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The effect of water immersion on the recovery of team-sport-specific exercise
2010 Asics Conference of Science and Medicine in Sport / Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 13S (2010) e1–e107
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of maximum HR via external adjustment of the power output by the researchers. Immediately after the HR clamp trial an incremental cycle test was performed to determine VO2 max. Results: From the 15th minute onwards power output decreased (p < 0.01), rectal temperature (Trec) increased (p < 0.01), and S decreased (p < 0.05) significantly in all conditions. From the 40th to 60th minute a plateau was reached for power output, Trec (∼38.8 ◦ C) and S (∼0 kJ min−1 ) in all conditions except the 42 ◦ C condition. RPE remained unchanged at ∼16 in all trials (p < 0.05). VO2 max was significantly lower than baseline in 35 and 42 ◦ C (10% and 37% lower respectively; p < 0.01) due to a significant decrease in stroke volume (SV; 144 ± 20 to 108 ± 17 ml and 138 ± 21 to 68 ± 7 ml respectively, p < 0.01). Discussion: Work rate decreased in all conditions without anticipation from the subjects. Whilst RPE was ∼16 in all trials including the 42 ◦ C trial where Trec was ∼40 ◦ C indicating body core temperature per se was not limiting. Trec reached a plateau at the same temperature (except in the 42 ◦ C trial) despite different ambient conditions and work rates indicating a strong relationship with the clamped HR. Conclusion: A strong relationship exists between HR drift, S and RPE with RPE linked to cardiovascular strain and percent VO2 max and not to body core temperature. Neither an anticipatory mechanism nor a critical core temperature mechanism was observed in this protocol as it was cardiovascular drift that mediated the reduction in exercise intensity in order for the body to maintain thermal equilibrium with the environment.
sprints with a 10-m deceleration zone. Sprints were separated by 1 min. A second fingertip blood sample and PMS score was collected immediately after the RSE and a second set of TESTS were performed 10 min after the RSE. Participants then received either CWI, CWT or no water immersion (CON). The next day (24–28 h later) a final fingertip blood sample and PMS score was collected and a final set of TESTS were completed. Results and conclusion: There were no changes in plasma CK over time and no significant interaction effects between the three intervention groups (P > 0.05). The PMS increased from baseline to 24–28 h in the CON group (P < 0.05), but was not different from baseline at 24–28 h for the CWI or CWT groups (P > 0.05). The PMS was significantly higher for CON compared with CWT after 24–28 h (P < 0.05), but no other differences were found between groups (P > 0.05). There were no significant differences in performance during the TESTS between the three intervention groups across any of the three time points (pre RSE, post RSE or after 24–28 h; P > 0.05). These data suggest that the RSE may not have induced sufficient muscle damage to increase plasma CK levels, which may explain why the recovery interventions did not have a significant effect on performance of the TESTS. However, the differences in PMS changes indicate that hydrotherapy may be effective in suppressing the perception of muscle soreness when biochemical and performance markers are unchanged.
doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2010.10.570
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The effect of hydrotherapy on cardiac parasympathetic recovery and exercise performance
The effect of water immersion on the recovery of teamsport-specific exercise
J. Stanley 1,2,∗ , J. Peake 1,2 , M. Buchheit 3
K. McGawley ∗ , K. Tyler University of Bath, United Kingdom Introduction: The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of two hydrotherapy techniques, coldwater immersion (CWI) and contrast-water therapy (CWT), on the recovery of team-sport-specific exercise tests following muscle-damaging exercise. Methods: Seven male, team-sport players (mean ± SD age: 21 ± 2 y, body mass: 76.8 ± 7.2 kg) completed a preliminary familiarisation trial for three team-sport-specific exercise tests (TESTS), which included an all-out 30-m sprint test, two agility T-tests (left and right) and a vertical jump test. Three experimental trials were subsequently carried out, each separated by one week, using a counter-balanced cross-over design. On each visit a resting fingertip blood sample and a rating of perceived muscle soreness (PMS) was collected. Participants then performed the TESTS, followed by a 5-min rest period. A repeated sprint exercise (RSE) protocol was then performed to induce muscle damage, which comprised of 15 × 30-m
doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2010.10.571
1 The School of Human Movement Studies, The University of
Queensland, Australia 2 Centre of Excellence for Applied Sport Science Research, Queensland Academy of Sport, Australia 3 ASPIRE, Academy of Sports Excellence, Doha, Qatar Introduction: Restoring autonomic nervous system (ANS) function after intensive exercise is thought to be important for recovery. This study examined the effect of hydrotherapy on the time course of ANS recovery following a high-intensity training session, and assessed whether ANS recovery influences subsequent exercise performance. Methods: Eighteen well-trained cyclists completed a 1 h high-intensity training session on three separate occasions. Following each session, the athletes completed a 10 min recovery intervention of either cold water immersion (CWI), contrast water immersion (CWT), or passive rest (PAS). For ∼2.5 h after each recovery intervention, athletes continued supervised passive recovery. Heart rate variability was measured at regular intervals to assess ANS function. The square root of the mean squared differences between successive R-R intervals (rMSSD) was
e51
of maximum HR via external adjustment of the power output by the researchers. Immediately after the HR clamp trial an incremental cycle test was performed to determine VO2 max. Results: From the 15th minute onwards power output decreased (p < 0.01), rectal temperature (Trec) increased (p < 0.01), and S decreased (p < 0.05) significantly in all conditions. From the 40th to 60th minute a plateau was reached for power output, Trec (∼38.8 ◦ C) and S (∼0 kJ min−1 ) in all conditions except the 42 ◦ C condition. RPE remained unchanged at ∼16 in all trials (p < 0.05). VO2 max was significantly lower than baseline in 35 and 42 ◦ C (10% and 37% lower respectively; p < 0.01) due to a significant decrease in stroke volume (SV; 144 ± 20 to 108 ± 17 ml and 138 ± 21 to 68 ± 7 ml respectively, p < 0.01). Discussion: Work rate decreased in all conditions without anticipation from the subjects. Whilst RPE was ∼16 in all trials including the 42 ◦ C trial where Trec was ∼40 ◦ C indicating body core temperature per se was not limiting. Trec reached a plateau at the same temperature (except in the 42 ◦ C trial) despite different ambient conditions and work rates indicating a strong relationship with the clamped HR. Conclusion: A strong relationship exists between HR drift, S and RPE with RPE linked to cardiovascular strain and percent VO2 max and not to body core temperature. Neither an anticipatory mechanism nor a critical core temperature mechanism was observed in this protocol as it was cardiovascular drift that mediated the reduction in exercise intensity in order for the body to maintain thermal equilibrium with the environment.
sprints with a 10-m deceleration zone. Sprints were separated by 1 min. A second fingertip blood sample and PMS score was collected immediately after the RSE and a second set of TESTS were performed 10 min after the RSE. Participants then received either CWI, CWT or no water immersion (CON). The next day (24–28 h later) a final fingertip blood sample and PMS score was collected and a final set of TESTS were completed. Results and conclusion: There were no changes in plasma CK over time and no significant interaction effects between the three intervention groups (P > 0.05). The PMS increased from baseline to 24–28 h in the CON group (P < 0.05), but was not different from baseline at 24–28 h for the CWI or CWT groups (P > 0.05). The PMS was significantly higher for CON compared with CWT after 24–28 h (P < 0.05), but no other differences were found between groups (P > 0.05). There were no significant differences in performance during the TESTS between the three intervention groups across any of the three time points (pre RSE, post RSE or after 24–28 h; P > 0.05). These data suggest that the RSE may not have induced sufficient muscle damage to increase plasma CK levels, which may explain why the recovery interventions did not have a significant effect on performance of the TESTS. However, the differences in PMS changes indicate that hydrotherapy may be effective in suppressing the perception of muscle soreness when biochemical and performance markers are unchanged.
doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2010.10.570
111
110
The effect of hydrotherapy on cardiac parasympathetic recovery and exercise performance
The effect of water immersion on the recovery of teamsport-specific exercise
J. Stanley 1,2,∗ , J. Peake 1,2 , M. Buchheit 3
K. McGawley ∗ , K. Tyler University of Bath, United Kingdom Introduction: The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of two hydrotherapy techniques, coldwater immersion (CWI) and contrast-water therapy (CWT), on the recovery of team-sport-specific exercise tests following muscle-damaging exercise. Methods: Seven male, team-sport players (mean ± SD age: 21 ± 2 y, body mass: 76.8 ± 7.2 kg) completed a preliminary familiarisation trial for three team-sport-specific exercise tests (TESTS), which included an all-out 30-m sprint test, two agility T-tests (left and right) and a vertical jump test. Three experimental trials were subsequently carried out, each separated by one week, using a counter-balanced cross-over design. On each visit a resting fingertip blood sample and a rating of perceived muscle soreness (PMS) was collected. Participants then performed the TESTS, followed by a 5-min rest period. A repeated sprint exercise (RSE) protocol was then performed to induce muscle damage, which comprised of 15 × 30-m
doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2010.10.571
1 The School of Human Movement Studies, The University of
Queensland, Australia 2 Centre of Excellence for Applied Sport Science Research, Queensland Academy of Sport, Australia 3 ASPIRE, Academy of Sports Excellence, Doha, Qatar Introduction: Restoring autonomic nervous system (ANS) function after intensive exercise is thought to be important for recovery. This study examined the effect of hydrotherapy on the time course of ANS recovery following a high-intensity training session, and assessed whether ANS recovery influences subsequent exercise performance. Methods: Eighteen well-trained cyclists completed a 1 h high-intensity training session on three separate occasions. Following each session, the athletes completed a 10 min recovery intervention of either cold water immersion (CWI), contrast water immersion (CWT), or passive rest (PAS). For ∼2.5 h after each recovery intervention, athletes continued supervised passive recovery. Heart rate variability was measured at regular intervals to assess ANS function. The square root of the mean squared differences between successive R-R intervals (rMSSD) was