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USA-USSR agreement on cooperation in the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes
Monitor~Documentation they are approved. Launch services for E L V s in classes for which competition is not possible and which are under D o D contract will continue to be acquired from the private sector through D o D . This approach actively supports the Administration's E L V commercialization policy. It will provide industry with a sufficiently long-term business base to sustain operations and compete effectively in the commercial
marketplace for new business. Additional advantages of this m e t h o d over single-payload procurements are bulkbuy cost savings and the flexibility to substitute missions when payloads fall behind schedule or priorities change. N A S A ' s requirements for E L V launch services under the multi-year service contracts will depend on future p r o g r a m m e approvals. A t this time N A S A foresees possible future requirements for three to five ' m e d i u m '
Documentation USA-USSR agreement on cooperation in the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes The United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, hereinafter referred to as the Parties; Considering the role of the two States in the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes; Desiring to make the results of the exploration and use of outer space available for the benefit of the peoples of the two States and of all peoples of the world; Taking into consideration the provisions of the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, and other multilateral agreements regarding the exploration and use of outer space to which both States are Parties; Noting the General Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on Contracts, Exchanges, and Cooperation in Scientific, Technical, Educational, Cultural, and other fields, signed on November 21, 1985; Have agreed as follows: Article 1
The Parties shall carry out cooperation in such fields of space science as solar system e x p l o r a t i o n , space astronomy and astrophysics, earth sciences, solarterrestrial physics, and space biology and medicine. The initial agreed list of cooperative projects is attached as an Annex. Article 2
The Parties shall carry out cooperation by means of mutual exchange of scientific information and delegations, meetings of scientists and specialists and in such other ways as may be mutually agreed, including exchange of scientific equipment where appropriate. The Parties, acting through
SPACE POLICY November 1987
their designated cooperating agencies, shall form joint working groups for the implementation of cooperation in each of the fields listed in Article 1. The recommendations of the joint working groups shall be subject to the approval of each Party in accordance with its appropriate national procedures prior to implementation. The designated cooperating agencies shall notify each other of the action taken by the Parties on the recommendation within three months of their adoption by the joint working groups. Article 3
The joint working groups shall begin their work with the projects listed in the Annex to this Agreement. Revisions to the list of projects in the Annex, which may include the identification of other projects in which cooperation would be of mutual benefit, may be effected by written agreement between the Parties through a procedure to be determined by them. Article 4
Cooperative activities under this Agreement, including exchanges of technical information, equipment and data, shall be conducted in accordance with international law as well as the international obligations, national laws, and regulations of each Party, and within the limits of available funds. Article 5
This Agreement shall be without prejudice to the cooperation of either Party with other States and international organizations. Article 6
The Parties shall encourage international cooperation in the study of legal questions of mutual interest which may arise in the
class E L V s (eg, Delta) per year and one to two per year in both the 'intermediate' class (eg Atlas Centaur or Titan III) and the 'large' class (eg, Titan IV) in addition to a number of missions in the small vehicle class yet to be determined.
Source: N A S A News, Washington, D C 20546, U S A .
exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes. Article 7
This Agreement will enter into force on the date of signature by the Parties and will remain in force for five years. It may be extended for further five-year periods by an exchange of notes between the Parties. Either Party may notify the other in writing of its intent to terminate this Agreement at any time effective six months after receipt of such notices by the other Party. IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, being duly authorized by their respective Governments, have signed this Agreement. DONE at Moscow, in duplicate, this 15th day of April, 1987, in the English and Russian languages, both texts being equally authentic. Annex, Agreed list of cooperative projects
1. Coordination of the Phobos, Vesta, and Mars Observer missions and the exchange of scientific data resulting from them. 2. Utilization of the US Deep Space Network for position tracking of the Phobos and Vesta landers and subsequent exchange of scientific data. 3. Invitation, by mutual agreement, of co-investigators' and/or interdisciplinary scientists' participation in the Mars Observer and the Phobos and Vesta missions. 4. Joint studies to identify the most promising landing sites on Mars. 5. Exchange of scientific data on the exploration of the Venusian surface. 6. Exchange of scientific data on cosmic dust, meteorites and lunar materials. 7. Exchange of scientific data in the field of radio astronomy. 8. Exchange of scientific data in the fields of cosmic gamma-ray, x-ray and sub-millimeter astronomy. 9. Exchange of scientific data and coordination of programs and investigations relative to studies of gamma ray burst data. 10. Coordination of observations from solar terrestrial physics missions and the subsequent exchange of appropriate scientific data.
353
Documentation 11. Coordination of activities in the study of global changes of the natural environment. 12. C o o p e r a t i o n in the C o s m o s biosatellite program. 13. Exchange of appropriate biomedical data from US and USSR manned space flights. 14. Exchange of data arising from studies of space flight-induced changes of metabolism, including the metabolism of calcium, from both space flight and ground experiments. 15. Exploration of the feasibility of
joint fundamental and applied biomedical experiments on the ground and in various typcs of spacecraft, including exobiology. 16. Preparation and publication of a second amplified edition of the joint study 'Fundamentals of Space Biology and Medicine'. Source: Agreement Between the Lhfited States of America and the Soviet Socialist Republics Concerning Cooperation m the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes, Moscow, 15 April 1987.
Missile technology control regime The United States Government has, after careful consideration and subject to its international treaty obligations, decided that, when considering the transfer of equipment and technology related to missiles whose performance in terms of payload and range exceeds stated parameters, it will act in accordance with the attached Guidelines beginning on April lb, 1987. Guidelines for sensitive missile-relevant transfers 1. The purpose of these Guidelines is to limit the risks of nuclear proliferation by controlling transfers that could make a contribution to nuclear weapons delivery systems other than manned aircraft. The Guidelines are not designed to impede national space programs or international cooperation in such programs as long as such programs could not contribute to nuclear weapons delivery systems, These Guidelines, including the attached Annex, form the basis for controlling transfers to any destination beyond the Government's jurisdiction or control of equipment and technology relevant to missiles whose performance in terms of payload and rangc exceeds stated parameters. Restraint will be exercised in the consideration of all transfers of items contained within the Annex and all such transfers will be considered on a case-by-case basis. The Government will implement the Guidelines in accordance with national legislation. 2. The Annex consists of two categories of items, which term includes equipment and technology. Category I items, all of which are in Annex Items 1 and 2, are those items of greatest sensitivity. If a Category I item is included in a system, that system will also be considered as Category I, except when the incorporated item cannot be separated, removed or duplicated. Particular restraint will be exercised in the consideration of Category I transfers, and there will be a strong presumption to deny such transfers. Until further notice, the transfer of Category I production facilities will not be authorized. The transfer of other Category l items will be authorized only on rare occasions and
354
where the G o v c n n n e n t (A) obtains binding government-to-governntent undertakings embodying the assurances from the recipient government called for in paragraph 5 of these Guidelines and (B) assumes responsibility for taking all steps necessary to ensure that the item is put only to its stated end-use. It is understood that the decision to transfer remains the sole and sovereign judgment of the United States Government. 3. In the evaluation of transfer applications for Annex items, the following factors will be taken into account. A. B. C.
D.
E.
Nuclear proliferation concerns: The capabilities and objectives of the missile and space programs of the recipient state; The significance of the transfer in terms of the potential development of nuclear weapons delivery systems other than manned aircraft; The assessment of the end-usc of the transfers, including the relevant assurances of the recipient states referred to in sub-paragraphs 5.A and 5.B below; The applicability of relevant muhilateral agreements.
4. The transfer of design and production technology directly associated with any items in the Annex will be subject to as great a degree of scrutiny and control as will the equipment itself, to the extent permitted by national legislation. 5. Where the transfer could contribute to a nuclear weapons delivery system, the Government will authorize transfers of items in the Annex only on receipt of appropriate assurances from the government of the recipient state that: A.
B.
The items will be used only for the purpose stated and that such use will not be modified nor the items modified or replicated without the prior consent of the United States Government; Neither the items nor replicas nor derivatives thereof will be retransferred without the consent of the United States Government.
6. In furtherance ot the cllcct~vc ~>pc) ~ lion of the Guidelines, the I hired ~,lutc', G o v e r n m e n t will, as ncccss~t~ t m i appropriate, exchange relcvall! tllfo:lll:, tion with other governments ,qH)l,,in;~ thu same Guidelines 7. The adherence ol all Slillcs hi lflc:sc Guidelines in tile interest of intcrnntiomH peace and securit\ would bc wclcnm,' Summary of the equipment and technolog> annex [Thc eonlpletc :\nncx conl+aln~ l)l',_'Cl~,U details of all itcn> covered by the (}uiclc lines. ]
('aWgory 1 @
•
•
Complete n)ckct systems (including ballistic missile systems, space launch vehicles, and sounding rockets) and unmanned air vehicle systems (including cruisc missile systems, target drones, and reconnaissance drones) capable of delivering at least a 500 kg payload to a range of at least 300 km as well as the specially designed production facilities for thesc system,,. Complete subsystems usable in the systems in Item I, as follows, as well as the specially designed production facilities and production equipment therefor: Individual rocket stages; Reentry vehicles: Solid or liquid fucl rocket engines: (;-uidancc sets: Thrust vector controls~ Warhead safing, arming, fuzing, and firing mechanisms.
Catego O' II • Propulsion components. • P,opellants and constituents. • Propellant production technology and equipment. • Missile structural compositcs: production technology and equipment. • Pyrolytic d e p o s i t i o n / d e n s i f i c a t i o n technology and equipment. • Structural materials. • Flight instruments, inertial navigation equiptnent, software, and production equipment. • Flight control systems, • Avionics equipment. • Launch/ground support equipment and facilities. • Missile computers. • Analog-to-digital converters. • Test t'acilities and equipment+ • Software and related analog or hybrid computers. • R e d u c e d observables tcchnology, materials, and devices. • Nuclear effects protection.
Source: White House, Office of the Press Secretary, Missih" Technology Control Regime: Fact Sheet to Accompany Publi(' Announcement, Santa Barbara, CA. 16 April 1987.
SPACE POUCY November 1987
marketplace for new business. Additional advantages of this m e t h o d over single-payload procurements are bulkbuy cost savings and the flexibility to substitute missions when payloads fall behind schedule or priorities change. N A S A ' s requirements for E L V launch services under the multi-year service contracts will depend on future p r o g r a m m e approvals. A t this time N A S A foresees possible future requirements for three to five ' m e d i u m '
Documentation USA-USSR agreement on cooperation in the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes The United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, hereinafter referred to as the Parties; Considering the role of the two States in the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes; Desiring to make the results of the exploration and use of outer space available for the benefit of the peoples of the two States and of all peoples of the world; Taking into consideration the provisions of the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, and other multilateral agreements regarding the exploration and use of outer space to which both States are Parties; Noting the General Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on Contracts, Exchanges, and Cooperation in Scientific, Technical, Educational, Cultural, and other fields, signed on November 21, 1985; Have agreed as follows: Article 1
The Parties shall carry out cooperation in such fields of space science as solar system e x p l o r a t i o n , space astronomy and astrophysics, earth sciences, solarterrestrial physics, and space biology and medicine. The initial agreed list of cooperative projects is attached as an Annex. Article 2
The Parties shall carry out cooperation by means of mutual exchange of scientific information and delegations, meetings of scientists and specialists and in such other ways as may be mutually agreed, including exchange of scientific equipment where appropriate. The Parties, acting through
SPACE POLICY November 1987
their designated cooperating agencies, shall form joint working groups for the implementation of cooperation in each of the fields listed in Article 1. The recommendations of the joint working groups shall be subject to the approval of each Party in accordance with its appropriate national procedures prior to implementation. The designated cooperating agencies shall notify each other of the action taken by the Parties on the recommendation within three months of their adoption by the joint working groups. Article 3
The joint working groups shall begin their work with the projects listed in the Annex to this Agreement. Revisions to the list of projects in the Annex, which may include the identification of other projects in which cooperation would be of mutual benefit, may be effected by written agreement between the Parties through a procedure to be determined by them. Article 4
Cooperative activities under this Agreement, including exchanges of technical information, equipment and data, shall be conducted in accordance with international law as well as the international obligations, national laws, and regulations of each Party, and within the limits of available funds. Article 5
This Agreement shall be without prejudice to the cooperation of either Party with other States and international organizations. Article 6
The Parties shall encourage international cooperation in the study of legal questions of mutual interest which may arise in the
class E L V s (eg, Delta) per year and one to two per year in both the 'intermediate' class (eg Atlas Centaur or Titan III) and the 'large' class (eg, Titan IV) in addition to a number of missions in the small vehicle class yet to be determined.
Source: N A S A News, Washington, D C 20546, U S A .
exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes. Article 7
This Agreement will enter into force on the date of signature by the Parties and will remain in force for five years. It may be extended for further five-year periods by an exchange of notes between the Parties. Either Party may notify the other in writing of its intent to terminate this Agreement at any time effective six months after receipt of such notices by the other Party. IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, being duly authorized by their respective Governments, have signed this Agreement. DONE at Moscow, in duplicate, this 15th day of April, 1987, in the English and Russian languages, both texts being equally authentic. Annex, Agreed list of cooperative projects
1. Coordination of the Phobos, Vesta, and Mars Observer missions and the exchange of scientific data resulting from them. 2. Utilization of the US Deep Space Network for position tracking of the Phobos and Vesta landers and subsequent exchange of scientific data. 3. Invitation, by mutual agreement, of co-investigators' and/or interdisciplinary scientists' participation in the Mars Observer and the Phobos and Vesta missions. 4. Joint studies to identify the most promising landing sites on Mars. 5. Exchange of scientific data on the exploration of the Venusian surface. 6. Exchange of scientific data on cosmic dust, meteorites and lunar materials. 7. Exchange of scientific data in the field of radio astronomy. 8. Exchange of scientific data in the fields of cosmic gamma-ray, x-ray and sub-millimeter astronomy. 9. Exchange of scientific data and coordination of programs and investigations relative to studies of gamma ray burst data. 10. Coordination of observations from solar terrestrial physics missions and the subsequent exchange of appropriate scientific data.
353
Documentation 11. Coordination of activities in the study of global changes of the natural environment. 12. C o o p e r a t i o n in the C o s m o s biosatellite program. 13. Exchange of appropriate biomedical data from US and USSR manned space flights. 14. Exchange of data arising from studies of space flight-induced changes of metabolism, including the metabolism of calcium, from both space flight and ground experiments. 15. Exploration of the feasibility of
joint fundamental and applied biomedical experiments on the ground and in various typcs of spacecraft, including exobiology. 16. Preparation and publication of a second amplified edition of the joint study 'Fundamentals of Space Biology and Medicine'. Source: Agreement Between the Lhfited States of America and the Soviet Socialist Republics Concerning Cooperation m the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes, Moscow, 15 April 1987.
Missile technology control regime The United States Government has, after careful consideration and subject to its international treaty obligations, decided that, when considering the transfer of equipment and technology related to missiles whose performance in terms of payload and range exceeds stated parameters, it will act in accordance with the attached Guidelines beginning on April lb, 1987. Guidelines for sensitive missile-relevant transfers 1. The purpose of these Guidelines is to limit the risks of nuclear proliferation by controlling transfers that could make a contribution to nuclear weapons delivery systems other than manned aircraft. The Guidelines are not designed to impede national space programs or international cooperation in such programs as long as such programs could not contribute to nuclear weapons delivery systems, These Guidelines, including the attached Annex, form the basis for controlling transfers to any destination beyond the Government's jurisdiction or control of equipment and technology relevant to missiles whose performance in terms of payload and rangc exceeds stated parameters. Restraint will be exercised in the consideration of all transfers of items contained within the Annex and all such transfers will be considered on a case-by-case basis. The Government will implement the Guidelines in accordance with national legislation. 2. The Annex consists of two categories of items, which term includes equipment and technology. Category I items, all of which are in Annex Items 1 and 2, are those items of greatest sensitivity. If a Category I item is included in a system, that system will also be considered as Category I, except when the incorporated item cannot be separated, removed or duplicated. Particular restraint will be exercised in the consideration of Category I transfers, and there will be a strong presumption to deny such transfers. Until further notice, the transfer of Category I production facilities will not be authorized. The transfer of other Category l items will be authorized only on rare occasions and
354
where the G o v c n n n e n t (A) obtains binding government-to-governntent undertakings embodying the assurances from the recipient government called for in paragraph 5 of these Guidelines and (B) assumes responsibility for taking all steps necessary to ensure that the item is put only to its stated end-use. It is understood that the decision to transfer remains the sole and sovereign judgment of the United States Government. 3. In the evaluation of transfer applications for Annex items, the following factors will be taken into account. A. B. C.
D.
E.
Nuclear proliferation concerns: The capabilities and objectives of the missile and space programs of the recipient state; The significance of the transfer in terms of the potential development of nuclear weapons delivery systems other than manned aircraft; The assessment of the end-usc of the transfers, including the relevant assurances of the recipient states referred to in sub-paragraphs 5.A and 5.B below; The applicability of relevant muhilateral agreements.
4. The transfer of design and production technology directly associated with any items in the Annex will be subject to as great a degree of scrutiny and control as will the equipment itself, to the extent permitted by national legislation. 5. Where the transfer could contribute to a nuclear weapons delivery system, the Government will authorize transfers of items in the Annex only on receipt of appropriate assurances from the government of the recipient state that: A.
B.
The items will be used only for the purpose stated and that such use will not be modified nor the items modified or replicated without the prior consent of the United States Government; Neither the items nor replicas nor derivatives thereof will be retransferred without the consent of the United States Government.
6. In furtherance ot the cllcct~vc ~>pc) ~ lion of the Guidelines, the I hired ~,lutc', G o v e r n m e n t will, as ncccss~t~ t m i appropriate, exchange relcvall! tllfo:lll:, tion with other governments ,qH)l,,in;~ thu same Guidelines 7. The adherence ol all Slillcs hi lflc:sc Guidelines in tile interest of intcrnntiomH peace and securit\ would bc wclcnm,' Summary of the equipment and technolog> annex [Thc eonlpletc :\nncx conl+aln~ l)l',_'Cl~,U details of all itcn> covered by the (}uiclc lines. ]
('aWgory 1 @
•
•
Complete n)ckct systems (including ballistic missile systems, space launch vehicles, and sounding rockets) and unmanned air vehicle systems (including cruisc missile systems, target drones, and reconnaissance drones) capable of delivering at least a 500 kg payload to a range of at least 300 km as well as the specially designed production facilities for thesc system,,. Complete subsystems usable in the systems in Item I, as follows, as well as the specially designed production facilities and production equipment therefor: Individual rocket stages; Reentry vehicles: Solid or liquid fucl rocket engines: (;-uidancc sets: Thrust vector controls~ Warhead safing, arming, fuzing, and firing mechanisms.
Catego O' II • Propulsion components. • P,opellants and constituents. • Propellant production technology and equipment. • Missile structural compositcs: production technology and equipment. • Pyrolytic d e p o s i t i o n / d e n s i f i c a t i o n technology and equipment. • Structural materials. • Flight instruments, inertial navigation equiptnent, software, and production equipment. • Flight control systems, • Avionics equipment. • Launch/ground support equipment and facilities. • Missile computers. • Analog-to-digital converters. • Test t'acilities and equipment+ • Software and related analog or hybrid computers. • R e d u c e d observables tcchnology, materials, and devices. • Nuclear effects protection.
Source: White House, Office of the Press Secretary, Missih" Technology Control Regime: Fact Sheet to Accompany Publi(' Announcement, Santa Barbara, CA. 16 April 1987.
SPACE POUCY November 1987