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Value of waste yeast
CURRENT TOPICS.
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metal is removed from the mixture by crushing on an iron plate and then sifting away the chloride. Analysis showed it to contain about 98 per cent. of metallic strontium, which is a light metal, with a silvery lustre when cut, gradually becoming yellow and finally white and non-lustrous. It is softer than calcium and can be cut with a knife. It alloys with iron. Hydrogen and nitrogen unite with the heated metal. The specific gravity is 2.55 and the specific heat o.o742, corresponding to an atomic heat of 6. 5. The iron alloy is rather hard, and decomposes water. This alloy contained 23 per cent. of strontium. Radiation P y r o m e t e r s . - - T h e Cambridge Scientific Instrument Co., Ltd., has patented a radiation perometer which consists of a closed tube, in one end of which a sensitive element is arranged with a mirror, lens or diaphragm so that the radiation from the other end, which is exposed to the temperature to be measured, may be recorded. Focussing is~-thus avoided, and since true " black b o d y " conditions are established the readings are independent of the nature of the surface of the hot end of the tube. P o w e r G a s and its Development. )-. S. S. BRAME. (Chem. Trade ]., xlvii, 3 7 6 . ) - - T h e introduction of power gas has made considerable economy possible in the use of fuel resources. Blastfurnace and coke-oven gas, previously wasted, can be utilized and the replacement of steam power by gas power would diminish the annual consumption of coal for power by 9 million tons, or 2o per cent., in England. Power gas can be generated from heat or other poor fuels not suitable for raising steam. There are I4o million acres of peat bog in Europe. For small powers up to 3° h.p. he recommends the use of coal gas rather than a gas plant; from 3o to 25o h.p. a suction gas plant is recommended; and for greater power, a presst~re gas plant. Recent developments are the use of the engine exhaust in place of steam in the producer, and the abolition of the gas holder in pressure gas plants, the production being controlled by fans driven by the engine. Value of W a s t e Yeast. G. GRAF. (Allgem. Zeit. Bierbrau, xxxviii, 3 7 2 . ) - - W a s t e brewery yeast is but little utilized and great quantities of potentially valuable food material are annually wasted. Yeast has been proved to be a suitable addition to cattle food when supplied in quantities of I pound per lOO pounds of llve weight. Cakes of compressed yeast and spent hops are readily eaten by cattle and should provide a cheap and generally used food-stuff. Such food could be prepared at a far from prohibitive cost. The waste yeast is first washed, drained and pressed to remove the excess of moisture; it is then plasmolysed by adding I to 2 per cent. of common salt and dried. The compressed cakes VOL. CLXXI, No. xoal-- 9
12o of yeast proteins and fat hundred
CURRENT
TOPICS.
and spent hops have the following composition: water io, 55, non-nitrogenous extraetives and cellulose 24.2, ash 7.8, 3 per cent. They should be worth three dollars per weight.
Waterproofing Filter Beds and Reservoirs. (Eng. Record, lxii, i 6 . ) - - M r . H. Ashley, Engineer of the Portsmouth (England) Water Co.'s plant at Farlington, reports that an area of seven acres of floors and walls of the filter beds and reservoirs were waterproofed by two coats of cement plastering. The first coat was three-quarters of an inch thick and the second one-quarter of an inch. The result was very successful, as careful tests frequently repeated, disclosed no leakage whatever.
Solubility of Finely Divided Gold in Potassium Ferrocyanide Solution. E. BEUTEL. (Monats. Chemie, xxxi, 887.)--Finely divided gold dissolves slowly in potassium lerrocyanide solution at the ordinary temperature, and forms a distinctly alkaline solution; solution is very slow even at boiling point. Apparently potassium aurocyanide is first formed, and the liberated ferrous ions are oxidized by the atmosphere to ferric hydroxide, which is precipitated, in amount corresponding to the amount of gold dissolved. Prolonged action of a strong solution of potassium ferroeyanide seems to give ultimately potassium auricyanide. P r o b l e m s in Soil Fertility. J. G. LIPMAN. (f. Agric. Sci., iii, 297.)--By growing oats in the inner, and peas in the outer of two concentric pots, the inner pot being very porous in one case and glazed in the other. The beneficial effect of the legmne on the growth of thq grain was clearly shown when the inner pot was porous. As no nitrogen was supplied, it was evident that soluble nitrogen compounds were passing from the peas to the oats through the unglazed inner pot. This device might be applied to the study of other problems as to the action of one crop on the growth of another. I m p e r m e a b i l i t y of Gelatin Increased. A, and L. LUtXI~RE and A. SEYEWETZ. (Photo. ]our., 1, 3 4 . ) - - F r o m experiments it is concluded that substances which render gelatin insoluble, also decrease its permeability, measured by the amount of water absorbed in a given time. The substances used are placed in the order of their power of decreasing permeability; formalin, sodium-quinonesulphonate, quinone, chrome-alum, potassium-alum. The last is not a true insolubilizing agent as it only raises the melting point of gelatin, and is weaker in its action than the other four. Sodiumqninonesulphonate and quinone, although they stain the gelatin and are not so powerful as formalin, are preferable in photography,
t 19
metal is removed from the mixture by crushing on an iron plate and then sifting away the chloride. Analysis showed it to contain about 98 per cent. of metallic strontium, which is a light metal, with a silvery lustre when cut, gradually becoming yellow and finally white and non-lustrous. It is softer than calcium and can be cut with a knife. It alloys with iron. Hydrogen and nitrogen unite with the heated metal. The specific gravity is 2.55 and the specific heat o.o742, corresponding to an atomic heat of 6. 5. The iron alloy is rather hard, and decomposes water. This alloy contained 23 per cent. of strontium. Radiation P y r o m e t e r s . - - T h e Cambridge Scientific Instrument Co., Ltd., has patented a radiation perometer which consists of a closed tube, in one end of which a sensitive element is arranged with a mirror, lens or diaphragm so that the radiation from the other end, which is exposed to the temperature to be measured, may be recorded. Focussing is~-thus avoided, and since true " black b o d y " conditions are established the readings are independent of the nature of the surface of the hot end of the tube. P o w e r G a s and its Development. )-. S. S. BRAME. (Chem. Trade ]., xlvii, 3 7 6 . ) - - T h e introduction of power gas has made considerable economy possible in the use of fuel resources. Blastfurnace and coke-oven gas, previously wasted, can be utilized and the replacement of steam power by gas power would diminish the annual consumption of coal for power by 9 million tons, or 2o per cent., in England. Power gas can be generated from heat or other poor fuels not suitable for raising steam. There are I4o million acres of peat bog in Europe. For small powers up to 3° h.p. he recommends the use of coal gas rather than a gas plant; from 3o to 25o h.p. a suction gas plant is recommended; and for greater power, a presst~re gas plant. Recent developments are the use of the engine exhaust in place of steam in the producer, and the abolition of the gas holder in pressure gas plants, the production being controlled by fans driven by the engine. Value of W a s t e Yeast. G. GRAF. (Allgem. Zeit. Bierbrau, xxxviii, 3 7 2 . ) - - W a s t e brewery yeast is but little utilized and great quantities of potentially valuable food material are annually wasted. Yeast has been proved to be a suitable addition to cattle food when supplied in quantities of I pound per lOO pounds of llve weight. Cakes of compressed yeast and spent hops are readily eaten by cattle and should provide a cheap and generally used food-stuff. Such food could be prepared at a far from prohibitive cost. The waste yeast is first washed, drained and pressed to remove the excess of moisture; it is then plasmolysed by adding I to 2 per cent. of common salt and dried. The compressed cakes VOL. CLXXI, No. xoal-- 9
12o of yeast proteins and fat hundred
CURRENT
TOPICS.
and spent hops have the following composition: water io, 55, non-nitrogenous extraetives and cellulose 24.2, ash 7.8, 3 per cent. They should be worth three dollars per weight.
Waterproofing Filter Beds and Reservoirs. (Eng. Record, lxii, i 6 . ) - - M r . H. Ashley, Engineer of the Portsmouth (England) Water Co.'s plant at Farlington, reports that an area of seven acres of floors and walls of the filter beds and reservoirs were waterproofed by two coats of cement plastering. The first coat was three-quarters of an inch thick and the second one-quarter of an inch. The result was very successful, as careful tests frequently repeated, disclosed no leakage whatever.
Solubility of Finely Divided Gold in Potassium Ferrocyanide Solution. E. BEUTEL. (Monats. Chemie, xxxi, 887.)--Finely divided gold dissolves slowly in potassium lerrocyanide solution at the ordinary temperature, and forms a distinctly alkaline solution; solution is very slow even at boiling point. Apparently potassium aurocyanide is first formed, and the liberated ferrous ions are oxidized by the atmosphere to ferric hydroxide, which is precipitated, in amount corresponding to the amount of gold dissolved. Prolonged action of a strong solution of potassium ferroeyanide seems to give ultimately potassium auricyanide. P r o b l e m s in Soil Fertility. J. G. LIPMAN. (f. Agric. Sci., iii, 297.)--By growing oats in the inner, and peas in the outer of two concentric pots, the inner pot being very porous in one case and glazed in the other. The beneficial effect of the legmne on the growth of thq grain was clearly shown when the inner pot was porous. As no nitrogen was supplied, it was evident that soluble nitrogen compounds were passing from the peas to the oats through the unglazed inner pot. This device might be applied to the study of other problems as to the action of one crop on the growth of another. I m p e r m e a b i l i t y of Gelatin Increased. A, and L. LUtXI~RE and A. SEYEWETZ. (Photo. ]our., 1, 3 4 . ) - - F r o m experiments it is concluded that substances which render gelatin insoluble, also decrease its permeability, measured by the amount of water absorbed in a given time. The substances used are placed in the order of their power of decreasing permeability; formalin, sodium-quinonesulphonate, quinone, chrome-alum, potassium-alum. The last is not a true insolubilizing agent as it only raises the melting point of gelatin, and is weaker in its action than the other four. Sodiumqninonesulphonate and quinone, although they stain the gelatin and are not so powerful as formalin, are preferable in photography,