagen JA, Theisen J, DeMeester TF, Crookes PF. 870-877.
Carbonated beverage distention. The symptoms associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) tend to be most prominent in the immediate postprandial period compared to resting state. This study used a slow motorized pull-through manometry of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) to examine the physiological effects of tap water compared to three carbonated beverages (sparkling water, caffeinated, or decaffeinated Pepsi [PepsiCo, Inc, Purchase, NY]) on resting parameters. The slow motorized pull-through manometry had four recording sites 90 degrees apart on the same level using a speed of 1 mm/sec. Distal and proximal ports 5 to 15 cm to recording sites was used to measure intragastric pressure and respirations. Subjects consisted of nine healthy nonGERD volunteers (six men, age range 25 to 45 years). All tests were performed after a 5-hour fast in the supine position. Data were analyzed with each subject as their own control for beverage compared to tap water or resting state. The median change from baseline calculated as LES pressure, overall length, and abdominal length used paired sample differences and group percentages to report results. Fasting and tap water produced similar baseline responses. The duration of LES effect was variable between subjects but all carbonated beverages produced an average 20% to 50% reduction from rest. Abdominal length tended to recover more slowly with sparkling water compared to carbonated beverages. Upright ingestion and intraesophageal
ATTENTION: ADA Members There are four easy ways to keep your ADA records current! 1. Using your member ID number and your Web-only password (provided with your membership card), access ADA's Web site at www.eatright.org and enter your member number to access the member-only Web site. Select the option at the top of the screen "Profile". This online option allows you to change your information. Upon submittal of your change, ADA's database will immediately be updated. 2. Call ADA's Member Service Center at 1-800-877-1600, Ext. 5000. Our representatives will gladly update your account information over the telephone. 3. Fax an update to us at 312-899-4812. Please include your member number and previous address. 4. Forward an email to [email protected]. Please include your member number and previous address.
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NEW IN REVIEW pH were not measured. The gaseous distention mechanism appears to place strong pressure against the LES which causes relaxation and possible sustained injury. No funding source was identified; the study site was the University of Southern California at Los Angeles. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION Vol 136, June 2006 (www.nutrition.org) ●
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The Elevation of Ingested Lipids within Plasma Chylomicrons Is Prolonged in Men Compared to Women. Knuth ND, Horowitz JF. 1498-1503. Long-Term Ingestion of High Flavanol Cocoa Provides Photoprotection against UV-Induced Erythema and Improves Skin Condition of Women. Heinrich U, Neukam K, Tronnier, Sies H, Stahl W. 15651569. Selected Diet and Lifestyle Factors Are Associated with Estrogen Metabolites in a Multiracial/Ethnic Population of Women. Sowers MR, Crawford S, McConnell DS, Randolph JF, Gold EB, Wilkin MK, Lasley B. 1588-1595. Development of a Glycemic Index Database for Food Frequency Questionnaires Used in Epidemiological Studies. Neuhouser ML, Tinker LF, Thomson C, Caan B, Van Horn L, Snetselaar L, Parker LM, Patterson RE, Robinson-O’Brien R, Beresford SA, Shikany JM. 1604-1609. Proteomics and Its Role in Nutrition Research. (Review). Wang J, Li D, Dangott LJ, Wu G. 1759-1762.
Sex difference in gut cholesterol. The pattern of elevated serum lipids appears to have gender differences, but the mechanism is not well understood. The Substrate Metabolism Laboratory at the University of Michigan studied the lipemic response of five nonobese men compared to five premenopausal matched women who consumed 0.7 g/fat/kg body weight administered by isotope-labeled 7 mg/kg density trioleate after an overnight fast. The purpose was to examine the ingested fat differences as chylomicrons, very-lowdensity lipoproteins (VLDL), total cholesterol, and other plasma lipid fractions over an 11-hour postingestion period that included expired breath to analyze oxidation effects. Data were
compared both between and within subjects with paired and unpaired statistical testing. The total cholesterol was greater in men (P⬍0.05) compared to women at the end of the 11-hour period. No significant difference was seen for other plasma lipid fractions (VLDL, chylomicrons) or expired breath between sexes. The prolonged availability of the lipid in the chylomicrons resulted in sustained elevated total cholesterol in men compared to women. The incorporation rate of VLDL into the liver was not changed. The magnitude or prevalence of this sex difference needs further study in larger, more diverse populations, including postmenopausal women. Government and university funding was provided for this study.
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METABOLISM: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL Vol 55, June 2006 (www.elsevier.com/ metabolism) Œ
JOURNAL OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY Vol 93, June 2006 (www.interscience.wiley.com/jso) ● Œ
Correlation of Nutritional Parameters of Gallbladder Cancer Patients. Tai A, Tewari M, Mohapatra SC, Shukla HS. 705-708.
THE LANCET Vol 367, June 17, 2006 (www.thelancet.com) Œ
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Effect of Enhanced Feedback and Brief Educational Reminder Messages on Laboratory Test Requesting in Primary Care: A Cluster Randomised Trial. Thomas RE, Croal BL, Ramsay C, Eccles M, Grimshaw J. 1990-1996. Osteoporosis. (Review). Sambrook P, Cooper C. 2010-2018.
Vol 367, June 24/30, 2006 Œ
Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease. (Review). Moayyedi P, Talley NJ. 2086-2100.
MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE Vol 38, June 2006 (www.acsm-msse.org) Œ
Tracking of Physical Fitness and Physical Activity from Youth to Adulthood in Females. Matton L, Thomis M, Wijndaele K, Duvigneaud N, Beunen G, Glaessens
AL, Vanreusel B, Philippaerts R, Lefevre J. 1114-1120. Development and Reproducibility of the Bone Loading History Questionnaire. Dolan SH, Williams DP, AInswroth BE, Shaw JM. 11211131. Relationship between Physical Activity and Body Mass Index in Adolescents. Sulemana H, Smolensky M, Lai D. 1182-1186.
Distribution and Metabolic Syndrome Correlates of Plasma C-Reactive Protein in Biracial (BlackWhite) Younger Adults: The Bogalusa Heart Study. Patel DA, Srinivasan SR, Xu J-H, Li S, Chen W, Berenson GS. 699-705. Effects of Lifestyle Modification and C-Reactive Protein: Contribution of Weight Loss and Improved Aerobic Capacity. Jae SY, Fernhall B, Heffernan KS, Jeong M, Chun EM, Sung J, Lee SH, Lim YJ, Park WH. 825-831.
C-reactive protein and exercise training. High sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) levels have been linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in Westernized populations. This nonrandomized interventional study specifically examined the effects of exercise training and improved aerobic capacity on CRP levels in an AsiaPacific ethnic volunteer cohort of 47 healthy sedentary overweight adults (n⫽47, 74% male, mean age 49.6 years, mean body weight 80 kg, mean body mass index 28) enrolled in a South Korean hospital-sponsored health promotion program during 2002. An exercise group who enrolled in a lifestyle modification program (n⫽23) was compared to an age, sex, and weight-matched control group that declined participation (n⫽24). The lifestyle program consisted of an individualized home-based regular exercise (minimum five days, 60 min/ day) and diet education program (aimed at caloric weight reduction) monitored with biweekly study visits over 3 months. The control group only completed baseline and end of study visits. Data were collected for demo-
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NEW IN REVIEW graphics, anthropometrics, fasting lipids, blood pressure, and symptom-limited maximal heart rate treadmill testing. Results were compared between groups by quartiles using 2⫻2 analysis of variance design, Pearson correlations for relationships, and log-transforming CRP data (not normal distribution). Both weight loss and increased aerobic capacity appeared to have independent effects on decreased CRP in this sedentary Asian population. The addition of directed moderate exercise is an important component to diet and weight loss alone. This study was funded by the IN-SUNG Foundation for Medical Research. NEUROLOGY Vol 66, June 2006 (www.neurology.org) Œ
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The Controversy over Artificial Hydration and Nutrition. (Editorial). Bernat JL, Beresford HR. 1618-1619. Terminating Artificial Nutrition and Hydration in Persistent Vegetative State Patients: Current and Proposed State Laws. (Systemic Review). 1624-1628.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE Vol 354, June 1, 2006 (www.nejm.org) Œ
Body-Mass Index and Symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux in Women. Jacobson BC, Somers SC, Fuchs CS, Kelly CP, Camargo CA. 2340-2348.
Vol 354, June 29, 2006 Œ
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A Controlled Trial of Homocysteine Lowering and Cognitive Performance. McMahon JA, Green TJ, Skeaff CM, Knight RG, Mann JI, Williams SM. 2764-2772. Effect of Iodine Intake on Thyroid Diseases in China. Teng W, Shan X, Teng X, Cuan H, Li Y, Teng D, Jin Y, Uy X Fan C, Chong W, Yang F, Dai H, Uy Y, Li J, Chen Y Zhao D, Shi X, Hu F, Mao J, Gu X, Yang R, Tong Y, Wang W, Gao T, Li C. 2783-2793.
84 deficient, 243 adequate, and 651 excessive levels comprising ⬎16,000 inhabitants living in the area ⬎10 years and at least 13 years of age. Each participant completed an oral questionnaire for eating habits, salt intake, and thyroid disease history. Random baseline home visits divided by region to 3,761 individuals were completed to obtain fasting urine and blood samples and manual and -mode thyroid ultrasonography. A 5-year follow-up study included 80% of the original cohort (n⫽3,018). Statistical comparison between proportions among the cohorts used 2 pairwise, and Student-Newman-Keuls with logistic regression. Levels of urinary excretion and dietary intake remained stable by region between baseline and follow-up but remained statistically different between regions (P⫽0.008 to 0.001). Regional cohorts were not statistically different for demographics, socioeconomic status, or health care. The lowest incidence of abnormal thyroid function was seen with baseline serum thyrotropin antibody levels of 1.0 to 1.9 mIU/L. A direct correlation was seen between level of thyroid (urine or serum) and 5-year incidence of all thyroid disorders (overt and subclinical hypothyroidism, autoimmune thyroiditis). Iodine supplementation in some regions with excessive iodine intake should be re-evaluated. Funding was provided by a cohort of Chinese and American-Chinese government and private funding agencies. PEDIATRICS Vol 117, June 2006 (www.pediatrics.org) ●
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Dietary iodine intake. Fortification of salt with iodine has occurred in China since 1996. The purpose of this longitudinal cohort study was to examine dietary iodine intake patterns over time and correlate to incidence of thyroid diseases. Baseline data were collected in 1999 among three regions representing median urinary iodine excretion in g/L of
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Effects of Breast Milk on the Severity and Outcome of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome among Infants of Drug-Dependent Mothers. AbdelLatif ME, Pinner J, Clews S, Cooke F, Lui K, Oei J. 1163-1169. Iron Fortification Reduces Blood Lead Levels in Children in Bangalore, India. Zimmermann MB, Muthayya S, Moretti D, Kurpad A, Hurrell RF. 2014-2021. Can School Income and Racial/Ethnic Composition Explain the Racial/ Ethnic Disparity in Adolescent Physical Activity Participation? Richmond TK, Hayward RA, Gahagan S, Field AE, Heisler M. 2158-2166. Orthopedic Complications of Overweight in Children and Adolescents. Taylor ED, Theim KR, Mirch MC, Chorbani S, Tanofsky-Kraff M,
Adler-Wailes DC, Brady S, Reynolds JC, Calis KA, Yanovski JA. 2167-2174. Lactation in drug-dependent mothers. Infants born to drug-dependent mothers experience neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), a withdrawal scenario as the infant adapts to a non-addictive drug state. This retrospective study examined the postnatal outcome of 190 consecutive charts of drug-dependent mother–infant pairs admitted between 1998-2004 in a single university hospital setting in New South Wales, Australia. Mothers were encouraged to breastfeed unless medically or socially contraindicated. Charts were reviewed for feeding choice at fifth day of life, infant birth-weight, mother and infant charted responses, supportive intervention (swaddling, NAS drugs), and Finnegan objective scoring system for infant stress level status at each feeding. Infants remained hospitalized until NAS was stabilized and feeding was established. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate predictive factors and Kaplan-Meier productlimit method to estimate sample size. Results showed the majority of mothers were opiate-dependent maintained on methadone treatment with 45% breastfed and 55% on formula. Groups were comparable for socioeconomic and risk characteristics with more formula mothers having a history of multiple drug use. The breastfed infants were less likely to require as much NAS medication (mean 53% vs 79%), had lower mean Finnegan scores during the first 9 days of life, were hospitalized fewer days (mean 14.7 vs 19.1 days), and showed more gradual drug withdrawal (mean 10 vs 3 days) than formula infants. The American Academy of Pediatrics’ 2001 recommendation encouraging breastfeeding by mothers on any level of methadone treatment appears to reduce NAS severity in the newborn. No funding source was identified for the study.
PRACTITIONER’S BOOKSHELF Digestion, Diet, and Disease: Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Gastrointestinal Function By: Janice M. Vickerstaff Joneja, PhD; New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press; 2004; $75.00; hardcover; 416 pp; ISBN: 0-8135-3387-2
ISSN: 1545-1712
O besity Management
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A Special Offer for Members of American Dietetic Association Obesity Management is the only authoritative journal that provides physicians, nurses, and other healthcare providers with effective management options, scientific advances, and information that is imperative to clinical practice. Each issue contains: Medical management of the overweight and obese patient; strategies for prevention; reviews of weight loss programs and products; obesity-related co-morbidities; news and opinions from pertinent professional societies; cutting-edge papers highlighting the clinical implications of recent obesity research and conclusions; valuable patient education tools and support materials; practice-oriented information from key government agencies and much more. Since the ADA is one of the collaborating organizations on this journal, Obesity Management is pleased to offer ADA members two substantial discount subscription options for consideration: Subscription Options Print and Online: Print Only:
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NEW IN REVIEW Dr Janice Vickerstaff Joneja’s Digestion, Diet, and Disease: Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Gastrointestinal Function applies current research data in all of the relevant sciences into a practical resource for the management of gastrointestinal disease, particularly irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Joneja details the medical facts behind gastrointestinal disease by supplying complete scientific references and then applying data on a more practical level by providing specific dietary management strategies for IBS and related dysfunction in the gastrointestinal tract. Meal plans, recipes, and dietary advice for balanced nutrition that avoids foods most likely to trigger or exacerbate IBS are valuable for both doctors and patients. The book is divided into 16 chapters covering various facets of IBS and gastrointestinal function, including a definition of IBS and an overview of its causes, as well as information on gastrointestinal motility, inflammation, microorganisms in the digestive tract, food allergy, psychological factors and stress as contributors to IBS, and dietary management of IBS. Four appendixes provide a guide to dietary management of disaccharide deficiency, a lactose-free diet, meal plans for an IBS diet, and a checklist that may be used to determine gastrointestinal reactions to a wide variety of foods. An extensive glossary and references are also included. Overall, Digestion, Diet, and Disease: Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Gastrointestinal Function provides a comprehensive guide to IBS and related problems for both health professionals and the general public.
SITES IN REVIEW The Vegetarian Resource Group www.vrg.org Avoiding meat, fish, or poultry as a personal choice is an eating behavior that has been practiced for centuries. Leonardo Da Vinci, Benjamin Franklin, and Albert Einstein are all historical figures who adopted a vegetarian diet. According to a Harris poll conducted earlier this year, 2.3% of adults in the US do not eat red meat, fish, and poultry, and approximately 6% exclude animal products in their diet except for fish and dairy. Al-
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though vegetarians represent a small pocket of the American population, the 2005 US Dietary Guidelines advocate fruit, vegetables, and grains as staples of a healthful diet. The Vegetarian Resource Group (VRG) sponsors a Web site (available at www.vrg.org) that promotes a vegetarian lifestyle. Its mission is to inform “the public on vegetarianism and interrelated issues of health, nutrition, ecology, ethics, and world hunger.” VRG is a nonprofit organization supported primarily by memberships ($25 per year), private contributions, and sales of books, brochures, and other educational materials. VRG and its Web site offer vegetarian consumers practical tips, ingredient information, recipes, and updates, all of which can assist individuals in overcoming the challenges of being a vegetarian in a meat-eating society. Registered dietitians or physicians oversee the development of the educational materials found on the site. The home page of VRG is cluttered with promotional material like that typically displayed on many commercial-based Web sites. This marketing presentation unfortunately overshadows the sidebar panel, which is a gold mine for relevant vegetarian resources. Links found in this panel allow users to browse through such topics as the Online Restaurant Guide, Vegetarian Recipes, Guides & Handouts, Ingredient Information and Teens, and Family & Kids. The most impressive feature of the VRG site is its online vegetarian restaurant guide. Users can find restaurant reviews listed by city for all 50 states in the United States as well as throughout the Canadian provinces. For each eatery listed, a brief description of the menu, restaurant location, price range, and other pertinent information is provided. According to the VRG Web master, the site receives 345,000 hits per week, with the Vegetarian Recipes section ranked as the most popular area. This component offers countless recipes, including those for holidays, different ethnicities, and gluten-free diets. Most listings take an interesting twist on traditional American dishes. For instance, Potato Salad with Thai Peanut Dressing is a creative variation of a conventional potato salad recipe. However, a shortcoming of this section is that it lacks a
search engine, which would streamline the user’s ability to browse recipes by category or ingredient. Resources that discuss the “howto’s” of vegetarianism from childhood through adulthood are offered in the Vegetarian Nutrition section. Agespecific guidelines are outlined that address nutritional, social, and environmental issues for one or more vegetarian members of a family. Articles listed in this section are comprehensive and often include a detailed menu plan. Since these articles are only available in a Web-page format, print-friendly versions would enhance the readability of these materials. In summary, the Vegetarian Resource Group Web site is a gateway to a wide array of vegetarian resources. The site is full of unique recipes and helpful tips for following a vegetarian diet. On the other hand, the material is typically presented in a dense text format, which is fatiguing to the user. Also, some articles are more than 5 years old, so updates are warranted. Despite these flaws, the VRG Web site is a useful vegetarian guide for consumers.