Abstracts of Papers to be Presented at the 71st Annual Meeting of the Poultry Science Association, Inc

Abstracts of Papers to be Presented at the 71st Annual Meeting of the Poultry Science Association, Inc. (Listed alphabetically according to the surname of the senior author or the chairman or moderator of a symposium or panel discussion)

Two e x p e r i m e n t s w e r e c o n d u c t e d w i t h L.W. t u r k e y s f e d d i e t s composed l a r g e l y of y e l l o w c o r n , m i l o and s o y b e a n m e a l . The f i r s t e x p e r i m e n t i n v o l v e d f e m a l e and m a l e b i r d s from 4 t o 18 o r 22 w e e k s of a g e , r e s p e c t i v e l y . Four t r e a t m e n t s i n t h e f i r s t s t u d y w e r e : A, a p o s i t i v e c o n t r o l w i t h c o n s t a n t h i g h l e v e l s of s u p p l e m e n t a l v i t a m i n s , t r a c e m i n e r a l s (TM) a n d s e l e n i u m (Se) d u r i n g t h e e n t i r e e x p e r i m e n t a l p e r i o d ; B, d e c r e m e n t a l l e v e l s of s u p p l e m e n t a l v i t a m i n s ; C, d e c r e m e n t a l l e v e l s of s u p p l e m e n t a l TM; and D, no s u p p l e m e n t a l S e . L e v e l s of s u p p l e m e n t a l v i t a m i n s o r TM w e r e e a c h d e c r e a s e d by 10% a t f o u r - w e e k i n t e r v a l s b e g i n n i n g a t 4 and c o n t i n u i n g t h r o u g h 20 weeks of a g e . Z i n c b a c i t r a c i n was i n c l u d e d w i t h a l l d i e t a r y treatments. A v e r a g e 2 2 - w e e k body w e i g h t s f o r m a l e s w e r e : 1 2 . 8 0 , 1 2 . 7 0 , 1 2 . 5 9 and 1 2 . 8 2 k g , r e s p e c t i v e l y , f o r t r e a t m e n t s A, B, C and D. The a b s e n c e of s i g n i f i c a n t body w e i g h t g a i n and f e e d e f f i c i e n c y d i f f e r e n c e s among t r e a t m e n t s s u g g e s t e d t h a t d e c r e m e n t a l l e v e l ' s of s u p p l e m e n t a l v i t a m i n s and TM w e r e s a t i s f a c t o r y , and b a s a l d i e t s c o n t a i n e d a d e q u a t e S e . A s e c o n d e x p e r i m e n t w i t h p o u l t s from d a y - o l d t o 28 d a y s of a g e i n v o l v e d : a p o s i t i v e c o n t r o l w i t h h i g h l e v e l s of s u p p l e m e n t a l v i t a m i n s , TM and S e ; s u p p l e m e n t a l v i t a m i n s r e d u c e d by 50%; s u p p l e m e n t a l TM r e d u c e d by 50%; and no s u p p l e m e n t a l S e . Each of t h e s e f o u r t r e a t m e n t s w e r e f e d w i t h e i t h e r 0 o r 55 ppm of z i n c b a c i t r a c i n . Body w e i g h t g a i n and f e e d e f f i c i e n c y r e s p o n s e s t o z i n c b a c i t r a c i n w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y ( P < . 0 5 ) g r e a t e r among p o u l t s r e c e i v i n g d e c r e a s e d v i t a m i n and TM l e v e l s . The a n t i b i o t i c s u p p l e m e n t a p p a r e n t l y s p a r e d t h e n e e d f o r s u p p l e m e n t a l v i t a m i n s and TM b u t had no e f f e c t w i t h S e .

KEYWORDS:

VITAMIN, TRACE MINERAL, SELENIUM, ZINC BACITRACIN, GROWING TURKEYS

EFFECT OF LIGHT INTENSITY AND PHOTOPERIOD ON CHICKEN LAYING HENS. M. R. A b d e l k a r i m * , and H. V. B i e l l i e r , D e p t . of P o u l t r y S c i . , U n i v e r s i t y of M i s s o u r i , C o l u m b i a , MO 6 5 2 1 1 . To e x a m i n e t h e e f f e c t s o f v a r i o u s l i g h t i n g i n t e n s i t i e s w i t h c o n s t a n t and i n t e r m i t t e n t p h o t o p e r i o d s o n h e n - d a y e g g p r o d u c t i o n a n d e g g q u a l i t y , 240 UMC W h i t e L e g h o r n p u l l e t s w e r e i n d i v i d u a l l y caged i n 8 l i g h t - c o n t r o l l e d rooms. Four l i g h t t r e a t m e n t g r o u p s , each c o n s i s t i n g of 60 b i r d s , w e r e a s f o l l o w s : 1 ) Low i n t e n s i t y , c o n s t a n t p h o t o p e r i o d ( L I / C P ) ; 2 ) I n c r e a s i n g i n t e n s i t y , c o n s t a n t p h o t o p e r i o d ( I I / C P ) ; 3 ) Low i n t e n s i t y , i n t e r m i t t e n t p h o t o p e r i o d ( L I / I P ) ; and 4 ) I n c r e a s i n g i n t e n s i t y , i n t e r m i t t e n t p h o t o p e r i o d ( I I / I P ) . L I / C P and L I / I P r e c e i v e d b e t w e e n 5 . 3 8 and 1 0 . 7 6 l x l i g h t i n t e n s i t y . I I / C P and I I / I P were i n i t i a l l y maint a i n e d a t 3 2 . 3 and 4 0 . 4 l x , b u t w e r e g r a d u a l l y i n c r e a s e d t o 3 4 3 . 1 - 4 0 8 . 8 l x l i g h t i n t e n s i t y a t t h e 8 t h 2 8 - d a y p e r i o d a n d c o n t i n u e d t o t h e end of t h e e x p e r i m e n t . The c o n s t a n t and i n t e r m i t t e n t p h o t o p e r i o d t r e a t m e n t s b e g a n w i t h 14 h r , i n c r e a s e d t o 15 h r i n t h e s e c o n d p e r i o d and t h e n w e r e m a i n t a i n e d o n 16 h r from p e r i o d 3 u n t i l t h e end of t h e e x p e r i m e n t . Data were c o l l e c t e d f o r h e n - d a y egg p r o d u c t i o n , egg w e i g h t , egg m a s s , s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y ,

1403

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

VITAMIN, TRACE MINERAL AND ANTIBIOTIC SUPPLEMENTATION OF TURKEY DIETS. F . G. Abawi* and T. W. S u l l i v a n , D e p t . of Animal S c i . , U n i v . of N e b r a s k a , L i n c o l n , NE b»58JS-0«2TT.

1404

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

shell weight, shell thickness, yolk weight, Haugh units, body weight, feed consumption and feed efficiency. Increasing intensity, regardless of photoperiod resulted in significantly greater (P < .05) hen-day egg production. Constant photoperiod, regardless of intensity, also resulted in significantly greater (P < .01) production. Egg weights were significantly affected (P < .05) by photoperiod X intensity interactions. Constant photoperiod resulted in significantly greater (P < .05) egg mass than intermittent photoperiod. Low intensity treatments, regardless of photoperiod produced significantly greater (P < .01) specific gravity and body weight means. Feed efficiency (grams of feed/grams of egg mass) was significantly better (P < .01) for hens receiving IP compared to those kept under CP. KEY WORDS:

Light intensity, Photoperiod, Intermittent light, White Leghorn

Two trials were conducted with White Pekin ducks to study the effect of low and high energy starter and grower diets and grower diets of differing amino acid levels on weights, feed conversions and meat yields of ducks. Trial 1 was started on April 2 and Trial 2 on May 28. In Trial 1, starter diets containing 2640 and 3080 and grower diets containing 2970 and 3190 kcal were fed. In Trial 2, one starter containing 2772 kcal was fed to all ducks. Eight grower diets were fed. Diets 1 to 4 contained 2750 kcal and diets 5 to 8; 3080 kcal. Diet 1 was a diet used in another country and was reported to gain better weights than diet 8 which was a commercial diet used in the U.S. Diet 1 contained more methionine and lysine than diet 8. Diet 2 met the specifications of diet 1 but was formulated with ingredients cannon to the U.S. Diet 3 was similar to diet 2 except that it contained the same levels of amino acids as diet 8. Diet 4 contained amino acid levels \ way between diets 2 and 3. Diet 5 contained the same amount of amino acids as diets 1 and 2. Diet 6 contained the same amount of lysine as diet 5; however, the methionine level was set at the same percent of dietary energy as in diets 1 and 2. Diet 7 contained the same amount of methionine as diet 5; however, the lysine level was set at the same percent of dietary energy as in diets 1 and 2. Lower levels of dietary energy adversely affected conversions, but with the energy levels used and the time of year the trials were conducted, they had no effect on body weights. In Trial 1, lower energy grower diets resulted in lower percentages of fat and skin. No consistent effect on meat yield were seen in Trial 2. The different levels of amino acids had no consistent effect on weights, feed conversions or meat yields. K E Y W O R D S . Energy, Amino Acids, Weights, Conversions, Meat Yields, Ducks

INVESTMENT ATTRACTIVENESS OF AN INTEGRATED BROILER PRODUCING COMPLEX. Paul W. Aho*& Allan P. Rahn. Department of Animal Science, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI 48824 The financial attractiveness of an investment in an Integrated Broiler Complex (IBC) in Michigan was evaluated. The IBC envisioned would be a corporation owning all capital assets required to perform the functions of breeder rearing, hatching egg production, hatching, growout, feed milling and processing. The IBC would maintain a current inventory of 2Jg million birds, employ 263 persons and process 315 thousand birds per week. The capital investment required for the IBC would be $33 million. Of this total, 22 million is budgeted to the live production functions. Average working capital requirements would be $3 million. Discounted cash flow analysis was used to calculate the after-tax internal rate of return to invested capital. Operating expenditures were calculated assuming feed ingredient costs ranging from $1A7 to $160 per ton depending on ration type and unskilled labor costs of $5 per hour. Receipt estimates were varied to reflect product prices of 45, 50 and 55 cents per pound ready-to-cook whole birds. Returns were found to be 7%, 13% and 18% respectively. KEYWORDS: Michigan, Broiler Complex, Financial Evaluation, Internal Rate of Return

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF ENERGY AND AMINO ACIDS ON WEIGHTS, FEED CONVERSIONS AND MEAT YIELDS OF DUCKS. R.L. Adams*. Patricia Y. Hester. N. Lovell and W.J. Stadelman. Dept. of Animal Sci., Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1405

HISTOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT ORGANS FROM DWARF S.C. WHITE LEGHORN MALES FED GOSSYPOL. Olajumoke Akanbi*, H. S. Nakaue, and G. H. Arscott, Dept. of Poultry Sci., P. H. Heifer, School of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331

Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Paper No. 6 316. KEYWORDS:

Gossypol acetic acid, heart, liver, kidney, brain, testes

EFFECTS OF FUSAEIUM CULTURES, T-2 TOXIN AND ZEARALENONE ON REPRODUCTION OF TURKEY FEMALES. Neil K. Allen and Alfredo Peguri*, Dept. of Animal Sci., and C.J. Mirocha, Dept. of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 Nicholas Large White turkey hens in egg production (10 per treatment) were individually fed cultures of Fusarium roseum gibbosum (FRG) to provide 100 ppm zearalenone, Fusarium trincinctum (FT) at a level of .1% of the diet, Fusarium roseum Alaska (FRA) at a level of 2% of the diet, 100 ppm purified zearalenone (F-2), and 5 ppm purified T-2 toxin (T-2) for 8 weeks. The following 4 weeks the birds were fed a control diet. Hens were inseminated every 2 weeks with .05 ml of pooled semen from males fed a control diet. After 30 days of toxin feeding, hens were innoculated with a killed Newcastle disease virus preparation. Blood samples were obtained periodically. Egg fertility and titers to Newcastle disease virus were unaffected by treatment. Egg weight was reduced by FRG. FRG and FT caused decreases in feed consumption, body weight, and egg production. Egg production was decreased by F-2 and T-2. Hens fed FRG, FT and T-2 exhibited mouth lesions which healed rapidly upon withdrawing toxic feed. Hatchability of fertile eggs was reduced by feeding FRG, FT and FRA to 38, 78 and 49%, respectively, of control values by the end of the 8 week test period. Upon removal of toxic feed, hatchability rapidly returned to control levels. Embryo mortality occurred mainly in the first 10 days of incubation for FRA and the last 18 days for FRG and FT fed hens. It appears that mycotoxins other than zearalenone and T-2 toxin are responsible for reduced hatchability from feeding Fusarium cultures.

KEYWORDS:

Turkey females, Fusarium, zearalenone, T-2 Toxin, mycotoxins, reproduction, Trichothecenes, fertility, hatchability, immune response.

THE RESPONSE OF LAYING HENS TO DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND HOUSING. Basil Al-Rawi* and Atef Abou-Ashour, Dept. of Poultry and Animal Production, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia. An experiment was conducted to study the effect of different environmental conditions and housing systems on layer (Shaver) performance. Pullets used were reared on floor in conventional house with no supplementary light. They were housed at 21 weeks of age in two types of houses: open (conventional) and closed (cooled with evaporative pad). Within each house there were 4 treatments; floor pens, flat-deck, 2 tier and 3-tier cages. Each experimental unit was replicated in 5 pens or 15 cages (3 cages were considered as 1 unit). Results of the first 20 weeks (22-42 weeks of age) indicated that birds raised on floor consumed more feed as compared to those housed in cages (P< 0.05); being 117.8 vs. 111.8 g/day, respectively. However, feed/doz eggs was not affected by any treatment. Floored pullets produced at a higher rate of lay compared to caged hens, being 78.8 and 69.9% respectively. Type of houses affected hen-housed egg production and mortality (P<-0.01).

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

Gossypol acetic acid in gelatin capsules at 0, 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg dosages were given daily to twenty dwarf S.C. White Leghorn males for 42 days to determine the histological effects on the different organs. Semen characteristics and fertility data have been reported previously (Poultry Sci. 60:1613). No specific histological effects among the treatments were observed in the heart, kidney and brain. There was mild fat-like changes in the liver tissues of gossypol-treated males. Testicular tissue changes were observed in all gossypol-treated males with tubular atrophy, increased cellularity of the interstitium and no occurrence of spermatogenesis.

1406

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

Pullets in cooled house produced 20% more than birds in open house. Number of eggs produced per bird housed in the closed house was 97.8 eggs, (69.9%) during that interval. However, birds housed in flat-deck cages in the open house laid the lowest number of eggs being 65.3 eggs/bird. Average egg weight was affected by type of house only; pullets raised in closed system laid heavier eggs with comparison to open house being 55.5 vs. 54.6 g, respectively. However, egg mass was affected by both factors studied. Egg mass was heavier in closed being 38.8 g/bird housed/day (23.6% higher than that of the open house). Similar trend was found due to the environment as caged birds had lighter egg mass compared to floored ones. The experiment is still in progress. KEY WORDS: environment, housing, cooling.

Three local strains of turkeys commonly found in the northern region of Iraq were subjected to a study in an attempt to investigate their performances under the region's subtropical climate. The effect of strain on body weight and feed consumption was not significant, whereas it affected fertility and hatchability significantly. Brown feathered birds had the highest percent fertility and the lowest hatchability. There was no appreciable difference in egg quality between strains; most eggs fell within the specific gravity range of 1.075-1.080, and egg weight and shell thickness averaged 70.7 g (63-75 g) and 0.36 mm (0.33-0.40 m m ) , respectively. Age at sexual maturity for the three strains ranged from 224-230 days. Regarding percent hen-day egg production, a significant difference was recorded between the three strains, namely 12, 21, and 20 for the Black, White, and Brown, respectively. Furthermore, it was found that temperature did influence the overall performance, with the White strain being the least affected by the change from winter to summer. Yield percentage averaged 80, and the proximate analysis revealed that breast and thigh meat samples from females had higher fat contents than those from males.

KEYWORDS:

Turkeys, strains, growth, reproduction, yield, climate

THE EFFECTS OF VARYING LEVELS OF CH0LECALCIFER0L AND ITS METABOLITES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF LAYING HENS. Syed Ameenuddin*, M.L. Sunde, Dept. of Poultry Science, and H.F. DeLuca, Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706. Experiments were conducted to estimate the requirements of cholecalciferol and its metabolites and their effects on S.C. White Leghorn laying hens. The treatments consisted of diets containing 0,4,6,8 and 12 u g of cholecalciferol (D3), 1,2,4 and 6 ug of 25hydroxy cholecalciferol (25-OH-D3) and 1,2 and 3 yg of 1-25 dihydroxy cholecalciferol (1,25-(0H)2D3) per Kg feed. No significant improvement was observed in percent egg production, egg weight and egg deformation as the level of D 3 , 25-OH-D3 and 1 ,25-(.0H)2D3 was increased from 4-12, 1-6 and 1-3 yg/Kg of diet respectively. The hens on vitamin D deficient basal diet showed significantly lower egg production, egg weight and shell deformation with higher percentage of soft shell eggs. The lowest hatchability with maximum percent embryonic mortality at third week of incubation with an abnormal short upper beak was observed in the group which received 3 yg/Kg diet of 1,25-(0H)D3. At the end of the 55th week the hens receiving 3 yg/Kg diet of 1,25-(OH)D3 were divided into four groups of four hens each and were fed orally with 1.25 nmole/ml/hen/day of 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxy cholecalciferol, 24R.25dihydroxy cholecalciferol or 25-OH-D3 dissolved in corn oil for an experimental period of two weeks. A significant improvement in percent normal embryos resulting in normal hatchability was observed. These results indicate that 1,25-(0H)D3 by itself can not

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

EVALUATION OF THREE INDIGENOUS TURKEY STRAINS IN A SUBTROPICAL CLIMATE. Khalid A. Al-Soudi, Dept. of Animal Prod., Coll. of Agr., Abu-Ghraib, University of Baghdad, and Mohammad K. Al-Hitti, Dept. of Animal Prod., High Agr. Inst., Baghdad, Iraq.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1407

support normal embryonic development and hatchability in laying hens. But 25-OH-D3 is fully capable of carrying out this function.

K E Y W O R D S , Cholecalciferol and Metabolites, Egg Production, Hatchability.

Broiler chicks were fed diets with two calcium levels from powdered calcium carbonate, fine limestone or coarse limestone. When .41% Ca was added from a source, performance was similar with the three Ca sources. When 1.01% Ca was added from a source, weight gain and bone ash were significantly lower with the fine limestone and calcium carbonate than with the coarse limestone. Laying hens were fed diets differing in particle size of the Ca source. Sources included fine and coarse limestone and chick sized oyster shell. Two-thirds of the fine limestone passed through a 147 micron screen. The four Ca source combinations tested produced similar performances, except that egg specific gravity was lower when only the powdered limestone was used in the diet. KEYWORDS:

Calcium, particle size, chicks, laying hens

AHEMERAL LIGHT TRIALS - HOURLY COLLECTION DATA ON 28 HOUR LIGHT TREATMENT. Daniel K. Andrews *, Dept. of Animal Sci.,Washington State University, Western Washington Research and Extension Center, Puyallup, WA 98371 Hourly observations were made to ascertain time of lay, egg size, and shell quality on three replicates of four strains of SCWL of approximately 50 birds each on a 28-hour (8D-20L) light regimen. The birds were observed during their 123, 125 (July), and 129th (August) week of age. The hens were housed 2 and 3 birds per cage, 8 cages per row X 4 rows in three light-tight fan-ventilated rooms. Eggs were gathered at the beginning of each hour during the eight hours of darkness and at the end of the 20-hour light period. During the two 2-day July observations, 90% of the eggs were laid during the 8 hours of darkness. Average egg production during the 8 hours of darkness was 14, 21, 34,and 21% per 2 hour block. Egg weight varied little during the dark period but it was 2 grams/egg heavier than the weight of eggs laid during the 20 hours of light. The three day August observation noted a drop in average egg weight of 2 grams/egg from July weights. This reduced egg weight was highly correlated with temperature increase. A shift in production to 11, 25 and 36% lay on successive days in the light period was noted and thought to be due to excessive outside disturbances during normal work hours. Average egg production during the 8 hours of darkness was 11, 24, 19 and 21% per 2 hour block. Throughout all three observations, the later in the dark period the eggs were laid, the heavier the shell weight was. Shell weight per unit of shell area (SWUSA) and specific gravity readings increased in a similar manner. KEYWORDS: Age, Ahemeral Cycle, Eggshell Weight, Interior Quality

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

EFFECT OF LIMESTONE PARTICLE SIZE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BROILER CHICKS AND LAYING HENS. J. 0. Anderson*, 0. K. Jack and P. C. Dobson. ADVS Dept., Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322

1408

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

INFLUENCE OF SEVERAL MINERAL SOURCES ON EGG QUALITY. E. Anqulo, G.G. Mateos* and F. Puchal. Dept. of Biol, and Bioch. (Animal Nutrition Section) Universidad Politecnica de Barcelona. Spain.

KEYWORDS. Egg quality, calcium, phosphorus, sodium bicarbonate, ammonium chloride.

EIGHT GENERATIONS OF SELECTION FOR DURATION OF FERTILITY OF FROZEN-THAWED SEMEN. George A. Ansah and Roger B. Buckland? Dept. of Animal Science, Macdonald Campus of McGill U n i v e r s i t y , 21,111 Lakeshore Road, S t e . Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada H9X ICO From a c o n t r o l male b r o i l e r p o p u l a t i o n , a l i n e has been s e l e c t e d for increased d u r a t i o n of f e r t i l i t y (days) of frozen-thawed semen for e i g h t generations using i n d i v i d u a l and family s e l e c t i o n . A randomly s e l e c t e d c o n t r o l l i n e has been maintained. The r e a l i s e d h e r i t a b i l i t y of d u r a t i o n of f e r t i l i t y of frozen-thawed semen based on five g e n e r a t i o n s was .17 ± . 0 5 . S e l e c t i o n has improved t h e d u r a t i o n of f e r t i l i t y of frozen-thawed semen s i g n i f i c a n t l y ( P < . 0 1 ) and has r e s u l t e d i n s i g n i f i c a n t (P<.01) c o r r e l a t e d i n c r e a s e s i n p e r c e n t f e r t i l i t y seven days p o s t - i n s e m i n a t i o n and p e r c e n t f e r t i l i t y during the d u r a t i o n of f e r t i l i t y of frozen-thawed semen. In generation 8, the means ±SE of the f e r t i l i t y p a r a meters i n t h e s e l e c t e d and c o n t r o l l i n e s , r e s p e c t i v e l y , were: 5.01 ± .19 and 2.99 ± .25 for d u r a t i o n of f e r t i l i t y ; 38.54 ± 1.39 and 25.58 ± 1.77 for p e r c e n t f e r t i l i t y and 47.73 ± 3.54 and 32.02 ± 2.17 f o r p e r c e n t f e r t i l i t y during t h e d u r a t i o n of f e r t i l i t y . The phenot y p i c c o r r e l a t i o n s of d u r a t i o n of f e r t i l i t y with p e r c e n t f e r t i l i t y and p e r c e n t f e r t i l i t y during the d u r a t i o n of f e r t i l i t y of frozen-thawed semen were .90 and . 5 1 , r e s p e c t i v e l y (P<.01). S e l e c t i o n had no e f f e c t (P>.05) on p e r c e n t h a t c h a b i l i t y of f e r t i l e eggs of frozen-thawed semen. S e l e c t i o n has a l s o r e s u l t e d i n s i g n i f i c a n t (P<.05) c o r r e l a t e d i n c r e a s e s i n t h e f e r t i l i t y parameters of fresh semen with the means ±SE f o r the s e l e c t e d and c o n t r o l l i n e s in g e n e r a t i o n 8 being 12.69 ± .20 and 11.54 ± .42 for d u r a t i o n of f e r t i l i t y , 82.91 ± 1.45 and 75.71 ± 2.83 f o r p e r c e n t f e r t i l i t y seven days p o s t - i n s e m i n a t i o n and 71.89 ± 1.25 and 69.22 ± 2.06 for p e r c e n t f e r t i l i t y during t h e d u r a t i o n of f e r t i l i t y . KEYWORDS: b r o i l e r , f e r t i l i t y ,

frozen-thawed,

fresh,

selection

EXCESS CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM IN LAYING HEN MINERAL METABOLISM. J o b . 0. Atteh and Steve Leeson. Dept. of Animal and P o u l t r y S c i e n c e , U n i v e r s i t y of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario NIG 2W1. The e f f e c t s of i n c r e a s i n g d i e t a r y calcium l e v e l from 3 t o 4.2% and magnesium l e v e l from 1,700 t o 7,700 ppm f o r l a y i n g hens over a seven week period,was i n v e s t i g a t e d . Increasing

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

Sixty SCWC hens 42 wks old, were allotted to five dietary groups. Diet A was a basal corn-soybean meal diet with 3.2% Ca. Diet B added 1.7% NH4C1 to diet A. Diet C, D and E added .4, .6 and .8% HNaC03 to diet B, respectively. Bicarbonate supplementation to diet did not alter any of the parameters studied. Irrespective of bicarbonate level, NH4C1 diets decreased egg rate (73.8 vs. 78.9%)(P<.05) and impaired egg shell thickness (.286 vs. .316 mm)(P<.01) over the control diet. Eggwhite quality, however, was improved (85.0 vs. 83.2)(P<.05) by NH4CI supplementation. Blood from hens fed NH4CI diets had higher levels of Ca, P and Cl~ than blood from hens fed the control diet. In a second trial 40 SCWC hens, 48 wks old, were allotted to 4 groups. There were 4 treatments arranged factorially (3.1 vs. 3.8% calcium and .35 vs. .50% available phosphorus). Eggs from hens fed 3.8% Ca had better shell quality than eggs from hens fed 3.1% Ca (.317 vs. .306)(P<.10). Hens fed .35% available phosphorus laid stronger eggs than hens fed .50% available phosphorus (.318 vs. .299)(P<£.05). Hens fed 3.8% calcium and .35% available phosphorus had the highest calcium and lowest phosphorus blood level. These results indicate that low phosphorus levels in blood favor greater strength of shell of eggs.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1409

either dietary calcium or magnesium level had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on feed consumption, egg production, egg weight and egg shell deformation. Increasing dietary magnesium level had no significant effect on calcium absorption but significantly (P < 0.01) reduced percentage of magnesium absorbed. Shell calcium was significantly (P < 0.01) reduced by increase in dietary magnesium content, while shell magnesium was significantly (P < 0.05) increased. Increasing dietary magnesium level significantly (P < 0.01) reduced bone calcium and zinc contents but concomitantly increased bone magnesium levels. Bone ash and calcium were significantly (P < 0.05) increased and bone magnesium reduced when the calcium content of the diet was Increased. Plasma calcium was significantly (P < 0.01) increased with increase in dietary calcium level and decreased with increase in dietary magnesium content. The converse was true for plasma magnesium.

KEYWORDS, calcium, magnesium, hen performance, shell, bone and plasma minerals.

INVASION OF CATIONIZED FERRITIN- AND NEURAMINIDASE-TREATED CELL CULTURES BY EIMERIA MELEAGRIMITIS SPOROZOITES. P. C. Augustine* and H. D. Danforth, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitology Institute, Beltsville, MD 20705 A number of substances bearing net positive charges inhibited invasion of primary turkey kidney (PTK) cell cultures by Eimeria meleagrimitis sporozoites (Augustine, 1980). To study the involvement of the anionic moities on the PTK cell surfaces in the invasion process, cultures were 1) pretreated with cationized ferritin (CF) and then either inoculated with 13. meleagrimitis sporozoites or prepared for electron microscopy and 2) pretreated with neuraminidase and then inoculated with E. meleagrimitis sporozoites suspended in 10 u/ml neuraminidase. Sporozoites were similarly treated with CF or neuraminidase and either inoculated onto untreated PTK cultures or prepared for electron microscopy. Cultures pretreated with CF or neuraminidase contained significantly fewer intracellular sporozoites than did untreated control cultures. In contrast, treatment of the sporozoites with either CF or neuraminidase had little effect on invasion. The data indicated that the treatment substances interacted primarily with the host cell rather than the parasite to inhibit invasion. Exposed surfaces of CF-treated extracellular sporozoites and PTK cells were covered with an electron dense layer of ferritin. There was little evidence of CF on the surfaces of intracellular sporozoites, but patches of CF were observed on the membranes of the parasitophorous vacuole.

Invasion, Cell Culture, Eimeria, Cationized Ferritin, Neuraminidase KEYWORDS:

EFFECT OF EIMERIA ADENOEIDES INFECTION ON RED BLOOD CELL FRAGILITY. P. C. Augustine* and D. R. Witlock, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitology Institute, Beltsville, MD 20705 Plasma or serum recovered by cardiac puncture from turkeys severely infected with Eimeria adenoeides showed varying degrees of hemolysis as compared with uninoculated controls. To examine this phenomenon, packed cell volumes (PCV), whole blood and plasma hemoglobin (Hgb), and red blood cell (RBC) fragility were studied. Mean PCV of infected poults was -~M2% higher than that of uninfected controls on day 6 postinoculation (PI). Whole blood Hgb was also higher in the infected group, increasing from 12.2 g/100 ml (controls) to 17.4 g/100 ml (infected). Little or no Hgb was detected in the plasma of the controls. However, the plasma from infected poults contained 1.7 g Hgb/100 ml, suggesting that 10% of the RBC were lysed before or during puncture. The remaining RBC of

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

Significant positive correlations were observed between dietary and bone, bone and plasma and plasma and shell mineral contents. A negative correlation was observed between dietary magnesium level and shell quality. An antagonistic relationship was observed to exist between calcium and magnesium.

1410

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

infected poults were less fragile than the RBC of the controls, exhibiting onlyv/ 50% lysis in 0.4% NaCl on days 4, 5, and 6 PI as compared with '--•'90% for the controls, and ~ 9 % lysis in 0.45% NaC1 as compared with 24% in controls. The pH of the blood was slightly decreased by infection from 7.0 to 6.8 and the plasma volume decreased by ~/12%. These data suggest that physiologic changes associated with E. adenoeides infection may have diverse effects on the PBC population.

Turkey, Coccidiosis, RBC Fragility

ESTABLISHMENT AND PERSISTENCE OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM INFECTION STIMULATED BY EIMERIA TENELLA IN CHICKENS. E. Baba, T. Fukata and A. Arakawa*. Dept. of Vet. Med., Coll. of A g r i c , University of Osaka Prefecture, Sakai, Osaka 591, Japan. The effect of the concurrent infections of Salmonella typhimurium and Eimeria tenella on the establishment and persistence of salomonella infection were studied in chickens using salmonella isolated from a broiler chicken. Two experiments, with three replications each, were conducted. In experiment 1, groups were consisted of noninfected controls, birds infected with 40,000 £. tenella oocysts, birds infected with a daily dose of 1X10^ to 4X10* S.. typhimurium for 5 days after having been infected with coccidial oocysts, and birds infected with S_. typhimurium alone but following the same pattern as the previous group. Chickens were killed 7, 10, and 14 days after coccidial infection. In experiment 2, groups were consisted of birds infected with S_. typhimurium and those infected with £. tenella and S.. typhimurium in the same manner as experiment 1 and killed 17, 21, 24 and 28 days after coccidial infection. In both experiments, the number of salmonella in cecal contents and the number of chickens with salmonella in the ceca and in the liver were significantly greater in the concurrent infections than in the salmonella infection alone. No salmonella was recovered from the bile samples. Serum agglutinin was detected only from chickens infected with E_. tenella and S^. typhimurium. The results demonstrated that the establishment and persistence of S_. typhimurium infection were enhanced by £. tenella infection in chickens.

K E Y W O R D S ^ . tenella; S.. typhimurium; cecal coccidiosis, paratyphoid infection.

DEVELOPMENT OF RPRL LINE 151 -B CONGENIC CHICKENS. Larry D. Bacon* and J. V. Motta. Regional Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA, ARS, East Lansing, MI 48823. Regional Poultry Research Laboratory (RPRL) White Leghorn chickens of the inbred line 151 with the _^5_ haplotype at the Ea-B locus were used as the base for developing 7 j5-congenic lines. The I!-haplotypes 2, 2_, _5_, X2_, YS^ Vi_ and 2l_ were introduced from lines RPRL-6 , RPRL-7 RPRL-15I , Reaseheath Line C, Cornell JM-P, Cornell JM-P and Cornell JM-N, respectively. JJ-heterozygotes were selected in each generation based on hemagglutination using alloantisera thought to be specific for ^-antigens. Ea-B heterozygotes were mated to produce the unique homozygote in each developing congenic line after 3 or 4 generations of backcrossing and selection had occurred. We obtained approximately a 1:2:1 ratio of the expected homozygote: heterozygote: homozygote genotypes in chicks of 5 lines. However, no 19/19 chicks were observed among 55 chicks produced from 19/15 heterozygote matings. Moreover, no 21/21 chicks were detected among 184 chicks produced from 21/15 heterozygote matings. Additional tests kindly done by Dr. Elwood and Ruth Briles on 29 potential 19/15 birds using other B-15 antisera indicated that 8 birds were actually 19/19, and 21 were 19/15. The original B-15 antiserum had cross-reacted with the 19 antigen. When 18 potential 21/15 birds were

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

KEYWORDS:

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1411

tested with other B-21 antisera no agglutination occurred, indicating we had selected for an alloantlgen determined by a locus other than j5. These results show the importance of locus specific and non-crossreacting antisera. New matings are underway and different antisera will be used to develop a 21 B-congenic line. The unique B-homozygotes in the 6 B-congenic lines will be grown to maturity to produce chicks which will be used to further characterize the I5-haplotype influence on disease resistance. KEY WORDS; „ . „ „ „ , , ji-congenic, Ea-B , ]$-haplotype

Turkey hens of various strains were exposed to either continuous light of 14 hours per day (14L:10D) or several intermittent lighting (IL) programs. The IL programs were initiated either at the beginning of the laying period or after the hens had been exposed to 14 hours of light per day for varying periods of time. The treatments were given to hens housed in floor pens and trapnested and hens housed in individual cages. The following IL treatments were tested: (1) 1L:2!SD repeated 4 times then 1L:10D; (2) 1L:4D: 1L:4D:1L:2D:1L:10D; and (3) 1L:4D:4L:1D:1L:2D:1L:10D. The IL treatments resulted in a similar number of eggs laid in trapnests for turkey hens housed in floor pens. In some trials floor egg production was increased in the IL groups suggesting that these hens laid more total eggs than those given 14L:10D. The results were similar whether the IL treatments were started at the beginning of lay or initiated later in the laying cycle. For hens housed in cages, hens given IL treatment 1 above laid a similar number of eggs as hens given 14L:10D. KEYWORDS: Turkeys

Intermittent-light

EFFECT OF HEAT STRESS AND DIETARY PHOSPHORUS ON EGG SHELL QUALITY AND VARIOUS BLOOD PARAMETERS. Christopher A. Bailey* and C.R. Creger. Dept. of Poultry Science, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Te^.as A&M University System, College Station, TX 77843. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of temperature and diet on various parameters related to egg shell formation. Laying hens were kept in rooms maintained at either 21C or 34C. Birds in each room were fed three diets calculated to contain either .325%, .625% or .925% total phosphorus and 3.5% total calcium. Blood serum was collected and analyzed using a Technicon SMA 12/60 computerized auto analyzer. The activity of serum alkaline phosphatase was higher in birds maintained at 34C, while both serum calcium and serum phosphorus were lower in birds maintained at 34C. The elevated room temperature significantly decreased egg shell quality as measured by percent shell, shell thickness and specific gravity. KEYWORDS: Laying Hens, Heat Stress, Calcium, Phosphorus, Alkaline Phosphatase

THE CHOLINE-METHIONINE RELATIONSHIP FOR GROWING CHICKS. P. H. Baker, K. M. Halpin, G. L. Czarnecki and C. M. Parsons*, Dept. of Animal Science, University of Illinois, UrbanaTTI bTSOT A total of 1500 crossbred chicks (New Hampshire x Columbian) were used to evaluate the choline-methionine interrelationship. Two trials with a crystalline amino acid diet were designed to delineate the sulfur amino acid (SAA) and choline (C) need for maximal weight gain (G) and feed utilization (G/F) of chicks during the period 8 to 18 days posthatching.

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

INTERMITTENT LIGHTING OF TURKEY HENS. Wayne L. Bacon and Karl E. Nestor. Dept. of Poultry Sci., Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, & The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691

1412

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

KEYWORDS.

Choline • Methionine • Chick growth

GROSS AND MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE CLOACA OF THE TURKEY MALE Murray R. Bakst* and Helene C. Cecil. USDA, ARS, Avian Physiology Lab., Beltsville, MD 20705. The oloaea of the mature turkey male consists of 3 internal compartments: (1) the proctodeum, (2) the urodeum, and (3) the coprodeum. The proctodeum is the internal continuation of the cloacal lips. On the caudoventral surface of the proctodeum are the corpora phallicum laterale (phallus), and more cranially, the plicae lymphaticae. Together these structures form the phallus nonprotrudens, the nonintromittent copulatory organ of the turkey. The dorsal mucosal surface of the proctodeum is characterized by a central triangular swelling and longitudinally oriented folds. The plica uroproctodealis separates the proctodeum from the urodeum. Found within the centrally located urodeum are the papillae ductus deferens and ostium cloacale ureteris. Although the plica coprourodealls separates the coprodeum from the urodeum there is no distinct cranial boundary delineating the coprodeum from the rectum. However, the coprodeum is characterized by a dilation of the lower intestine, termed the ampulla recti. The lymphatic system of the ventral cloaca was examined by means of vascular casting. Liquid latex or plastic was injected directly into the right phallus and allowed to polymerize. The tissue was either cleared in glycerin or digested. Casting material filled the lymph channels of both phalli and then continued cranially, filling the lymph channels of the plicae lymphatica, the collecting channels of the corpus vasculare paracloacale and the vas lymphaticus pudendus in that order. These observations resolve contradictory observations in the literature and will serve as a basis for future work addressing the physiological basis of ejaculation and transparent fluid formation in the turkey. KEY WORDS:

Anatomy, Turkey, Cloaca, Lymphatics, Copulatory structures

GROSS AND MICROSCOPIC APPEARANCES OF TURKEY CLOACAE AFTER SINGLE OR MULTIPLE MANUAL SEMEN COLLECTIONS. Murray R. Bakst and Helene C. Cecil. USDA, ARS, Avian Physiology Lab., Beltsville, MD 20705 The gross and microscopic appearance of 64 turkey cloacae were examined after single and multiple (3 successive times at 30 to 60 min intervals) semen collections. All cloacae exhibited some degree of hemorrhage, the extent of which depended upon (1) the frequency of semen collection, (2) the frequency of cloacal strokes, and (3) the differences in individual collectors' techniques. When examined immediately after semen collection, most cloacae were extensively hemorrhaged throughout the urodeum and portions of the proctodeum. Light microscopy revealed numerous extravascular red blood cells throughout the loose connective tissue and muscular layer of the papillae. Cloacae and papillae examined 3 days after the last

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

In T r i a l 1 , DL-methionine (M) levels of 0, .10% and .27% ( i n the presence of .27% L-cystine; .54% SAA representing the SAA requirement for birds fed t h i s d i e t ) were fed to chicks r e ceiving 0, 868 or 4340 mg/kg dietary C. G and G/F did not respond to C supplementation at the two d e f i c i e n t levels of M but responded dramatically at .27% M, maximal G and G/F occurr i n g at 868 mg/kg C. T r i a l 2 evaluated f i v e graded levels of SAA (50:50 r a t i o of M to cystine; .40 to .65% SAA) and f i v e of C (0 to 1215 mg/kg) in a 5 x 5 f a c t o r i a l treatment arrangement. G/F was maximized at 608 mg/kg C at a l l levels of M, and at between .50 and .55% SAA at a l l levels of C. Two t r i a l s (days 8 to 25 posthatching) with a practical-type corn-SBM d i e t involved f i v e graded levels of supplemental M (0 to .20%) and three of supplemental C ( 0 , 217 and 434 mg/kg) in a 3 x 5 f a c t o r i a l treatment arrangement. Maximum G and G/F occurred at .10% supplemental M, regardless of choline l e v e l . G and G/F were improved from supplemental C when M was below .10%. At M levels of .15 and .20% of the d i e t , no response to supplemental C was observed. I t was thus apparent that M had a s l i g h t sparing effect on the chick's need for C but that C did not likewise spare M.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1413

semen collection were nearly normal in appearance. It is suggested that cloacal injury may be minimized during semen collection by using only one or two cloacal strokes and using the correct hand placement and pressure around the cloaca during the cloacal stroke. KEYWORDS:

Anatomy, Turkey, Cloaca, Semen collection, Copulatory structures

A commercial strain of torn and hen turkeys were fed a diet containing 0.0375% carbarsone and either 0, 15, 30, or 45 grams per ton Baciferm (zinc bacitracin). Each diet was replicated three times within each sex. Standard turkey management practices were followed. Body weights were taken at eight weeks, twelve weeks, and market age (16 weeks for hens, 20 weeks for toms). Male body weights at 20 weeks of age for the 15g/ton bacitracin diet were significantly higher than the other diets. Female body weights at 16 weeks of age were not significantly different between treatments. There was a trend in the feed conversion shown by the hens with the best conversion occuring at the 45g/ton level. There were no significant differences 1n feed conversion occuring in the toms.

KEYWORDS:

CARBARSONE, BACTFERM, BACITRACIN

EFFECTS OF CALCIUM, PHOSPHORUS AND FEED INTAKE ON PHYTATE HYDROLYSIS BY CHICKS. Gordon C. Ball am*. T. S. Nelson and L. K. Kirb.y. Department of Animal Sciences, University ot Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 Four week old broiler chicks were fed a corn-soybean meal diet or this diet containing 1.0% calcium and 0.45% available phosphorus in a factorial design. The addition of 1.0% calcium significantly reduced phytate hydrolysis by chicks from 42.1% to 8.3?. The addition of inorganic phosphorus to diets to achieve 0.45% available phosphorus, increased phytate hydrolysis by chicks in the absence of calcium, but not when calcium was present in the diet. In a second study, dibasic calcium phosphate was substituted for calcium carbonate in a corn-soybean meal diet to increase the available phosphorus levels from 0.12% to 0.20%, 0.40%, 0.60%, and 0.80%, while maintaining 1.0% dietary calcium. These diets were fed to 4 week old broiler chicks at two different levels of feed intake. Supplementing diets with inorganic phosphorus, as calcium phosphate, significantly reduced the ability of chicks to hydrolyze phytate phosphorus, although there was no further reduction past 0.20% available phosphorus. Increasing feed intake from 31.1 to 36.8g/bird had no effect on dry matter digestion or the amount of phytate hydrolyzed. However, in a third study, increasing feed intake from 28.1 to 35.Ig/bird in a corn-soybean meal diet containing no added calcium or phosphorus significantly increased phytate hydrolysis by chicks. Dry matter digestion was not affected by feed intake.

KEYWORDS:

calcium, phosphorus, feed intake, phytate hydrolysis

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

THE EFFECT OF CARBARSONE AND VARYING LEVELS,OF ZINC BACITRACIN ON FEED EFFICIENCY AND BODY WEIGHT GAIN IN MALE AND FEMALE TURKEYS. Richard J. Balander.* Dept. of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1414

BRAIN TESTOSTERONE METABOLISM AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOR IN CHICKENS AND QUAIL. Balthazart, Lab. Biochimie Geri^rale et Comparee, Univ. Liege, BELGIUM.

J_.

KEYWORDS:

Testosterone metabolism - Sexual behavior - 5R -dihydrotestosterone.

OPTIMUM UTILIZATION OF TURKEY IN SUMMER SAUSAGES. Shabtai Barbut* and Arthur J. Maurer. Dept. of Poultry Science, University of Wis., Madison, WI 53706 Summer sausages were formulated with different proportions of hand deboned turkey meat(HDTM), mechanically deboned turkey meat (MDTM), texturized MDTM (heat denatured strands) and turkey hearts. Various other non-turkey ingredients such as structured soy protein fiber (SPF), beef fat, and a natural red beet colorant were also included in some of the formulations. Both objective and subjective techniques were used to analyze the summer sausages. The results indicated that a sausage formulation with approximately 1/3 MDTM combined with 2/3 HDTM (equal portions of dark turkey bits and turkey hearts) provided a very acceptable product texture. The addition of a small amount of beef fat or red beet color further improved the appearance of the sausages. Close adherence to proper grinding and mixing temperatures resulted in good particle definition. The optimum combination of ingredients provided a turkey product as acceptable as the traditional beef summer sausage which was used as a comparison treatment for the chemical, physical, and sensory evaluations. Ingredient costs for the turkey summer sausages manufactured in these experiments were substantially lower than the costs for similar products made with beef. KEYWORDS: Summer sausages, turkey, mechanically deboned turkey, red beet, texturized meat

THE- EFFECT OF EARLY PROTEIN LEVELS ON SUBSEQUENT EGG PRODUCTION FACTORS. W. L. Beane*, C. L. Bish and P. L. Ruszler, Dept. of Poultry Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061. A total of 576 twenty-week old SCWL pullets from four different juvenile nutritional regimes were placed in 72 laying cages and data on egg production, egg traits, feed consumption, and body weights were obtained through 72 weeks of age. Nutritional treatments differed in crude protein levels during the growing period as follows: NT1 - 18% CP from 0-6 wks of age, 15% from 6-14 wks and 12% from 14-20 wks; NT2 - 18% from 0-3 wks, 12% from 3-8 wks, 15% from 8-14 wks and 18% from 14-20 wks; NT3 - 18% from 0-2 wks, 12% from 2-8 wks and the same as NT2 thereafter; and NT4 - 18% from 0-1 wk, 12% from 1-8 wks, and the same as NT2 and NT3 thereafter. Hen-day egg production through 72 wks of age did not differ between treatments. Although the number of eggs per hen-housed appears to favor NT3 and 4 (229, 232, 252 and 253 for NT1-4, respectively), they were not significantly different from one another. The hen-housed egg production is reflected by the percent livability (70.8, 72.4, 78.5 and 80.7 for NT1-4, respectively). The cumulative average egg weight of NT1 (60.1 g)

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

The brain of chickens and quail shows the ability of metabolizing testosterone (T). The major metabolic pathways include 5 R-and 5 a-reduction as well as aromatase. The enzymatic activities (reductases mainly) were evaluated during in vitro experiments and their change* according to age, sex and physiological status of the birds were determined. The biological effects of the metabolites (5 R-and 5 a-dihydrotestosterone (DHT); estradiol (E2)) were also assessed by injecting them to castrated birds. 5 R-DHT mainly appears as inactive metabolite although it can stimulate copulatory movement in young chicks and has a slightly stimulatory effect on the growth of secondary sexual characteristics (cloacal gland in quail, comb in chickens). 5 a-DHT markely stimulates the growth of the^e structures while E2 is the most potent metabolite as far as activation of sexual behavior is concerned. The intracellular T metabolism seems to modulate,thro ugh changes in the rates of conversion to active and inactive metabolites, the action of the hormone at the cellular level.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1415

differed from NT 3 and 4 (59.1 g) whereas NT2 (59.5 g) did not differ from either of the other treatments. Total egg mass per hen housed did not differ between treatments (13763, 13804, 14893 and 14952 g, respectively, for NT1-4). A similar trend was reflected in unit of feed per unit of egg (2.46, 2.42, 2.40 and 2.38 for NT1-4, respectively). Although NT4 birds were significantly smaller than NT1 birds at 20 and 24 wks of age, they did not differ at 28 wks and older. KEYWORDS:

dietary protein, egg production, egg weight

Commercial broiler breeders need a selection method to reduce the large amount of abdominal fat in the modern broiler. A selection program that would decrease abdominal fat and increase carcass weight was designed to explore the feasibility of using a selection index in a sire progeny testing program. Seventy-five sires were mated to 444 dams and produced 721 female progeny which were slaughtered at 49 days of age. An index (.1108 carcass weight - abdominal fat weight) was used to determine the 20 highest index sire pens. These 20 pens comprised the selection line and all pens provided a control line. A hatch from these pens was raised and slaughtered at 49 days of age. Selected progeny females differed from control: live body wt + 30 gms., carcass wt + 24 gms., abdominal fat wt + .5 gms.; males differed from control: live body wt + 40 gms., carcass weight + 16 gms., abdominal fat wt - 6.4 gms. The data indicate that it is feasible to select against abdominal fat and increase carcass and live body weight at the same time. Sire progeny testing is not recommended because of the time element; individual selection of males probably is the best selection system.

K E Y W O R D S : Broiler chickens, abdominal fat, selection, carcass weight

DIETARY PRECONDITIONING OF TURKEYS TO STIMULATE MICROBIAL CELLULOSE DIGESTION. Holly P. Bedbury* and Gary E. Duke, Dept. of Vet. Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108. Microflora indigenous to the ceca of turkeys were enumerated, cultured (aerobically and anaerobically), identified by gas chromatography and examined with respect to aerotolerance and metabolic activities. Since microbes are substrate dependent, a comparison was made between turkeys maintained on standard commercial diets (LF) and experimental high fiber diets (HF). Organisms were subcultured in an enriched M98-5-cellulose media which was subsequently analyzed by an acid detergent method for evidence of celluloysis. Substantial differences in birds maintained on the two diets were noted. Organisms isolated from birds maintained on HF diets were more fastidious, tended to exist symbiotically and a larger percentage were facultatively anaerobic. Pure isolates from birds maintained on HF diets demonstrated a definite but insignificant trend toward increased cellulose digestion, whereas mixed cultures from the same birds displayed significantly greater cellulolysis. An in vivo method to verify the in vitro method is currently in progress. KEY WORDS: Turkey, ceca, cellulose digestion.

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

SELECTION OF BROILERS FOR LARGE CARCASS WEIGHT AND LOW ABDOMINAL FAT. Walter A. Becker*, John V. Spencer, Larry W. Mirosh, and John A. Verstrate, Depts. of Animal Sciences and Food Science and Technology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6310

1416

ABSTRACTS OF'PAPERS

VARYING THE AGE OF SEXUAL STIMULATION IN SCWL PULLETS. D. D. Bell*, D. R. Kuney, and C. J. Adams. Cooperative Extension, University of California, 21150 Box Springs Road, Riverside, CA 92507.

KEYWORDS: sexual Maturity, Lighting

COSTS TO PRODUCE MEAT BY H0T-DEB0NING 7 TO 12 WEEK OLD BROILERS. F.H. Benoff*. D. Hamm and L_. Minear . Extension Poultry Science Dept., University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. Three hundred fifty broilers (175 female and 175 male) were reared together to 7 weeks of age and then divided equally into groups of 70 broilers each to be processed at 7, 9, 10, 11 and 12 weeks of age. Body weights and feed conversion were obtained on an individual and group basis, respectively, prior to processing. At each age broilers were processed using standard bleeding, scalding and feather picking practices. Pectoralis major and minor muscles, drum and thigh meat were removed from each noneviscerated carcass immediately following feather picking and weighed to determine yield. Broilers weighed from 1838g to 3227g from 7 to 12 weeks of age on a mixed sex basis with females weighing about 77% of the male weight at the later ages. Feed conversions increased from 2.05 at 7 weeks to 2.88 at 12 weeks of age. Total meat yields increased from 24.6% to 28.7% for 7 to 12 week old broilers. Female broilers yielded approximately 95% as much meat on a % of slaughter weight basis as male broilers at each age. The white:dark meat ratio went from 104 to 108 from 7 to 11 weeks and then decreased to 106 at 12 weeks of age. Female broilers at all ages had higher white:dark meat ratios than males. Costs to produce a pound of meat for 9, 10, 11 and 12 week old broilers were estimated to be 93%, 88%, 89%, and 95%, respectively of the cost of producing a pound of meat at 7 weeks of age. .Russell Research Center, USDA, Athens, GA 30613. Gold Kist Research Farms, P.O. Box 68, Talmo, GA 30575. KEYWORDS:

Hot-deboned, meat yield, meat costs.

USE OF DISPLAYS AS AN EXTENSION METHOD. Joe G. Berry* Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078 Increased travel and personnel expenses have made cost-benefit an important consideration in extension efforts. One way to reach large audiences is to employ fairs, shopping

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of varying the age of sexual stimulation on two strains of SCWL pullets. August hatched pullets were reared in open-type cage houses with no artificial lighting after eight weeks of age. At 18, 20 and 22 weeks of age, one-third of each flock was placed on 17 hours of light and a 17% protein layer diet. Performance data were collected between 20 and 68 weeks of age. Analysis of variance indicated significant differences associated with stimulation age for hen-day and hen-housed egg production, feed to egg ratio, egg weight and egg income minus feed cost. No differences were observed for total egg mass per hen-housed or for daily feed consumption. A significant interaction between age at stimulation and strain for total mortality was noted. Hen-housed egg production was significantly greater in the 18 week group when compared to the 20 week group. The 22 week hens were intermediate. A positive linear relationship was observed between egg weight and sexual stimulation age. The percentage of eggs weighing at least 56 grams was 65.8, 74.2 and 79.5 for the 18, 20 and 22 week groups respectively. Egg income minus feed cost was significantly less in the 20 week group when compared to the 18 and 22 week flocks. Identical income was observed in the 18 and 22 week hens as a result of the egg production advantage in the 18 week group as opposed to the egg weight advantage in the 22 week group.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1417

centers, youth activities and other crowd producing events as a location for educational displays. Effective use of displays, booths and exhibits depend upon the user's knowledge of the principles of multi-individual contact as well as information regarding the subject to be presented and the audience to be served. The exhibit location, space utilization, central theme, idea sequence and take-along information interact to produce maximum results. Successful displays used for walk-by audiences in Indiana and Oklahoma have demonstrated the importance of these principles. Maximum contact was accomplished using diverse methods including trained personnel, quick focus backdrops and product samples. Participant evaluation is a beneficial tool for developing exhibits with specific audience appeal.

EFFECT OF PROTEIN AND ENERGY LEVELS ON PERFORMANCE OF FEMALE BROILER CHICKS. K.K. Bhargava f Research Dept., Plains Poultry Limited, Wynyard, Saskatchewan SOA 4TO and J.B. O'Neil, Dept. of Animal and Poultry Sci., University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N OWO. Seven experiments were conducted to study the influence of energy and protein levels on performance of female broiler chicks. In Experiments 1 and 2, body weight and feed efficiency were adversely affected when fed 20.7% protein diets containing 2960 or 2880 and 3040 or 2960 M.E. kcal/kg, respectively. Chicks (experiment 3) receiving diets containing either 19.7% or 18.7% protein showed adverse effects on performance. . A significant depression was observed in birds fed a diet containing 2960 M.E. kcal/kg. Experiments 4, 5, 6 and 7 were designed to determine the requirement from 28 days to market age. In these trials all chicks were reared to 28 days on a 20.7% protein diet containing 3040 M.E. kcal/kg. There was no deleterious effect on performance and carcass grade of chicks (experiment 4) fed grower - finisher diets containing either 17.8%, 16.9% or 16% protein when compared with the control group. Diets containing either 16.9% or 16% protein produced a significant depression in Experiment 5. The lowest level of dietary energy (2960 kcal/kg) resulted in an adverse effect on performance and carcass grade of birds (experiment 6) at 50 days. In Experiment 7, diets containing either 18.6% or 17.8%. protein and two levels of energy (3120 or 3040 kcal/kg) within each protein level had no influence on performance and carcass grade of birds.

KEYWORDS; Protein, Energy, Broilers

EFFECT OF INORGANIC MATTER (GRANITE GRIT) ON ENDOGENOUS ENERGY AND TRUE METABOLIZABLE ENERGY VALUES. S. F. Bilgili, M. P. Goeger*, and G. H. Arscott. Dept. of Poultry Sci., Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 Adult White Leghorn roosters, half of which were exposed to free-choice hen-size granite grit, were used to determine the effect of grit on Endogenous Energy (EE) and on True Metabolizable Energy (TME) values of corn (Trial 1) and sunflower seed products: dehulled seeds, ground whole seeds and hulls (Trial 2 ) . Grit exposure of either 8 or 2 weeks, and fecal collection periods of either 24 or 48 hours varied, between Trials 1 and 2, respectively. In the first trial the starved and force-fed birds on the grit treatment excreted significantly (P£0.05) greater amounts of grit, which resulted in over-estimated fecal dry matter (Fdm) and EE outputs, whereas, in the second trial, EE outputs of starved birds were not affected with the presence of grit, despite significant (P£0.05) differences in Fdm outputs. Adjusting the Fdm on a grit-free basis by passing it through a20-mesh sieve, removed the differences between treatments and reduced the variability associated with the presence of grit. With the exception of dehulled sunflower seeds and sunflower seed hulls, presence of grit in digestive tracts, noted mainly in gizzards of both starved and force-fed assay

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

K E Y W O R D S : Displays, Booths, Exhibits

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1418

b i r d s , d i d n o t i n f l u e n c e t h e TME v a l u e s . The r e s u l t s a p p e a r e d t o be a f f e c t e d by d u r a t i o n of e x p o s u r e , d e g r e e of p u l v e r i z a t i o n i n t h e g i z z a r d and t y p e of f e e d . I t was t h e r e f o r e c o n c l u d e d t h a t a d j u s t e d Fdm o u t p u t s s h o u l d be u s e d a s a r o u t i n e p r o c e d u r e i n TME b i o a s s a y , e s p e c i a l l y w h e r e t h e g r i t f e e d i n g h i s t o r y of t h e a s s a y b i r d s i s n o t known. Oregon A g r l c . E x p e r i m e n t S t a t i o n T e c h n i c a l P a p e r No. 5 8 4 3 . KEYWORDS:

True M e t a b o l i z a b l e energy, g r i t ,

corn,

sunflower

seeds

A low sodium d i e t was u s e d t o f o r c e m o l t 409 h e n s . Another 421 hens were f o r c e molted by w a t e r and f e e d r e s t r i c t i o n s . B i r d s w e r e 68 w e e k s of a g e and two s t r a i n s (A and B) w e r e about e q u a l l y r e p r e s e n t e d i n each t r e a t m e n t group. Feed and w a t e r w e r e p r o v i d e d ad l i b i t u m t o t h e f i r s t g r o u p f o r t h e e n t i r e p e r i o d of m o l t ( 3 5 d a y s ) . The s e c o n d g r o u p r e c e i v e d no w a t e r f o r 3 d a y s and f e e d was w i t h h e l d f o r t h e f i r s t 4 d a y s , a f t e r w h i c h i n c r e m e n t a l a m o u n t s of w h o l e o a t s w e r e p r o v i d e d a s t h e o n l y f e e d u n t i l d a y 1 8 . A f t e r d a y 1 8 , i n c r e m e n t a l a m o u n t s of l a y i n g mash and d e c r e m e n t a l a m o u n t s of w h o l e o a t s w e r e p r o v i d e d t o t h e end of t h e f o r c e m o l t i n g p r o c e d u r e (26 d a y s ) . B o t h g r o u p s r e c e i v e d e q u a l h o u r s of l i g h t . The low sodium g r o u p c e a s e d l a y i n g a f t e r 28 t o 31 d a y s , l o s t 8.7% of t h e i r p r e - m o l t body w e i g h t , r e d u c e d f e e d c o n s u m p t i o n by 35%, d e c r e a s e d egg p r o d u c t i o n b y a b o u t 70% and e n c o u n t e r e d 3.4% mortality. The w a t e r and f e e d r e s t r i c t e d g r o u p r e c e i v i n g o a t s c e a s e d l a y i n g a f t e r 11 t o 12 d a y s , l o s t 17% of t h e i r p r e - m o l t body w e i g h t , r e d u c e d f e e d c o n s u m p t i o n by 8 1 % , d e c r e a s e d egg p r o d u c t i o n by 93% and m o r t a l i t y r a t e was 5%. No d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e o b s e r v e d b e t w e e n t h e two m o l t g r o u p s i n egg p r o d u c t i o n r a t e , egg w e i g h t , i n t e r i o r q u a l i t y and egg s h e l l q u a l i t y d u r i n g 10 s u b s e q u e n t 2 8 - d a y p e r i o d s . S t r a i n B stopped laying e a r l i e r

and had a h i g h e r m o r t a l i t y r a t e a s compared t o

strain

A. KEYWORDS:

FORCE MOLTING, LOW-SODIUM DIET, FEED & WATER RESTRICTIONS, LAYING CHICKENS

EFFECTS OF THE B COMPLEX ON BODY WEIGHT AND MORTALITY IN CHICKENS. R.C. B i r k m e y e r H a r p a l S i n g h , and A.W. N o r d s k o g . D e p t . of A n i m a l S c i . , Iowa S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , Ames, IA 5 0 0 1 1 .

,

Four B c o m p l e x h a p l o t y p e s of a n o u t b r e d p o p u l a t i o n of W h i t e L e g h o r n s ( S I ) p r o d u c e d by c o n t r o l l e d s e g r e g a t i o n a t t h e Ea-B and IR-GAT l o c i d i f f e r e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n body w e i g h t a t 8 weeks of a g e . By i m m u n o c h e m i c a l a n a l y s i s of t h e s u r f a c e a n t i g e n s , two r e c o m b i n a n t h a p l o t y p e s h a v e now b e e n i d e n t i f i e d a s c r o s s o v e r s b e t w e e n t h e Ea-B and B-L r e g i o n s of t h e B complex. Each r e g i o n c o n t r i b u t e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y t o body w e i g h t d i f f e r e n c e s . Mortality r e c o r d s e x a m i n e d o v e r a 3 g e n e r a t i o n s p a n w e r e d i v i d e d i n t o 3 p e r i o d s , c h i c k (0 t o 3 weeks) g r o w i n g (4 t o 20 w e e k s ) , and a d u l t ( 2 1 t o 78 w e e k s ) . D i f f e r e n c e s i n t o t a l m o r t a l i t y (0 t o 78 weeks) seemed t o b e c o n t r o l l e d by t h e B-L r e g i o n o n l y . However, s i g n i f i c a n t i n t e r a c t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e Ea-B and B-L r e g i o n s w e r e e v i d e n t f o r b o t h g r o w i n g and a d u l t m o r t a l i t y . KEYWORDS.

Clemson

Body w e i g h t , M o r t a l i t y , B complex

INFLUENCE OF POST HANDLING TECHNIQUES ON GLUCOSE CONCENTRATIONS G. P . B i r r e n k o t t * a n d M. E . W i g g i n s , P o u l t r y S c i e n c e D e p t . , U n i v e r s i t y , C l e m s o n , SC 29631

The m e a s u r e m e n t of homeostatic well-being

venous glucose l e v e l s as i s becoming more p o p u l a r

an as

i n d i c a t i o n of assays are

bird's

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

EVALUATION OF TWO FORCE MOLTING PROCEDURES AND THEIR EFFECT ON PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF TWO STRAINS OF WHITE LEGHORNS. H. R. B i r d * and M. L . S u n d e , D e p t . of P o u l t r y S c l . , U n i v . of W i s c o n s i n , M a d i s o n , WI 53706 and N. W. S a i d and T. W. S u l l i v a n , D e p t . of Animal S c i . , U n i v . of N e b r a s k a , L i n c o l n , NE 6 8 5 8 3 - 0 8 2 0 .

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1419

simplified. A series of experiments was run to examine the influence of different assays and post-collection handling techniques on glucose concentrations. Variables studied included comparisons of sera and plasma, various anticoagulants, and blood storage temperatures. All blood samples were from market age broilers.

Glucose, assay, broiler, blood, plasma, serum

MICROCOMPUTERS IN THE POULTRY CLASSROOM. 1. POULTRY PRODUCTS EVALUATION A Glenn P. Birrenkott, Jr. , Poultry Science Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631 The popularity of a poultry products evaluation course at Clemson University in a time of shrinking budgets has forced faculty to examine new teaching methods. The paperwork involved in 15 to 20 students each judging up to 15 classes per week is considerable. This is further complicated by the fact that the student's scorecards must be corrected quickly and returned so they may go back and learn from their mistakes. Development of interactive microcomputer programs for students to input their answers in product, production and breed classes or rings have been developed. These programs give immediate feedback to the student on each of his or her decisions. The programs store each student's responses and overall score for each class. This allows the teacher to quickly tabulate grades and responses to find where problems are occurring with a particular student, all students or the class being evaluated. Student evaluations and faculty responses have been favorable to this new system which has saved many hours of student and teacher time. KEY WORDS:

Microcomputer, teaching, education, judging, evaluation, coursework

TISSUE UPTAKE OF MANGANESE AS A MEASURE OF BIOLOGICAL AVAILABILITY OF MANGANESE SOURCES IN CHICKS. J . R. Black, P. R. Henry* and C. B. Ammerman, Department of A n i . Sci. and R. P. Miles, Department of Poultry S c i . , University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. An experiment was conducted with 120 day-old Cobb color-sexed chicks to study tissue uptake of Mn as a measure of biological availability of Mn sources. A basal (115 ppm Mn) cornsoybean meal diet fed ad libitum in a Petersime battery was supplemented with 1000, 2000, or 4000 ppm Mn as either reagent grade sulfate, carbonate or monoxide. Chicks were killed at 26 days and liver, heart, muscle and bone samples frozen for mineral analysis. There was no difference in growth or feed efficiency of birds at any Mn level. Analysis of Mn in tissues revealed a significant linear relationship between liver or bone Mn concentration and dietary Mn level for sulfate, oxide and carbonate; however, individual variation was greater at the 4000 ppm level. Muscle Mn also increased (P <.05) as dietary Mn. increased. Liver uptake of Mn appeared to be a good indicator of biological availability of various sources and provided several advantages over use of bone ash or bone Mn concentration which had been reported in the literature along with leg deformity score as indicators of availability. KEYWORDS,

manganese, tissue uptake, availability

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

Results obtained from colorimetric (o-toluidine) and enzymatic (hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) assays were not significantly different (P > .05). Sample handling procedures had a marked influence on observed glucose concentrations. Significant (P < .05) time X temperature interactions were found. The glycolysis observed with ambient and higher temperatures was halted with the addition of sodium fluoride to the blood.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1420

LENGTH OF EXPOSURE - HISTOLOGICAL EFFECTS ON LUNGS AND BROILER PERFORMANCE AND HOUSE ENVIRONMENT WITH MT. ST. HELENS' VOLCANIC ASH DUST. M. C. Bland*, M. P. Goeger, and H. S. Nakaue, Dept. of Poultry Sci., and D. H. Heifer, School of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331

Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Paper No. 6318. KEYWORDS: Volcanic ash dust, broiler environment, respiratory tract

EFFECT OF EXOGENOUS ESTROGEN ON AVIAN AFLATOXICOSIS. M. B. Blankfard* and J. A. Doerr. Dept. of Poultry Science, University of Maryland, Col lege Hark, MD 20742 A report that in vitro metabolism of aflatoxin Bj by rat liver microsomes was inhibited by estradiol suggested that this steroid might be protective in vivo during aflatoxicosis. Week-old male Japanese quail were given 17-6 estradioT~via silastic implants. From 2 to 4 weeks of age they were fed 0 or 10 ppm aflatoxin. Body weights of aflatoxin and estrogen-aflatoxin groups were 56 and 84g, respectively (control = 89g), indicating an estrogen-mediated sparing effect. There was no testicular development in the estrogen-aflatoxin group and only slight development in the aflatoxin group. An equivalent regime was imposed on male broiler chicks with the addition of an estrogen implanted control group. Assay of plasma estrogen showed that implants were releasing steroid during the experiment. Unlike the response in quail, mean body weights of aflatoxin and estrogen-aflatoxin groups were not different (P<0.05); however, distribution curves for aflatoxin groups were skewed toward lower gain rates while controls, estrogen-controls, and estrogen-aflatoxin weights were distributed normally. Estrogen improved (P<0.05) plasma protein (2.16 g%) over aflatoxin groups (1.29 g%). Liver ultrasections from estrogen-aflatoxin birds showed relatively normal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) while aflatoxin alone disrupted ER. Capacity of isolated microsomes in vitro to convert aflatoxin Bi to other metabolites was not affected by prior in vivo eTErogen treatment. These data show a partial sparing of aflatoxicosis by estrogen, although possibly by a mechanism different from that reported in rats. Further study is needed to define this mechanism in birds. KEYWORDS:

Aflatoxin, estradiol, silastic implants, microsomes, plasma protein

DIETARY RESPONSES IN PLASMA CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS AMONG ESTR0GENIZED CHICKS: CORRELATIONS WITH LIVER LIPID ACCUMULATION. Steven L. Bolden*, L.S. Jensen and K. Takahashi, Dept. of Poultry Sci., University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 The influence of estrogen administration on calcium and phosphorus metabolism among chicks fed different isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets containing the same levels of

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

Fourteen hundred broilers were exposed to Mt. St. Helens' volcanic ash (A) dust (D) from 27 to 49 days of age to correlate the exposure time - histological effects of the lungs, and to determine the effects on broiler performance and house environment. Histological examination of the lungs from birds exposed for 4 days to either AD for 60 min. (AD60) in the morning and afternoon, daily or AD after one direct (Di) application (Ap) (20 kg/m^) on wood shaving litter indicated mild lymphoid hyperplasia and granuloma formation with some crystalline material deposited in the macrophages; however, no effect was observed in lung tissues from broilers exposed for 4 days to AD for 15 min. (AD15) in the am and pm, daily. Birds exposed to AD and examined after 7 days had the same histological changes in the lungs as 4 days and also giant cell granuloma. No histological effect in the turbinates were found with any AD treatments. The total AD blown into the pens was calculated to be 82 and 2776 g/daily for AD15 and AD60, respectively. Mean body weight, NH3 levels, mortality and respiratory D (particles ranging in size from 0.5 to 10um) levels were not significantly different among the treatments; however, broilers exposed to AD60 had significantly poorer feed conversion than the A Di Ap exposure. No difference in feed conversion was observed between the control and either AD15 or AD60 treatments. From this experiment, the observed histological changes in the lungs occurred with less than 4 days exposure to AD at 2776 g/day.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1421

KEY WORDS.

chicks, estrogen, calcium, phosphorus, l i v e r l i p i d , d i e t composition

EFFECT OF FEEDING TIME AND SUPPLEMENTATION WITH CALCIUM/PHOSPHORUS PELLETS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BROILER BREEDERS. Salim M. Bootwalla*. R. H. Harms and H. R. Wilson, Dept. of Poultry Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. Two experiments were conducted in which b r o i l e r breeders were fed at 0800, 130,0, 1600,and 1300 hrs with 10.6g/b/d Ca/P pellets {S.Zt P and 21.0% Ca) at 1600 hrs. Experiment 1 was conducted with 480 64-week old hens from 27 July to 23 August. Experiment 2 was conducted with 280 32-week old hens beginning 5 Nov. and ending 27 Jan. The birds that were fed at 1300 hrs followed by Ca/P pellets at 1600 hrs and those fed at 1600 hrs had s i g n i f i c a n t l y higher egg specific gravity than the birds fed at 0800 hrs or 1300 hrs. There were no s i g n i f i c a n t differences in egg production, f e r t i l i t y , or hatchabili t y of f e r t i l e eggs a t t r i b u t e d to feeding time or supplemental Ca/P p e l l e t s . Egg weight was highest for the birds fed at 1300 hrs and given Ca/P pellets at 1600 hrs; egg weight was lowest for birds fed at 0800 hrs. KEYWORDS, feeding time, calcium, phosphorus, b r o i l e r breeder

THE INFLUENCE OF LITTER VS WIRE FLOOR ON THE WEIGHT AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF EGGS FROM BROILER BREEDER HENS. Salim M. Bootwalla*, R. H. Harms and H. R. Wilson, Dept. of Poultry Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. In the f i r s t of two experiments b r o i l e r breeder hens, 45 wk of age, were divided into two treatment groups of 24 birds each. One group was kept in pens with old shaving l i t t e r . The second group was placed in pens with raised wire floors without access to l i t t e r or feces. Each group had four replicate pens of six hens each. Weight and specific g r a v i t y of a l l eggs were measured d a i l y . A breeder d i e t containing 2.92% Ca and 0.49% P was fed to both groups at the level of 145g/bird/day between 1000 and 1200 hrs. During the f i r s t two weeks of the experiment egg weight was s i g n i f i c a n t l y higher when hens were kept on wire f l o o r (7Q.09 _+ .27 vs 69.05 _+ .26g), whereas egg specific gravity was s i g n i f i c a n t l y higher for hens kept on l i t t e r floors (1.0846 ± .0005 vs 1.0829 ± .0006). During the second two weeks of the experiment, birds on wire floors had access to l i t t e r placed in feeders. An increase in egg specific gravity was noted w i t h i n four days, r e s u l t i n g in no s i g n i f i c a n t difference between treatments. Egg weight remained s i g n i f i c a n t l y higher for birds on wire f l o o r s . In experiment 2 b r o i l e r breeder hens, 52 weeks of age were separated into three t r e a t ments: l i t t e r f l o o r ; wire f l o o r ; and wire f l o o r with old l i t t e r material in feeders. The feeding regimen was the same as experiment 1 . Egg specific gravity was highest from hens

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

calcium and available phosphorus were assessed. At day of age, broiler chicks were placed on either a corn-soybean meal diet (CS), or a diet containing 5% fish meal, 5% alfalfa meal, and 10% torula yeast (FAY). At 21 days equivalent numbers were subcutaneously implanted with one of two lengths of silastic tubing containing estradiol dipropionate, while the remaining birds served as non-implanted controls. The implants were made of size to deliver two different release rates of the hormone (3.0 and 7.6 yg/day/bird). At six weeks of age, all birds were bled and killed for subsequent analysis of plasma calcium and phosphorus, and liver lipid concentration. Significant overall increases were observed in liver weight, liver lipid, plasma total calcium (Caj) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) in birds which were implanted. The major increase in Caj occurred in the protein bound (Cag) as opposed to the ultrafilterable (Cay) fraction. In implanted chicks fed the CS diet, the increases in liver weight, liver lipid, CaT, Cag, Cay, and Pi were significantly greater than in those fed the FAY diet. Furthermore, liver lipid values were closely correlated, positively, with both CaT and Pj. In an identical study in which SCWL chicks were used, the same trends for these parameters were realized, but were less well defined than with broiler chicks. These data show that composition of diets balanced for the major nutrients affects the response of a chick to estrogenization, not only in the case of liver lipid deposition, but in calcium and phosphorus metabolism as well.

1422

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

on l i t t e r f l o o r , intermediate from hens on wire with access to l i t t e r and lowest from hens without l i t t e r (1.0834 + .0008, 1.0822 ± .0004 and 1.0814 + .0003, r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . Hens placed on wire with access to l i t t e r consumed 18.3g l i t t e r / b i r d / d a y . KEYWORDS^

l i t t e r , egg specific g r a v i t y , wire f l o o r , b r o i l e r breeder

The "world food situation" was the theme for a 3 day lesson entitled "Introduction to Poultry Science" in Poultry Science 202 at the University of Georgia. The objectives were: l) to understand the magnitude of the world food situation 2) to understand the involvement of public policy in this issue and 3) to understand the role of the development of poultry science and the poultry industry in providing high quality low cost food for the world. On the first day, a slide tape was presented that described the problem of world hunger and discussed the involvement of public policy in this issue. This was followed by a discussion of the involvement of public policy in the development of the Land Grant College. System. The second day continued with a discussion of Poultry Science Departments functioning in this system and the contribution made by scientists in these departments. On the final day, there was a discussion of the economic importance of the poultry industry to Georgia and the United States. A slide-tape presentation was used at the end of the third day that demonstrated the involvement of the poultry industry in feeding the world. KEYWORDS:

World food, instruction, poultry science

GENETIC VARIATION IN THYROXIN RESPONSE TO TSH IN ATHENS-CANADIAN RANDOMBRED CHICKENS S.J. Bowen* and K.W. Washburn. Dept. of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 MacKenzie (Poultry Sci. 60:2136) presented a Leghorn cockerel "bioassay for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) using circulating levels of thyroxin (T^) determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA) as the quantitative measurement. In the present study, the application of this TSH bioassay to broiler chicks was determined (Experiment l ) , the genetic variation in a randombred population determined (Experiment 2) and the relationship of genetic variation in TSH to heat stress survival time determined (Experiment 3 ) . In Experiment 1, broiler chicks were injected with bovine TSH on the mornings of days 2 and 3 of age. Circulating levels of Tij were measured by RIA in blood samples taken from these unfed and unwatered chicks on the afternoon of day 3. Birds given intra-abdominal injections totally 0, h, and 8 yg of bovine TSH had circulating levels of 1*3.2, 80.9 and 170.8 ng/ml T^ respectively. This indicated that this assay is applicable to broiler chicks as well as Leghorns. In the second experiment, pedigreed eggs from 30 sire families of the Athens-Canadian randombred population were hatched and the assay procedure carried out with a constant total dosage of h ug bovine TSH in each of a total of 833 chicks. Heritability estimates for 1^ levels after TSH injections were 0.63 based on the sire component of total variance and O.56 based on the dam component of total variance. In the third experiment chicks from the 6 sire families identified as having a high response and the 6 sire families identified as having alow response to TSH were hatched and raised to 4-weeks along with a group of non-selected control birds. At this time the birds were weighed and heat stress survival times (HSST) were determined. Body wts. were 210g, 202g and 196g and the HSST's were 192 mins., l8U mins. and 185 min. for the high, low and control groups, respectively. KEY WORDS: Genetics, Thyroid, Birds, TSH

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

USIIG THE "WORLD FOOD SITUATION" AS A THEME FOR THE INITIAL LESSON IN AN INTRODUCTORY POULTRY SCIENCE COURSE. S. J. Bowen*, B. Howarth, Jr. and K. W. Washburn. Dept. of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, G A 3 0 6 0 2 .

ABSTRACTS O F PAPERS

1423

A COMMERCIAL CASE OF TURKEY INFERTILITY SYNDROME. Francine A. Bradley*, F. X. Ogasawara, C. L. Fuqua and T. Harrington, Dept. ~oT Avian sciences, University of C a l i f o r n i a , Davis, California 95616 Any unseasonal or unpredicted drop in f e r t i l i t y , alarms the producer of hatching eggs. Such an occurrence was observed in a commercial turkey operation in C a l i f o r n i a ' s Central Valley. While some flocks in the operation were s t i l l producing eggs with a very good level of f e r t i l i t y - 96% - eggs from other flocks had f e r t i l i t y levels as low as 64%.

The low level of f e r t i l i t y seen in some flocks did not correspond with the high quality semen tested. In a further attempt to elucidate the problem, 6 hens were sacrificed the day following insemination. Tissues from the utero-vaginal and infundibular regions were obtained and processed for light microscopic examination. There was nearly a complete absence of spermatozoa in the sperm storage tubules in these two areas. This commercial occurrence of what was dubbed the "turkey i n f e r t i l i t y syndrome" gave rise to experimental studies into the cause of t h i s peculiar and costly condition. KEYWORDS: Turkey f e r t i l i t y , sperm storage tubules

THE EFFECT OF CALCIUM SOURCE AND PARTICLE SIZE ON EGG PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF LEGHORN-TYPE HENS. J . W. Bradley and W. F. Krueger*. Dept. of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University and Texas Agricultural Experiment S t a t i o n , College S t a t i o n , TX 77843 A t o t a l of 512 Leghorn-type pullets were divided i n t o 128 pullets per treatment (32 per r e p l i c a t i o n ) and treated as follows: (1) limestone f l o u r and dicalcium phosphate as added dietary calcium sources; (2) oystershell f l o u r and dicalcium phosphate; (3) p u l l e t size limestone p a r t i c l e s and dicalcium phosphate; and (4) p u l l e t size oyster shell and dicalcium phosphate. The basal d i e t was a corn-milo-soybean meal d i e t containing 16% p r o t e i n , 3.50% calcium, 0.60% t o t a l phosphorus, 0.38% inorganic phosphorus and 2760 kcal ME per kg of feed. Production records were maintained through fourteen 28-day production periods. The ambient temperature was highest during production periods 7 through 14. Although hens receiving oyster shell l a i d 1.75% more eggs, t h i s difference was not s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t . Body weight and egg size were not affected by calcium source or p a r t i c l e size. Feed e f f i c i e n c y and l i v a b i l i t y favored oyster s h e l l . Birds receiving the p u l l e t size calcium sources had 0.14 kg better feed e f f i c i e n c y . Hens receiving limestone as a calcium source had a 217% greater incidence of cracked and broken eggs before washing and a 37% higher number a f t e r washing. Pullet size calcium p a r t i c l e s in the d i e t produced 39% fewer cracked and broken eggs. Shell weight and thickness favored oyster shell s l i g h t l y . KEY WORDS:

calcium sources, oyster shell, limestone, particle size, shell breakage

COMPARATIVE EFFECT OF PH0T0PERI0D MODIFICATION AND/OR FASTING WITH A SHORT PERIOD WITHOUT WATER ON PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS ASSOCIATED WITH MOLT IN SCWL HENS. J. Brake* and J. Paul Thaxton, Dept. of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27650 SCWL hens were induced to molt by (1) increasing the photoperiod to 24 hours for seven days followed by a reduction to six hours for five weeks (Light treatment3 L ) , (2) fasting

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

A team from the Avian Physiology Laboratory at the University of C a l i f o r n i a , Davis, v i s i t e d the ranches and ran the following diagnostic t e s t s . Over 1,000 eggs were candled and the 347 candle-outs were broken out. Fertility and early embryonic mortality were determined by t h i s method. Semen samples were collected from the d i f f e r e n t flocks and the samples evaluated in terms of m o t i l i t y , concentration, metabolic a c t i v i t y , and live-dead s t a i n i n g .

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1424

KEYWORDS:

.. , .

,

,

.

.

.

,

.

,

.

,

^

Molt, layers, photopenod, physiological parameters

TRENDS IN USA POULTRY COMMODITY RESEARCH INPUTS AND EMPHASIS. D. J. Bray* and G. J. Mountney. USDA Cooperative State Research Service, Washington, D.C. 20250. An analysis of the current thrusts in poultry commodity research (PCR) compared to future perceptions of industry and societal needs, should facilitate the planning needed to conduct relevant PCR in the future. Scientist-Year (SY) and fund ($) inputs into PCR were retrieved from the USDA Current Research Information System. Each PCR project is classified by Fields of Science (FOS) and Research Problem Areas (RPA's) within Goals. The inputs in 1969 and 1979 were examined to determine the status and trends in PCR at USDA and State Agricultural Experiment Stations and other cooperating institutions (SAES). SY inputs decreased from 4.94 to 3.78% of the total inputs at SAES between 1969 and 1979; $ inputs decreased from 5.07% to 4.01% of the total. Decreases for the USDA were from 2.67 to 2.32% for SY and 3.17 to 2.37% for $. While the SAES emphasized Production Efficiency Goals, the USDA placed greater emphasis on the Protection, Products, Marketing and Consumer Concern Goals in both 1969 and 1979. In 1979, RPA's given greatest emphasis in terms of SY's at SAES by rank order were Biological Efficiency, Diseases, Reproduction, Environmental Stress, New Product Development and Management. The rank order for the USDA was Diseases, New Product Development, Internal Parasites, Microbial Contamination of Products, Biological Efficiency and Reproduction. The FOS most emphasized at SAES (SY's) was Nutrition and Metabolism (23%) followed by Physiology, Environomental Biology, Genetics and Breeding, Biochemistry and Immunology in rank order. USDA emphasized Microbiology (17%) followed by Economics, Chemistry, Nutrition and Metabolism, Virology and Immunology. About one-third of the project RPA's involve two or more FOS. KEY WORDS: Research Analysis, Research Inputs, Research Priorities

EFFECT OF DEBEAKING AND FEED ADDITIVE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF TOM TURKEYS. C. E. Brewer and J. B. Ward*. Dept. of Poultry Science, N. C. State University, Raleigh, NC 27650. At day of age torn turkeys were debeaked too "short", too "long" or "correctly"; or were debeaked "correctly" at 10 days of age in the brooder house. Superimposed on top of the debeaking treatments were .05% Ipropran; .025% Rofenaid plus .05% Ipropran; 18.16 grams per kilo zinc bacitracin; .005% 3-Nitro; and Pryferm, a fermentation product, at .25%. The following results were obtained at 19 weeks of age.

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

for 12 days with water removed on the third and fourth day (Fasting treatment= F ) , and (3) combining the two previous treatments (Light + Fasting treatment= L+F). A control (CON) nonmolted group was maintained. The hens were housed two per cage in a totally enclosed fan ventilated structure. Egg production and mortality were recorded daily and a sample of hens from each treatment was collected weekly for determinations of body weight, body temperature, and hematocrit and then necropsied for determination of weights of the ovary and oviduct. Primary feather loss was determined at the end of the treatments. F and L+F treatments caused a complete cessation of egg production while the L treatment caused a reduction to approximately 20% production. Only the L+F group returned to a level of production equal to the CON group within the 12 week trial. Mortality was lowest in the L+F group and highest in the F group with the CON and L groups intermediate. Body, ovary, and oviduct weights were decreased significantly and body temperature and hematocrit were increased significantly by the F and L+F treatments. The L+F hens lost the most primary feathers followed by the F, L, and CON groups. It was concluded that the L treatment potentiated effects of the F treatment as evidenced by increased feather loss, decreased mortality, and improved postmolt performance.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1425

Method of Debeaking

Too "<;hort"

Too "1 ong"

"Correc

10 days of age

Average weight in kilos

10.31

10.54

10.50

Feed conversion

2.77

2.80

2.73

10.51 2.75

Average Wei ght in Kilos

Feed additive

KEY WORDS.

10.35 10.60 10.72 10.49 10.39 10.42

2.77 2.76 2.72 2.77 2.70 2.81

There were no significant differences due to feed additive or type of debeaking in weight or feed conversions.

debeaking, feed additives, torn turkeys

SALMONELLA, CAMPYLOBACTER AND PUBLIC HEALTH. Robert K. Brewster and Jeffory G. Fairbrother. Australian Poultry Industries Association, 100 Miller Street, North Sydney. The public health significance of ialmowZZa on raw poultry products is well documented on an international basis. The growing concern of public health authorities of gastrointestinal disorders resulting from CampytobacXeA je.jutvi has prompted increased research into the incidence of the epidemiology of this micro-organism in many countries, including Australia. This paper outlines current research being undertaken in Australia in both the iabnontttn and CampytobacXeA areas. In particular details are given on a national contingency plan to meet the threat of an outbreak of food poisoning caused by ialmoneZta infected poultry products. SalmoneMa. research includes end product decontamination, competitive-inhibition, and the novel use of food-grade dyes to modify the microflora of the chicken's gut. CampytobacXeA research includes investigations into the CampytobacteA jejuni status of live chickens, chicken carcasses and other species; comparisons of human isolates with poultry isolates from other sources; and epidemiological studies including research on egg transmission and age, site and extent of gut colonisation.

KEYWORDS:

Salmonella, Campylobacter, Public Health

AN APPARENT RECOMBINANT WITHIN THE B-G_ REGION OF THE B_ COMPLEX. W.E. Briles, Ruth W. Briles, and Rolf E. Taffs*. Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115 T OlX—C'O'^

Among 916 progeny from a mating of birds of the genotype B_ 2 2 21 21 (B_ /B_ or B

/B_

TO — CO

/B_ "*"

to homozygotes

) , recombinants within the B_ major histocompatibility complex were

independently recovered in five chicks.

In subsequent studies four of the recombinant

chromosomes appear to be identical, consisting of segments B-F2 and B-G23, symbolized as B_

.

The fifth recombinant chromosome appears by splenomegaly graft-versus-host

reaction to possess the full B-F2 region, but the B-G region expresses specificities derived from B-G2 and B-G23 segments.

Current matings involving both types of recombinants

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

Control Ipropran Rofenaid plus Ipropran Zinc bacitracin 3-Nitro Pryferm

Feed Conversion

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1426

will provide appropriate genotypes for further immunogenetic analysis of this apparent subdivision of the B-G region. This work was supported by PHS Grant CA12796, awarded by the National Cancer Institute, DHHS.

KEYWORDS: B_ complex, recombinant, haplotype

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of storage environment of eggs on their ease of shell removal after hard cooking. Eggs were collected within 6 hours of oviposition, stored for 24 hours, cooked, rapidly cooled in ice water and peeled by hand. Ease of peel was evaluated using a 1-3 scoring system with 1 being an easy, smooth peel, 2 being a more difficult peel where a small amount of albumen was removed and 3 being a hard to peel egg with a large amount of albumen removed. In the first experiments the eggs were stored for 24 hours in a closed enviornment containing air or a closed environment with a solution of NaOH present. In all experiments the eggs stored in the NaOH environment were easier to peel with an average peel score of 1.45 compared to a score of 2.32 for the eggs stored in air. About 60% of the NaOH eggs had a score of 1 compared to about 9% of the eggs in air. The eggs stored in air had a mean albumen pH prior to cooking of 8.11 and those in the NaOH environment 8.49. The next experiments compared the storage of eggs in closed environments were HoO or NaOH were present. The NaOH environment improved ease of peel except in one experiment where the eggs were held for 16 hours at 4°C prior to shell removal. It appears that the ease of peel of fresh eggs can be improved through environmental modification of the storage conditions. KEYWORDS:

Eggs, Hard cooked, Ease of peel, Environment

EFFECT OF ANTEMORTEM CRUDE PAPAIN ON MUSCLE PROTEIN HYDROLYSIS. B.A. Brooks", K.C. Klasing, and J. Regenstein. Dept. of Poultry and Avian Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.

14853.

Intravenous administration of antemortem crude papain is an effective method for tenderizing poultry. To determine the effect of antemortem crude papain on muscle protein hydrolysis, tyrosine release was used as a measure of protein degradation. White Leghorn chicks were injected with crude papain, heat denatured crude papain (control), or not injected. Immediately after sacrificing, the extensor digitus longus muscles (EDL) from the injected birds were incubated in Krebs-Ringer buffer containing cycloheximide. The EDL muscles from the noninjected birds were incubated in the buffer plus crude papain (0.1 mg/ml) or heat denatured crude papain. After incubation at 60 C for 2 hr, the amount of 6% TCA soluble tyrosine released into the buffer was measured fluorometrically. The data showed no significant difference between the antemortem injected crude papain treatment and the control. Release of tyrosine from the postmortem papain treatment was 14 fold higher than the antemortem injected crude papain treatment. In a second experiment, White Leghorn hens were injected as before. After sacrificing the hens, crude papain (1 mg/ml) was applied to the legs from the noninjected birds. Whole legs were incubated at 35 C for 3 hr. Myofibrils were isolated from the gastrocnemius muscle. Phase contrast microscopy showed that only the myofibrils from the postmortem papain treatment were highly fragmented. These results suggest, unlike the postmortem papain treatment, that little if any hydrolysis of the intracellular muscle proteins occurs as a result of antemortem injected crude papain. KEY WORDS; Antemortem papain, tenderness, muscle hydrolysis

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

INFLUENCE OF STORAGE ENVIRONMENT ON EASE OF SHELL REMOVAL OF HARD COOKED EGGS. W.M. Britton* and D.L. Fletcher. Dept. of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1427

FOUR TURKEY PLASMA. AND OVARIAN PEAKS DETECTED WITH ANTI-17g-ESTRADIOL-6BSA SERUM (Miles Laboratories). Keith I. Brown*. Dept. of Poultry Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, & The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691 To quantitate estradiol-17$ (E„) plasma was extracted with 7 volumes of diethyl ether. The residue from the ether extract was added to an Isolab column (pre-packed with 1 g sephadex LH-20) in 0.2 ml iso-octane:benzene:MeOH (62:20:18, V/V). Seven ml IBM was added and discarded. The E_ was eluted in the next 5 ml of IBM and all other steroids eluted in an additional 5 ml of MeOH. When the two fractions were quantitated by RIA using anti-E 6BSA serum, the 5 ml IBM fraction contains 12-20 pg/ml and the 5 ml MeOH contains 60-200 pg/ml plasma.

KEYWORDS: turkey, plasma, ovarian, estrogens, estradiol-17g, 6-keto-estradiol-178, RIA

EFFECT OF FEED RESTRICTION ON THE REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF CAGED DWARF BROILER BREEDER HENS. R. E. Buckner*, Dept. of Poultry Sci., Oregon State Univ., J. A. Renden, Dept. of Poultry Sci., Auburn Univ., and J. A. Harper, Dept. of Poultry Sci., Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of feed restriction on the reproductive performance of individually caged dwarf broiler breeder hens. 192 hens were raised according to industry recommendations and caged at 20 weeks of age. The cages were randomly partitioned into 4 equal treatment groups: free choice (100%), 95%, 90% and 80% of free choice feed consumption. However, actual feed restriction did not begin until 38 weeks of age just after peak egg production. Initial feed consumption for treatment was 135 gm/hen/ day of the standard breeder ration (16% protein and 2860 kcal ME/kg). Hens were artificially inseminated once per 28 day period, beginning at the pretreatment age of 30 weeks and through age 62 weeks when the experiment ended. Eggs were collected for 7 days after insemination and were evaluated as to weight, specific gravity, fertility, hatchability and chick hatching weight. Body weight, mortality and egg production of hens was also analyzed. Body weight was significantly different (P<.05) for all treatments in direct correlation to feeding levels. There was no significant difference between treatments in fertility (highest was the 90% group at 88.0%), hatchability (highest was the 80% group at 90.4%) and hen mortality. The 90% restricted group was significantly lower than the free choice group only for chick hatching weight whereas the 80% restricted group was significantly lower than all other treatment groups in egg weight, chick hatching weight and egg production, but significantly higher in specific gravity. These results indicate that only a 5% reduction can be made in feed consumption without any adverse effects. Oregon Agricultural Exp. Sta. Technical Paper No. 6 317. KEYWORDS: ' ' Dwarf broiler breeder hens, cages, feed restriction, reproduction

USE OF PLASMA AND EGG-YOLK BI0TIN IN WHITE LEGHORN HENS TO ASSESS BI0TIN BIOAVAILABILITY FROM FEEDSTUFFS. Jose Luis Buenrostro* and F.H. Kratzer, Department of Avian Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616. Legnorn hens were used to assess biotin bioavailability from common cereals used in poultry diets sucn as corn, sorghum, and wheat, using as an indicator the level of plasma and egg-yolk biotin. Biotin was determined in the feed and egg yolk by an isotope dilution method using C-biotin; and in the plasma by a similar method, using tritiated biotin of a higher specific

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

According to the supplier (confirmed in our laboratory) the cross reactivity of this batch of anti-serum with E was 100% and less than 2% for all other estrogens tested except for 6 hydroxy E (256%) and 6 keto-E (200%). This suggests 6-keto or 6-OH estrogens may be present in turkey plasma. When ether extracts were chromatographed using an HPLC Datasorb silical gel column and 0.5 ml fractions subjected to RIA using the antiE -6BSA serum, three peaks in addition to E were seen. The second peak and 6-keto E had identical RRT's (9.1 ml). The eluting solvent was MeOH:methyl-tertiary-butyl-ether:hexane (13:10:77; V/V). The same four peaks were also detected in turkey ovarian tissue.

1428

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

EFFECTS OF DURATION OF INTERRUPTION ON EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. R. J. Buhr* and U. K. Abbott. Dept of Avian Sci., University of California, Davis, CA 95616 This investigation was conducted to determine the effects of interrupting embryonic development for different lengths of time on hatchability. 630 commercial fryer eggs a'(Peterson males X Double A females) were removed after 36 and 40 hours incubation and immediately place into a cold room at 12.8 C. Representative samples were found to have reached Hamburger and Hamilton chick stages 10 and 11-, respectively. Two groups of 45 eggs each were returned to incubation conditions daily for seven days. Fertility, hatchability, age at embryonic death, the time required to complete incubation, egg weight loss, chick weight, and chick quality were determined for all groups. Hatchability of fertile eggs in groups interrupted for one, two, or three days was not reduced. Age at embryonic death and the time required to complete incubation did not differ from controls. The percent of control hatchability, for 36 and 40 hour embryos, in groups held four days was 77.4 and 56.6 percent; and five days 39.9 and 17.4 percent, respectively. No eggs in groups interrupted six and seven days hatched. Early embryonic mortaility was significantly higher (P<.05) in groups interrupted four to seven days, and the time required to complete incubation was significantly greater than 21 days for eggs interrupted for four and five days. Mean percent egg weight loss through eighteen days of incubation, mean percent hatched chick weight, and chick quality were not different significantly in survivors of the four and five day treatments. KEYWORDS. Incubation, Interrupted Development

EFFECTIVENESS OF THE MICROWAVE OVEN, HOT AIR OVEN AND FLOWING STEAM TO ELIMINATE SALMONELLA FROM POULTRY FEED. Donald Burdick, N. A. Cox*. J. E. Thomson, and J. S. Bailey, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Richard B. Russell Agricultural Research Center, Athens, GA 30613 Poultry feed samples (mash) obtained from a commercial mill were inoculated at either a low (100 cells/g) or a high (5,000 cells/g) level with a nalidixic acid resistant strain of Salmonella montevideo. Samples (125 g) were then placed in a microwave oven at power settings of 1.5 or 2.0 KW for 60, 90, or 120 sec; a hot air oven (99 or 110°C) for 15, 30, 45, or 60 min; or a flowing steam chamber for 1, 5, 10, or 20 min. Temperature, moisture and presence of inoculated Salmonella were determined on the samples before and after treatment. Initial temperature and moisture of the feed prior to treatment were 23°C and 9.1%, respectively. Feed samples placed in a microwave oven reached a maximum temperature of 140°C and had a final moisture content of 2.0%. Twenty-five percent of the samples inoculated with 100 cells/g and 65% of those inoculated with 5,000 cells/g remained

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

activity. After a two-week feeding period with various levels of biotin in the feed, plasma and egg-yolk biotin were correlated with dietary biotin (r > .90). Plasma and egg yolk measurements made at 7 and 14 days showed no statistical difference between these two periods, which indicates that as early as 7 days of feeding the test diets are enough for the hens to establish their biotin status. However, to be certain that equilibrium was established, it was decided to take the data at 14 days. Cereal biotin bioavailability was tested by formulating semi-purified diets based on the cereals at 76 to 82 percent of the diet plus isolated soybean protein. The plasma and egg yolk levels gave a measure of the biotin available in the feed which was compared with the total determined value to give the percent bioavailability. The percent of bioavailability obtained respectively using plasma and egg yolk were: for corn, 124.7 and 74.8; for sorghum, 20.7 and 11.8; and for wheat, 19.2 and 0. Plasma values gave higher percent of bioavailability than the egg yolk values. This method promises to be a rapid and simple method to determine the bioavailability of this vitamin. K E Y W O R D S : cereals, biotin, vitamin, bioavailability

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1429

positive after treatment. With the hot air oven, maximum feed temperature reached 93°C with a 6% moisture level. Salmonella were recovered from approximately 70% of the samples after treatment regardless of oven temperature or time of exposure. With flowing steam, maximum feed temperature was 95°C with a 15% moisture level. After 1, 5, 10 and 20 min of flowing steam, 100%, 90%, 60% and 0% of the samples, respectively, were found to contain Salmonella. Several treatments eliminated Salmonella, but results were inconsistent and often could not be reproduced. Our results show that with low moisture poultry feed, Salmonella are extremely difficult to eliminate even at temperatures normally considered sufficiently high to destroy these organisms. KKY WORDS:

Salmonella, poultry feed, microwave, hot air, flowing steam

KEYWORDS:

Growth Hormone, Prolactin, Age, Strain, Chicken

THE GEORGIA EXTENSION PESTICIDE RESIDUE MONITORING PROJECT. P. B. Bush and J. V. Shutze*. Extension Poultry Science Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 To assist the Georgia poultry industry in its quality control surveillance of feed ingredients, a pesticide monitoring program was established in 1972 to routinely monitor feed ingredients. Over 20,000 feed ingredient samples (animal fats, vegetable fats, bakery by-products, blood meal, fish meals, meat and bone meals, peanut hulls, poultry by-product meal, rice mill feed, etc.) have been received from 12-15 major feed mills and Tenderers within the state of Georgia and were screened for their chlorinated and organophosphate pesticide content. The highest concentration and frequency of detectable residues have been associated with fish meal and fat samples. Several incidents of fish meal suppliers shipping feed ingredients containing 1-100 ppm PCB were detected early enough to prevent widespread contamination of poultry. Chlordane in feed-grade fats at levels up to 10 ppm have been detected and diverted from use in poultry feeds. Peanut hulls used as a carrier in a high fat by-product meal to enhance flowability have been found to contain toxaphene and malathion. Malathion, which is registered for weevil control, has been detected in stored corn grain samples. In general, detectable levels of DDT and its metabolites and dieldrin in fish meal and rendered fats have declined during the sampling period.

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

STRAIN AND AGE DIFFERENCES IN GROWTH, GROWTH HORMONE AND PROLACTIN LEVELS IN GROWING CHICKENS. W.H. Burke* and H.L. Marks. Dept. of Poultry Science, University of Georgia and the Southern-Regional Poultry Breeding Project, ARS, USDA, Athens, Georgia 30602 Growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (Prl) levels were measured in 4 lines of chickens using radioimmunoassays developed for the respective turkey hormones. Hormone levels were determined in males and females of 2 unselected broiler lines (Athens-Canadian and Athens Randombreds—hereafter called lines 1 and 3) and 2 commercial broiler lines (called lines 2 and 4). Two replicate experiments were run. Body weights of the lines differed by a few grams at day of age, but by 1 week lines 2 and 4 were 60-80 g heavier than lines 1 and 3. By 8 weeks lines 2 and 4 were approximately twice as heavy as lines 1 and 3. At day of age in experiment 1 there were no significant line differences in GH. In experiment 2, line 3 had significantly higher GH and Prl levels than the other lines at day of age. From 1-8 weeks the small bodied birds (lines 1 and 3) had significantly higher GH level's than lines 2 and 4. In lines 1 and 3 circulating GH levels rose between weeks 1 and 3, then showed a decline at 4, 6 and 8 weeks. Lines 2 and 4 showed little evidence of this pattern, rather GH levels were quite stable from 1-4 weeks, then gradually declined at 6 and 8 weeks. In both experiments GH levels of the males generally exceeded those of linemate females. Several exceptions were noted, particularly at day of age. Prolactin levels of all lines dropped between 1 day and 1 week. Prl levels of lines 1 and 3 tended to be higher than those of lines 2 and 4, but the differences were significant only between lines 1 and 4 and then only at 2 and 3 weeks of age. Analysis of variance by the General Linear Means technique showed a significant relationship between GH and relative growth rates in experiment 2, but not experiment 1. Significant correlations between GH levels and relative growth were found. They were mostly positive and mostly in the commercial broiler lines.

1430

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

FEED RESTRICTION: EFFECTS OF BODY WEIGHT AND EGG PRODUCTION IN THE BROILER BREEDER. T. Byerl.y*, J. H. Spares, Jr. and M. A. Ottinger. Dept. of Poultry Science, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742

K E Y W O R D S : Broiler Breeder, Nutrition, egg production

PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS OF GROWING SCALED QUAIL. J.R. Cain, D.S. Smith, R.J. Lien and J.W. Lee*, Poultry Science Dept., Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX 77843, and S.L. Beasom, U.S.F.S., Great Plains Wildlife Research Lab, P.O. Box 4249, Lubbock, TX 79409. Growth rate, viability and post-juvenile feather molt were measured biweekly for 368 quail fed isocaloric diets containing 12, 16, 20, 24, 26, 28, 30 or 32% crude protein (cp) from hatch to 20 weeks of age. The quail were randomly divided into 3 replicates and housed in battery brooders for the first 4 weeks, thereafter in colony cages in a controlled environment room. Growth rate was assessed by measuring body weight, lengths of tarsometatarsus, tibiotarsus and primary feathers. Analysis by ANOVA indicated significant diet and sex but not replicate effects. Diets containing less than 26% cp reduced growth rates and delayed post-juvenile molt of young quail. After 6 weeks of age, compensatory growth occurred for chicks fed 24% cp diets. Body weights of 16 and 20% cp groups were normal by 20 and 22 weeks respectively, but 12% cp birds remained stunted. Long bone growth was temporarily reduced in 20 and 24% cp groups and 12 and 16% cp diet groups were permanently stunted. Post-juvenile molt was significantly retarded in 12, 16 and 20% cp groups at 6 weeks of age and persisted in 12 and 16% cp groups to 12 weeks of age. Mature length of primary feathers 1, 2 and 3 was reduced by 8-11% in birds on 12, 16 and 20% cp diets. Primaries 4-10 grew significantly slower in 12 and 16% cp groups and mature lengths were 3 to 4% shorter than higher cp fed quail. Viability was low in the 12, 16 and 20% cp groups averaging 27, 35 and 33% respectively. Significant male-female growth rate differences of 5 to 10% were noted from 4 to 20 weeks of age for body weight and tarsometatarsus and tibiotarsus length. These results suggest that a starter diet of at least 26% crude protein was required for scaled quail. KEYWORDS: Scaled quail, Protein, Diets, Feather Molt, Growth Rate

LIPOGENESIS AND LIPOLYSIS IN NORMAL AND DWARF MALES OF LINES SELECTED FOR HIGH AND LOW BODY WEIGHT. David F. Calabotta*, Jerry A. Cherry, Paul B. Siegel, Dept. of Poultry Science, and Eugene M. Gregory, Dept. of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061. Lipogenic and lipolytic comparisons were made in normal (N) and dwarf (D) adult males from both high-weight (HW) and low-weight (LW) selected lines. The chickens were fed a corn-soybean meal based diet ad LlbJXum. Six birds from each of the four

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

In two experiments, the effects of severe to moderate restriction on feed intake were studied in broiler breeders. Treatments began at hatching and continued for up to 64 weeks. Birds were housed in battery pens until 16 weeks of age and then individually caged. In Experiment I, 16 hens were randomly assigned to each of the following treatment groups: 1) control-breeders recommended feeding regime, 2) control feeding regime until 16 weeks and then held at 90 gm/hen/day, and 3) control feeding regime until 8 weeks of age and then held at 68 gm/hen/day. The age and body weights at the first oviposition were 194, 234, 283 days, and 3255, 3200, and 2710 gm/bird for groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. However, the cumulative feed intake per bird was identical for all three groups at the time of the first egg. The calculated efficiency of energy utilization was close to 100% in treatments 2 and 3 and about 70% for the controls. Egg production, however, occurred at a reduced rate compared to the control hens. Females appeared to tolerate severe rerestriction better than males. In Experiment II, five treatment groups reared under similar conditions indicated that severely restricted feed intake could be tolerated to a greater degree if moderate feed increases were made at critical periods of development particularly between ages 20-30 weeks. At 24 weeks of age, the body weights ranged from an average of 1910 tO 2480gm in the least restricted to the most restricted treatments.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1431

KEYWORDS:

Lipogenesis, lipolysis, dwarf-gene, fat-deposition

METHANE DIGESTER EFFLUENT AS A FEEDSTUFF IN CAGE LAYER DIETS. Jane M. Caldwell*, and J. M. Vandepopuliere, Dept. of Poultry Science, E. L. Iannotti, Dept. of Ag. Engineering, J. R. Fischer, USDA-ARS, and R. E. Baldwin, Dept. of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211. Methane digester effluent (MDE) was evaluated as a feedstuff in cage layer diets at 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.6, 2.1 and 2.6% on a dry matter (DM) basis. H & N Pfizer pullets, 26-weeks old, were housed in stair-step cages with 16 replications of 10 hens each fed each diet. Feed was provided daily and water was supplied via automatic Hart cups. Data were collected during four 4-week periods. MDE replaced Zn, Mn, Cu, and Fe from'the micro-mineral premix. In addition, it provided some1 protein and energy. All diets were formulated to meet NRC requirements for layers. The DM of MDE ranged from 1 to 4% with an average of 2%. The diets containing higher levels of MDE were extremely wet, resulting in spoilage problems. To minimize fungal growth, the diets were stored in 75 liter, plastic barrels with .05% Aflaban R (DM basis) added as a mold inhibitor. Feed consumption (as fed), hen-day production, egg weight and an egg taste panel evaluation were parameters used to determine the acceptance and value of MDE as an ingredient. Feed consumption was significantly different among all diets with the 2.6% MDE diet displaying the largest average consumption by weight. Egg production of hens fed on the control and 0.5% MDE diets was significantly higher as compared to those containing 1-2.6% MDE. The control and 2.6% MDE diets supported egg production of 88 and 71% respectively. There were no significant differences among diets concerning egg weights. A taste panel, utilizing a triangle test, concluded that eggs from the diet with the highest level of effluent were not significantly different from the control eggs. KEY WORDS: Methane digester effluent, High moisture feed

INFLUENCE OF FIBER SOURCE AND LEVEL UPON CHICK GROWTH AND GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT PARAMETERS. W. N. Cannon*, R. G. Teeter and C. V. Maxwell, Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078 A chick growth assay was conducted utilizing 300 chicks to evaluate the influence of fiber source fed at varing levels. Feed intake, body weight gain, digestibility, intestinal dry matter contents and rate of passage were measured on birds fed polyethylene, cellulose or hemicellulose.

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

populations were sacrificed in a nonfasted state and -in \)iXKO lipogenesis and lipolysis were measured. Also determined were activities of acetyl CoA carboxylase (E.C. 6.4.1.2), NADP-malate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.40) and ATP-citrate lyase (E.C. 4.1.3.8) in liver, and plasma free fatty acids (FFA). In comparison to the HW line, the LW birds exhibited significantly (P < .05) higher activities of acetyl CoA carboxylase, malate dehydrogenase, and ATP-citrate lyase, a greater capacity to incorporate acetate-1- C into liver slices, an increased mobilization of FFA from adipose tissue, and high concentrations of FFA in the plasma. The D chickens, in comparison to their N counterparts, exhibited a greater capacity for lipogenesis and a decreased capacity for lipolysis. The results suggest that increased postmaturational body fat associated with selection for high body weight is the result of decreased lipolysis rather than enhanced lipogenesis. D chickens, on the other hand, appear to exhibit increased lipogenic and decreased lipolytic rates.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1432 % Fiber ye

, y

Cellulose Hemicellulose

0 Intake Gain Intake Gain Intake Gain

10

(g) 1193 1653 (g) 1012 1053 (g) 1193 1504 (g) 1012 1028 (g) 1193 1418 (g) 1012 664

20

30

40

1808 1969 2027 964 1147 1032 1570 1566 1802 963 863 755 1038 138

50

60

2340 1005 1469 467

2120 956 1414 448

FEED PREFERENCE OF BROILER CHICKS FED SOURCES OF UNIDENTIFIED GROWTH FACTORS. A. H. Cantor- and T. H. Johnson. Dept of Animal Sci, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 50556-0215 The effect of two dietary sources of unidentified growth factors (UGF) on feed preference and performance of broilers was studied. All chicks were fed a basal diet (21.2% protein, 3000 Kcal ME/kg) containing corn, soybean meal and added fat during days 1-8. During days 9-16 the chicks were offered a choice of a control feeder containing the basal diet and a test feeder containing either the basal diet or a similar diet with 2.5 or 5.0% of the UGF source. Four pens of 20 male chicks were assigned to each of the three treatments. All diets were approximately equal with respect to calculated nutrient composition. The commercial UGF sources used were a mixture of dried fish solubles and fish meal with fish liver and glandular meal (FSM) in experiment 1 and a mixture of dried fish solubles, dried extracted Streptomyces fermentation meal and fermentation solubles, corn distillers dried grains and solubles and fish meal with fish liver and glandular meal in experiment 2. Feed consumption from each feeder was measured and the positions of the control and test feeders were alternated daily. Feed consumption from the test and control feeders was approximately equal when both contained the basal diet. Chicks given a choice of either UGF source at the 5% level vs. the basal diet showed a significant preference for the diet containing the UGF source and had a significant increase in gain/feed. FSM at 5% of the diet also significantly increased body weight. The results demonstrate that some UGF sources can affect feed preference and feed efficiency of broiler chicks.

KEYWORDS:

fee(j preference, broilers, unidentified growth factors, fish solubles

BIOLOGICAL AVAILABILITY OF SELENIUM IN SELENODICYSTEINE FOR CHICKS. Austin H. Cantor,* Charlotte D. Sutton and Thomas H. Johnson, Dept. of Animal Sci., University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0215 The biological availablity of selenium in selenodicysteine [Se-(cys).] for chicks was evaluated using Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase (SeGSHpx) in plasma as a criterion. Day-old male SCWL chicks were fed a low-Se diet (.03 ppm of naturally occurring Se) during days 1-14. The basal diet contained corn, soybean meal and torula yeast and was supplemented with 30 IU of vitamin E/kg. On day 15 three replicate groups of eight chicks, that had been evenly distributed by body weight,were randomly assigned to each of seven dietary treatments. The treatments consisted of feeding the basal diet alone or supplemented with approximately .05, .10 or .15 ppm Se as Na~Se0,, used as a standard, or Se-(cys)- from days 15 to 27. Pooled samples of blood, liver and breast muscle were obtained from four chicks per replicate group on day 27. Plasma SeGSHpx responded linearly to increasing levels of Se as either Na.SeO- (r = .96)

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

The percent dry matter of the small intestines averaged: polyethylene 33; cellulose 24; hemicellulose 15. Once a base was established alfalfa hay, beet pulp, corn bran, rice hulls, sugar cane residue, wheat bran and wheat straw were fed as 30 percent of the diet. Feed intake, weight gain and intestinal fill varied with fiber source and suggests that when formulating chick diets the source of the fiber as well as caloric density should be considered. KEYWORDS: Fiber, Digesta Fill, Digesta Passage Rate

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1433

or Se-(cys). (r = .99). Se in Se-(cys) was determined to be 91% available based on the ratio of slopes of the linear regression equations. A significant elevation in the Se concentration of plasma, whole blood, liver and muscle was observed with each increment of dietary Se with either compound. However, there were no differences in Se concentrations due to the Se compound used. The data indicate that Se in Se-(cys)_ is highly available for chicks. KEYWORDS; selenium chicks

selenodicysteine

glutathione peroxidase

biological availability

Effects of cage design and feed restriction on performance of six commercial strains of layer type chickens were examined. Feeding behavior of three strains as influenced by these factors was characterized. Hens were housed four per cage at 20 wk. in standard (30.5 X 45.7 cm.) and reverse (45.7 X 30.5 cm.) cages. Production records were kept for eleven 28 day periods. Feed restriction at 95% and 90% of ad libitum consumption began at 39 wk. Egg production, egg weight, egg mass, and mortality of the hens did not differ between cage types. Birds in reverse cages ate 3 g/day less feed and were superior in efficiency of egg production. Feed restriction reduced egg production and hen day egg mass significantly. Strain differences were noted for most production parameters. Pattern of feeding behavior was assessed through both periodic feed consumption measurements and continuous sequential observation of the hens throughout twoUhhr. photoperiods separated by 16 wk. Each day was divided into six periods. Hens fed most actively and consumed most feed in the first period of the day. Hens on restricted feed intake generally consumed their daily allotment during the first five periods of the day. Strain and cage type differences as well as effects due to oviposition were noted. K E Y W O R D S : Reverse cages, Feed restriction, Feeding behavior

EFFECT OF TWO INTERMITTENT LIGHTING PROGRAMS ON BROILER PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS FAT. N.A. Cave*, Animal Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ont. K1A 0C6. Six replicate groups of 100 male and six groups of 100 female chicks per treatment were reared in floor pens with 23.5 hr light/day to 14 days. Starter and grower diets contained 13.0 MJ AME, 235 g protein/kg and 13.3 MJ AME, 208 g protein/kg respectively. At 14 days one treatment group received intermittent light, with 1 hr light followed by 3 hr dark (1 L:3 D ) ; the second treatment provided .25 hr light followed by 1.75 hr dark (.25 L:1.75 D ) . Birds were slaughtered at 48 days and weights of carcass and abdominal fat determined. No differences between lighting treatments were observed for live weight or carcass weight. Feed intakes to 48 days were lower (P<.05) for 1 L:3 D than for the .25 L:1.75 D program for female (3730 vs 3970 g) but higher for male birds (4730 vs_ 4300 g) . Weights of abdominal fat of female, but not male, birds were lower for 1 L:3 D than the .25 L:1.75 D lighting program. Between-sex differences in feed intake and abdominal fat were greater under 1 L:3 D than under the .25 L:1.75 D lighting program.

KEYWORDS:

Broiler, Intermittent lighting. Fat

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

CAGE DESIGN AND FEEDING LEVEL EFFECTS ON PERFORMANCE AND FEEDING BEHAVIOR OF COMMERCIAL EGG LAYING CHICKENS. J. B. Carey*, A. W. Adams, and J. V. Craig. Dept. of Animal Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1434

EFFECT OF DIETARY PROTEIN AND LIGHT RESTRICTION ON BODY WEIGHT AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF MALE TURKEYS. Helene C. Ceoil . USDA, ARS, Avian Physiology Laboratory, Beltsville MD 20705.

KEYWORDS: Turkey, Breeder male, Diet, Protein, Semen, Body weight, Light

PREDICTION OF BROILER ABDOMINAL FATNESS BY CALIPER MEASUREMENT OF ABDOMINAL WALL THICKNESS. J.R. Chambers*, Animal Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada, K1A 0C6 At 50 days of age, abdominal wall thickness (AWT) of 904 broilers of synthetic parent populations was measured using a caliper. Each broiler was restrained on its back on a table during measurement. Then broilers were slaughtered; abdominal fat was removed; and the abdominal fat weight (AFW) and carcass weight (CW) were measured. Trait means and phenotypic correlations were calculated for each of four population-sex subclasses -- Right and left AWT were highly correlated (.90 to .95) partially due to measurement technique. Correlations between AWT and AFW were low (.27 to .49). CW was positively correlated with AFW (.31 to .44) and AWT (.29 to .46); however, correlations between abdominal fat percentage of the eviscerated carcass (AFP) and AWT (.23 to .47) were similar to those between AFW and AWT. Small, positive correlations existed between AFP and CW (.10 to .25). Caliper measurements of AWT would not be accurate predictors of abdominal fatness in broilers similar to these unless technical improvements that markedly increase correlations between AWT and abdominal fatness can be found. KEYWORDS.-

broiler, abdominal fat, prediction, abdominal wall thickness

GENETIC PARAMETERS OF BROILER TRAITS IN SYNTHETIC PARENT POPULATIONS. J.R. Chambers* and J.S. Gavora, Animal Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada, K1A 0C6 Nine hundred and four pedigreed pure strain male and female broilers from synthetic sire and dam populations were tested for weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency (gain/feed) from 28 to 49 days and abdominal fat weight and percentage abdominal fat (of the eviscerated carcass) at 50 days of age. Results of nested analyses of variance within each of the four population-sex subclasses were pooled. Sire variance and covariance components were used to estimate heritabilities and genetic correlations. -- Heritabilities were high for gain (.52), abdominal fat weight (.55) and percentage abdominal fat (.64), and moderate for feed consumption (.38) and feed efficiency (.37). Weight and percentage of abdominal fat were highly genetically correlated (.97). Therefore, only genetic correlations involving abdominal fat percentage with other traits are reported. High

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

Large White breeder male turkeys were fed oorn-soybean meal diets containing the following percentages of protein: Group A, 17? (8-28 wks), 8? (28-52 wks); Group B, 17? (8-18 wks), 8? (18-52 wks); Group C, 26? (8-12 wks), 19? (12-18 wks), 8? (18-52 wks); Group D, 26? (8-12 wks), 19? (12-18 wks), 15? (18-52 wks). Body weights at 18, 28, and 52 weeks of age were: Group A, 9.2, 20.0 and 20.7 kg; Group B, 9.1, 11.8 and 15.0 kg; Group C, 11.4, 15.1 and 17.8 kg; Group D, 11.8, 20.8 and 21.7 kg. The effects of 6 hr light:18 hr dark (RLt) were compared with a 12 hr light:12 hr dark (FLt) during the pre-breeder period (18-28 wks of age). All birds received 14 hr light:10 hr dark from 28 to 52 wks of age. Semen was collected once a week from 23 to 52 weeks. With FLt the percentage of turkeys producing semen was 75? at 28 wks and 100? at 32 wks for Groups A, C, and D; 75? at 32 wks and 100? at 37 wks for Group B. RLt semen production was 0? at 28 wks, 50? at 30-33 wks, and 95-100? at 35 wks for Groups A, B, and C; and 0? at 28 wks, 50? at 30 wks and 100? at 32 wks for Group D. The average semen volume per ejaculate for weeks 38 to 48 was: .36, .30, .40, and .41 for Groups A, B, C, and D FLt, respectively; and .34, .23, .38, and .37 for Groups A, B, C, and D RLt, respectively. Overall semen production dropped during weeks 49 to 52 in Groups A, C, and D with both FLt and RLt. Therefore, there was no advantage of restricted light (RLt) during the pre-breeder period. The diet regimen for Group C reduced body weight gain from 18 to 52 weeks and maintained semen production.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1435

abdominal fat percentage was genetically associated with lower feed efficiency (-.69) and with lower weight gain (-.23). Broilers with a genetic tendency to deposit more abdominal fat tended to consume more feed (.25). High body weight gain was genetically associated with higher feed consumption (.74) and more efficient feed use (.68). No genetic relationship was observed between feed consumption and efficiency (.01). These estimates suggest that simultaneous genetic improvement of broiler feed efficiency, weight gain and carcass leanness is feasible and selection for weight gain and either feed efficiency or low abdominal fatness should improve the three traits. K K Y W O R D S : broilers, genetic parameters, weight gain, feed efficiency, abdominal fat

Turkeys at four weeks of age survived irradiation exposures up to 1400 r while only 19% survival at 1600 r. However, the weight of the bursa of Fabricus, spleen and body weight decreased significantly when the poults were exposed to irradiation at 1200 r and higher. Their immunoresponse was impaired when the poults were exposed to irradiation at 1200 r or higher. KEYWORDS:

Turkey, irradiation

THE EFFECT OF ARGININE OR LYSINE ON MAREK'S DISEASE. Timothy S. Chang*, You-Quan Cheng, Shanq-Gao Liu, Don Pol in and Mike HcKinne.y, Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824. Marek's disease (MD) has been a major economically important disease in poultry production throughout the world for many years. The protection from MD infection by vaccination has been excellent until recently when frequent outbreaks of MD from the vaccinated flocks steadily increased. In human medical research, it was illustrated that lysine, an amino acid, appears to suppress the clinical manifestations of herpesvirus infection. Another amino acid, arginine, may enhance the multiplication of herpesviruses. Experiments to demonstrate the influence of Arginine or lysine on Marek's disease infections are designed to compare their effects by the addition of various levels of lysine or arginine in the feed (1.2% 2.4%, 4.8%, 6%). All chicks are infected with Marek's disease virus on day-old and the effects are determined by weight gains, mortality, lesion and the concentration of virus in the blood. The influence is also measured by the effect of various levels of lysine or arginine on multiplication of virus in the in vitro experiments by tissue culture technique. KEYWORDS:

CHICKENS, MAREK'S DISEASE, ARGININE, LYSINE, HERPESVIRUS

THE INFLUENCE OF CALCIUM SOURCES ON LAYING HEN PERFORMANCE. 0. W. Charles*, Stephen Duke and Shepard Miller. Extension Poultry Science Dept., University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 The response of hens to calcium source, level and particle size was studied. In Experiment 1 caged leghorn hens were fed diets containing either oyster shell (OS) or ground limestone (LS) at 2 levels (3.5% or 2.5%). Each calcium source and level was fed to three replicate groups of 24 hens. All eggs produced before 8 A.M. and between 3 and 5 P.M. were subjected to instron breaking strength evaluation. In a second experiment, a commercial

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

TURKEY TOLERANCE TO IRRADIATION. Timothy S. Chang*, Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, Michigan 48824.

1436

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

strain of leghorn hens were fed diets containing 3.5% calcium supplied as either finely ground limestone, granular (0.5 cm) limestone or pullet size oyster shell. Each of the 3 dietary treatments were fed to 4 replicate groups of 20 hens per group for 12, 28-day periods. Production rate, feed intake, eggshell quality and fecal composition were recorded.

KKY WORDS;

Calcium Source, Level,Particle Size, Fecal Soaps

ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION AND PATTERN OF FERTILIZATION IN MALLARD DUCKS. Kimberly M. Cheng*, O.F. Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.55455, and Jack S. Otis, Dept. of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.55108. An experiment with eight replications was conducted to study the pattern of fertilization in mallard ducks. Domestic' white (recessive) mallard females were artificially inseminated with 0.1 ml of pooled semen from either white drakes or game-farm mallard (wildtype) drakes and then reinseminated with equal volume of pooled semen from the other type simultaneously, 1 hour, 3 hours, or 6 hours later. Control white females were inseminated with 0.2 ml of pooled semen from only one type (white or game-farm). All eggs were pedigreehatched for two weeks following the inseminations. Data from control females indicated that while hatchability of eggs fertilized by white semen (86%) was not significantly different from those fertilized by game-farm semen (85%), game-farm semen had significantly lower fertility (47.4%) compared to white semen (61.5%). The difference was apparently caused by differences between the two types of semen in duration of fertility over the 14-day period. Subsequent phenotypic determinations of the progeny from experimental females (based on eggs laid during the first week after the inseminations) showed that proportion of progeny resulting from the first and the second inseminations were not significantly different if these inseminations were simultaneous, 1 hour or 3 hours apart. However, there was a preponderance of progeny (70%) from the second insemination if the inseminations were 6 hours apart. The results showed that the pattern of fertilization in mallard ducks was similar to that of chickens and suggested that the sperm-storage mechanisms of the females were probably similar to that of hens. K E Y W O R D S : Ducks, artificial insemination, fertility, sperm storage

MATING BEHAVIOR OF AN INBRED LINE OF WHITE LEGHORNS. Kimberly M. Cheng*, Avian Genetics Laboratory, Dept. of Poultry Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C..V6T 2A2, Canada and Jeffrey T. Burns, Dept. of Ecology and Behavioral Biology, and Robert N. Shoffner, Dept. of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN. 55108. Mating behavior of males and females of the Inbred line 420 (maintained through full/ half-sib matings since 1937) was compared with that of the randombred Minnesota Marker line (MM) in a factorial experiment with two replications. Frequency of approaching females and frequency of courtship waltzes by MM males were significantly higher than by 420 males but the frequency of mounting attempts was not significantly different. However, a significantly higher frequency of mounting attempts by 420 males than MM males were aborted after they have successfully mounted (both feet of male on female's back) the females. As a result, a significantly higher frequency of mounting attempts leading to tail-bending by MM males than 420 males was observed. 420 females crouched (receptive posture) significantly less

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

In Experiment 1, hens consuming diets with ground L.S. (3.5%) produced eggs with an instron breaking strength significantly (P<).05) less than those consuming feed containing O.S. The A.M. eggshell instron breaking strength of the 3.5% Ca diets was 88 and 98% for the L.S. and O.S. diets, respectively. When the Ca level was reduced to 2.5% no significant (P^0.05) difference was noted. In Experiment 2 production rate was increased and feed efficiency was significantly (P_<0.05) reduced when Ca was supplied as either O.S. or granular L.S. Fecal soap excretion was increased and linoleic acid excretion was reduced significantly (P<0.05) in diets containing either granular L.S. or O.S.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1437

frequently than MM females in response to the approaches of males. Although there was no significant difference in the frequency of mounting attempts directed at either type of females, the frequency of successful mounting attempts on 420 females was significantly less than on MM females. As a result, the frequency of mounting attempts on 420 females leading to tail-bending was significantly less than that on MM females. Data from this experiment suggested that previously observed reduced fertility in natural matings of 420 birds was largely because of abnormal mating behavior in both sexes, possibly as a result of the reduction of libido. This hypothesis was also supported by fertility data from eggs collected during the experiment. K E Y W O R D S : chickens, inbreeding, mating behavior, fertility

Frank L. Cherms*.

Large white turkey hens, in total confinement, were exposed to a 14 hour day at 30 weeks of age. The light source was a cool white type of fluorescent light generating 35-50 foot candles. Four weeks into production, 12 pens of 20 hens each were subjected to the following lighting regime: 4-5:00 am - on; 5-7:00 am - off; 7-8:00 am - on; 8-9:30 am - off; 9:30 am - noon - on; noon - 1:00 pm - off; 1-4:00 pm - on; 4-5:00 pm -off; 5-6:00 pm - on; and 6:00 pm - 4:00 am - off. A second group of 12 pens of 20 hens each was maintained on a constant 14 hours. The length of the laying season was 18 weeks. Egg production was calculated on a hen-day basis. Hens on the regular light regime averaged 66.1% production and those on the intermittent regime averaged 64.0%. Production in the first 8 weeks of lay was lower on the intermittent program (63.9 vs. 70.1%). However, in the last 6 weeks production was higher on the intermittent program (64.9 vs. 60.8%). More floor eggs were present on the intermittent program. Hatch of fertiles was not affected by light treatment. Body weight at the end of the test was similar. KEYWORDS: Turkey Hens, Lighting

PREDICTING BROILER CONDEMNATION RATE BY RANDOM SAMPLING POSTMORTEM MEDTH0D Y_. Cho* T_. Habtemariam, IS. Kufuor-Mensah, and j3. Fitz-Coy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee Institute, Tuskegee Institute, AL 36088 Attempts were made to develop a model, to predict condemnation rate, due to disease at processing plants. A one-year extensive study of factors affecting condemnation was conducted with the cooperation of five Alabama poultry firms; seven farms representing good, average and poor performance were chosen from each firm for this study. Performance of each study flock was closely monitored beginning from egg setting until the birds were processed. Among the potentially useful indicators for developing the predictor model, postmortem examination of small numbers of birds in the study flock is probably the most promising one because lesions in sampled birds directly reflect the health status of a flock. Appropriate number of sample birds (150-200) of partially processed (prior to eviceration) broilers from study flocks were selected randomly and purchased from poultry firms. These birds were then transported to the necropsy laboratory at Tuskegee Institute for immediate examination. Pathology occurring in these birds were recorded under separate category. Results of laboratory postmortem finding were compared to the condemnation record, of the whole flock, obtained from the USDA Inspection Service. A total of 61 flocks involving 12,200 birds were studied. Correlations between flock condemnation rate and sample disease rates were statistically analyzed. predict, condemnation, model, random, sampling, postmortem, broilers

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

EFFECT OF INTERMITTENT LIGHTING PROGRAM ON TURKEY BREEDER HENS. Nicholas Turkey Breeding Farms, Sonoma, CA 95476

1438

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

The effect of various post-molt nutritional systems on the performance of four strains of laying hens force-molted in the winter or the summer. R. B. Christmas* and R. H. Harms (University of Florida, Department of Poultry Science, Gainesville, Florida 32611)

Strain performance differences were observed in both seasons. Production rate curves, within strain, following molt were similar to those observed in the pullet-year. This was true regardless of molt season, however relative strain production performance was not consistant between the two molt seasons. There was no difference in performance due to nutritional level or system utilized in either post-molt production season. Force-molted hens fed diets designed for older laying hens performed comparably to those which received other dietary treatments under both winter and summer force-molt conditions.

K E Y W O R D S : Force-molting, molt season, strains, post-molt nutrition

The value of methionine, nutrient and protein level in the alleviation of the performance depression effect of copper in the broiler chick diet. R. B. Christams* and R. H. Harms (University of Florida, Department of Poultry Science, Gainesville, Fl. 32611) Results of recent studies have suggested that copper induced decreased performance of broiler chicks might be an appetite depression rather than a toxic effect. This study was designed to overcome nutrient intake reduction which might result from copper caused appetite depression. A total of 720-day old broiler male and female chicks were subjected to eight dietary treatments for a 21-day period. Four variables were used with each of two levels of protein (20.7% & 25.0%). These variables included 0 copper, 500 ppm copper, 500 ppm copper plus .4% DL methionine and 500 ppm copper plus a 20% increase of critical nutrients. There was little difference in feed intake when protein basals were compared. Added copper alone depressed intakes with both basal protein levels. Intake was improved toward basal level when either methionine or nutrient level was increased in the 20.7% protein diet. When copper was present, increased protein (25.0% basal) resulted in no additional benefit from added methionine. Protein and a 20% increase in nutrients added to a copper supplemented diet, resulted in intakes comparable to the basal diet. Similar results were observed with the final body weight values. Either added methionine or nutrients partially offset the effects of copper in the 20.7% protein basal diet. There was no significant difference in the 25.0% protein basal diet and the same diet with copper and nutrients added. These results support an appetite depression rather than toxic copper effect.

KEYWORDS:

Broilers, copper, DL methionine, nutrients

THE INFLUENCE OF LOW NUTRIENT DENSITY DIETS ON CHICKEN BROILER PRODUCTIVITY. H.L. Classen" and G.L. Campbell, Dept. of Animal and Poultry Sci., and R.K. McMillan, Dept. of Veterinary Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask., S7N 0W0, and R.E. Salmon, Agriculture Canada Research Station, Swift Current, Sask. S9H 3X2. The scarcity of research data pertaining to the use of low nutrient density diets in broiler rations has precluded an economic evaluation of such feeding programs by the

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

Four strains of commercial laying hens, including one brown-egg strain, were force-molted in the month of February at approximately 63 weeks of age. A total of twenty-three hundred were housed at the rate of 2 per 25.4 x 45.7 cm cages which were assembled in a stair step design. The molting method used included feed withdrawal for 10 days followed by a 25-day low protein diet period. Water was supplied at all times. At day-36 post-molt initiation, the hens were subjected to four nutritional systems which varied from the duplication of a first-year pullet phase feeding program to the feeding of a final phase type diet for the entire post-molt production period. Nutrient level within dietary system was adjusted periodically based on daily feed intake. The study was repeated in the month of August with another flock under similar age, strain, housing and nutritional conditions.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1439

KEYWORDS:

Nutrient density

broilers

FACTORS AFFECTING IN VITRO ESTIMATION OF POULTRY DIET DIGESTIBILITY. Martin G. Clunies* and S. Leeson. Dept. of Animal and Poultry Sci., University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada NIG 2W1 A two phase in vitro system of analyzing dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) digestibility of poultry diets was examined to determine factors that affect total in vitro digestion. The two phases attempted to simulate gastric and intestinal digestion. In phase I 0.50 gms of a Corn-Soybean meal diet was incubated with 20 mgs of pepsin in 10 mis of 0.075N HC1 solution at 37 C temperature. The period of incubation was varied. The resultant mixture was then neutralized with 0.2N NaOH solution and 10 mis of prepared pig intestinal fluid added. This fluid was obtained via a simple T-cannula in the upper jejunum of a mature pig. Incubation was continued at 37 C for various periods as in phase I. After completion of incubation the mixtures were centrifuged at 1,800 g for 10 minutes. Residues were transferred to prewelghed filter paper for subsequent DM and CP analysis. DM and CP digested were then calculated. Total DM and CP digested increased when the period of incubation was increased from 0 to 6 hrs. The pH of the mixture in phase II affected total DM and CP digested in vitro, with an optimum between pH 7.2 to 7.8. DM digestibility ranged from 52% to 69% and CP digestibility ranged from 65% to 74%. The particle size of the diet also had an effect on DM and CP digested. Some variability in the results was related to batches of intestinal juice collected on different days. KEYWORDS; in vitro, DM digested, CP digested, period, pH, particle size

AVIAN SCIENCE APPROACH PROVIDES ENLARGED HORIZON AND INCREASED LEARNING ACTIVITY. Stanley Coates*, John A. Emo, Ralph A. Ernst, and Ralph E. Pfost, University of California Cooperative Extension, Davis, California 95616. The 4-H avian science project in California was developed as a means of better meeting the interest and needs of today's youth. Avian science projects include those associated with birds or bird related research. Projects may emphasize the commercial production of birds or their products, the breeding and exhibiting of standard type birds, the raising and training of birds as a home source of food or as an educational activity, or research related to birds or their products. Member achievement is based on program participation, involvement in learning experiences and personal growth. In California a committee consisting of Cooperative Extension poultry advisors and 4-H avian science project leaders assists the state 4-H staff. This committee's

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

commercial feed industry. Data from a total of 5760 broilers (three trials) was used to evaluate the influence of diets ranging in energy from 2600 to 33QO kcal ME/kg with calorie to protein ratios of approximately 130 and 360 for the starter and finisher rations, respectively. Feed ingredients used included wheat, corn, barley, soybean meal, canola meal and supplemental fat. Data on growth rate to seven weeks of age, feed consumption, incidence and cause of mortality and leg weakness, and carcass grading were col 1ected. The influence of nutrient density on growth rate was variable, ranging from no influence to a statistically significant curvilinear depression with low density diets. The nature of the response to nutrient density was influenced by the feedstuffs utilized. Feed conversion values increased with decreasing nutrient density and increases were proportionately larger for low than high density ranges. Low nutrient density did not influence total mortality but a trend towards a lower incidence of acute death syndrome was noted. A similar but less distinctive trend was also noted for the incidence of leg problems and grade A carcasses. On the basis of feedstuff costs at the initiation of the trial, low nutrient density diets produced live body weight most economically.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1440

activities include the development of educational materials, the training of leaders, and communications related to the project and its activities. Procedures have been established that emphasize participant growth and development. Adult leaders are characterized as catalysts. A member advancement program has been published as have ideas on club and county evaluation procedures; the lists of films, film strips and the slide sets available in California; a catalog listing many of the avian publications distributed by the U.S.D.A. and other state extension offices; and subject matter related to project club libraries, feather tying and feather production projects. Observations to date indicate a favorable older youth response to the expanded subject matter and the challenges encountered in building a new program. YOUTH DEVELOPMENT THROUGH AVIAN SCIENCE ACTIVITY

MEANINGFUL 4-H POULTRY SHOWMANSHIP. Stanley Coates*. Ralph A. Ernst, Ralph E. Pfost and John A. Emo, University of California Cooperative Extension, Davis, California 95616. Since youth development is the major goal of 4-H poultry project educational activities, California has developed and is now using a poultry showmanship activity that allows participants to competitively demonstrate their skill in working with and evaluating poultry. Each contestant must examine, carry, walk, pose, and orally evaluate his demonstration bird plus any birds assigned him. Participants are also scored on their ability to follow instructions, speak before an audience, and react to problem situations. All participants, in groups based on the age of the individual, compete in the first of five stages of the activity. After each stage, competitors are eliminated from the competition until those becoming the final winner and the blue quality award earners are selected. The activity as described in the University of California Cooperative Extension publication (4-H-2060, 4-H Poultry Showmanship) lends itself to all ages of young people, can be both challenging and fun for participants, and appeals to the observing audience. It is proving a valuable workshop in which to train youth judges and an excellent area for competitive educational activity between individuals, clubs, areas or districts and counties. KEYWORDS:

YOUTH DEVELOPMENT--A MEANINGFUL POULTRY EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY

CONTROL OF MANURE BREEDING MUSCID FLIES IN POULTRY HOUSES WITH LARVADEX. Clarence H. Colllson* and Judith A. Smith. Dept of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 TM The insect growth inhibitor, Larvadex , when mixed in poultry feed (454 gm of 0.3% premix per 909 kg of feed), metered through the water supply (3 ml 5% SC per 378.5 1 of water), or applied directly to the manure surface (2.27-3.79 1 of 0.05% Larvadex per 9.29 m ) effectively controlled flies in poultry houses during the 1980 test. The rate of control was related to the size and age distribution of the maggot population at the time treatments began. Topical applications were not as effective as feed and water treatments. Manure was free of maggots two weeks post-treatment. Additional tests in 1981 were conducted to determine the frequency of treatments needed in order to maintain control. After initial fly populations were brought under control, Larvadex used every 5th or 6th day or water treatments three times per week provided continuous control. Treatments did not affect feed and water consumption, egg production, or bird mortality. KEYWORDS:

Larvadex

, Insect Growth Inhibitor, Muscid Flies.

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

KEYWORDS:

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1441

COCCIDIA INFECTION OF CHICKENS FED A SEMI-PURIFIED DIET. G.L. Colnago*. L.S. Jensen and P.L. Long, Dept. of Poultry S c i . , University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602

K FY WORDS

Coccidiosis, Eimeria, semi-purified diet

STUDIES OF SELENIUM NUTRITION IN CHICKENS IN A SELECTION PROGRAM. M.W. LaVorgna, P.L. Cunningham and J.M. Saroka, Dept. Poultry Sci. and Div. Nutritional Sci., Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. Chicks fed a Se-deficient purified diet showed variation in susceptibility to Sedeficiency, as indicated by growth depression, with ca. one-third of the population growing at normal rates and one-third showing poor growth and survival. Dams were categorized phenotypically according to their production of chicks either susceptible or refractory to severe uncomplicated Se-deficiency. A selection program was undertaken to develop two strains of heavy-type chickens with differential performance with the Se-deficient diet. The selected susceptible (SDS) and refractory (SDR) strains grew at 45% and 65%, respectively, of Se-supplemental random-bred controls. The realized heritabi1ities after one generation were .38 and .95 for SDR males and females, respectively, and .66 and .68 for SDS males and females, respectively. Se-deficient SDS chicks had lower levels of free homocysteine and cystathionine in plasma than Se-deficient SDR chicks; the oxidation of the methionine methyl group was significantly enhanced by Se-deficiency in SDS but not SDR chicks. Se-deficient SDR chicks showed reduced severity of pancreatic atrophy when compared to SDS chicks, although both strains had comparable activities of Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase (SeGSHpx) in plasma and liver. These results indicate that susceptibility to nutritional Se-deficiency is affected by a highly heritable trait. This trait does not appear to involve SeGSHpx, but may involve the role of Se in methionine metabolism. KEYWORDS-

Selenium

selection

methionine

glutathione peroxidase.

THE PREFREEZE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF TURKEY SPERMATOZOA EQUILIBRATED IN DMSO. Estelle F. Cook*, and Frank L. Cherms, Nicholas Turkey Breeding Farms, Sonoma, CA 95476 Turkey semen was extended 1:6 in a modified Lake extender containing 3.25% (v/v) DMSO equilibrated 15 minutes at room temperature and cooled to 5° C. for 25 minutes. Sperm

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

In studying the effects of dietary selenium on coccidial i n f e c t i o n of chickens, a semi-purified (SP) d i e t was formulated to lower the selenium l e v e l . Surprisingly, inocul a t i o n of chickens fed the SP d i e t with £. tenella resulted in a very low i n f e c t i o n . In view of t h i s , studies were conducted with b r o i l e r chicks to f u r t h e r investigate the effects of feeding SP d i e t (glucose-isolated soy protein-torula yeast) in response of chickens to coccidial i n f e c t i o n . At 14 days of age, chicks fed the SP d i e t were o r a l l y inoculated with 0, 50,000 or 100,000 oocysts of £. t e n e l l a - i n exp. 1 and 3. In exp. 2 chicks fed a cornsoy (CS) or the SP d i e t were o r a l l y inoculated with 0, 100,000 or 200,000 oocysts of E_. tenella or with a mixture of 500,000 oocysts of E_. acervulina, 50,000 of |_. maxima and 50,000 of g. b r u n e t t i . In a l l experiments l i t t l e or no m o r t a l i t y was observed due to £. tenella i n f e c t i o n of chicks fed the SP d i e t . In exp. 2, chickens receiving the CS d i e t and inoculated with £ . tenella had increased m o r t a l i t y . When a mixture of Eimeria species was used, similar levels of m o r t a l i t y were observed in both CS and SP d i e t s . In a l l experiments, body weight gain and packed c e l l volume were not affected by E. tenella i n f e c t i o n of chicks fed the SP d i e t , but were s i g n i f i c a n t l y reduced in chickens fed the CS d i e t . Inoculation with a mixture of species reduced body weight gain of chickens fed CS or SP d i e t s . Cecal lesion scores in chickens fed SP d i e t were lower than those fed the CS d i e t . The small number of oocysts discharged within 7 hrs a f t e r inoculation was similar in chickens fed either d i e t , indicating that oocysts excysted in chickens fed SP d i e t . No difference in gut passage time between birds fed the two diets was observed. The results showed that i n f e c t i o n of chickens with £ . t e n e l l a , but not with species that parasitize the small i n t e s t i n e , is ameliorated by feeding an SP d i e t .

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1442

KFY WORDS: Turkey Semen, DMSO

SHEARING STRENGTH OF PELVIC LIMB BONES FROM REOVIRUS-INFECTED AND NONINFECTED CHICKENS FED DIFFERENT LEVELS OF CHOLINE. M.E. Cook and W.T. Springer . Dept of Veterinary Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Shearing strengths of the proximal end of the femurs, proximal and distal ends of the tibiotarsi, and proximal end of the tarsometatarsi of 8-week old reovirus WVU 2937-infected and noninfected chickens fed diets containing 0.2x, l.Ox, and 2.Ox the 1977 National Research Council designated requirement for choline were measured with an Instron Universal Testing Machine, model 1122, using a scale load of 50 kg. Reovirus infection significantly (P<0.05) lowered the absolute shearing strength of the proximal end of the femur of chicks fed 0.2x and l.Ox the required dietary levels of choline but not femurs of chicks fed the 2.Ox required level. The absolute shearing strengths of the proximal and distal ends of the tibiotarsi and the proximal end of the tarsometarsi were not affected by reovirus infection. The diameter of bones was not significantly affected by reovirus infection or by dietary levels of choline. However, when diameter was considered to be a function of the shear strength for individual bones, the shear strength of the proximal end of the femur of chicks fed the 0.2x dietary level of choline, the proximal end of the tibiotarsus of chicks fed the l.Ox dietary level of choline and the proximal end of the tarsometarsus of chicks fed the 0.2x dietary level of choline from reovirus infected chicks was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of bones from noninfected chicks. Dietary levels of choline did not influence shear strength of bones from noninfected chicks.

KEYWORDS:

shear, bone strength, choline, reovirus

MEAN TENDONITIS SCORES AND PERCENT INCIDENCE OF PEROSIS IN CHICKENS FED VARYING LEVELS OF NIACIN AND CHOLINE AND INFECTED WITH REOVIRUS WVU 2937. M.E. Cook , W.T. Springer, and J.A. Hebert. Depts. of Veterinary Science and Poultry Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803. The effects of choline or niacin at dietary levels of 0.2x, l.Ox, and 2x the National Research Council-1977 (NRC-77) vitamin requirement on the incidence of tendonitis and perosis in Reovirus WVU 2937 infected and noninfected specific-pathogenfree chickens were studied in two experiments. Reovirus induced swelling of the tendons distal to the tarsal joints, and bending and twisting of the tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus were evaluated at 4, 6, and 8 weeks. Choline fed at the lx NRC-77 dietary level enhanced the mean tendonitis scores of the tendons distal to the tarsal joints when compared to chickens fed 2x or 0.2x NRC-77 dietary levels. Mean tendonitis scores decreased in the choline experiment between 4 and

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

cells were pre fixed in glutaraldehyde and pelleted by centrifugation into agar; 1 mm agar blocks were post fixed in osmium tetroxide. Ultrastructure was studied by transmission electron microscopy. The most striking observation was extensive damage to the plasma membranes, consisting of ruffling and discontinuities. Large sections of the membranes of the mitochondrial sheath were often missing and the typical longitudinal cristae were replaced by a granular or vesicular matrix. The axonemes were disrupted by bending or breaking, typically in the region of the proximal centriole. The condensation of the nuclear chromatin appeared normal in the majority of the cells; considerable ruffling of the nuclear envelope was apparent. The structure of the acrosomes was normal in most cells, but breaks in the plasmalemma adjacent to the acrosomal membranes were sometimes observed. It appeared that the osmotic integrity of most cells was affected by DMSO and is indicative of the subsequent damage observed after freezing.

ABSTRACTS O F PAPERS

1443

8 weeks. Male chickens demonstrated greater mean tendonitis scores than female chickens in the choline experiment. Sex, dietary level of niacin, or time of evaluation had no effect on mean tendonitis scores in the niacin experiment. Chickens fed choline or niacin at 0.2x NRC-77 dietary requirement demonstrated enhanced percent incidences of perosis when compared to the 2x or lx NRC-77 dietary levels. Reovlrus infection increased the percent incidence of perosis in the niacin deficient chickens and decreased the percent incidence of perosis in the choline deficient chickens when compared with noninfected chickens. Percent incidences of perosis decreased between 4 and 8 weeks in the choline experiment and remained unchanged in the niacin experiment. Male chickens showed higher percent incidences of perosis when compared to the female chickens in the niacin and choline experiments. KKY WORDS: reovirus, choline, niacin, tendonitis, perosis

Nineteen mash and 15 pelleted samples of poultry feed were collected from 10 commercial feed mills. From each sample, 25 g were placed into each of two different preenrichment media [lactose (L) or lactose + 1% sodium pyruvate (L-P)] and four direct enrichment media [selenlte cystine (SC), selenlte cystine + 1% sodium pyruvate (SC-P), TT or TT + 1% sodium pyruvate (TT-P). Brewer ^t ^1_. (1977) demonstrated increased recovery of stressed Staphylococcus aureus by the addition of 1% sodium pyruvate to the medium]. After 24 hr incubation at 37 C, 10 ml of the preenrlched samples (L and L-P) were transferred to 90 ml of SC and TT. Then, three loopfuls from each of the six enrichment media were streaked onto plates of bismuth sulfite, BG sulfa and hektoen enteric following 24 hr at 37 C. Three colonies with suspect Salmonella characteristics were selected from each plate and subjected to the biochemical and serological tests appropriate for Salmonella confirmation. Salmonella were recovered from six mash samples with L medium, none with L-P, nine with SC, one with' SC-P, nine with TT and none with TT-P. Salmonella were recovered from one pelleted sample with L medium, none with L-P, one with SC, none with SC-P, two with TT and none with TT-P. L, SC and TT were thus superior to these same media to which sodium pyruvate was added, and direct enrichment in either SC or TT proved more efficient than preenrichment in L. Overall, 67% of the mash and 20% of the pelleted samples contained Salmonella.

KEYWORDS.-

Salmonella, feed, preenrichment, direct enrichment.

OTTAWA NAKED, A MUTATION CAUSING ABNORMAL FEATHERING AND TOE FUSION IN DOMESTIC FOWL. R.D. Crawford-. University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask. S7N 0W0, H. Patterson, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ont. K1A 0C6 and Macdonald Campus of McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que. H9X 1C0, and R.S• Gowe, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ont. K1A 0C6. The genetic condition called Ottawa naked (nk) was identified in 1956. It has been kept since then, most often in heterozygous form, at several institutions. Observations made at these institutions are summarized here. The down coat of affected chicks and embryos is reduced, ranging from presence of a few bare patches to almost complete absence of down. Adult coat consists of an irregular scattering of downy feathers; bare areas are devoid of feather follicles. Third and fourth toes are characteristically fused for all or part of their length; bony elements may be united and/or toe webbing may be prolonged to the nails. The second toe is seldom affected. Embryos develop to full-term but their hatchability is reduced by 20%. Ottawa naked individuals can be maintained into adulthood if given special care. Their reproductive rate is normal but natural mating is unsuccessful. The mutation is autosomal recessive, usually with complete penetrance and variable expressivity. It assorts independently of genes for rose comb, pea comb, scaleless,

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

VALUE OF PREENRICHMENT AND SODIUM PYRUVATE IN MEDIA FOR RECOVERY OF SALMONELLA FROM COMMERCIAL POULTRY FEED. N. A. Cox,* J. S. Bailey, and J. E. Thomson. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Richard B. Russell Agricultural Research Center, Athens, GA 30613

1444

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

and naked neck. There is an apparent interaction with the scaleless locus causing a large excess of non-mutant individuals. Preliminary observations indicate a similar interaction with the naked neck locus. The rik_ stock has yielded two other mutations, dysplastic remiges (dr_) and missing upper beak (mub) , which have been reported earlier; all three conditions may be related developmentally. KEYWORDS: Mutant Ottawa naked abnormal feathering toe fusion

Information relating to production performance and economic factors for White Leghorn layers housed in deep and shallow designed cages at different densities has been gathered over a three-year period in an environmental-control high-rise cage layer research facility. A deep cage measuring 38.1 cm across the front and 50.8 cm in depth has been compared with a shallow cage measuring 60.9 cm across the front and 35.5 cm in depth and a modified shallow cage measuring 60.9 cm across the front and 31.8 cm in depth. Results represent the summation of data collected from tests conducted in 1979, 1980 and 1981, involving 3 commercial strains of Leghorns, 4 cage population sizes and a total of 3,700 birds. Birds in the shallow cages have averaged 2.2% greater hen-day egg production and 1.4% more hen-housed eggs produced. Birds in shallow cages have also averaged 114 g heavier body weights, 2.3 Kg/bird more feed usage, .8 g heavier eggs and 5.8% more large plus grade eggs than birds in deep cages. Because of increased feed usage, feed conversions and net egg incomes over pullet and feed costs have not significantly favored the shallow cage. Trends with regard to mortality and undergrade eggs have not been consistent over the 3 years. Controlled feeding of birds in shallow cages resulted in comparable levels of performance as birds in the deep design cage.

KEYWORDS:

Shallow cages, production performance, economic factors

A COMPARISON OF SELECTED QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF BROWN AND WHITE SHELL EGGS. Patricia A. Curtis*, F.A. Gardner and D.B. Mellor. Dept. of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University of College Station, TX 77843. A total of 3456 eggs were examined over twelve laying periods from three strains of commercial brown shell layers (Babcock 380 and two slightly improved strains) and three strains of commercial white shell layers (Babcock 300 and two competitive strains). Individual egg measurements which included egg weight, shell thickness, albumen height, long and short thick albumen diameters and two yolk diameters, were taken four days during the last week of each laying period. Haugh units, albumen index and yolk index were calculated. The data obtained was analyzed to allow comparison of the three strains of white shell layers and three brown shell strains. Strain variation within the color groups were noted and then the three strains of each type were then combined for overall comparison of brown versus white shell egg quality. There was no significant difference in hen day production for the brown and white shell layers. The brown shell eggs were significantly larger (61.50 and 60.19 grams) and had significantly thinner shells than the white shell eggs (0.37 and 0.39 m m ) . The white shell eggs had snificantly lower Haugh unit scores (85.11 and 81.92) and albumen index (0.1027 and 0.0938) than did the brown shell eggs. There was no significant difference, however, between the two groups for yolk index measurements.

KEY WORDS:

Egg quality, Shell color, Shell quality

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

PERFORMANCE OF CAGED LAYERS IN DEEP AND SHALLOW CAGES: A THREE-YEAR SUMMARY. Dan L. Cunningham*, Dept. of Poultry & Avian Sci., Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1445

DETOXIFICATION AND PROTEIN QUALITY OF BUFFALO GOURD MEAL (CUCURBITA FOETIDISSIMA)FOR GROWING CHICKENS. N.J. Daqhir* and I.M. Zaatari. Dept. of Animal Sciences, American University of Beirut, Lebanon.

(Was supported by the Lebanese National Council for Scientific Research).

KEYWORDS.

Buffalo Gourd, Chicks, Toxins, Protein Quality

TRUE METABOLIZABLE ENERGY AND FATTY ACID ABSORPTION OF FATS AT LOW LEVEL DIETARY INCLUSION. Nick M. Dale* and Henry L. Fuller, Dept. of Poultry Sci., University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602: The true metabolizable energy (TME) content of 3 fats (corn oil, low stearic acid tallow, and high stearic acid tallow) was determined at a 2k% level of inclusion in a corn-soybean meal carrier using SCWL roosters. Resulting TME values were 10.91, 10.52 and 10.62 kcal/g, respectively. Percent absorption was determined for each of the major fatty acids, and in all cases absorption {corrected for endogenous excretion) was in excess of 90%. Percent absorption was consistently higher for fatty acids in diets with supplemental fat than for the residual fatty acids in the basal carrier. A second experiment was conducted to investigate whether the fatty acid absorptions determined above would be similar to those obtained with broiler chickens on a full-feed regimen. The same test diets employed in the TME assays, using fats drawn from the same lots as used previously, were fed ad libitum to 8-9 week old broiler males. Corrected fatty acid absorption was again found to be in excess of 90%, being significantly higher for the added fat than for?the residual. It is concluded that.under the conditions of these experiments: (A) at low level supplementation, the degree of saturation of a fat has no effect on TME or on % fatty acid absorption, (B) supplemental fat was absorbed with greater efficiency than residual oils, and'(&K*the degree of fatty acid absorption observed in full-fed broilers is consistent with that seen under the conditions of the TME assay. This would lend support to the use of the TME bioassay in evaluating the energetic content of fats. KEYWORDS:

true metabolizable energy, corn o i l , t a l l o w , stearic a c i d , f a t t y acid absorption

UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA UTILIZATION OF THE APPLE-II MICROCOMPUTER. B. L. Damron*, Dept. of Poultry Science, University o f F l o r i d a , Gainesville, FL 32611. An Apple-II microcomputer with 48K memory was recently purchased by the Poultry Science Department. Peripheral equipment includes two disk drives, a dot matrix p r i n t e r and a

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

The Buffalo Gourd (BG) is a desert plant that is native to the south west of the United States and has abundant yield of seed rich in edible oil and protein. We have shown in previous work that the deffatted seed has a toxic component(s) that depresses growth and produces a neuromuscular condition in young chicks. Three experiments were conducted with broiler-type chicks using hexane extracted BG seed in place of soybean meal in semi-purified type diets. Soybean meal diets gave better performance than the BG meal diets in all experiments. Acetone extraction of the BG meal produced a slight improvement in growth and feed consumption of groups fed the hexane extracted BG meal, but the differences were not significant. Saponin content of BG meal was found to be very low in comparison to that of soybean meal. The addition of 1% cholesterol to the BG meal diet did not alleviate the growth depression and therefore saponins do not seem to be a major anti-nutritional factor in BG meal. Feeding BG meal had no significant effect on total serum phosphorous, serum uric acid, hematocrit or hemoglobin values. Supplementing BG meal diets with lysine, threonine and methionine separately and in combination showed that threonine and methionine were limiting, but not lysine.

1446

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

modem. The modem allows the computer to be used as a terminal for data transmission to and from a large Amdahl-470 mainframe computer in the Regional Data Center.

Ideas for future tasks include the use of a small card reader to rapidly summarize daily egg production, and a solid-state portable data collection device to replace marked egg records entirely through direct data scanning and processing.

K E Y W O R D S , microcomputer, Apple-II, data processing, computer programming

DIETARY SODIUM FOR BROILER BREEDERS. B. L. Damron*, H. R. Wilson and R. H. Harms. Dept. of Poultry Sci., University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 Two experiments were conducted using Cobb x Cobb broiler breeders housed in floor pens for eight 28-day periods starting when the birds were 32 weeks of age. Eight females and one male was started in each pen with replacement males provided as needed from extra pens receiving the same treatment. Dietary treatments consisted of total sodium levels of 720, 955, 1190, 1660 or 2130 ppm from sodium chloride in a corn-soy diet. Data were collected at the end of each experimental period with egg data and hatchability determined on two and seven-day egg samples, respectively. Average daily sodium intakes over the two experiments were 135, 180, 216, 303 and 399 mg. Egg production, daily feed intake, feed efficiency, egg specific gravity and hatch of fertile eggs were not significantly influenced by any level of supplemental sodium. Egg weight was significantly improved by 303 mg/day of sodium but not by 399 mg/day. A significant reduction of fertility was associated with a sodium intake of 399 mg/day, and hatch of all eggs set was lowered significantly by the consumption of 303 or 399 mg/day of sodium. From these data it appears that the daily requirement was not in excess of 135 mg.

K E Y W O R D S . Broiler breeders, sodium, salt requirement

CROSSREACTIVITV. OF M3NOCLONAL ANTIBODIES DIRECTED AGAINST VARIOUS SPECIES OF AVIAN COCCIDIA. H. D. Danforth* and P. C. Augustine, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitology Institute, Beltsville, MD 20705 A series of hybridoma-produced monoclonal antibodies directed against various species of avian coccidia that infect chickens, turkeys and quail were developed by immunizing Balb/cByJ mice with sporozoites injected i.v. and then fusing the spleen cells of these animals with P3-X63-Ag& myeloma cells. These antibodies, which demonstrated as many as 4 different antigenic patterns as determined by immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) test on the air-dried sporozoites they were raised against, were then crossreacted with sporozoites of 8 chickens, 2 turkeys, and 1 quail coccidia. In all monoclonals studied, varying degrees of species-specificity as determined by IFA test were seen. In some cases, IFA patterns

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

Visicalc is used to maintain individual pen records for in-progress experiments and provide a rapid intermediate or final summary in order to verify data before the birds are disposed of. Visicalc software is also being used to store ingredient profiles for product analysis and the maintenance and calculation of student grades in a basic team-taught course. The "T.O.U.G.H. Text Editor" program has been utilized to prepare drafts of manuscripts and of one dissertation. It is anticipated that finished drafts of journal papers can also result from this software. A number of small programs obtained from programming manuals have been stored on disks to do a variety of simple statistical procedures, prepare phone and mailing lists and formulate feeds using linear programming. A data management program is also being employed for preparation of mailing labels and phone lists.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1447

Avian Coccidia, Monoclonal Antibodies, Crossreactivity.

THE EFFECT OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES ON INHIBITION OF IN VITRO INTRACELLULAR DEVELOPMENT OF EIMERIA TENELLA. H.D. Danforth*, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitology Institute, Beltsville, MD 20705. Sporozoites of Eimeria tenella were exposed to 3 different monoclonal antibodies (designated BIO, C3, and E5) in dilute ascites at room temperature (20°C) for 15 or 45 min, and then inoculated in the presence of these antibodies onto primary chicken kidney (PCK) cells. These antibodies, which were directed specifically against E. tenella:sporozoites, were either maintained on the cell cultures during the entire incubation time (0-96 hrs), or were removed by washing the cultures at 48 hrs postinoculation. The inhibition of intracellular development by these treatments was evaluated by determining the number of developmental stages present at 24 and 96 hrs after PCK cell inculation when compared to untreated controls. All three monoclonal antibodies inhibited development after exposure of the sporozoites to the antibodies for both pretreatment time periods, but the greatest inhibition occurred with groups pretreated for 45 min. Of the three monoclonal antibodies, BIO caused produced the most inhibition of development. Removal of each of the three antibodies from the culture medium at 48 hrs postinoculation produced an increase in development when compared to cell cultures where the antibodies were continuously present. These results indicate that hybridoma-produced monoclonal antibodies will inhibit in vitro intracellular coccidial development if the antibodies are present in the culture medium during PCK cell culture incubation.

KEYWORDS: Eimeria tenella, Monoclonal antibodies, In vitro inhibition

EFFECT OF METHIONINE ON THE CHOLINE REQUIREMENT OF DUCKLINGS. William F. Dean*, Cornell University Duck Research Laboratory, Eastport, NY 11941 and Tian-fuh Shen, Dept. of Animal Husbandry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. Ducklings fed a low choline diet based on isolated soybean protein and corn (contained 18% protein, 688 mg choline/kg), without supplemental choline or methionine, developed severe perosis and grew at a reduced rate (0-14 days). The addition of methionine to this diet in the absence of added choline improved weight gain but did not prevent perosis, indicating that the basal diet did not meet the duckling's minimal need for choline. Supplementing the basal diet with choline in the absence of added methionine prevented perosis but did not support maximum growth. The addition of both choline (882 mg/kg) and methionine (0.1%) to the basal were necessary for optimal weight gain. When ducklings were fed a practical corn-soybean meal diet without added choline or methionine (contained 22% protein, 1323 mg choline/kg), they grew at a reduced rate (0-14 days) but did not develop perosis. Adding methionine (0.1%) to this diet improved growth either in the absence or presence of supplemental choline. Choline supplementation (379 mg/kg) improved growth in the absence but not in the presence of added methionine. These results indicate that when ducklings are fed a practical corn-soya diet, methionine

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

changed with the different species of coccidia in which crossreactivity occurred. The antibodies which labeled the retractile bodies of the sporozoites demonstrated the most crossreactivity, except for one monoclonal that labeled only the refractile body of Eimeria adenoeides. Three different antibodies obtained from sporozoite immunization with E. acervulina, E. mivati, and JE. adenoeides, which had antigenic patterns of internal, surface, and surface-internal, respectively, also demonstrated crossreactivity with most of the coccidial species tested. There were, however, some monoclonal antibodies which reacted only with the species of coccidia used for mouse immunization. These results indicate that there are a number of shared antigens present in the various species of coccidia which may be important for vaccine development, but that enough species - specific antigens are available for use in diagnostic tests such as ELISA for determination of flock immunity. KEYWORDS:

1448

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

supplementation of the diet can eliminate the need for supplemental choline but that the reverse is not true.

KEYWORDS.

Methionine, choline, ducklings.

Two trials were conducted to determine the effect of heat stress on commercial layers acclimated to a 24-hr cyclic temperature of 15.6 to 35 to 15.6 C versus those acclimated at a constant 25 C temperature, which was the mean temperature of the 24-hr cyclic temperature. Percent egg production, feed consumption, egg weight, body weight change, feed efficiency, egg shell breaking strength, and egg shell thickness during an 8-week production period were not significantly affected by cyclic versus constant temperature regimen. Heat stress (39 C) resulted in a significantly greater reduction in egg production and egg shell breaking strength for the layers acclimated to the constant versus the cyclic temperature regimen.

KEYWORDS; Laying hens, heat stress, egg production, egg shell breaking strength

V A R I A T I O N IN C H E M I C A L C O M P O S I T I O N AND TME OF GRAIN FROM DIFFERENT WHEAT G E N O T Y P E S . F. J. D e l f i n o * , _____ __ U r_ i. a £ , _ _ _ _ _ _ _ c h n_ i. d , L-Ll_i££H!li iLL_.ij__Swlli.gjLs. and j5_j._Lj._R ______ _ , D e p t . of Animal S c i e n c e s , and A_____D___., D e p t . of Plant S c i e n c e , U n i v e r s i t y of A r i z o n a , Tucson, AZ 857_1. Grain from 95 wheat genotypes ( S p r i n g , Winter and Spring x Winter t y p e s ) grown at a single l o c a t i o n , Y u m a , A Z , were analyzed for chemical c o m p o s i t i o n and energy value for p o u l t r y . Means (across g e n o t y p e s ) + SD were: crude p r o t e i n , 13 . 7_+l . 90 % ; neutral d e t e r g e n t f i b e r , 11.1_.89..; acid detergent f i b e r , 3 . 16___.45 7.; l i g n i n , 1 . 36+ . 39 % and gross e n e r g y , 4.42_.05 k c a l / g . True m e t a b o 1 i z a b l e energy ( T M E ) values were determined by force feeding 15 grams of ground grain to each of 5 White Leghorn laying hens. Values ranged from 2.87 to 4.31 kcal/g with a mean of 3,64 and a SD of 0.26. C o n s i d e r a b l e v a r i a b i l i t y b e t w e e n control birds in e n d o g e n o u s energy e x c r e t i o n were e x p e r i e n c e d and problems with soft shelled eggs were encountered. TME was not correlated ( P > . 0 5 ) with any of the chemical c o m p o n e n t s but was correlated ( P < . 0 1 ) with apparent m e t a b o l i z a b l e energy ( A M E ) (r = . 9 9 3 ) . Except for crude protein (r = . 9 0 2 ) attempts to predict content of chemical fractions and TME or AME using near infra-red r e f l e c t a n c e s p e c t r o s c o p y (Technicon Infraalyzer 400 P l u s ) were not s u c c e s s f u l , possibly because of the small v a r i a b i l i t y among genotypes of most c o m p o n e n t s .

KEYWORDS: laying

, wheat hens

_. , . , g e n o t y p e s , chemical

.. composition,

true

,.._.. metabollzable

energy,

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

EFFECT OF HEAT STRESS ON LAYING HENS ACCLIMATED TO CYCLIC VERSUS CONSTANT TEMPERATURES. J. W. Deaton*. F. N. Reece, J. L. McNaughton, and B. D. Lott. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, South Central Poultry Research Laboratory, Mississippi State, MS 39762

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1449

INHIBITION OF FOOD INTAKE OF CHICKENS FOLLOWING INJECTIONS OF CHOLECYSTOKININ INTO THE LATERAL VENTRICLE OF THE BRAIN. D. M. Denbow*. Poultry Science Dept., Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, and R. D. Myers, Dept. of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514

Food consumption was significantly decreased by 100 and 150 ng of CCK. This decrease was dose dependent. Water consumption was not significantly affected by CCK. There was a significant difference in Tc between the control group and those birds receiving either 100 or 150 ng of CCK. The latter effect appeared to be a result of the feeding activity and the heat increment of the diet since the difference was caused by an increase in Tc of the control group. These results suggest that CCK may be involved in the neural control of short term satiety in birds.

KI-YWOKDS: FOOD INTAKE, WATER INTAKE, BODY TEMPERATURE, CHOLECYSTOKININ, INTRACEREBROVENTRICULAR, CHICKENS

PLASMA LEVELS OF GONADAL STEROIDS IN GENETIC POPULATIONS OF ROOSTERS DIFFERING IN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR. Toni L. De Santo*, H. P. Van Krey, P. B. Siegel, Dept. of Poultry Science, and F. C. Gwazdauskas, Dept. of Dairy Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 Plasma levels of androstenedione (AE), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and testosterone (T) were measured at 1, 56, 112, and 168 days of age by radioimmunoassay in lines of roosters divergently selected for mating frequency. No significant differences in mean hormone values were found between lines at any age. Also, hormone secretion patterns throughout development were similar for both lines. Means of plasma AE for the lines pooled were .08, .46, .47 and .94 ng/ml at 1, 56, 112 and 168 days of age, respectively. Corresponding values for T were .12, .52, .56 and 1.06 ng/ml. In both cases hormone levels increased between days 1 and 56, then leveled off and rose again prior to 168 days of age. In contrast, DHT levels were low throughout. Pooled line means were .08 and .15 ng/ml at 1 and 168 days of age, respectively. Within line correlation analyses between AE, DHT, T and total androgen (AE4-DHT+T) revealed a more uniform hormonal state throughout development in the high mating line than in the low mating line. (Supported in part by NSF Grant BNS-78-24493) KEYWORDS: sexual behavior, androgens

FUMIGATION: A POTENTIAL METHOD FOR CONTROLLING NORTHERN FOWL MITES ON INANIMATE OBJECTS. Joyce A. DeVaney* and Kenneth R. Beerwinkle. Veterinary Toxicology and Entomology Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX 77841. Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the efficacies of phosphine (PH3), methyl bromide (CH3Br) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) as

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

The effects of intracerebroventricular injections of cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK) on food intake, water intake and colonic body temperature (Tc) were investigated using broiler cockerels. At 4 weeks of age, a 23 gauge stainless steel guide cannula was implanted stereotaxically into the right lateral ventricle of each chick. Experiments were conducted using a completely randomized block design with replication as the blocking factor. In Experiment 1, chicks received either artificial cerebrospinal fluid, 50 or 100 ng of CCK while in Experiment 2, they received either .05N NaHCOj, 50, 100 or 150 ng of CCK. Feed was removed 24 hours prior to injection.

1450

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

K E Y W O R D S : Northern fowl mite, control, fumigation

PARASITIC TYPHLITIS AND ENTERITIS CAUSED BY HETERAKIS IN PHEASANTS. A. S. Dhillon, R. B. Wescott, and D. T. Shafar, Western Washington Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Puyallup, Washington. The heterakis infection causing typhlitis and enteritis was diagnosed in a small flock of pheasants. Other birds kept at the premises include chickens and psittacines; the former were used for brooding pheasant eggs. One pheasant was presented dead for post mortem examination with the history of debilitation and diarrhea. Gross pathologic alterations include distended segments of duodenum with fresh blood in the lumen with intermittent areas containing dark fluid contents. No parasites were present in the lumen of intestine or ceca. Distal intestine and ceca had small white discrete nodules tightly adherent to the mucosa. Histologic examination revealed segmental involvement causing partial occlusion of the lumen. The affected areas had circumscribed submucosal fibrous nodular enlargement containing cross sections of immature stages of heterakis; the latter was identified by the presence of lateral alae and typical coelomyarian musculature. Other lesions were seen as moderate to marked typhlitis and enteritis. Heterakis eggs were present in large numbers in fecal specimens of all pheasants at this farm. The heterakis female organisms were retrieved from the nodular enlargements of ceca and identifications were made. The heterakis organisms in chicken ceca cause no specific lesions, however, in the present case typhlitis and enteritis was observed in pheasants. KEYWORDS:

Heterakis, Typhlitis, Pheasants

PATHOGENICITY OF VARIOUS ADENOVIRUS SEROTYPES IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE PRESENCE OF ESCHERICHIA COLI IN 3-WEEK-OLD SPF CHICKENS. A. S. Dhillon*, R. W. Winterfield, and A. M. Gallina, Western Washington Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA. Ten strains of adenovirus representing 10 serotypes were administered intratracheally to 10 groups, 10 per group, of three-week-old specific-pathogen free chickens. These birds received 10^ colony forming units (CFU) of a pathogenic Escherichia coli intran a s a l ^ in addition to adenovirus inoculation. One group was given only E_. coli and one one group was retained as uninoculated control. Five and 12 days post-inoculation (P.I.), five birds from each group were sacrificed and gross and microscopic lesions were recorded. Gross pathologic alterations were minimal and limited to multiple scattered, pale areas in the lungs of an occasional bird in various groups. Histopathologic changes in the lungs were those of multifocal interstitial, and occasionally, diffuse pneumonia. Moderate to marked interstitial pneumonia was incited by adenovirus strains 75-1 A, B-3, A-2, C-2B and X-ll, whereas, Ind-C, Stein, Tipton, J-2 and T-8 caused similar

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

fumigants for control of the northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago), on inanimate objects. Results of the laboratory studies showed that either Ch^Br or SO2 killed all physiological forms of mites within 24 h. Phosphine gas released from Phostoxin pellets, had an LD50 of 18 h against motile forms of mites; however, it took 30 h to kill the mite eggs. Field studies showed that both Q ^ B r and SO2 killed the mites within 24 h; however, with SO2 there was a repulsive, irritating odor which was retained in the cardboard egg flats and egg crates that persisted for several days after exposure to the gas. Methyl bromide was used in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations for fumigating enclosed trailers and vans to control insects that attack food products. Northern fowl mites which infest inanimate materials, were effectively controlled by this method.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1451

lesions that were mild in severity. Mild multifocal pneumonic change was present with Ind-C, S t e i n , Tipton, J-2 and B-3. However, 75-1A, A-2, C-2B, T-8 and X - l l i n c i t e d moderate to marked multifocal pneumonia. B r o n c h i o l i t i s and t r a c h e i t i s lesions varied in severity with d i f f e r e n t serotypes. Hepatitis mild in severity was seen with two-serotypes. No gross or histopathologic a l t e r a t i o n s were seen i n uninoculated control group, or the group inoculated with only E_. c o l i . The pneumonic lesions were more severe in 5-day P . I . necropsies as compared to 12day P . I . necropsies in a l l infected groups. KEYWORDS: Adenovirus, E.. col i , SPF chickens.

Pathology section.

A s e r i e s of b a t t e r y , a n t i c o c c i d i a l e f f i c a c y t e s t s were conducted in 3- to 5-week old Coturnix q u a i l . Drugs evaluated were amprolium, c l o p i d o l , l a s a l o c i d , monensin, n i c a r b a zin and s u l f a q u i n o x a l i n e which were incorporated into the feed at normal use l e v e l s for chickens ( b r o i l e r s ) . All medicated feeds were provided 48 hours before i n f e c t i o n . The oocyst innoculum, administered by i n t u b a t i o n , c o n s i s t e d of a f i e l d recovered mixture of at l e a s t 2 species of Eimeria. Parameters used in evaluation were body weight gains and feed consumption measured over a 7-day period and oocyst production, determined on days 5, 6 and 7 post i n f e c t i o n , by the McMaster method. No c o c c i d i o s i s m o r t a l i t y was observed in any b i r d s r e g a r d l e s s of the i n f e c t i v e dose. I n f e c t i o n s in non-medicated c o n t r o l s produced severe depressions in body weight gain (up to 57%) when compared with non-medicated, non-infected b i r d s . Body weight gains of medicated, non-infected b i r d s were s i m i l a r to those of the non-medicated, non-infected c o n t r o l groups while gains in medicated, infected groups were intermediate and v a r i e d considerably depending on the type of medication. Oocysts counts indicated t h a t monensin c o n s i s t e n t l y allowed the g r e a t e s t oocyst cycling while c l o p i d o l caused a maximum r e d u c t i o n in oocyst c y c l i n g .

KEY WORDS:

Coturnix quail, coccidiosis, anticoccidials, weight gains, oocyst counts

USE OF REPEATED MATINGS TO ESTIMATE ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC TRENDS AND EFFECTS OF RELAXING SELECTION IN A SELECTED STRAIN OF LEGHORN CHICKENS. G. E. Dickerson, R. L. Hruska US Meat Animal Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 225 Marvel Baker Hall, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0908, T. S. Kashyap* and G. L. Bennett, Dept. of Animal Sci., University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0908, K. Goodwin, Dept. of Poultry Sci., Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, and J. A. B. Emsley, H&N, Inc., Redmond, WA 98052 Response from index selection for egg production traits in a Leghorn strain over 7 years was partitioned into total (AT), temporary (AR) and net genetic (AG) response, by producing progeny from selected (A) and unselected (D) first year breeders and from second year surviving breeders (B) and first year sisters (C) of previous years A breeders. In A, B, C and D populations, average yearly number of full-sib families was 121, 47, 37 and -, and of birds with complete records was 824, 287, 258 and 298. Restricting A to repeated B families biased AG seriously upward for mortality and rate of lay. Estimates of AG and AR from B and C populations were similar. Yearly environmental change (AE) was over three times the phenotypic change (AP) for egg numbers, emphasizing necessity for intra-year estimates of AG and AR. Temporary response (AR) approached or exceeded total response (AT) for mortality and accounted for 40% of AT for rate of lay and 60% for economic index, suggesting adverse maternal environmental effect from relaxing selection (D). Net yearly genetic change (AG) was 1.5% for rate of lay, $.18 per bird and in desired direction for most traits. Responses predicted from .64a male and .92a female index selection differentials and sire-component

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

COTURNIX QUAIL: COCC1DIOSIS AND ANTICOCCIDIAL TESTING. J . W. Dick*, P o u l t r y Science Department, Clemson U n i v e r s i t y , Clemson, SC 29631 and M. D. Ruff, USDA.ARS, Animal P a r a s i t o l o g y I n s t i t u t e , B e l t s v i l l e , MD 20705.

1452

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

genetic parameters underestimated AG for rate of lay (.6%) but agreed ($.16) for economic index. KEYWORDS: chickens, selection response, egg production, maternal effects

Cornell K-strain chickens were used to assess the influence of ^n ovo exposure to aflatoxin-B1 (AF) on post-hatch hematopoietic differentiation and development. AF (0.1 ug in 10 ul acetone) was administered to the inner shell membrane of 6- or 12-day embryos. Control embryos received 10 pi of acetone. Following hatching, chicks were screened at various ages for erythroid blood parameters and immune responsiveness. Humoral immunity was measured as antibody titer to sheep red blood cells. Reactivity of the wattle to phytohemagglutinin-P, a reaction similar to delayed-type hypersensitivity, was utilized as in indicator of cell-mediated immunity. Exposure of chicks to AF at 6 days of embryonic development failed to affect humoral immunity but produced a dramatic reduction in the cell-mediated immunity of both males and females. Two blood parameters (cell count, hematocrit(Hct)) were significantly reduced in treatment females vs. the control females. In contrast, exposure of the 12-day embryos to AF produced dramatic depressions in several blood parameters (cell count, Hct, hemoglobin concentration) in both sexes. A marginal reduction in the cell-mediated response of females was obtained with no effect on humoral immunity. These results indicate that embryonic exposure of chickens to AF causes altered post-hatch hematolymphoid characteristics. Age of exposure may influence the nature of these long-term effects. (Supported by CA-28953 from the National Cancer Institute and USDA CSRS Project 412.) KEY WORDS: Genetxc-Immunologic Toxicology, Aflatoxin, Hematolymphoid, Immune Response, Embryonic

COMPOSTING A METHOD OF UTILIZING CAGE LAYER WASTE (CLW). Donald C. Dobson*. Jay 0. Anderson, and Norris J. Stenquist, Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Science Department, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 Composting of CLW has been studied as a potential method of disposal. Composted CLW has been produced by two methods: (1) Natural composted is where CLW is removed from the layer house about every 1-2 weeks and piled in windrows of approximately 2.5 meters wide and 1 meter high and permitted to compost. The moisture content of the freshly removed CLW from a commercial operation was about 52%. The natural composted CLW contained about 16% moisture and 4.9% nitrogen on a dry matter basis. (2) Mechanically composted using the "Brill Digester Process". This process is a commercial continuous aeration process requiring about 2 days for the digesting phase and 4-12 hours for drying. The nitrogen content of the fresh and composted material was about 5% and 4.9% on a dry matter basis. Beef type breeder replacement heifers were fed 3 rations of 90% silage plus 10% alfalfa hay or 10% composted CLW. After a 4 month (winter and spring) feeding period, the animals receiving the mechanical composted CLW gained 49% more and those receiving natural composted CLW gained 17% more than those on the silage-hay control ration. Composted CLW has been fed at 5% and 10% levels to broiler chicks with no apparent negative effect on growth, but reduction in feed efficiency. Mechanical CLW has been fed to laying hens with no reduction in egg production, but the eggs were slightly larger. Feed efficiency was reduced. KEYWORDS:

C o m p 0 s ting,

Cage layer waste, Feeding.

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

HEMATOLYMPHOID TOXICOLOGY IN DEVELOPING CHICKENS FOLLOWING EMBRYONIC EXPOSURE TO AFLATOXIN-B.. Rodney R. Dietert* and Stephen E. Bloom. Dept of Poultry and Avian Sciences and Institute of Comparative and Environmental Toxicology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1453

INTERACTION BETWEEN DIETARY CITRININ AND OCHRATOXIN A IN BROILER CHICKENS. J. A. DQEKR* and M. L. CAMPBELL, JR., Dept. of Poultry Sci., University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, and W. E. HUFF, USDA-SEA-AR Poultry Research Laboratory, Georgetown, DE 19947.

KEY WORDS:

OCHRATOXIN, CITRININ, MYCOTOXIN, RENAL PHYSIOLOGY, INTERACTION, CHICKEN

THE FEASIBILITY OF PHASE FEEDING SULPHUR AMINO ACIDS TO EGG PRODUCTION STOCK DURING THE LAYING PERIOD. B. H. Doran*, W. F. Krueger and J . W. Bradley. Dept. of Poultry Science, Texas A g r i c u l t u r a l Experiment S t a t i o n , Texas ASM University System, College Station, TX 77843 Twenty-eight-hundred-eighty egg type p u l l e t s were phase-fed methionine plus cystine during twelve laying periods to determine the effects on egg s i z e , hen-day production, body weight, l i v a b i l i t y , feed e f f i c i e n c y , Haugh units and egg shell texture. The experiment contained feeding regimes A, B and C. Birds on regime A were fed 670, 610 and 580 mg of methionine plus cystine per day during periods 1-4, 5-8 and 9-12 respectivel y . Birds on regime B received 670, 580 and 540 mg of methionine plus cystine per day during periods 1-4, 5-8 and 9-12 respectively. Those on regime C received 520 mg of methionine plus cystine per day throughout the 12 periods of production. Lysine level was kept constant at 0.72% of the r a t i o n . A l l pullets were brooded in f l o o r pens and l a t e r placed two birds per 25.4 x 45.7 cm laying cage. Average egg,size f o r feeding regimes A, B and C were 60.39, 59.86 and 59.59 gm respectively. Hen-day production was 79.49, 79.51 and 77.79% respectively. Phasefeeding of methionine plus cystine at the levels fed had l i t t l e or no e f f e c t on feed e f f i c i e n c y , Haugh u n i t s , shell t e x t u r e , body weight or l i v a b i l i t y . The s i g n i f i c a n t effect of phase feeding methionine plus cystine was on egg size. KEY WORDS-

Methionine, phase feeding, egg size, amino acids, layers

EFFECT OF VIRGINIAMYCIN ON LEGHORN-TYPE PULLETS FED OPTIMAL AND SUB-OPTIMAL PROTEIN LEVELS. C. R. Douglas, R. P. Miles and R. H. Harms*, Department of Poultry Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. Virginiamycin was added to the diets of May hatched Leghorn-type pullets during the growing period from 8 to 20 weeks of age to evaluate its effect on feed intake, body weight

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

Citrinin and ochratoxin A aretaromycotoxins that are nephrotoxic in chickens. Since they may occur together in feeds and ingredients, combined action of citrinin and ochratoxin A was evaluated in broilers. Battery trials with day-old broiler chicks, followed a 2x2 factorial design in which 0 and 400 ppm citrinin and 0 and 2 ppm ochratoxin in a starter mash were fed for 3 weeks. Body weights were significantly (P<0.05) depressed by all mycotoxin treatments by the end of the first week. Feed consumption was reduced, but conversion ratios were unaffected. Liver and kidney weights were increased while bursal weights were decreased. Serum uric acid was elevated (22% increase) by ochratoxin but not by citrinin. Total protein and albumin were depressed by ochratoxin only, while a -globulins were depressed by both toxins. Water consumption was not affected by ochratoxin but rose in the third week from a control value of 831 ta 2,289 ml/bird when citrinin was fed. Combining the toxins spared the increased water consumption by about 50%. Of the parameters cited, a significant (P<0.05) interaction between these two mycotoxins occurred with serum protein, liver weight, body weight, and water consumption. These data provide evidence of mycotoxin synergy and enhanced toxicity. More importantly, they raise questions of mechanistic action in the kidney, particularly concerning ochratoxin's sparing of citrinin-induced excessive water consumption. Further, the data suggest a possible role for these two mycotoxins in gaining a better understanding of renal physiology and pathology in the chicken.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1454

and other parameters. A 2x3 factorial arrangement of treatments was used with Virginiamycin being added at 0 and 20 ppm to high, medium and low protein dietary regimes. Pullets on the high protein regime were fed an 18% protein diet from 8 to 20 weeks of age, while those receiving the medium and low protein were fed 16% and 14% protein diets, respectively, at 8 weeks of age with protein being reduced by one percentage point each two weeks until pullets were 20 weeks of age. All diets contained .0125% Amprolium. Pullets were reared in floor pens containing wood shavings litter. The addition of Virginiamycin to the two lower protein regimes resulted in significantly heavier body weights at 12, 16 and 20 weeks of age as well as improved feed efficiency during the 8 to 20 week period. Subsequent egg production and egg weights were not significantly influenced by grower treatments. Virginiamycin, Leghorn-type pullets, body weight

EFFECTS OF AGE AND EXOGENOUS STEROID ON INTRACELLULAR DISTRIBUTION OF COPPER AND ZINC IN POULTRY. j.V. Downer* and W. W. Saylor, Dept. of Animal Science and Agricultural Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711. The effects of exogenous estradiol or testosterone on the distribution of intracellular copper and zinc in two age groups of Leghorn hens were examined. Birds were implanted with polydimethylsiloxane capsules (3.35 mm ID x 4.65 mm OD x 40 mm length) loaded with estradiol, testosterone or no hormone at 12 or 22 weeks of age. Blood samples were obtained via cardiac puncture at 1, 3, and 5 weeks post implantation for plasma copper and zinc determination. Plasma copper demonstrated a significant week by age and week by steroid interaction (P < .05). There was a significant week by age by steroid interaction with plasma zinc (P < .05). Birds were sacrificed at 5 weeks post implantation and livers were removed for subcellular fractionation. Analysis of covariance was incorporated to analyze effects of treatments, using the total liver copper or zinc concentration as the covariate. There was a higher concentration of copper in the large granule fraction of the pullets (0.52 pg/g) than the laying hens (0.80 pg/g) (P < .01). The copper concentration of the microsomal fraction of estradiol pullets was higher than of any other treatment combination (P < .05). Zinc concentration in the liver was significantly higher in the laying hens than in the pullets (34.36 and 26.12 pg Zn/g liver respectively) (P < .01). Zinc concentrations in the debris and microsomal fractions were higher in the laying hens than in the pullets. Gel filtration chromatography of the liver cytosol revealed the presence of 3 copper- and 4 zinc-containing proteins in all birds. Cytosol from pullets contained less of a low-molecular-weight (10,000 daltons) copperand zinc-containing protein than did laying hens, regardless of steroid treatment. Age appears to affect copper and zinc status in Leghorn hens to a greater extent than exogenous steroid administration. KEY WORDS: Copper, zinc, steroid, intracellular distribution, Leghorn

COORDINATION OF RIGHT AND LEFT CECA IN TURKEYS DURING CECAL EVACUATION. G.E. Duke* and O.A. Evanson. Dept. Vet. Biol. University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108. In order to further study the cecal motility associated with cecal evacuation, two strain gauge transducers (SGT) were surgically implanted on the distal portion of each cecum (6 cm apart) in each of three turkeys. Previous work disclosed that turkeys generally evacuate the ceca shortly after dawn. Thus, contractile activity, detected by the SGT was recorded from 30 min. before dawn until 30 min. after evacuation. In 17 successful recording sessions, the ceca evacuated simultaneously 11 times, not at all four times (within 1.5 hr post-dawn), and on two occasions the two ceca evacuated separately (at 29 and 113 sec. apart, respectively). Usually contractile activity was not coordinated between the two ceca but there was usually coordination between the two implant sites on the same cecum. Contractile frequencies were not significantly different between the two ceca. Both ceca had increased motility immediately after dawn, due to an increased frequency of minor contractions. The frequency of major contractions increased immediately preceeding evacuation and was significantly less post-evacuation. Minor contractions were difficult

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

KEYWORDS-

ABSTRACTS O F PAPERS

1455

to defect in the records for the immediate pre-evacuation period because of artifacts created by the very frequent and very high amplitude major contractions. These studies indicate, therefore, that the two ceca usually evacuate simultaneously and have similar contraction freqeuncies, but that individual contractions are generally not coordinated between the two ceca. KEY WORDS: Turkey, ceca, GI physiology, GI motility

In each of two trials, broiler carcasses were chilled in either water or brine solution for 45min (15min' at 21C, 15min at 13C, 15min at IC). All possible combinations of three salt (NaCl) concentrations (2.5, 5.0, 7.5? NaCl) were distributed across these chilling times and temperatures. This resulted in a total of 28 treatments [27 brine and one water (control)]. Water uptake was determined on all carcasses. Pectoralis superficialis from all cooked carcasses were analyzed for shear force, percent moisture, and chloride ion concentration. There was no significant difference in water uptake between any brine cilling treatment and the control after either 10 or 40 min of drip following chilling. However, during the 30 min drip interval, the control lost significantly more water than 16 of the treatments, and numerically, lost more than any other treatment. This would indicate lower water holding capacity for the control as was also observed with cooked percent moisture values. Shear force values were highest and chloride concentration lowest for meat from the control carcasses indicating that all brine chilling treatments had a tenderizing effect. K E Y W O R D S : brine, salt, chill, broiler, NaCl, tenderness.

EFFECTS OF DILUTION, EXTENDER pH AND TYPE OF FREEZE STRAWS ON THE FERTILITY OF FROZEN CHICKEN SEMEN. M. Duplaix INRA, SRA, Nouzilly, France and T. J. Sexton, USDA, ARS, Avian Physiology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705. Semen samples were collected from mature meat-type cockerels and frozen according to the Beltsville method (Poultry Sci. 59:2765). The object of this study was to evaluate certain pre-freeze steps of this technique. Frozen semen samples for Exp. 1 were thawed at 15 C while those in Exp. 2 and 3 were thawed at 2 C. Fertility (F) was determined from hens inseminated weekly for 5 consecutive weeks. In Exp. 1, pooled semen samples were diluted with Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender (BPSE, pH = 7.5, mOsm = 330) to contain either .5, .8, 1 or 2 x 10' sperm per milliliter. Mean candling F was highest (33%) with semen diluted to 1 x 10' sperm per ml as compared to the other dilution treatments (F range 7 to 16$). In Exp. 2, the pH of BPSE was adjusted to 6.5, 7.0, or 7.5 with concentrated HC1. The F of frozen-thawed sperm diluted in either pH 7.0 or 7.5 did not differ from each other (38 vs 35)5), but the F of semen diluted in pH 6.5 was low (1%). Three different plastic freeze straws were tested in Exp. 3 - U.S. straw (.5 cc), French straw (.5 oc) and French mini straw (.25 cc). The type of straw used had no influence on the F of frozen-thawed semen (F range 36 to 38$). In all experiments the F of the frozen-thawed samples was lower than the unfrozen controls, and the highest % recovery (F frozen/F unfrozen x 100) ranged from 50 to 56$. KEYWORDS:

Semen, Frozen, Chicken, Dilution, pH, Straws, Fertility

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

BRINE CHILLING OF BROILERS USING COMMERCIAL TIMES AND TEMPERATURES. M. G. Dukes* and P. M. Jank.y, Department of Poultry Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611.

1456

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS ON MALE REPRODUCTION. University, Raleigh, NC 27650

Frank W. Edens*, N.C. State

K E Y W O R D S : Stress, reproduction, adrenal, testes, catecholamines

STRESS RESPONSE OF TWO LAYER STOCKS IN FIVE CAGE DENSITIES COMPARED TO FLOOR BIRDS. F.W. Edens*, G.A. Martin and T.A. Carter, Dept. of Poultry Science, N.C. State University, Raleigh, NC 27650 Relatively low(W)and medium appetite (X) layer stocks were placed in shallow cages with population densities of 1394cm2 (1 bird/cage), 697cm2 (2/cage), 465cm2 (3/cage), 349cm2 (4/ cage) and 279cm2 (5/cage). Floor birds were allowed 2.25 ft 2 each. The caged hens were in a curtain sidewall house which had an insulated ceiling and end walls and was equipped with a flush system. The floor birds were in a curtain sidewall house and were on deep litter over a concrete floor. Floor birds were provided perches and 20 nests per pen. Stocks were not intermingled. Commencing in November and continuing through July,10 birds from each strain in each of the 5 cage densities and floor environments were bled monthly. Serum samples were analyzed for corticosterone (C), protein, total calcium and inorganic phosphorus. Overall, the X hens had lower levels of serum protein, total calcium and phosphorus than W hens. During the experimental period^when environmental conditions were mild,both the caged and floor hens maintained C levels around 2-3ng/ml. During a severe cold period in January and February, C levels peaked between 4-8ng/ml; C levels in floor birds were higher than in caged hens. Birds in densities of 1 to 3 per cage had higher C levels than 4 and 5 per cage during the cold period. The reverse was seen during an abnormally warm and humid May sampling. Cages with 4 or 5 hens had elevated levels compared to 1-3 per cage. It was concluded that C response was greatly exaggerated by seasonal influences and that in cool environments high density was advantageous but was a detriment in warm environments. Overall, floor hens had higher C levels than caged hens. KEYWORDS:

Density, stress, corticosterone, blood chemistry

EFFECTS OF OVARIECTOMY AND GONADAL STEROIDS ON SERUM PROLACTIN AND LUTEINIZING HORMONE LEVELS IN THE TURKEY. M.E. El Halawani*, J.L. Silsby, S.C. Fehrer and J.E. Behnke. Dept. of Animal Sci., University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 Serum prolactin (PRL) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels from mature turkeys were determined following ovariectomy and after subcutaneous injection with daily doses of O.OO2-2.0 mg/kg estradiol benzoate (EB), 0.05-2.0 mg/kg progesterone (P) or their combina-

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

That extreme environmental conditions diminish reproductive potential has been an accepted premise for many years. There are numerous reports which demonstrated increased adrenal cortical secretory activity associated with decreased testicular development/function. A few studies have indicated a reciprocal relationship between adrenal cortical activity and testicular secretory activity, and suggestions have been made that the antagonism between the secretions of the testes and adrenals is so strong that the testicular secretions may help to modify the hypothalamic-hypophysial control of corticosterone secretion. However, more subtle physiological change may be as important as the interactions between testicular and adrenal secretions. Since the mid-1970's several groups have been paying attention to the brain monoamine involvement in the control of reproductive processes in birds and to the effects of stressful environments on the monoamine levels. Hypothalamic norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin are intimately related to LH and FSH secretion and subsequent testicular development. Stressful environments will suppress NE turnover and reduce LH secretion. Additional studies have shown castration to increase LH secretion and NE turnover. In long term stressful conditions precipitated by increased social conflict in quail testicular development is suppressed and brain NE levels increase in birds in the lower ranks of the peck order but the inverse is seen in the top of the order. This section of the Symposium on Reproduction of the Avian Male will emphasize the involvement of brain monoamines in relation to stress and testicular development.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1457

KEYWORDS: turkey, prolactin, luteinizing hormone, estrogen, progesterone, ovariectomy

EFFECTS OF P-CHLOROPHENYLALANINE AND NEST DEPRIVATION ON OVARIAN DEVELOPMENT AND SERUM LEVELS OF PROLACTIN, LUTEINIZING HORMONE, ESTRADIOL AND PROGESTERONE IN INCUBATING TURKEYS. M.E. El Halawani*. J.L. Silsby, S.C. Fehrer and E.J. Behnke. Dept. of Animal Sci., University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 Two experiments were conducted with incubating turkeys which relate the effects of nest-deprivation and p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA), an inhibitor of serotonin (5-HT) synthesis, treatments on ovarian growth and serum levels of prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol and progesterone. Nest deprivation of incubating turkeys caused a decrease in serum PRL levels from 1184.5±161.4 ng/ml to 896.8+83.0 ng/ml after 1 day with further decline to 156.5±111.7 ng/ml at the end of the experiment. Serum LH, progesterone and estradiol levels were unchanged following nest deprivation and were similar to those of the control group. Oral administration of PCPA (50 mg/kg) for 3 consecutive days re-_ duced nesting frequency significantly by the 4th day after the start of the 3 days of treatment. Moreover, the nest occupation behavior virtually ceased by the 10th day after the start of treatment. The level of PRL was at its highest during pretreatment (1564± 210 ng/ml) and significantly declined after PCPA administration to a low level of 28.6±2.8 ng/ml. The PRL lowering effect of PCPA was associated with a sustained rise in serum LH, with peak levels (7.07+1.77 ng/ml) occurring 3 days post-treatment. Serum levels of progesterone and estradiol increased significantly as a consequence of PCPA treatment. Thereafter, 7 of 8 PCPA treated birds came into lay and their PRL levels and nesting frequency started to increase. The results suggest a role for 5-HT in incubation behavior and PRL and LH release. KEY WORDS: Turkey, serotonin, nest-deprivation, ovarian growth, prolactin, luteinizing hormone, progesterone, estradiol

CHOLINE REQUIREMENT FOR LAYING HENS. Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University.

0. El-Husseiny .

Dept. of Poultry Nutrition,

Dietary choline levels of 500, 1000, 2000, 4000 and 6000 mg/kg of finished diet, were fed to four replications of 20 caged Shaver Starcross 288 pullets (80 pullets per treatment) beginning at 20 weeks of age and continued through six, 28-day periods thereafter. Measurements were egg production, feed consumption, liver lipid content and choline content of tissues, as well as choline output in eggs. Varying dietary choline from 200 to 600 mg/kg had no effect on egg production, choline content in tissues or egg yolk, indicating the lowest dietary choline level was sufficient in supplying the daily dietary choline needs of the hen.

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

tions for 3-8 days. Serum levels of PRL were considerably increased following photostimulation in intact controls but not in ovariectomized turkeys. When EB was injected into ovariectomized turkeys, increased serum PRL levels were first observed with the 0.02 mg/kg dose, and took several days of treatment for the effect to be apparent. Once an effect had been obtained the higher doses failed to elicit a further response. EB reduced LH levels at dose levels of 0.04-2.0 mg/kg. However, the 0.002 mg/kg dose of EB increased LH levels above those of ovariectomized controls. Serum PRL levels were increased by the 1.0 mg/kg dose of P, whereas the levels remained unaltered with 0.05, 0.5 or 2.0 mg/kg doses. When P was injected in doses of 0.5-2.0 mg/kg, LH levels were decreased in a dose response manner. Serum levels of PRL were increased by the combined injection of 0.02 mg/kg EB plus 0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg P. A dose of 0.2 mg/kg EB in combination with 0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg P failed to alter serum PRL levels. These results indicate that daily injections of EB and/or P in ovariectomized turkeys have a variable effect on PRL and LH release depending upon the dose, the duration of treatment or the ratio between EB and P.

1458

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

The data also revealed that at a choline Intake of less than 150 mg per day, output of the hen was greater than her intake, while at higher intakes the hen consumed more choline than could be recovered in eggs and carcass storage. Differences in egg production and feed consumption between periods eould be explained by the normal egg production curve.

KEYWORDS;

Choline, laying hens, egg yolk

KEYWORDS:

Fat performance fatty acid

broiler chicks.

NUTRITIVE VALUE OF METHIONINE SOURCES IN BROILER CHICK DIETS. Dept. Poultry Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University.

0. El - Husseiny*.

Two hundred fifty day old hubbard broiler chicks were divided equally and subjected to five groups with two replicates. Chicks were placed in electrically heated brooders for 28 days. The basal diets were formulated to contain adequate amino acids and all other known essential ingredients except methionine and cystine. The test variables (D - ,L - DLmethionine and methionine hydroxy analogue calcium (MHA-Ca) were added to the basal diet on an equal weight basis and an equimolar basis. At the end of 28 days, all chicks were individually weighed and the amount of feed consumed was recorded. Samples of feed and excreta were assayed for gross energy and nitrogen. The diets containing D-methionine produced significantly (P < .05) heavier chicks with improved feed utilization as compared to the diets containing the other methionine sources. The results revealed also that chicks which received D-isomer had recorded the highest nitrogen retention value, followed by DL-methionine, L-methionine and MHA-Ca. No significant difference was observed for metabolizable energy values between experimental diets.

KEYWORDS:

Methionine, Broiler Nitrogen, Metabolizable energy.

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

EFFECT OF DIETARY FAT ON THE PERFORMANCE AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF LIVER AND ABDOMINAL ADIPOSE TISSUES OF BROILER CHICKS. O.JL_-J3US^einy.* Dept of Poultry Nutrition, faculty of Agricalture, Cairo University,"igyptT Six hundred fifty day old hubbard broiler chicks were divided equally and subjected to different treatments of 50 chicks each. Chickens were fed diets containing 4 , 8 and 12 % of beef tallow , soybean oil , corn oil, and sunflower oil . At the end of 42 days, all chicks were individually weighed and the amount of feed consumed recorded. Samples of feed , excreta , liver and abcminal adipose tissues were assayed for gross energy, and fatty acid composition. As compared with a ration of no added fat, ingeneral, all fat additions markedly improved weight gain and efficiency of feed utilization of chicks. The metabolizable energy content of diets containing soybean and corn oils were significantly higher than that of rations containing comparable levels of other fat sources, which were approximately equal. Fatty acid composition of liver and adipose tissue reflected that of the dietary fat, particularly when 8 and 12 % level of the fat sources were used .

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

TRUE METABOLIZABLE ENERGY VALUES OF SOME EGYPTIAN FATS. Poultry Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University.

1459 0. El-Husseiny*. Dept. of

Six fat sources were assayed for true metabolizable energy (T.M.E.). Each test diet consisted of 85% of basal plus 15% of fat sources, the following fats were used: corn oil, soybean oil, palm oil, poultry fat, beef tallow and yellow grease. The assay birds were adult Shaver Starcross 288 roosters, equally divided according to fat sources of 20 birds each. The higher T.M.E. fat source contained less saturated fatty acids and monoenes but more dienes than the lower T.M.E. sources.

Corn oil and soybean oil had recorded the highest T.M.E. values.

True metabolizable energy, fat, fatty acids.

MEASUREMENT OF FREE AMINO ACIDS IN AVIAN BLOOD SERUM BY HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPLC) AS COMPARED TO ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY. R. G. Elkin*, Dept. of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907. Chick, turkey, and duck serum samples were analyzed for free amino acid content by both a recently developed reverse phase HPLC method and conventional ion exchange chromatography using an amino acid analyzer. The former method employed pre-column derivatization with orthophthalaldehyde and fluorescence detection (Life Sciences 29:2119-2130, 1981). With the HPLC procedure, sixteen amino acids plus taurine were separated and quantitated with a total run time of 70 minutes (column regeneration time included), while the ion exchange method required a run time of approximately 270 minutes. Within a species, the serum amino acid concentrations obtained by the two methods were very similar with the exception of asparagine, serine, lysine, and tryptophan. Levels of the first three were consistently higher when analyzed by ion exchange chromatography, while tryptophan values were consistently greater when analyzed by HPLC. For both methods with few exceptions, the within assay coefficients of variation for each amino acid tended to be low (5% or less). One potential disadvantage of the HPLC method was that a significant loss of fluorescence occurred after three hours for serine, histidine, taurine, and lysine. It was found that this problem could be overcome by running a calibration standard solution, which had been derivatized at the same time as the serum samples, immediately following each group of three serum samples. These results suggest that free amino acid analyses of avian serum can be both accurately and reproducibly achieved by HPLC. This relatively simple and rapid technique offers many advantages over conventional amino acid analyses by ion exchange chromatography. KEY WORDS: Amino Acids, Avian, HPLC, Ion Exchange Chromatography

EFFECTS OF NUTRITIONAL FORTIFICATION ON PERFORMANCE AND SUBSEQUENT RECOVERY OF LAYING HENS FED DIETS CONTAMINATED WITH DIACETOXYSCIRPENOL (DAS). H. M. Engster* and P. C. Snetsinger, Poultry Research Department, and M. S. Cover and L. F. Eldridge, Veterinary Services Department, Ralston Purina Company, Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, MO 63164 Purified DAS produced from Fusarium roseum grown on a rice substrate was incorporated at levels of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 or 8.0 mg/kg into two practical layer diets and fed to

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

As with any fat source, an increase in the degree of unsaturation appeared to be associated with increased energy availability.

1460

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

KEYWORDS:

Diacetoxyscirpenol, laying hens, nutrition, mouth lesions

EFFECT OF INTERMITTENT LIGHTING ON TURKEY PERFORMANCE. H. M. Enqster*, D. C. Snetsinger, and F. E. Pfaff. Poultry Research Department, Ralston Purina Company, Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, MO 63164 Studies were conducted with Nicholas torn (0-20 weeks) and hen (0-17 weeks) turkeys to determine the effect of different intermittent lighting systems on weight gain and feed conversion. Turkeys were exposed to twenty-three hours of low intensity light (10 lux) and one hour of darkness (23L:1D) or fourteen hours of light and ten hours of darkness (14L:10D) as controls. All intermittent lighting systems were based on one hour of light and three hours of darkness (1L:3D) repeated six times per twenty-four hour period. The 14L:10D lighting scheme consistently caused a significant reduction in weight gain in both toms and hens at market compared to 23L:1D or any of the intermittent lighting schemes. Intermittent lighting schemes of 1L:3D improved weight gain by 3.5 to 4 percent in both toms and hens compared to 23L:1D. Most of this improvement was observed prior to fourteen weeks. High intensity light (100 lux) with an intermittent pattern caused improvements in early weight gain with both toms and hens. Changing from intermittent lighting to 23L:1D past twelve weeks did not improve rate of gain. In general, intermittent lighting did not improve feed efficiency as feed consumption increased in proportion to rate of gain. KEYWORDS:

intermittent light, turkeys, toms and hens

EFFECT OF HEAT STRESS ON GROWTH AND FEED CONVERSION OF BROILER CHICKS. R. A. Ernst*, W. W. Weathers, J, M. Smith, Dept. of Avian Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 55616 Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of exposing day-old broiler chicks (Hubbard x Hubbard) to heat stress. An attempt was made to simulate a temperature stress which might occur during chick transport. Chicks were removed from the hatcher on the morning of the 22nd day, weighed and wingbanded before heat exposure. Controls were held in a chick box at a room temperature of approximately 22°C while other groups were heat stressed. After treatment all chicks were divided into replicate groups of 10 and grown in Petersime battery brooders until 16 days of age. All chicks received water and a 22% chick starter ad libitum. The chicks were heat stressed in a Jamesway 252 incubator. The temperature was preadjusted to 40, 43, 44 or 45°C and was recorded continuously throughout the procedure. When the machine was opened to insert the chicks, the temperature dropped and then gradually returned to the preset level. This cycle was repeated at regular intervals in order

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

White Leghorn females 63 weeks of age. One diet met all of the nutrient requirements of the laying hens and the second contained levels of amino acids, vitamins and minerals that were 14$ higher than those in the first diet. The diets were fed for 8 weeks after which the same basal diets containing no toxin were fed for 8 weeks to observe effects of withdrawal. There were no significant effects of feeding any of the levels of DAS on egg production or egg weights during the first 8 weeks, although there was a trend for increased egg mass output up to 2 mg/kg DAS. A nonsignificant decrease in feed intake was noted with 4.0 or 8.0 mg/kg levels of DAS, which was reversed during the recovery period. Feed conversions improved with the highest level of DAS at both levels of nutrient fortification. Body weight gain decreased with increased levels of DAS in the ration. This decrease was not as great at the higher plane of nutrition. Although mouth lesions of the type previously reported to be associated with DAS toxicity were found, they also were found in birds fed the diets containing no DAS. Therefore, mouth lesions do not appear to be a specific diagnostic tool for birds fed DAS contaminated rations.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1461

to inspect the chicks to determine their condition. The severity of heat stress was judged in part by mortality of chicks and ranged from 1 to 6 hours in length. Body weight, of all acutely heat stressed groups was significantly lower than the nonstressed control group except for one treatment of 40°C for 6 hours which did not have significantly reduced body weight. Initial weight depression was greater than that observed at 16 days of age. KKYWOKDS:

Broiler chicks; Heat stress; Growth

An exploratory study of heritable differences in chemical components of chicken excreta has been completed. The data involved 741 progeny of 192 sires and 382 dams in a twoyear period, 1979 to 1981. Major emphasis was placed in the estimation of genetic parameters of dry feces production, fecal protein, and ratio of phosphorus excreted to phoshorus uptake. These were considered as indicator traits for possible use in a selection program. Statistically significant heritability estimates ranged from .27 to .48. The most important finding was that either dry feces or feed consumption, measured on an individual bird basis, can be used to increase the precision of predicted genetic gain when used in a selection index to improve efficiency of egg production. KEYWORDS,

production Efficiency, Selection Index

EFFECT OF REMOVING PYGOSTYLE OR CAUTERIZING PREEN GLAND OF DAY OLD CHICKS ON GROWTH RATE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS. E.O. Essary*. Dept. Food Science and Tech., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061. The tail head (pygostyle) was either removed surgically or the preen gland removed from this part by cauterizing in day old broiler-type chicks to determine the influence of this treatment on growth rate, feed efficiency, dressing percentage, percentage cut-up parts, and of the fatty acid composition of the abdominal fat. The live weight of the control and detailed birds (pygostyle removed) at 7 weeks of age was 1852 and 1875 gms., respectively. The live weight of the control and group with preen gland removed averaged 1802 and 1870 gms., respectively. Differences were noted in dressing percentage between groups. Feed efficiencies were similar for the four groups of broilers. Percentage cut-up parts were similar for the control and treated broilers. Certain fatty acids were higher and certain fatty acids lower in the abdominal fat of control broilers than in the fat from the treated birds. The fatty acids present in the larger amounts in descending order were 18:1, 16:0 and 18:1 carbon chains. KEY WORDS:Pygostyle,Preen Gland, Broilers, Fatty Acid Composition.

NEW USES OF HEATED ASEPTICALLY PACKAGED FLUID EGG PRODUCTS .** E. 0. Essary*1, W. F. Collins , and P. R. Rony 2 , Depts. iFood Science and Tech. and ^Chemical Engr., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 High temperature, short-time pasteurization has been used to produce liquid whole eggs, liquid whites and liquid yolks, which were spiked with 24 hr, cultures of S_. typhimurium,

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

GENETIC ASPECTS OF NUTRIENT LOSS IN FECES AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO EGG PRODUCTION IN LAYERS. Jose Esplnoza-Velezeques and A.W. Nordskog*. Dept. of Animal Sci., Iowa State Esplnoza-Vel< University, Ames IA 50011.

1462

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

E_. coli, and S_. aureus to give a satisfactory shelf life when held at 4.4°C. The functional properties of the eggs were evaluated by using them in sponge cakes and yogurt. The three variables, temperature, time, and flow rate, needed for pasteurizing whole eggs have been pretty well established. However, these parameters for liquid whites and liquid yolks have not been fully determined since the viscosity, flow rate, and temperature are different for these products than for those of liquid whole eggs. Liquid yolks appear to be more heat sensitive than liquid whites at the temperature and time used. Pasteurized egg whites tend to give either similar or higher volume sponge cakes than unpasteurized egg whites. Yogurt made using eggs instead of emulsifiers and stabilizers gave higher overrun (yield) and were rated higher in flavor and mouth feel by the sensory panel.

KEYWORDS.-

60068

Eggs, Pasteurization, Functional Properties

EFFECTS OF INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE VIRUS ON INFECTION PROFILE AND SHEDDING OF AVIAN LEUKOSIS VIRUS IN CONTACT-EXPOSED CHICKENS. A. M. Fadly*and W. Okazaki. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Regional Poultry Research Laboratory, 3606 East Mt. Hope Road, East Lansing, MI 48823. Virus-free chickens of two experimental and two commercial breeder flocks were contact-exposed to a field strain of subgroup A avian leukosis virus (ALV) for 22 weeks after hatching. At the ages of 1 day or 6 weeks, chickens were infected with a virulent strain of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Infection profile and shedding of ALV in IBDV-infected chickens were compared with those in uninfected chickens. In 2 of the 4 flocks tested, shedding of ALV as determined by virological assays of cloacal swabs at 22 weeks of age was significantly higher in IBDV-infected chickens than that in uninfected chickens. The rate of shedding of ALV was higher in groups infected with IBDV at 1 day of age than that in groups infected at 6 weeks of age. The frequency of detection of ALV antibody at 22 weeks of age was lower in IBDV-infected chickens than that in uninfected chickens. These findings suggest that immunological stress caused by IBDV may lead to unexpectedly high rates of shedding of ALV in chickens following contact exposure, especially in certain genetic lines. Because ALV shedding, as determined by cloacal swab testing, is correlated with virus transmission to progeny chicks, contact exposure to ALV may under certain conditions result in high rate of congenital transmission.

KEYWORDS:

Avian Leukosis Virus, Shedding, Effect of Immunosuppression, Chickens, Infectious Bursal Disease.

HETEROSIS AND RECIPROCAL EFFECTS FOR FEED EFFICIENCY OF SECOND YEAR EGG PRODUCTION FOLLOWING AN INDUCED MOULT. R.W.Fairfull and R.S.Gowe*. Animal Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6 Six selected Leghorn strains - a pair from each of three genetically different base populations - were crossed. The 12 crosses of unrelated strains with their 12 reciprocals were compared to the parental strains (heterosis) and each other (reciprocal difference). The birds were housed 3 per cage at 133 days of age, induced to moult between 497 and 545 days of age, and performance tested for a 2nd full year of production (to 909 days of age). Mean feed efficiency (Kg feed consumed per Kg egg laid) for the 1st 20 weeks (PI) and 2 subsequent periods of 16 weeks (P2 and P3) in the 2nd year were 3.04, 3.26 and 3.76

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

**This research supported by a grant from American Egg Board, Park Ridge, IL

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1463

* POULT STRESS RESPONSE FOLLOWING INCUBATOR HOLDING PERIODS. R.C. Fanguy and T.M. Ferguson, Poultry Science Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843. Studies were conducted on the effects of holding poults in the hatcher for various periods post-hatch (24-120 hrs), then in poultry boxes for 24 hrs, followed by feeding in battery brooders for 0-120 hrs; daily weights and mortality were recorded (Exp. I ) . In Exp. II, poults were held in the hatcher for periods ranging from 0-120 hrs, then either sacrificed or held in poult boxes for 24 hrs prior to sacrifice. Poults were killed by decapitation, the body cavity opened and the entire carcass preserved in 10% formulin. Paraffin sections were prepared of liver, leg muscle and adrenal glands from treatment group and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. No mortality occurred in the group held in the hatcher 24 hrs, in poult boxes 24 hrs, and fed through 7 days of age. Also, the rate of gain of these poults was essentially linear. As holding time in the hatcher increased, subsequent mortality increased, and rate of gain decreased through 7 days of age. No outstanding histological differences were found between treatment groups in Experiment II following microscopic examination of H & E slides of liver, leg muscle or adrenal glands. Unintentional exposure of some hatcher-stressed poults to cold temperature stress in poult boxes showed them to be highly susceptible.

KEYWORDS,

Hatcher

y stress, Turkey, Histology

THE IMPORTANCE OF WITHDRAWAL TIME AND WITHDRAWAL METHOD ON BROILER PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING PARAMETERS. A. J. Farr* and E. H. Atkins, Dept. of Poultry Science, and P. E. Schilling, Dept. of Experimental Statistics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 A total of 1192 broiler birds from a common strain were involved in a study to evaluate the effect of withdrawal time measured at two-hour intervals from 2 to 20 hours, type of withdrawal (i.e., off feed alone or off feed and water), and sex on 24 production and processing variables. The experiment was a 10 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments in a randomized block design replicated 6 times during the months of February and March, 1981. Data were recorded on selected weight, moisture, and yield variables as well as on gut and proventriculus contents by score, and box position of breast. A regression correction for live weight within sex was made on all non-discrete variables prior to performing analyses. Following the analyses of variance, orthogonal polynomials were used to evaluate the effect of withdrawal time. Regression equations were also obtained in order to graphically display the effect of length of withdrawal time on selected variables. Sex had a significant effect on all variables with the exception of market yield and

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

respectively. These were all higher (poorer efficiency) than the corresponding values in the 1st year (2.49, 2.60 and 3.00 respectively). Heterosis was higher by 2.3 to 3.3% in the 2nd year also. Percent heterosis was -7.3%, -8.670 and -10.4% for PI, P2 and P3, so that, over the 2nd year the efficiency of the crosses relative to the parental strains increased with age (similar to the 1st year). Like heterosis, reciprocal effects were larger in the 2nd production year (1.9 to 3.5%,). Reciprocal differences as a percent of the parental strain means were 3.4%, 4.9%, and 6.5%, for PI, P2 and P3 respectively. Again, reciprocal differences increased with age. Heterosis is more important than reciprocal differences in all parts of the 1st and 2nd year production cycles. It is noteworthy that heterosis and reciprocal effects become larger throughout both production cycles and are larger in the 2nd year of production. These effects were mainly due to differences in egg yield as differences in feed consumption were smaller (e.g. 159 vs 161 g/bird/day for 1st year and 2nd year feed consumption). KEY WORDS:Heterosis, reciprocal differences, feed efficiency, induced moult.

1464

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

market yield based on slaughter weight where it approached significance at P=.07. Withdrawal time was highly significant for all weight and yield variables as well as for live shrinkage, % live shrinkage, gut moisture, and % gut moisture. Type of withdrawal was highly significant on selected weight variables, % breast muscle moisture, live shrinkage, % live shrinkage, dry yield, and market yield. The time x type interaction was significant for moisture retention after 24 hours and for % moisture retention. Time x sex was significant for slaughter weight and live shrinkage; type x sex was significant only for market yield based on slaughter weight. .

KEY WORDS:

.

•

.

,

*

•

,

Withdrawal, shrinkage, yield, moisture retention, statistical methodology

Serotoneig'lc mechanisms have been suggested for PRL release in aves. This study used 6-10 week old turkeys maintained on a 15L:9D photoperiod. The various drugs were administered, dissolved in or as a suspension in saline, by intraperitoneal injection. Quipazine, serotonin (5-HT) agonists, and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), 5-HT precursor, caused a dose dependent increase in immunocreactive serum PRL levels 1 hr post-injection. Quipazine (1 mg/kg) raised serum PRL to 251.9+30.6 ng/ml and 10 mg/kg raised PRL to 538.5+14.9 ng/ml compared to a control level of 160.6±11.4 ng/ml. The dose dependent rise induced by 5-HTP was not as pronounced; 50 mg/kg 5-HTP yielded 176.4+27.9 ng/ml, 80 mg/kg yielded 365.7+ 137.0 ng/ml and 150 mg/kg yielded 370.1+53.2 ng/ml compared to a control level of 169.6+ 20.7 ng/ml. Fluoxetine (Lilly 110140, 10 mg/kg), an inhibitor of 5-HT reuptake, produced a 78.4% increase in serum PRL 1/2 hr post-injection. Furthermore, when given with 5-HTP (40 mg/kg) it potentiated the increase in serum PRL above that produced by 5-HTP alone, and the elevated level persisted for over 4 hrs. Methysergide (MES, 20 mg/kg), 5-HT antagonist^ did not significantly depress serumPRL below control values 1-4 hrs post-injection. However, MES induced a PRL rise 1/2 hr post-injection (134.2±32.9 ng/ml) over a control level of 81.5+9.1 ng/ml. MES completely blocked the serum PRL rises characteristically induced by quipazine (8 mg/kg) and 5-HTP (80 mg/kg). These pharmacological manipulations suggest a role for 5-HT in PRL release in the young turkey. The site of 5-HT action remains unclear because of the unrefined nature of this type of drug introduction.

KEYWORDS:

prolactin, serotonin, turkey, neurotransmitter

EFFECT OF A LOW PLANE OF NUTRITION FROM STARTING THROUGH BREEDER PERIODS ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF LARGE WHITE TOMS. Peter R. Ferket* and E.T. Moran, Jr. Dept. of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, NIG 2W1 Canada. Nicholas toms were fed ad libitum from starting through to 29 weeks either a high plane of nutrition (HP), largely based on corn and soybean meal that met NRC requirements or a low plane (LP) which had protein and energy ca. 10% lower. Birds receiving each treatment subsequent to 29 weeks were divided and HP (2650 kcal ME/kg and 13% C.P.) and LP (2450 kcal ME/kg and 12% C.P.) feeds were presented ad libitum during the breeder period (14 hr. of 10 lux lighting). Toms receiving LP feeds from starting to 29 weeks consistently had lower body weights and consumed more feed than HP groups. Slaughter of sample birds at this time revealed that LP toms had a lower carcass finish but larger testes weights than if fed HP feeds. Body weight of all toms increased through the first 6 weeks of the breeder period, then was essentially maintained relative to breeder placement weight thereafter. Differences between pre-breeder treatments minimized with time and HP breeder feeds favored greater body weights than LP. Pre-breeder LP improved ejaculate volume while breeder feeds had relatively little effect. Sperm concentration, proportion of birds not producing semen and egg hatchability, were unaffected regardless of treatment. KEYWORDS: Plane of nutrition, Turkey breeder torn, Reproductive performance.

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

THE EFFECTS OF PHARMACOLOGICAL MANIPULATION OF SEROTONIN ON SERUM PROLACTIN LEVELS IN YOUNG TURKEYS. S.C. Fehrer*. J.L. Silsby and M.E. El Halawani. Dept. of Animal Sci., University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1465

PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN AN OFF-CAMPUS ENERGY MONITORING PROGRAM. Charles M. Fischer*, Extension and Dept. of Poultry Sci., and Hugh J. Hansen, Extension and Dept. of Agr. Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331

KEYWORDS.

Energy use, broilers

PLANT NUTRIENT COMPOSITION AND CROPLAND UTILIZATION OF MANURE PRODUCED UNDER DIFFERENT TYPES OF CAGED LAYER MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS. R. L. Flannery, J. Bezpa*, and C. A. Dupras, Cooperative Extension Service, Cook College, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 Disposal and/or utilization of manure produced from large, commercial caged-layer operations is of major concern to the poultryman and the nearby community. Poultry manure is, in many instances, considered a liability to the poultryman because of its unknown plant nutrient value, and the nuisance problems associated with the disposal of this product. Spreading large quantities on the land with no specific manure/land management guidelines could result in elevated nitrate levels of sub-surface water, stream pollution, crop damage and general nuisance problems. Nitrogen levels vary depending mainly upon the manure management system in use and length of storage. Considering the importance of these variables, a field and laboratory study was conducted to: a) establish an "in house" organic and plant nutrient value of poultry manure produced under different manure management systems; b ) determine variation among samples in a given system; and c) develop guidelines for rate of application for crop production. Approximately 84 samples from 8 different farms representing 4 different management systems a) 1-4 Day Clean Out, b ) 5-10 Week Clean Out, c) Liquid System and d) High-Rise System were analyzed in the laboratory for N, P2O5, K 2 0 , CaO and MgO. Variations in plant nutrient content (% of dry matter) varied depending upon the system in use. N 2.13-5.14; P 2 0j 3.64-6.94; K 2 0 0.72-4.22; CaO 5.54-25.72; MgO 0.93-2.42. Moisture level ranged from 47 to 87%. The plant nutrient value varies dependent upon the system in use. The "in house" value from 100,000 caged layer high-rise system for a production cycle (12 months) is approximately $51,000 based on the current values for fertilizer nutrients considered in this study. KEYWORDS: plant nutrient values, cropland utilization, poultry manure values, manure management systems

THE COMPARISON OF OYSTERSHELL, LIMESTONE OR ROCKSHELL AS A SOURCE OF CALCIUM FOR LAYING HENS AND LAYING PULLETS. C.J. Fleqal*. T.H Coleman and P. Head. Dept. of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824. Two experiments to compare oystershell, ground limestone or rockshell as a source of calcium for laying hens and pullets were conducted. Varying levels of each calcium source

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

Commercial poultrymen have often expressed considerable skepticism with respect to research trials using small numbers of birds in small size pens. This is particularly true of studies involving energy use. The Extension Poultry Specialist and Extension Agricultural Engineer developed an energy monitoring program for a large commercial broiler operation. This operation has three different types of housing. The first problem encountered was in monitoring electrical consumption to each individual house. The usual arrangement is for all of the electricity to flow through one meter. Considerable time, effort and expense was expended in obtaining a separate meter for each house and in getting them properly installed. Delivery slips were the primary source of data on the use of propane inasmuch as high pressure flow meters are extremely expensive and neither the owner nor the Extension Service could afford to purchase one for each house. The owner gave assurances that each house was on a separate tank and that deliveries to each tank would provide an accurate record of propane use. After three broods it was discovered that the tank for one of the houses also fueled the incinerator which greatly distorted the data for that particular house. Several other problems also occurred which resulted in considerable expenditure of time and effort in order to obtain meaningful results. A discussion of these problems could be of considerable help to other Extension workers or researchers planning to conduct off-campus studies.

1466

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

were added to practical laying rations to determine the effects on body weight gains, feed conversion, egg weights, percent production and eggshell thickness. Eggshell thickness for both pullets and laying hens was significantly influenced by dietary treatments in both experiments (.35-.55 mm). Percent egg production differences due to dietary treatment were also observed. Other significant differences due to treatment were not observed. KKY WORDS: Calcium source, shell thickness.

Three experiments were conducted to determine the influence of increasing carcass fat on cut-up yield and the compositional profile of the respective parts. Male and female broilers reared separately to either 8 or 9 weeks of age were fed diets with calorie to protein ratios ranging from 61 up to 260. The broilers were processed, total carcass fat determined using specific gravity techniques and cut up according to USDA specifications. Each part (whole breast, thighs and drumsticks) was weighed, skinned and deboned by hand to determine whole parts yield and relative percent skin and deboned meat. The meat samples were homogenized and analyzed to determine percent fat and water. Results indicate that the relative parts yield followed previous findings and that as carcass size increased, relative percent breast increased and thigh and leg decreased. The relative percent fat of the thigh meat increased at a greater rate with increasing total carcass fat than did that of the breast or drumstick. It was also found that the variation and range of fat in parts was greater than expected by traditional tabular values.

KEYWORDS:

Broilers; cut-up; yield; fat composition

THE INFLUENCE OF HEN AGE AND EGG WEIGHT ON EGG COMPONENT YIELDS AND SOLIDS CONTENT. D. L. Fletcher,* W. M. Britton, G. M. Pesti, A. P. Rahn, and S. I. Savage, Departments of Poultry Sci. and Extension Poultry Sci., University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 Eggs were obtained over a 12-week period from six commercial farms with flocks ranging in age from 24 to 6 3 weeks and each receiving diets formulated to contain the same dietary energy and protein levels. The eggs were then weighed and broken with the albumen, yolk and shell components determined individually and the percent solids analyzed for the yolk and albumen fractions. The influence of hen age by flock and within flock was evaluated against egg weight using multiple linear regression and response surface techniques. The data were used to generate three dimensional surface response graphs to illustrate the effect of hen age and egg weight on shell weight, albumen weight, yolk weight, albumen solids, yolk solids and shell deformation. Results indicate that yolk weight was influenced significantly by both hen age and egg weight while albumen weight and shell weight were primarily functions of egg weight. Yolk solids were not significantly influenced by hen age or egg weight, but albumen solids were a function of hen age and egg weight. KEYWORDS: Eggs; yields; solids; egg components; shell deformation

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

THE INFLUENCE OF TOTAL CARCASS FAT ON CUT-UP YIELD AND FAT DEPOSITION PATTERNS OF THE PARTS. D. L. Fletcher,* A. G. Barton and H. M. Edwards, Jr., Department of Poultry Sci., University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1467

FEED RESTRICTION OF BROWN-EGG CAGED LAYERS. D.C. Foss, L.B. Carew*, and L.S.Mercia. University of Vermont, Bioresearch Laboratory, Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station, Burlington, Vermont 05401.

In both experiments restricted feeding after peak production had little effect on overall percent egg production. Dozens of eggs/hen housed varied between 21.9 and 21.7 for replicate 1, and between 21.2 and 21.6 for replicate 2. Neither egg weight nor egg size distribution were significantly altered by the feeding programs. Feed efficiency was improved from 2.13 kg feed/dozen eggs for the control groups in both trials, to 2.04 with the 8% restriction in experiment 1 and 1.96 with the 10% restriction in experiment 2. Total mortality was low in both trials and varied randomly between 2.8 and 6.7%. Body weight gain was reduced by 30% in the 10% feed-restricted group. These studies show that up to 10% feed restriction of hens can be economically beneficial with brown-egg hens. KEYWORDS: Egg production, Restricted feeding, Meal feeding, Hens, Brown-egg layers.

LOW PROTEIN, AMINO ACID SUPPLEMENTED DIETS FOR LAYING HENS. T.S. Frei.ji* and N.J. Daqhir, Dept. of Animal Sciences, American University of Beirut, Lebanon. Single Comb White Leghorns (23 v/eek old pullets) were fed computer formulated cornsoybean meal layer diets containing either 16 or 12% protein. Diet I contained 16% protein with 0.5% methionine + cystine and 0.76% lysine. Diet II contained 12% protein with the same level of methionine + cystine and 0.6% lysine. Diet III contained 12% protein with the same level of methionine + cystine and 0.76% lysine. All rations were calculated to contain 2850 kcal ME/kg, 3.24% calcium, and 0.50% available phosphorous. Birds were housed in floor pens with 35 birds per pen and 5 pens per treatment. The experimental period was 196 days. Parameters studied included percent production, feed consumption, feed efficiency, body weight change, egg weight, Haugh unit score, shell thickness and yolk color. Egg production and feed efficiency of groups fed diet III were not significantly different from those fed diet I. Egg weight however continued to be lower on Diet III even with an equal amino acid content as Diet I. No significant differences were observed among treatments in feed consumed, body weight change, Haugh unit scores, shell thickness or yolk color. Results of this experiment indicate that 12% protein laying hen diets can be signficantly improved by methionine and lysine supplementation, but fail to produce maximum egg weight. They further indicate that the NRC (1977) recommended level of 0.6% lysine in diets containing 2850 kcal ME/kg is not sufficient for maximum performance in the laying hen. KEYWORDS:

White Leghorn, Low Protein, Lysine Requirement

EFFECT OF DIETARY VITAMIN E, EGG STORAGE AND AGE OF THE BIRD ON YOLK MEMBRANE STRENGTH G. W. Froning*, Bridget Sackett, F. John Struwe and Steve Lowry, Dept. of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0820 Three dietary levels of vitamin E (11 IU, 231 IU and 451 IU per Kg) were fed to Single Comb White Leghorn laying hens. Forty-eight birds were allocated to each dietary treatment

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

A total of 1400 commercial brown-egg type hens were used in two experiments to study the effect of feed restriction on egg production. Pullets were housed 3 per cage (30.5cm x 45.7cm) at 20 weeks of age and kept on experiment for 13 28-day periods. An 18% cornsoy ration was fed throughout the study. Feed restriction was initiated when flock production was about 5-7% beyond peak. Water was supplied a_d_ libitum. Post-peak feed restriction was 3,5, and 8% for replicate 1, and 6 and 10% for replicate 2. Feed restriction was accomplished by allowing hens access to feed for only 4,6, or 9 60-minute periods per day. Thus hens were meal fed. Control hens had access to feed throughout each 24-hour period.

1468

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

and v a r i o u s egg q u a l i t y measurements with emphasis on yolk breaking s t r e n g t h were made throughout t h e i r laying c y c l e . The e f f e c t of s t o r a g e was a l s o s t u d i e d . Haugh u n i t s , yolk index, I n s t r o n yolk breaking s t r e n g t h , I n s t r o n compression values and I n s t r o n area under t h e curve were observed to s i g n i f i c a n t l y d e c l i n e with age of the b i r d . I n s t r o n yolk breaking s t r e n g t h s i g n i f i c a n t l y d e c l i n e d with t h e age of the b i r d but feeding of the h i g h e s t l e v e l of vitamin E helped maintain a higher yolk breaking s t r e n g t h throughout t h e l a y i n g c y c l e . Storage of eggs for 7 days or g r e a t e r a t 12.8 C d r a s t i c a l l y and s i g n i f i c a n t l y lowered I n s t r o n yolk breaking s t r e n g t h , I n s t r o n compression v a l u e s , and I n s t r o n area under the curve v a l u e s .

KEYWORDS: d i e t a r y vitamin E, s t o r a g e , age, yolk membrane s t r e n g t h

THE VALUE OF BREWERS CONDENSED SOLUBLES IN BROILER AND LAYER RATIONS. H . L . F u l l e r * a n d N.M. D a l e , D e p t . o f P o u l t r y S c i . , U n i v e r s i t y o f G e o r g i a , A t h e n s , GA 3 0 6 0 2 . B r e w e r s c o n d e n s e d s o l u b l e s (BCS) i s a b y p r o d u c t o f t h e b r e w i n g i n d u s t r y c o n s i s t i n g m a i n l y of d e x t r i n s and m a l t o s e . Several experiments were conducted t o d e t e r m i n e i t s v a l u e as a feed i n g r e d i e n t for c h i c k e n s . BCS w a s i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o b o t h b r o i l e r a n d l a y e r d i e t s , i s o c a l o r i c a l l y , b a s e d on d e t e r m i n e d TME v a l u e s o f 4 . 3 k c a l / g ( d r y m a t t e r b a s i s ) . Four r e p l i c a t e g r o u p s o f 10 c h i c k s r e c e i v e d e a c h o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l r a t i o n s t o f o u r weeks of a g e . No s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n g r o w t h r a t e o r f e e d e f f i c i e n c y were o b s e r v e d i n any of t h e t r e a t m e n t s . I n t h e l a y i n g h e n t r i a l f o u r r e p l i c a t e g r o u p s o f 10 h e n s e a c h r e c e i v e d e a c h of t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l r a t i o n s f o r f o u r 2 8 - d a y p e r i o d s . No s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s among t r e a t m e n t s o c c u r r e d i n e g g p r o d u c t i o n , e g g w e i g h t s , Haugh u n i t s or feed e f f i c i e n c y . T h e s e r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t BCS c a n s e r v e a s a s a t i s f a c t o r y f e e d i n g r e d i e n t i n b r o i l e r and l a y e r r a t i o n s a t l e v e l s a t l e a s t up t o f i v e p e r c e n t . KEYWORDS: B r e w e r s c o n d e n s e d s o l u b l e s , rations, layer rations.

true metabolizable

energy,

broiler

DEFECTIVE FEATHERS IN JAPANESE QUAIL: A TWO-LOCUS MODEL. J.E. Fulton* and K.M. Cheng, Avian Genetics Laboratory, Dept. of Poultry Science, and P.M. J u r i l o f f , Dept. of Medical Genetics, University of B r i t i s h Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 2A2, Canada. 'Defective f e a t h e r s ' , a new mutant t r a i t found in Japanese q u a i l , is characterized by sparse down in chicks and abnormal barbule structure in adult feathers. I n i t i a l breeding tests indicated that the t r a i t is caused by a dominant mutation (provisional symbol D f ) , but the data did not show Mendelian segregation. The observations that crosses of putative Df/df+ birds with normal birds from the base population f e l l into 3 classes that produced either OSS, 25% or 50% affected o f f s p r i n g led to the hypothesis o f an e p i s t a t i c , d i a l l e l i c , second locus whose dominant a l l e l e blocks the expression of Df. The a l l e l i c frequencies of t h i s second locus were estimated to be 0.5, and the a l l e l e s were provisionally named mdf and Mdf. This two locus model, where affected birds would be genetically Df/df+,mdf/rodf, was tested in a second set of breeding t e s t s , and several

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

These r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t vitamin E may play a s i g n i f i c a n t r o l e in maintaining yolk breaking s t r e n g t h throughout the egg laying c y c l e .

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1469

predictions based on the model were met. Additional crosses indicated that Df/Df, mdf/mdf is l e t h a l . The t r a i t has variable e x p r e s s i v i t y . Abnormal barbules may be found only on the leading edge of the f l i g h t remiges of some mutants or on most of the feathers of others. The severely affected birds also showed extreme slow feathering. A similar genetic model has recently been proposed for dactylaplasia in mice [J_. Hered., 72:234, 1981). I t is possible that other seemingly complex genetic defects can be explained by s i m i l a r models involving a rare mutant at one locus and an e p i s t a t i c polymorphic second locus. The biochemical and evolutionary significance of such systems remains to be determined. KEYWORDS: Japanese q u a i l , genetics, e p i s t a s i s , feather s t r u c t u r e , l e t h a l .

Two genotypes of meat-type chickens ( b r o i l e r and roaster) were used to determine the e f f e c t of feeding low protein diets (17, 19, 21 and 23%) during the s t a r t i n g period (1-21 days) on body weight, feed e f f i c i e n c y and carcass grade at 69 days of age f o r males and 87 days for females. Two r e p l i c a t e pens, each with 50 males or females, were assigned to each of the 16 treatments arranged i n a 4 x 2 x 2 f a c t o r i a l design. A l l groups were fed a s i n gle grower and f i n i s h e r d i e t containing 20 and 18% protein from 22-49 and 50-69 days of age, respectively. Females were fed a 16% protein d i e t from 70-87 days. At 69 days of age, body weights of birds fed 19, 21 or 23% dietary protein during the s t a r t i n g period were s i milar whereas birds fed the s t a r t e r d i e t containing 17% protein weighed 4.3% less than the other dietary groups. Carcass grade and leg score were not affected by the dietary t r e a t ments. Birds of roaster genotype weighed 13% less than birds of b r o i l e r genotype but the roaster genotype had better feed e f f i c i e n c y and carcass q u a l i t y , less m o r t a l i t y and fewer leg abnormalities than the b r o i l e r genotype. Monetary returns over feed and chick costs were higher f o r males than f o r females and were higher f o r males of b r o i l e r genotype than for males of roaster genotype. I t i s concluded that a level of 19 to 21% protein is required i n the s t a r t e r d i e t to maximise the performance and monetary returns of meat-type chickens reared to roaster weight. KEY WORDS. Roaster chicken, protein requirement, protein r e s t r i c t i o n .

THE EFFECT OF MEAT TYPE, SODIUM CHLORIDE, AND TETRASODIUM PYROPHOSPHATE ON pH, COOKED YIELD, AND WATER HOLDING CAPACITY OF POULTRY. E. J. Furumoto*, E. D. Aberle and W. J. Stadelman, Dept. of Animal Sci., Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907. Experiments were conducted to study the influence of meat type (breast, thigh, and drumstick), sodium chloride (NaCl), and tetrasodium pyrophosphate (PP) on pH, cooked yields, and water holding capacity (WHC) of chicken and turkey muscle and myofibrils. Compared to thigh and drumstick muscle, chicken breast meat had the lowest pH and the highest yield. The addition of NaCl, PP, and their combination increased pH and yield for all meat types. Similar results for cooked yields were obtained with chicken myofibrils. In contrast to the cooked yield results, the WHC of whole and myofibrillar chicken breast was the lowest for all meat types. Generally, WHC of muscle and myo^fibrils was increased when salts were added to the preparations. Cooked yields for turkey muscles and myofibrils exhibited a trend similar to that observed in chicken samples. That is, the breast meat samples had higher cooked yields than thigh or drumstick meats. The pH values were generally lower for all of the breast meat samples. Salt additions increased cooked yields of all meat types, WHC results of turkey muscles contradicted the cooked yield results because breast meat, again, had the lowest WHC. With turkey myofibrils, the expected trend was observed. Breast myofibrils had the

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

EFFECT OF LOW PROTEIN STARTER DIETS ON PERFORMANCE OF ROASTER CHICKENS. R.R. Funk*, A. Shires and A.R. Robblee, Department of Animal Science, University of Alberta, tdmonton, A l b e r t a , Canada, T6G 2P5

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1470

greatest cooked yields and WHC when compared to other meat types. The addition of salts resulted in significant (F<0.05), but not consistent, differences in WHC of turkey muscle and myofibrils.

KKYWOKOSi Meat type, salts, cooked yields, water holding capacity

Selected egg measurements related to shell quality were obtained from 787 shell eggs from three strains of white shell commercial layers and three strains of brown shell commercial layers. Eggs were collected from each strain during each 10 production periods. Measurements included egg weight, egg volume, shape index, egg density and shell thickness. Additionally the force required to crack the shell of each egg (Instron) was obtained and the radius of shell curvature at the broken end of the egg was recorded. Multiple regression and multiple correlation analyses were used to determine the effects of the selected egg measurements on the breaking force required to crack the shell. Instron measurements and shell thickness measurements were significantly correlated in both brown and white shelled eggs (combined r=.632). Multiple regression analysis indicated that both in the brown shell and the white shell egg only shell thickness measurements contributed significantly to the Instron regression. Multiple correlation analysis indicated that shell thickness accounted for almost 43 percent (r^ = .425) of the variation in Instron measurements and that the addition of other egg measurements to the model did not significantly improve the relationship.

KKY WORDS;

Shell quality, egg quality, breaking strength

A COMPARISON OF ROASTER AND BROILER BREEDING STOCK FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HEAVY TYPE BROILERS. M. F. Gawron* and J. H. Smith. Dept. of Research and Development, Hubbard Farms, Inc., Walpole, NH 03608 A comparative study was made to evaluate the processing performance of roaster breeding stock versus broiler breeding stock for the production of heavy broilers for the deboned poultry market. Reciprocal matings, roaster breeder males (RBM) x broiler breeder pullets (BBP) and broiler breeder males (BBM) x roaster breeder pullets (RBP) were also evaluated. Parameters evaluated included farm weight, plant weight, percent live shrinkage, eviscerated weight, abdominal fat weight, percent yield based upon both farm and plant weight with and without fat. Fat to live weight and fat to carcass ratios were also evaluated. At 61 days of age significant differences (P < .05) were realized in percent yield in favor of the commercial broiler cross, which also produced the heaviest broiler (2996 grams). The lightest weight broilers were produced by the roaster cross (2815 grams). Regardless of which male was used the least amount of abdominal fat was found to be associated with the progeny of the roaster breeder pullet. Overall phenotyplc correlation coefficients showed a 0.28 correlation (P < .0001) of fat to farm weight and a 0.27 correlation (P < .0001) of fat to plant weight. Yield had a 0.23 correlation (P < .0001) to farm weight. Even though processing differences existed between progeny of these two types of parent breeders, primary economic consideration should be focused on broiler house performance mance, especially feed efficiency. KEY\ W O R D S : D T J A T T T?T> D n A C T 1 7 D VTnT> BROILER, ROASTER, YIELD, ABDOMINAL FAT

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

A COMPARISON OF SELECTED EGG SHELL QUALITY MEASUREMENTS. F.A. Gardner , D.B. Mellor, and J.H. Denton. Dept. of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1471

EFFECT OF A PHOSPHORUS DEFICIENCY ON THYROID FUNCTION, GROWTH, AND ORGAN WEIGHTS IN CHICKS. T.A. Gestone, L.B. Carew*, F.A. Alster and C.G. Scanes. Bioresearch Laboratory, University of Vermont, Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station, Burlington, Vermont 05401.

FY WORDS: Phosphorus deficiency, growth, thyroid, T3, T4, organ size.

A STUDY OF THE TOXICITY OF PURIFIED AFLATOXIN B-, ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM OF BROILERS. J. J. Giambrone*, M. Yu, Dept. of Poultry Sci., R. D. Schultz, Dept. of Microbiology, N. D. Davis and U. L. Diener, Dept. of Bot. & Micro., P. H. Klesius, Regional Parasite Lab., and F. Hoerr, State Vet. Diagnostic, Auburn University, AL 36849 Purified aflatoxin B] (AFB-|) was mixed into poultry diets and fed to commercial broilers in each of 3 separate experiments. AFBi levels at 50, 100, 200, 400 and 1,000 ppb were fed to separate sexed 1-week-old broilers for 7 weeks in the first experiment and 11 weeks in the later two experiments. None of the AFBi diets had any consistant significant effect on weekly weight gain, feed conversion and livability. Although liver weights and coloration and pigmentation were abnormal in chickens fed the 1,000 pp diet, no significant microscopic changes typical of aflatoxicosis were found in any tissues examined. In addition, AFB-j consumption had no significant effect on the following humoral and cell-mediated immune functions: bile and serum immunoglobulin concentrations, in vitro lymphocyte responses to mitogens, in vivo delayed hypersensitive skin test and graft versus tiost assays. The AFB-j was found to be pure and authentic by photometric analysis and of normal potency as determined by LD50 in chick embryos and day-old ducklings. K E Y W O R D S , aflatoxin, broilers, immunity, mycotoxin

EFFECTS OF STORAGE VESSEL, FREQUENCY OF INSEMINATION AND INSEMINATION DOSE ON THE FERTILITY OF TURKEY SEMEN HELD 6 HR AT 15 C. A. F. Giesen . Department of Poultry Science, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, AL 36849 and T. J. Sexton, USDA, ARS, Avian Physiology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705. Semen was collected from Large White toms diluted 1:1 with the Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender (pH 6.5; mOsm 350), and held for 6 hr at 15 C. In Exp. 1 and 2 the relationship of storage vessel to sample agitation was examined. Semen samples in Exp. 1 were held in either Erlenmeyer flasks (10 co or 50 cc) or oonioal centrifuge

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

In two experiments 10 or 14 day-old broiler male chicks were fed soy proteinglucose purified diets containing 0.7% (control) or 0.05-0.1% phosphorus (P) for 10 to 21 days. The P deficiency was accompanied by elevated serum calcium, depressed serum P and reduced tibia ash content. Pair-fed (PF) controls showed none of these changes. Increases in relative kidney, heart and pituitary weights occurred in the P deficient chicks but not in pair-fed controls showing that these changes occurred specifically in response to the P deficiency. Relative pineal weights were slightly larger in both P deficient and pair-fed controls suggesting only an effect of dietary restriction per se. Relative comb size was unaffected indicating no effect of the deficiency on male reproductive development at this age. Relative thyroid weight was unaffected by the P deficiency, but serum triiodothyronine (T3) was consistently lower in the P deficient chicks although significant only in one experiment. Thyroxine levels tended to be low also, but not consistently. No significant effect of P deficiency in serum growth hormone was observed in either study, although values for deficient chicks were always lower than PF controls. With 0.1% P reduced growth was similar to PF controls. However, chicks fed 0.05% P grew less than PF controls suggesting less caloric efficiency or changes in body composition. These data suggest a role for P in thyroid and pituitary function.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1472

KEYWORDS: Turkey, Semen, Storage, Fertility, Insemination frequency

THE EFFECT OF C 0 2 IN SINGLE-STAGE INCUBATOR AIR ON TURKEY HATCHABILITY. R. Gildersleeve, Hensway, Inc., 915 NW 8th St., Corvallis, OR 97330 and D. Boeschen, Willmar Poultry Company, Inc., Willmar, MN 56201 Several experiments involving C 0 2 in single-stage incubator air were conducted at a commercial turkey hatchery. Various aged flocks of Nicholas turkeys were used to supply hatching eggs. Eggs were equally divided within cases between paired Hensway incubators such that the same number of eggs were set from a given breeder flock in each pair of incubators. One of each pair served as a control incubator while the other incubator received C 0 2 treatment. Data were analysed by paired t tests. In the first experiment C 0 2 was injected into incubator air and maintained at a level of 0.30% during the first 10 days of incubation. Eight incubators (96,000 eggs) were injected and eight control incubators (96,000 eggs) were not injected. In control incubators C 0 2 was maintained at a level less than 0.10% in air. After the treatment periods C 0 2 was maintained at 0.30% in all experiments except Experiment II. The injected group had a higher hatchability (P < .05) and lower early, late and "malpositioned" embryonic mortality (P < .05). In other experiments C 0 2 injection to 0.30% in air for the first 5 days of incubation (Experiment II) decreased hatchability (P < .05), while injection for the first 14 days produced no change in hatchability when compared to injection for the first 10 days. No difference in hatchability was found between two levels of injection (0.30% and 0.50% C0 2 ) for the first 10 days of incubation. KEYWORDS,

single-stage incubation, hatchability, and C 0 2

INFLUENCE OF CALCIUM LEVEL, FREE-CHOICE SUPPLEMENTATION AND DIFFERENT PARTICLE SIZES ON FEED INTAKE AND PERFORMANCE OF LAYING HENS. Earl W. Gleaves* and Ali Ali Salim, Dept. of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0820. Three experiments involving a total of 320 Hy-Line W-36 layers were designed to further study the. hens ability to regulate calcium and feed intake. Theyjrere maintained in individual cages and studied for approximately 10 weeks in each experiment. A low dietary calcium level (0.5%) without oystershell supplement significantly reduced production level, egg shell strength, feed and calcium consumption and body weight. Mortality was increased. There were no significant differences among groups fed 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5% calcium diets when they were fed free-choice oystershell supplement. However, these groups consumed significantly more total calcium than the controls.

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

tubes (12 cc or 45 cc) and not agitated. In Exp. 2 the same vessels were used but the samples were agitated (150 rpm) during the holding period. Fertility in Exp. 1 and 2 was lowest (70 and 67$) for semen stored in the 45 co tube. In Exp. 1 no difference was seen between the flasks and the 12 oo tube (85 to 89?). Fertility (85?) was highest for samples stored in the 50 cc flask with agitation, Exp. 2. Artificial insemination (AI) intervals of 7, 10 or 14 days with unstored semen resulted in fertility of 94, 86, and 84$, respectively in Exp. 3. Fertility of hens AI with stored semen at the same intervals was 85, 74, and 80/6. Insemination doses of .025, .05, and .10 ml containing 96, 193, and 385 x 10 sperm were compared in Exp. 4. Fertility of unstored samples was 89, 92, and 89$, whereas, fertility of stored semen was 81, 83, and 83$. Only at the .05 ml dose level was fertility of unstored semen significantly higher than that of the stored sample (92 vs 83$).

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1473

A sudden shift to a deficient calcium diet with free-choice limestone supplement from a 3.5% calcium diet caused a rapid drop in feed intake, egg production, body weight, and the hens showed clinical signs of calcium deficiency. A switch back to the 3.5% calcium diet resulted in some recovery in body weight and feed consumption but not in egg production. Following the rapid shifts in calcium feeding methods, the individual bird variation in calcium intake was much wider than normal. Some hens refused to eat the calcium supplement while others consumed large amounts.

AVIAN REPRODUCTION:A SOCIOBIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE. H. B. Graves.* Dept. of Biology and Dept. of Poultry Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802. The directed evolution of Gallus during domestication and subsequent selection for meat or egg type stocks has produced highly specialized physiological and endocrine systems associated with reproduction. To some extent, building a bird primarily for layings eggs or for rapid and efficient accumulation of muscle mass has involved constructing a high technology jet aircraft from a Model T. Current attempts to understand the various genetic, physiological, behavioral or other biological systems by probing the components of the modern domestic bird occasionally disclose anachronistic patterns. For example, caged layers become restless and seek out areas with low light levels just prior to laying, behavior presumably adapted to nest concealment over evolutionary time but 'frustrated' in the cage environment. Wild, feral and domestic males defend territories and harems of females and inhibit aggression within their personal space. Other aspects of avian reproductive systems may similarly represent suboptlonal designs or even incidental by products (G. C. Williams' "feature" rather than "function" distinction) of the evolutionary process utilized in creating modern breeds of poultry. Other papers in this symposium deal with current knowledge about male reproductive systems in aves; the attempt here will be to examine aspects of this knowledge which may be integrated with avian sociobiology, to draw implications for management and to stimulate questions for future research.

KEYWORDS.

Poultry, Reproduction, Behavior, Physiology, Management

A PREDICTOR MODEL FOR POULTRY CONDEMNATION RATE AT PROCESSING ^T. Habtemariam* and Y_. Cho, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee Institute, Tuskegee Institute, AL 36088 To determine whether it would be possible to predict the prevalence of poultry diseases which lead to condemnation, a systems research design to examine poultry population health dynamics was developed. Five cooperating Alabama poultry firms with seven growers from each firm were identified to form the study unit. The growers were stratified to represent good, average and poor producers. Using epidemiologic causal diagrams, variables with potential influence on condemnation were identified for hatchery, broiler and processing plant subsystems. For each study unit, field data were collected using sequential sampling time frames during a period of one year and corresponding laboratory data for serological, microbial and necropsy profiles were generated. Preliminary data analysis using multivariate techniques viz. stepwise multiple regression and discriminant analysis indicated that whole carcass poultry condemnation due to diseases could be predicted satisfactorily. Some of the variables with such

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

Calcium particle size did not significantly Influence egg production level, egg shell strength or calcium and feed intake. All hens given the free-choice calcium supplement consumed significantly more total calcium than their requirement except those fed the severely deficient rations. KEYWORDS: calcium particle size, calcium intake, feed intake

1474

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

p o t e n t i a l s were average f e r t i l i t y r a t e of eggs, number of g e n e t i c s t r a i n s on the farm, age s p e c i f i c m o r t a l i t y r a t e s at 4 and 7 weeks, date of placing of chicks i n brooder house, type of housing, length of p r e h e a t i n g of brooder house, number of b i r d s dead on a r r i v a l a t processing p l a n t , number of hours of d r i v i n g from farm to processing p l a n t . Other v a r i a b l e s with p r e d i c t i v e power a r e c u r r e n t l y being analyzed c r i t i c a l l y so as to develop a f i n a l p r e d i c t o r model with a p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n . Such a p r e d i c t o r model, i f v a l i d a t e d , may prove to be a useful adjunct t o p o u l t r y carcass i n s p e c t i o n . epidemiology, p o u l t r y d i s e a s e s , modelling, p r e d i c t o r model, p o u l t r y inspection

Propylene glycol was used in turkey f r a n k f u r t e r s l u r r i e s to determine i t s e f f e c t i v e n e s s as an i n h i b i t o r to Type A Clostridium botulinum. White mice, water a c t i v i t y measurements, and sensory e v a l u a t i o n s were used to compare the turkey f r a n k f u r t e r s l u r r i e s formulated with v a r i o u s l e v e l s of propylene glycol and n i t r i t e . The r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t s l u r r i e s with propylene glycol had lower water a c t i v i t i e s than those without propylene g l y c o l . A combination of 80 ppm n i t r i t e and propylene glycol provided p r o t e c t i o n to white mice inoculated with f r a n k f u r t e r s l u r r i e s containing Clostridium botulinum. At r e l a t i v e l y high l e v e l s , propylene g l y c o l could be used as an e f f e c t i v e s u b s t i t u t e for n i t r i t e in turkey f r a n k f u r t e r s . KEYWORDS:

Propylene g l y c o l , Clostridium botulinum, n i t r i t e , turkey

frankfurters

RELATION BETWEEN DRY MATTER DIGESTION AND METABOLIZABLE ENERGY. J . T . H a l l e y * , T. S . N e l s o n , L. K. K i r b y and Z. B . J o h n s o n , D e p t . o f A n i m a l S c i . , U n i v e r s i t y o f A r k a n s a s , F a y e t t e v i l l e , AR V Z / 0 1 . S t u d i e s were c o n d u c t e d t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between d r y m a t t e r d i g e s t i o n (DMD) a n d m e t a b o l i z a b l e e n e r g y (ME), w i t h s e v e r a l feedstuffs. B r o i l e r c h i c k s , 3 weeks o l d , were fed w h e a t , c o r n , soybean meal, milo or o a t s . A p p a r e n t d r y m a t t e r d i g e s t i o n (ADMD) a n d d r y m a t t e r d i g e s t i o n c o r r e c t e d f o r e n d o g e n o u s f e c e s (FDMD), a s w e l l a s ME c o r r e c t e d f o r n i t r o g e n r e t e n t i o n (ME n ) a n d ME c o r r e c t e d f o r e n d o g e n o u s f e c a l l o s s e s (FME) w e r e d e t e r m i n e d . Simple c o r r e l a t i o n s for a l l d i e t s w e r e . 9 6 8 f o r ADMD v s . MEn and . 9 0 1 f o r FDMD v s . FME. The c o r r e l a t i o n s f o r ADMD a n d FDMD v s • MEn a s a p e r c e n t a g e o f g r o s s e n e r g y (ME n /GE x 100) a n d FME a s a p e r c e n t a g e o f g r o s s e n e r g y (FME/GE x 100) a l s o i n d i c a t e d a close relationship.

THE EFFECT OF THE NAKED-NECK GENE ON GROWTH AND CARCASS COMPOSITION AND ORGANOLEPTIC AND COOKED MEAT CHARACTERISTICS OF BROILERS RAISED IN TWO TEMPERATURES. Carol J . Hanzl and Ralph G.Somes, J r * . Dept. of N u t r i t i o n a l S c i . , U n i v e r s i t y of Connecticut, S t o r r s , CT 06268. Eight-week old broilers of the three genotypes, normally feathered (na /na ) , heterozygous naked neck (Na/na ) , and homozygous naked neck (Na/Na), were compared for growth performance, carcass composition, organoleptic, and cooked meat characteristics at two environmental temperatures 21.1C and 37.7C. Cool room birds attained significantly greater live, New York dressed, and eviscerated weights than did hot room birds, while consuming 93% more feed and achieving 84% greater weight gain. However, there were no significant differences

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

PROPYLENE GLYCOL AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR NITRITE IN TURKEY FRANKFURTERS. Michelle A. Hall* and Arthur J . Maurer, Dept. of Poultry S c i . , U n i v e r s i t y of W i s . , Madison, WI 53706.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1475

KKY WORDS:

Naked neck gene, Na, body weight, carcass composition, organoleptic measurements, cooked meat characteristics

PLASMA PROLACTIN AND LUTEINIZING HORMONE LEVELS OF FEMALE TURKEYS IN RESPONSE TO INTRAVENTRICULAR ADMINISTRATION OF MONOAMINERGIC NEUROTRANSMITTERS. B.M. Harqis* and W.H. Burke. Dept. of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 3UbU2 Plasma levels of prolactin (Prl) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were determined before and after injection of monoamines (serotonin, 5-HT; norepinephrine, NE; dopamine, DA) into the third ventricle of the brain in turkey hens via chronic indwelling cannulas. Experiments were conducted using laying (L) birds, birds that had stopped laying (NL) and birds that had stopped laying and had become broody (B). Data were analyzed using a split plot analysis of variance after converting post-treatment values for each bird to a % of its own pre-treatment value. There was a significant increase in prolactin levels 15 minutes after the injection of 5 yg of 5-HT in L hens, but levels 30 and 60 minutes after injeption were not different than pre-treatment levels. Prolactin levels of NL increased greatly 15 minutes after receiving 5 yg of 5-HT and they remained elevated for at least another 40 minutes. No changes in LH were observed in either L or NL hens following 5-HT injection. Prl levels of L hens increased following injection of 5 yg of NE, but the increase did not achieve statistical significance. In contrast the Prl levels of NL birds rose dramatically within 20 minutes of injection and remained significantly elevated for the 120 minutes duration of the experiment. There was no change in LH levels in response to NE injection in either L or NL birds. Dopamine was injected into NL (10 yg) and B hens (10 and 30 yg), DA did not significantly change Prl levels in NL, but the data suggest a tendency for an increase 20 and 40 minutes after treatment. LH levels in NL were significantly increased 40 minutes after injection, but were back to pre-treatment levels after 60 minutes. DA was without effect on the high Prl levels characteristic of B hens and did not affect B hen LH levels. K E Y W O R D S : Prolactin, Luteinizing hormone, Neurotransmitters, Serotonin, Norepinephrine, Dopamine, Turkeys, Third Ventricle

THE CHLORIDE REQUIREMENT OF THE YOUNG TURKEY. R. H. Harms*. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611.

Dept. of Poultry Science

Two experiments were conducted, in electrically heated battery brooders with Large White turkeys of the Nicholas strain, to determine the chloride requirement in a corn-soybean meal diet. In both experiments the poults were fed experimental diets from one to 21 days of age and each experiment was repeated. Five replicates, each containing 4 males and 4 females were fed each diet in both trials in experiment 1. However, 6 replicates, each containing 5 males and 5 females were fed each diet in experiment 2. Sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate were used to furnish a constant level of 0.14% supplemental sodium and varying levels of chloride. Levels of 0, .028, .056, .084, .112 and .140? of supplemental chloride were fed in experiment 1, with levels of .028, .056, .084 and .112% fed in experiment 2. In both experiments body weight and feed efficiency indicated that the dietary chloride requirement of the poult was .124% with .04% being supplied by the basal diet. KEYWORDS:

Chloride, turkey poult

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

in feed conversion ratios. Percent yield was 3% greater for the hot room birds. In the cool room, na /na birds were heav ier than Na/Na birds for body weight measurements while in the hot room the reverse was true. In both temperatures the na /na and Na/na birds were similar. For New York dressed percent yield, the Na/Na and Na/na were similar and had greater yields than na /na birds in the cool room. The same trend held for the hot room but to a much lesser degree. Eviscerated yield showed no genotype/temperature interactions. The body composition data indicated that the naked necks contained more moisture, similar protein, less lipid (particularly in cool room) and more ash (particularly in hot room) than the na /na birds. The organoleptic measurements showed that thigh meat from Na/Na birds was considered more tender, flavorful and prefereed over that from either Na/na or na /na birds by 85% of the tasters. Cooked thigh muscle from Na/Na birds contained 29% less lipid than that of na /na birds. A significant genotype/temperature interaction showed this difference to be greater in the hot than in the cool room.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1476

EFFECT OF SODIUM NITRITE AND SODIUM ERYTHROBATE ON THE CHEMICAL, SENSORY AND MICROBIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF TURKEY HAM. Robert J. Hasiak* and Julio Chaves, Dept. of Animal Sci., Ames, IA 50011.

^A-WRSk-DS:

Turkey, Ham, Nitrite, Erythrobate

THE EFFECT OF FORMULATION ON WATER ACTIVITY IN AN EGG-BASED MEAT ANALOG. Michel B. Haynie* and Clayton S. Huber. Dept. of Food Sci. and Nutr., Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602 Four water-binding ingredients were examined for influences on water activity in an egg based meat analog. Sodium chloride, hydrolyzed vegetable protein, instantized starch, and vegetable gum were tested in egg loaf samples. Fifty-two samples of one pound each were prepared in 10 centimeter cellulose sausage casings. All determinations were made with a Hygrodynamics Inc. electric hygrometer. Analysis of variance determined that instant starch and vegetable gum had no influence and that there were no interactions among variables. Both sodium chloride and hydrolyzed vegetable protein were determined to be significant to the 0.001 confidence level as influencing water activity. The water activity of egg loaf samples ranged from 0.95 to 0.99. K E Y W O R D S : water activity, egg products, meat analog

MARINATING BROILER PARTS WITH A VISCOUS TYPE MARINADE. J. L. Heath* and R. C. Post. Dept of Poultry Sci., University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 Experiments were conducted to investigate the microbiological characteristics, marinade pickup, cooking losses, and sensory characteristics of marinated broiler parts. The effect of marinating for 10, 20, and 30 min at 1.7, 10, and 18 C was determined for each parameter. Samples marinated for 30 min had fewer microorganisms/cm2 than the control. Marinade temperature had no effect on skin surface microbes. No differences in the number of organisms in the marinade solution were found attributable to length of time marinated, temperature or exposure to the broiler part. In sterile marinade at 22 C, the number of organisms increased from 0 to 4.97 CFU/ml after exposure to the broiler parts for 30 min. Non-sterile marinade increased from 3.72 to 4.92 CFU/ml. Marinade remaining on the skin surface increased as the length of exposure increased. Drumsticks picked up less marinade (2.1%) than the split breast (5.4%) or thigh (5.0%).

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

Turkey hams were produced to achieve 5 levels of sodium nitrite (0, 52, 78, 104, and 156 ppm) and 2 levels of sodium erythrobate (0 and 550 ppm). All hams were tumbled 18 hrs, vacuum stuffed in cellulose fiber casings, smoked and cooked to 68°C, cooled 24 hrs, sliced, vacuum packaged in high barrier film, and stored at 2°C for up to 10 wks. The hams were formulated and processed to produce finished products containing 1.5% NaCl, .5% sodium tripolyphosphate, and 20% added water. Chemical, sensory, and microbiological analyses were performed every 2 wks during the 10 wk storage period. Results of the chemical analyses indicated the residual nitrite levels were directly related to initial levels, were significantly reduced by erythrobate, and decreased significantly during storage. TBA results indicated that increased levels of nitrite and/or the presence of erythrobate significantly decreased the TBA number. Total cured pigment levels were found to decrease significantly during storage, increase due to erythrobate, and were directly related to initial nitrite levels. Proximate analyses data indicated no significant differences in moisture, fat, and protein concentrations due to treatment differences. The microbial analysis data indicated that the addition of nitrite at the higher levels (78, 104, and 156 ppm)extended the shelf life of the product 2 to 4 wks longer than nitrite at lower levels(0 and 52 ppm). Sensory panel data indicated no significant difference in the texture, flavor, or color of samples containing 78 ppm or more nitrite. However, a significant improvement in color was observed with the addition of erythrobate. These data indicate that an acceptable turkey ham can be produced using nitrite levels of 78 to 100 ppm and adding erythrobate at

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1477

Percent cooking losses for breasts (split), drumsticks, and thighs were not affected by the length of time or temperature of the marinade. Drumsticks had less cooking loss than either the breast or thigh. Flavor intensity ratings were greater when marinated samples were compared to those not marinated for samples with skin attached but not in those with the skin removed. This indicated that the marinade did not penetrate the skin. There were no differences in flavor intensity when time of exposure and temperature of the marinade were evaluated. Proximate composition analysis indicated that the skin formed an effective barrier and prevented penetration of the marinade. KEY WORDS: MARINATING, BROILER, PARTS, MICROBIOLOGY, MARINADE PICKUP, COCKING LOSSES

A randomly selected group of 135 laying hens were intensively studied from 29 through 59 weeks of age. These layers were individually caged and fed with each egg laid collected, recorded and weighed. The specific gravity of all non-cracked eggs was determined using salt solutions. The egg and feed data were summed weekly. The relationship between number of eggs laid per week and feed intake was linear with an intercept of 423 g and a slope of 57 g of feed. Both egg weight and specific gravity resulted in a quadratic response to number of eggs laid per week. A sharp decline occurred in birds laying three eggs or less per week. The relationship was negligible in birds averaging more than three eggs per week. KEYWORDS:

Layers, Management, Specific Gravity, Egg Weight

DRIED EGG WHITE AS A PROTEIN SOURCE IN CHICK DIETS. J. M. Hempe*, and J. E. Savage, Dept. of Poultry Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 In three trials of four weeks duration each, a total of 440 day old broiler strain chicks were fed semi-purified diets containing heated or non-heated spray dried egg white as the sole or primary protein source. All diets were fortified with required vitamins and minerals. Growth of birds fed diets containing the egg white as received (DEW-U) was compared with that of those receiving diets containing the egg white autoclaved for 30 minutes at 80 C (DEW-80) or autoclaved for 30 minutes at 121 C (DEW-121). Within each dried egg white (DEW) treatment, comparisons were made of adding biotin at 2x or lOx National Research Council requirements. A 5% gelatin supplement was also tested with each DEW preparation at each biotin level. When gelatin supplements were added; the DEW, glucose, and corn oil or soybean oil levels were adjusted to maintain comparable levels of dietary nitrogen and energy. At the lower level of biotin supplementation, growth of chicks fed DEW-121 was significantly greater than those fed DEW-U or DEW-80 (P <.001). At the higher biotin level however, growth of chicks fed DEW-121 was not significantly different than those fed DEW-80 diets but was significantly greater than those fed DEW-U (P <.001). It was concluded that autoclaving DEW for 30 minutes at 121 C inactivated avidin but 80 C was insufficient for this purpose. Growth of chicks fed DEW diets was improved by gelatin supplementation regardless of DEW treatment (P <.01). Growth of chicks fed the combination of DEW-121 and gelatin was comparable to those fed casein-gelatin or corn-soy control diets. For example in Trial 3, weights of male chicks at 28 days were: DEW, 997 g; casein-gelatin, 945 g; and corn-soy, 996 g. KEYWORDS:

Chicks, Biotin, Egg White, Avidin

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN EGG PRODUCTION, EGG WEIGHT, SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND FEED INTAKE USING INDIVIDUALLY CAGED LAYERS. John A. Hebert* and George J. Cerniglia. Dept. of Poultry Science, Center for Agricultural Sciences and Rural Development, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70893

1478

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

A STUDY OF DIFFERENT FEEDING REGIMENS FOR GROWING PARTRIDGES. J . C. Hermes*, A. E. woodard, P. Vohra and R. L. Snyder, Dept. of Avian Sciences, University of C a l i f o r n i a , Davis, CA 95616 In three separate experiments, Red-legged Partridge (Alectoris chukar) were fed diets containing d i f f e r e n t levels of protein (20%, 25% or 28%) for d i f f e r e n t durations and then these diets d i l u t e d with one of four cereals to minimize feed costs. In Experiment 1 , groups fed diets containing either 25% or 28% protein tended to be heavier at 16 weeks of age than those fed diets containing 20% protein for eight weeks followed by a diet supplemented, half by weight, with whole milo.

In Experiment 3, results indicated that reducing dietary protein from 25% to 20% at either two, four or six weeks of age had l i t t l e effect on body weight at eight weeks. However, d i l u t i n g a 20% diet with either m i l o , corn, barley or oats at 10 weeks of age then changing to ground cereals plus vitamin and minerals at 12 weeks resulted in a loss in body weight for a l l groups. Feather picking was s i g n i f i c a n t l y higher in groups fed the high energy cereals (corn, milo) only. KEYWORDS: Partridge, growth., cereals, protein

FREQUENCY AND STRUCTURE OF MACROPHAGES AND ABNORMAL SPERM CELLS IN GUINEA FOWL SEMEN. R. A. Hess*, B. L. Hughes, and R. J. Thurston. Poultry Science Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631. Semen of guinea fowl was examined for macrophages and abnormal sperm cells by light and electron microscopy (EM). Ten young (8-months) and ten old (20-months) males had an average of 3.6x10? and 3.0xl0 7 macrophages per ml of semen, respectively. Macrophages of both groups represented about 1% of the total number of semen cells. The marcophages were detected by phase contrast microscopy as large (about 6pm diameter), round, refractive cells. Their ultrastructure consisted of numerous vacuolated lipid droplets, lysosomes, lamellar swirls, and remnants of digested spermatozoa. The abnormal cells consisted of three types: (1) large round and twisted cells, (2) bent spermatozoa and (3) bulbous-headed spermatozoa. The majority of the abnormal cells in the younger males were bent cells, whereas, most abnormalities of the older males were round or twisted cells. Young males had an average of 1.4xl09 abnormal cells per ml (26% of total sperm cells). Older males had an average of 5.7x10** abnormal cells per ml (15% of total). The twisted cells had an enlarged head region with a tail coiled around the head and midpiece. The round/twisted cells were pleomorphic with organelles in various stages of spermatid development. The chromatin was condensed; the mitochondria were either aligned or scattered randomly; the acrosome was often surrounded by cytoplasm. Lamellar bodies, misshapen nuclei, numerous cross-sections of flagella and vacuoles were also associated with these abnormal cells. In conclusion, guinea fowl semen has an unusually large number of macrophages and abnormal sperm cells which may contribute to reduced fertility. '

Guinea fowl, semen, macrophages, abnormal spermatozoa

HIGH INTENSITY STEP-UP LIGHTING PROGRAM SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCES INCIDENCE OF LEG ABNORMALITIES IN TURKEYS. Patricia Y. Hester, Robert G. Elkin, and Phyllis M. Klingensmith, Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, W„ Lafayette, IN 47907 Two trials were conducted to determine if a high intensity (20 lux) step-up lighting program would decrease the incidence of leg abnormalities in turkeys, The step-up light-

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

In Experiment 2, birds fed 20% protein diets for four weeks then fed a mix of t h i s diet and milo supplemented for an additional four weeks were s i g n i f i c a n t l y (P<.05) l i g h t e r in weight than groups fed continuously on diets containing either 20% or 25% protein.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

ing regime was compared to a low intensity (2.5 lux) step-down lighting program, were used in Trial 1, while both sexes were employed in the second trial.

1479 Toms

Body weight, feed/gain ratio, and mortality of terns of Trial 1 did not differ significantly between lighting regimes. The incidence of leg deformities and the length of the tarso-metatarsal bone were significantly decreased, while plasma androgen and testes weights were increased for toms of Trial 1 in the high intensity step-up lighting. The same trends were apparent for terns of Trial 2 with the exceptions that feed/gain ratios were adversely affected and testes weights were significantly lower for toms of the high intensity step-up lighting program. The performance of hens in the high intensity stepup lighting program of Trial 2 was affected adversely; however, incidence of leg abnormalities, and length and width of the tarso-metatarsus responded in the same manner as with toms.

KKYWORDS;

Leg-abnormalities, turkeys, light.

EFFECT OF HIGH DIETARY LEVELS OF TRACE ELEMENTS ON HEME OXYGENASE AND CYTOCHROME P450 IN THE CHICK. C.H. Hill*. Dept. of Poultry Science, N.C.S.U., Raleigh, NC 27650. Heme oxygenase, the enzyme system that converts heme to biliverdin, is stimulated by the administration of a number of metals in mammals. As a consequence of this stimulation cytochrome P-450 decreases in the liver and kidney in these animals. Studies were undertaken to determine whether or not these relationships also existed in chicks. In contrast to the results reported in mammals, chick livers and kidneys have a high level of heme oxygenase, 7 to 10 units compared to 1 unit in mammals. (A unit equals the nmoles bilirubin formed per mg microsomal protein per hr.). Furthermore, chick level and kidney contain lower levels of cytochrome P-450 than mammals (0.2 nmoles/mg microsomal protein compared to 1.0 in mammals). A factorial study was conducted examining the effects of iron 1000 ppm, cadmium 60 ppm, and vitamin D 2000 units/kg on the enzyme and P-450. There was a significant Cd x Fe interaction for the enzyme, Cd or Fe alone stimulating activity but together not having an additive effect. The same was true for a Cd x Vit D interaction. The only significant effect on P-450 was that of iron in increasing it. There does not appear to be a close correlation between metal effects on the enzyme and cytochrome P-450. KEYWORDS: cytochrome P-450, Iron, Heme oxygenase, Cadmium

POTASSIUM CHLORIDE VERSUS SODIUM CHLORIDE AS A TENDERIZING AGENT DURING CHILLING OF BROILERS. J. M. Hoey*, M. G. Dukes and P. M. Jank.y, Department of Poultry Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. In each of two trials, cooked light meat (pectoral is superficial is) from carcasses chilled (4 hr, with agitation) in 5% (w/w) sodium chloride (NaCl), 5% (w/w) potassium chloride (KCl), or conventional ice slush was evaluated for moisture content, tenderness (shear force), chloride ion (CI) concentration, and sodium ion (Na) concentration. Water uptake of the carcasses during chilling was determined. Carcasses chilled in 5% NaCl absorbed significantly more moisture than the carcasses chilled in ice slush; however, moisture uptake for carcasses chilled in 5% KCl did not differ significantly from uptake for those chilled in either 5% NaCl or conventional ice slush. Tissue CI concentration was 5 times greater for meat from KCl chilled carcasses and 7 times higher for meat from the NaCl chilled carcasses than for meat from the control carcasses. Shear force values were significantly lower than the control for meat from either salt chilling treatment with meat from NaCl chilled carcasses significantly more tender than meat

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

The results of this study indicate that a high intensity step-up lighting can significantly reduce leg weakness problems in turkeys. Possible explanations for light stimulation reducing the incidence of leg abnormalities are through increased exercise and/or shortening of long bones.

1480

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

from KC1 chilled carcasses. Moisture contents of cooked meat from both salt chill treatments were similar and significantly higher than that observed for the control. Tissue Na levels were significantly increased with Na addition to the chill water. KEYWORDS:

chill, tenderness, salt, NaCl, KC1, broiler.

Four commercial broiler strain crosses made up of 320 chicks each were raised to 48 days of age on a diet diluted with 0, 5, 10, and 20 percent cellulose (Solka Floe BW-100)by weight to evaluate the relative potential of these strain crosses in utilizing high fiber diets and the effects on body composition. One half of each group was housed in floor pens with wood shaving litter and the other half in 1.3 cm wire floored battery brooders and then transferred to 2.5 cm wire floored pens. Mean body weight, feed consumption and feed conversion were not significantly different among the strain crosses at each level of cellulose. However, when strain cross data were pooled by the level of cellulose, the increase of cellulose from 0 to 20 percent decreased the mean body weight and feed conversion significantly. There were more variations in individual body weights as the levels of cellulose were increased. Some individuals on each diet for all strain crosses were equal in body weights to the control group. Percent carcass fat decreased in one strain and increased in all others as the level of cellulose increased. Digestion of acid detergent fiber occurred only in one strain when fed either the 10 or 15 percent cellulose diet. It would appear that there is a strain effect in carcass fat composition and the digestion of acid detergent fiber as well as considerable individual difference within strains when fed diets diluted with cellulose. Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Paper No. 6336 KEYWORDS:

chicks, broilers, fiber, nutrition, Solka Floe, growth, carcass composition

COMPARISON OF DILUENTS FOR HOLDING COCK SEMEN 6 HR. AT UlC. Dept. of Poultry Sci., University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602

Birkett Howarth, Jr.*

Two semen extenders (Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender, BPSE and Lake's diluent A containing fructose, LDA) were compared with minimum essential medium (MEM) for their ability to maintain the fertilizing capacity of cock semen held 6 hr. at ItlC. The semen was diluted 1:9 and held in an atmosphere of 5% CO plus 95% air. Motility, live spermatozoa, and oxygen consumption of spermatozoa were determined at the beginning and end of the holding period. Hens were inseminated weekly for 9 weeks and hatchability of eggs was determined. Significant differences were observed for fertility of semen diluted and held for 6 hr. in BPSE, IDA, and MEM (3-5, 1.9 and 90.1% respectively). Fertility of semen held in MEM was significantly higher than the unstored control semen (82.7%). No differences in hatchability of fertile eggs were observed between the four groups. Motility significantly declined from the beginning to the end of the holding period for semen held in BPSA and IDA. Only in LDA were the number of live spermatozoa significantly reduced during the 6 hr. holding period. There were no significant differences in oxygen consumption measured at the beginning and end of the holding period for semen held in BPSE or MEM, which was in contrast to a significant reduction in oxygen consumption for semen held in LDA for 6 hr.

KEYWORDS:

Semen, Fertility, Hatchability

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

THE EFFECT OF HIGH FIBER DIETS ON GROWTH AND CARCASS COMPOSITION IN SELECTED BROILER STRAINS AND/OR STRAIN CROSSES. A. G. Hollister*, and H. S.-Nakaue, Dept. of Poultry Sci., Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1481

EFFICACY OF PROPIONIC ACID AND AFLABAN® IN BROILER DIETS CONTAINING CORN STILLAGE. J. H. Hunt, Jr.* and J. M. Vandepopuliere, Dept. of Poultry Sci., and D. M. Sievers, Dept. of Ag. Engineering, and J. R. Fischer, USDA-ARS, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211

KEY WORDS: .Corn Stillage, Propionic Acid, Aflabaif5; CO2

EFFECT OF VARIOUS DIETS ON THE INCIDENCE OF ACUTE DEATH SYNDROME ("FLIP-OVER") OF CHICKENS. J.R. Hunt* and E.E. Gardiner, Research Station, Agriculture Canada, Agassiz, B.C., VOM 1A0. Three experiments were conducted with broiler chickens fed various commercial type diets to 7 or 10 wk of age. Each diet was fed to 500 chickens housed in either 4 or 5 randomly assigned pens. Causes of death were diagnosed by veterinarians. In experiment one, the wheat-soy basal diet was supplemented with 0.0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% K from K CO . At 10 wks, growth and feed consumption were significantly depressed by supplemental K. Feed conversion, grade of produce and mortality were not influenced by added K. Mortality attributed to flip-overs was 55, 55, 48 and 57% of the total mortality for the increasing levels of K. Experiment two compared wheat-soy and corn-soy based broiler diets with and without supplemental biotin (0.3 mg/kg of diet), pyridoxine (5.0 mg/kg) and thiamine (3.0 mg/kg) (B-P-T). At 7 wks body weights of birds fed the corn-soy diets were significantly (P^0.05) heavier than those fed the wheat-soy diets. Feed conversion was superior on the corn-soy diet. Neither total mortality nor mortality attributed to "flip-overs" was affected by diet. Experiment three compared the influence of B-P-T alone and in combination with 5 and 10 times all the water soluble vitamins present in the standard vitamin premix of the wheat-soy basal diet. Growth rate, feed conversion, mortality or mortality attributed to "flip-overs" was not influenced by diet.

KEYWORDS: Acute death syndrome, flip-over, K, vitamins, varied diets, broilers

A COMPUTER-BASED SYSTEM FOR STORING AND RETRIEVING TECHNICAL INFORMATION. Peter Hunton. Ontario Egg Producers' Marketing Board, Willowdale, Ont. M2M 3V3 Canada Literature search procedures for scientists have been improved by the application of computer-based index and retrieval systems. These systems are also of value to extension

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

Two trials were conducted to determine the keeping properties of chicken broiler diets with corn stillage and the efficacy of a liquid and dry preservative. The test of effectiveness was based on C02 evolution in a closed system as detected by gas chromatography. The study utilized two corn stillage diets: one with 57% moisture and the other with 72% moisture. In trial one each diet was treated with 0, 1, 2 and 3% propionic acid on a dry matter (DM) basis. In the second trial both diets were treated with AflabartS' (active ingredient 100% sorbic acid) at 0, .04, .06 and .08% on a DM basis. Three 10 gram samples of each treatment were sealed in serum bottles and incubated for 48, 96 and 144 hours at 30 C. After each incubation period a .5 cc sample of head space gas was withdrawn and analyzed. In both trials, the untreated diets produced the highest levels of C02 with the drier diet producing the greater amount. This indicates the inhibitory effect of moisture on CO2 production in the 72% moisture diet when compared to the 57% moisture diet. The first trial showed that the three-way interaction of diet X treatment X time was significantly different (P < .05). All diet X treatment combinations were significantly different and, as they move across time, the CO2 levels increased at different rates. In the second trial, all two-way interactions were significantly different (P < .05). All diet X treatment combinations were significantly different but the CO2 levels increased across time at a similar rate. The efficacy of both preservatives increased as the dietary level increased, however CO2 levels continued to increase over time.

1482

ABSTRACTS O F PAPERS

people, but there is a large volume of technical information which is not included in them. This includes trade journals, equipment specifications, production data, etc. Using a proprietary soft-ware package called Versatile Information Processor (V.I.P.) a system for indexing, storing and retrieving this information has been implemented. Virtually all technical information acquired by an extension person can be catalogued in this system. A computer terminal with keyboard, printer, and a video display unit is used to enter dossiers and for searching. Each dossier is assigned an identification number and six or more attributes, including Title, Author, Reference, Volume and Page. Key words may be included with the title. The original documents are filed in numerical sequence except for serials like Poultry Science, which are available for reference.

The system contains (Jan. 1982) over 2,000 dossiers related to egg production. The value of the system increases with its volume, as this exceeds, by an expanding margin, the memory of the user. Expansion to permit multiple users to enter and retrieve information could be accomplished using available technology. KEY WORDS: Information, technology, extension.

A STUDY OF OPTIMUM LAYING FLOCK REPLACEMENT AGE. J. F. Hurnik*. Dept. of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, NIG 2W1, and Peter Hunton, Ontario Egg Producers Marketing Board, 5799 Yonge Street, Willowdale, Ontario, M2M 3V3, The length of each flock's laying period affects the profitability of egg production. The relationship is curvilinear, with an optimum. Factors favouring an extended laying period include high initial pullet cost, high and persistent egg production, and low levels of mortality and undergrade eggs. Feed cost and egg price affect absolute profit levels without influencing the optimum cycle length. Production and egg size values characteristic of good commercial conditions were used in a series of simulations. To these data, feed costs and egg prices from a) California and b) Southern Ontario, in 1981, were applied. Results shows that the Ontario situation favoured replacing birds every 77 weeks, while the optimum in California was 82 weeks. An additional 5% mortality or a 5% reduction in egg income due to an increase in undergrade eggs was then applied to the model. This showed that optimum cycle length was much more sensitive to a change in egg income than to variation in mortality levels. KEYWORDS; Layers, replacement age, profit optima.

THE RESPONSE OF THE OVIDUCT OF WHITE LEGHORN HENS TO TWO METHODS OF INDUCED RESTING. D. R. Ingram*, H. R. Wilson, and F. B. Mather, Department of Poultry Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. A feed and water restriction program was compared with a low salt procedure for inducing rest to determine their effects on the hen's oviduct. Sixty White Leghorn hens were fed a low salt diet for the first five weeks of the experiment, while a similar group was deprived of water for the first three days and feed for the first seven days. During the four week rest period that followed, the latter group of hens received a low protein diet ad libitum. Both rested groups were exposed to a weekly decreasing artificial light period during the resting period and a 17-hour light period thereafter. A non-rested control group was maintained on a layer diet and 17 hours of light. Every five days two hens from each rested

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

Retrieval is accomplished by entering such phrases as "Title contains...", "Author contains...." with appropriate words, sequences of words and/or names. The computer displays the number of dossiers found. These can be noted manually, printed at the terminal, or on a printer at the computer center.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1483

group and every 10 days two control hens were randomly selected for magnum, isthmus, shell gland and liver samples. The magnum and isthmus of the feed and water restriction birds regressed 60 and 40% respectively in comparison to controls while those of the low salt diet birds regressed 40 and 25%, respectively. Shell glands of birds on both resting treatments regressed approximately 30%. Within 15 to 20 days post-rest, all oviduct segments had returned to the length of the controls. A greater cellular response was observed in all oviduct segments with the feed and water restriction program. No histological changes could be determined in shell glands of hens rested with a low salt diet. Hens responded more uniformily to the feed and water restriction method than to the low salt'method. induced resting, oviduct size, oviduct histology

ERYTHROCYTE ORGANIC PHOSPHATES AND WHOLE BLOOD OXYGEN AFFINITY OF THE RHEA AND EMU. Russell E. Isaacks. Research Lab., Veterans Admin. Med. Center and Dept. of Med., Univ. of Miami School of Med., Miami, FL 33125 Our previous studies on the organic phosphate content of red cells (rbc) from the mature ostrich revealed that inositol tetrakisphosphate (IP4) was the predominant organic phosphate, representing 33 percent of the total cell phosphate. Inositol pentakisphosphate (IP5), the predominant organic phosphate in red cells of most mature avian species, represented only 17 percent of the rbc phosphate. The compositfon of acid-soluble phosphorylated metabolic intermediates of the rbc from blood of two other ratities, the rhea and emu, have been determined and correlated with whole blood oxygen affinity (P50, PO2 at which hemogblobin is 50% saturated). The total rbc phosphate content was 32.8 and 30.9 umoles/ml rbc in the 35-day rhea embryo (hatch time 41 days) and mature female rhea, respectively. Unlike the other avian embryos studied, the rbc of the rhea embryo did not contain 2,3 bisphosphoglycerate. The rbc of the mature female rhea did not contain IP4. The rbc of the rhea embryo and mature rhea contained IP5 at a concentration of 1.4 and 2.8 umoles/ml rbc, respectively. A major and minor hemoglobin component is present in the rbc of the embryo and mature rhea, which are similar in amount and electrophoretic mobility. The whole blood P50 in the embryo and mature rhea was 21 and 28.8 torr, respectively. The total rbc phosphate content in the 1 year old emu and mature female and male emu was 43.9, 46.5, and 40.3 umoles/ml, respectively. The rbc of each emu contained 0.67, 0.70, and 0.57 umoles/ml of guanosine triphosphate; 0.58, 0.68, and 0.49 umoles/ml of IP4; 2.0, 2.4, and 2.4 umoles/ml of IP5; and the P50 of whole blood was 25.5, KEYWORDS. 26.9, and 25.8 torr, respectively. erythrocyte, inositol tetrakisphosphate, inositol pentakisphosphate, oxygen affinity.

PROCESSING YIELDS AS AFFECTED BY DIETARY POTASSIUM CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION AND ENERGY LEVEL IN SUMMER AND WINTER. P. M. Janky* and R. H. Harms. Dept. of Poultry Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. Equal numbers of male and female Cobb color-sexed broilers (28 days of age) were fed finisher diets containing 2665, 3056, or 3335 kilocalories of metabolizable energy per kg of diet. One-half of the birds on each dietary energy treatment were fed 0.75% potassium chloride (KC1) the last 5 days prior to slaughter. The experiment was conducted in winter (Feb.Mar.) and in summer (Jul.-Aug). Birds were processed at 53 days of age and various yieldtype parameters calculated. Raw ready-to-cook carcass composition was also determined. During winter, increasing dietary energy level significantly increased percent yield but had no effect on shrink or water uptake. The addition of KC1 to the diet had no effect on these three yield characteristics in winter and composition was affected only slightly by treatment or diet. In summer percent shrink was significantly increased as dietary energy

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

KKY WORDS:

1484

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

level was increased, while water uptake was significantly decreased. This resulted in no dietary energy effect on ready-to-cook yield. Adding KC1 to the diet in summer increased ready-to-cook yield by decreasing shrink. Fat and moisture of the carcass were affected by dietary energy level in summer. KKYWORDS:

KC1, energy, yield, broiler

KEY WORDS:

Eimeria mitis, Eimeria mivati, coccidia, chicken coccidia

REDUCTION OF NITRATE IN VEGETABLE EXTRACTS TO NITRITE USING VARIOUS METALS AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THESE EXTRACTS IN CURING TURKEY MEAT. C. Jarakae Jensen* and Clayton S. Huber. Dept. of Food Set. and Nutr., Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602 The nitrate in concentrated vegetable extracts of celery, lettuce, and carrots was determined. Nitrate was reduced to nitrite using various metals. Some metals were more effective than others in reducing nitrate to nitrite. Concentrated nitrite solutions contained 1000-2000 ppm nitrite. The nitrite solutions were diluted to 200 ppm nitrite, mixed with a brine solution and used to cure turkey products. The turkey products were acceptable in flavor, color, and appearance.

AN AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DAM (DELAYED AMELANOTIC) CHICKEN LINE. Marion M. Jerszyk*. Susan J. Lamont, and J. Robert Smyth. Jr., Dept, of Veterinary and Animal Sci., University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 The DAM (delayed amelanotic) line chicken expresses a high incidence of postnatal cutaneous amelanosis (89.5%), as well as several other line associated traits including

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

STUDIES ON THE STATUS OF EIMERIA MITIS, TYZZER 1929 and E_. MIVATI, EDGAR AND SEIBOLD 1964. T. K. Jeffers*. Li Ily Research Laboratories, Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Greenfield, IN, and M. W. Shirley, Houghton Poultry Research Station, Houghton, Huntingdon, England. The chicken coccidium Eimeria mitis as first described by Tyzzer (1929), had small round oocysts and did not produce macroscopic lesions. Edgar and Seibold (1964) described E_. mivati as a separate species having small round oocysts. This parasite did cause macroscopic intestinal lesions and was described as being antigenically distinct from E_. mitis. However, detailed results of the cross-immunity tests were not given. Several strains of chicken coccidia characterized by small round oocysts were obtained from four widely separated countries. To identify these parasites, electrophoretic patterns of glucose phosphate isomerase and lactate dehydrogenase were characterized. The pathogenicity and antigenic nature of some of the strains were also studied. Isoenzyme profiles of these strains were distinct from those of E_. acervulina. Cross-immunity studies confirmed both the homology of the strains and their antigenic dissimilarity with £. acervulina. Although these coccidia were pathogenic, they produced no macroscopic lesions and parasite development was largely confined to the ileum and cecal pouches. Unlike the descriptions of E. mivati, little or no development occurred in the duodenum. Taken in concert, these findings suggest that all of the parasites studied were E. mitis as originally described by Tyzzer. This species is apparently widely distributed in the domestic fowl, while parasites conforming to the description of §. mivati provided by Edgar and Seibold (1964) are difficult to obtain.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1485

This work was supported by N.I.H. Grant #P50-AM25252. KEYWORDS.

Chicken, thyroiditis, autoimmunity, DAM line, Obese strain

EFFECTS OF FUSARIUM CULTURES AND T-2 TOXIN ON THE IMMUNE RESPONSE AND PERFORMANCE OF BROILER CHICKENS. Robin L. Jevne* and Neil K. Allen, Dept. of Animal Sci., and C.J. Mirocha, Dept. of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 Day old, mixed sex, broiler chicks, in 2 groups of 5, were fed for 6 weeks (wk) diets containing pure T-2 toxin (T-2) at levels of 0, 5 or 10 ppm, Fusarium tricinctum (FT) at .5 or 1%, JF. roseum (A2-2) at 2, 5 or 10% and jF. roseum (F59A) at 10%. The effects of increased vitamins (V) (50% increase) and increased protein (P) (10% added) were tested with diets containing T-2 and FT. FT contained 1100 ppm T-2 toxin-plus other tricothecenes; F59A contained 1675 ppm deoxyn;Lvalenol and 50 ppm nivalenol; and A2-2 contained 15 ppm diacetoxyscirpenol. Birds were vaccinated at 3 wk with killed Newcastle disease virus (NCDV) and blood samples were drawn at 5 wk for chemical analysis and mitogen stimulated lymphocyte culture growth. All chicks fed FT and 5 or 10% A2-2 died by 4 wk. Except for F59A, all toxin amended diets caused reduced growth and feed consumption. The chicks fed 5 or 10T-2+V or P had comparable or higher serum BUN, protein, creatin, P, Ca, albumin and £ than the non-supplemented 5 or 10T-2 fed birds. Chicks fed 5 or 10T-2+P had higher lymphocyte counts than did T-2 or T-2+V fed birds. 10T-2+P fed birds also had higher heart, liver and bursa weights, than did 10T-2 or 10T-2+V fed birds. All birds failed to develop titres to NCDV. In a second experiment, .05 and .1% FT severely depressed female chick growth and feed consumption without affecting mortality. Lymphocyte count was unaffected by FT. All chicks responded similarly to vaccination with modified live virus NCDV. Fusarium mycotoxins do not appear to affect the immune response of broiler chickens. KEY WORDS. Broiler chickens, Fusarium, T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, immune response, growth, vitamins, protein

EFFECTS OF CASTRATION, WITH AND WITHOUT ANDROGEN REPLACEMENT, ON LEG BONE INTEGRITY IN THE ROOSTER. A. L. Johnson* and V. T. Rendano. Department of Animal Science Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 089U3 and Department of Radiology, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. Male white leghorn chickens (Cornell C strain) were assigned to three groups (N=6 per group) at the age of 38 days post-hatch and subsequently were castrated (at 40 days of age) or left intact: Gp 1, castrated; Gp 2, castrated and subsequently implanted (sc) with testosterone (T)-filled Silastic capsules beginning at 8 weeks of age (C/I); or Gp 3, unoperated intact controls. A single-lorn T implant was administered at 4-week intervals to

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

blindness, a feathering defect, and hypothyroidism,, Phenotypic hypothyroidism occurred spontaneously in 4.7% of DAM line birds from the fifth selection generation. A DAM-HT (DAM-hypothyroidal) subline was developed, attaining a 31% incidence of hypothyroidism after 3 selection generations. Selection for hypothyroidism was not accompanied by an increase in the incidence of feather amelanosis. Histological investigation of thyroid glands of the DAM-HT subline has revealed massive lymphocytic infiltration, establishment of multiple germinal centers, pronounced destruction of follicular organization, and inactivity of the few remaining intact follicles in severely affected birds. Assays for the detection of antithyroid antibodies in sera of phenotypically hypothyroidal birds showed significantly higher titers to crude saline extracts of normal thyroid glands than titers found in euthyroidal DAM birds (P < .005) and birds from the parent Brown line (P < .001). These data suggested a similarity between the DAM associated hypothyroidism and that of the Obese strain, a recognized model for spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis. Reciprocal crosses between the DAM-HT, Obese strain, and control lines substantiated that the two hypothyroidal lines have, at least in part, a common genetic pre-disposition for spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis.

1486

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

each capon in Gp 2 beginning at week 8 through 16 and on week 22, while a single 2-cm T implant was administered on weeks 25, 29, 33, 38 and 43. Blood samples (2-3 ml) were drawn from all birds by venipuncture prior to castration, and at two week intervals through week 33, and on weeks 27, 40 and 47. Plasma was subsequently assayed for LH and T. Radiographs of the tibiotarsus-tarsometatarsus region of the left lea were taken on birds at 7, 35 and 47 weeks of age, and evaluated by a person (V.T.R.) uniformed of the treatA ment . -

KFY WORDS

bone growth, capon, testosterone.

EVIDENCE FOR A TRUE POSITIVE FEED-BACK SYSTEM, IN WHICH PROGESTERONE INITIATES THE PREOVULATORY LH SURGE. A. L. Johnson and A. van Tienhoven, Dept. of Animal Sci., Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 and Dept. Poultry and Avian Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. Aminoglutethmide-phosphate (AGT; Ciba Pharmaceutical Co.), an inhibitor of steroidogenesis, was administered iv to .three groups of laying hens in a regime of 200 mg plus 200 mg, 10 h and 6 h prior to the expected C, ovulation, and was followed by injection of: Group 1, 500 ug progesterone (P.) (im); Group 2, 20 ug LHRH (iv) or; Group 3, vehicle (im or iv), 6 h prior to ovulation. Blood samples were drawn 30 min and immediately prior to, and at regular intervals for 8 h following the first injection of AGT. Hens were palpated the following morning to estimate the time of ovulation. Plasma was subsequently assayed for LH, P., testosterone (T) and estrogens (E). Ovulation was blocked in all AGT-treated hens treated with vehicle (N=5) and LHRH (N=5) whereas ovulation occurred in 4 of 5 hens treated with P.. The preovulatory surges of LH, P., T and E were completely suppressed in the vehicle-injected group. Administration of LHRH induced a significant but short-lived rise in LH but there was no concomitant rise in P., T or E. Administration of P. induced a significant and prolonged increase in LH, but no increase in either T or E. Results from hens treated with AGT plus vehicle indicate that in the absence of the preovulatory rise of steroids (specificially P.), the preovulatory surge of LH is not initiated and ovulation does not occur. Secondly, we conclude that in the absence of rise in plasma P., LHRH cannot induce a sustained release of LH and ovulation does not occur. In comparison, in the presence of a sustained rise in plasma P., a surge of LH is initiated and potentiated. Ovulation follows thereafter by some 6 h after "\,Jgvels are attained. This work was supported by NIH Grant HD 12101. Ovulation, LH, Progesterone.

STUDIES ON THE IMMUNOLOGICAL VARIATION AMONG EIMERIA MAXIMA FIELD ISOLATES FROM GEORGIA AND OTHER STATES. Joyce K. Johnson,* P. L. Long and S. C. Bosshardt, Dept. of Poultry Sci., University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 Considerable immunological variation was found between field isolates of Eimeria maxima from Georgia and those obtained from other areas of the U.S.A. These differences were studied by immunizing groups of birds with 1,000 oocysts of each isolate of E. maxima and challenging 14 days later with 100 oocysts of the different isolates. Total oocyst outout/bird was calculated for days 5 through 10 after challenge. A preliminary experiment was done to compare the immunological variation of E. maxima isolates from Georgia. The results showed that one isolate used for immunization gave

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

/ Radiographs indicated that by 35 weeks of age, all castrated birds had developed some "^ degree of structural abnormality as compared to controls, of the tibiotarsus-tarsometatarsus region. By 47 weeks the condition had further deteriorated. In contrast, the structural condition of C/I birds at both ages was related to the levels of plasma T and LH (low T and high LH related to greater degree of structural deformity). We conclude that the integrity of leg bone development in the rooster is dependent, at least in part upon normal circulating levels of hormones produced by the gonads.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1487

complete protection against 5 heterologous isolates whilst one isolate protected against only one heterologous isolate, indicating immunogenic variation existed. When the Georgia isolates were compared to isolates from other regions, the Georgia isolates gave better protection against the Georgia isolates than to those isolates from other regions. Ten separate £. maxima isolates were interbred in an attempt to obtain a poDulation which would give immunizing protection to isolates from other areas. These pooulations were made by passaging combined isolates twice through chickens. The interbred isolates gave 76 to 96 percent protection to £. maxima isolates from Maryland and 88 percent to two from Texas and Georgia.

EVIDENCE THAT LIGHTS OFF IS A SIGNAL FOR LH RELEASE IN THE LAYING HEN. P.A. Johnson* and A. van Tienhoven. Dept. of Poultry and Avian Sciences, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N.Y. A small peak of LH has been reported in the plasma of laying hens within an hour of the onset of darkness (a crepuscular peak) (Wilson and Sharp, £. Reprod. Fertil. 35: 561, 1973; Johnson et al., Poult. Sci. 59: 1625, 1980). The present experiment was conducted to determine whether an early lights off signal was capable of causing a rise in LH and whether such a rise influenced the timing of the preovulatory surge of LH. Sixteen laying hens were bled via a brachial vein cannula at 20 min intervals from 1200-1800h and hourly from 1900-2300h on the evening prior to the C^ ovulation (lights off 1700-0300h). For the control group (n= 8 hens) the lights went off at 1700h, the usual time for the room, while for the experimental group (n=8 hens), the lights went off 4h earlier (1300h). Digital palpation on the subsequent morning revealed normal ovulation in all hens. A significant peak of LH (p<0.05)was found in the experimental group shortly after the lights went off (1320-1400h) while (as expected) no peak was found in the control group at this time. Against expectation, we found no significant LH peak between 1700-1740h in the control hens. However, the LH concentration at 1740h was significantly greater than that at 1720h, but the LH concentration at 1800h was not significantly lower than that at 1740h. Analysis of the incidence of individual crepuscular peaks showed an incidence of 6 out of 8 in the controls and 1 out of 8 in the experimental hens; the difference in incidence being significant at p<0.02. The preovulatory LH surge was significantly advanced by l.lh in the experimental group (p<0.001) and regression analysis of LH values from this group obtained in the samples from 1320-1640h showed an increase in LH over this interval and the slope was significant (p<0.01). In contrast, similar analysis in the control group showed a decrease in LH over the same interval with a significant negative slope (p<0.001). The significance of the crepuscular LH peak as an initiator of preovulatory events remains to be determined. KEY WORDS. LH, Photoperiod, Ovulation

EFFECTS OF REDUCED BROODER TEMPERATURES ON POULTS ONE DAY TO EIGHT WEEKS OLD ON GROWTH RATE, FEED UTILIZATION, AND LIVABILITY. Robert L. Johnson*, Dept. of Animal Sci., North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105 A series of 5 trials involving 6000 poults 0 to 8 weeks of age were exposed to either a conventional or a reduced brooder temperature scheme. Initial first week brooder temperatures were 35°C (95°F) and 29.5°C (85°F), respectively. Temperatures of each brooder scheme were reduced at weekly increments of 2.78 C (5 F) the first 4 weeks and at weekly increments the next 4 weeks to achieve a house temperature of 10 C (50°F) at 8 weeks of age. Half of each temperature treatment group, 3 pens with 100 poults each, was fed a diet higher in energy and crude protein than the remaining half of each treatment group. The same calorie to protein ratio was maintained between diets with periodic adjustments made as the poults matured to 8 weeks. Average growth to 8 weeks of age was different among the 4 treatment groups. Groups fed the highest energy diets and reared under the conventional and test brooder schemes showed gains of 3.54 and 3.31 kg, respectively. Groups fed the lowest energy diet and reared under the conventional and test brooder schemes showed weight gains of 3.17 and 3.06 kg, respectively. Average feed

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

K E Y W O R D S : Coccidia; Eimeria maxima; immunological variation

1488

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

conversions were different between groups fed either high or low energy diets but were not different between groups fed the same level of energy regardless of brooder temperature scheme. Poults exposed to the reduced brooder temperatures had a markedly higher mortality during the f i r s t week of brooding in 2 of the t r i a l s conducted, where as essentially no differences occurred in the remaining t r i a l s .

Turkey Poults, Brooder Temperatures, Growth Rate, Mortality of Poults

Commercially available v a r i e t i e s of corn, wheat, barley and oats were assayed f o r AMEn using three-week old b r o i l e r s and the acid insoluble ash indicator method. The experimental diets contained the t e s t ingredients at a 40% substitution level f o r an equal weight of the reference d i e t . The chicks were fed a commercial chick s t a r t e r f o r the three weeks preceding the assay period. The bioassay was f i v e days with fecal c o l l e c t i o n i n the f i n a l two days. The AMEn values were as follows (kcal/gram dry m a t t e r ) : corn, 4.47; wheat, 3.23; barley, 3 . 3 1 , oats, 2.75. In a separate t r i a l , the feedstuffs were evaluated f o r t h e i r r e l a t i v e feeding values as measured by the growth and feed efficiency of b r o i l e r s up to three weeks of age. The experimental d i e t s contained the t e s t ingredients at a 40% s u b s t i t u t i o n level on a weight replacement basis. Three hundred b r o i l e r chicks were arranged i n a randomized block design. Feed and water were supplied ad l i b i t u m and l i g h t i n g was continuous. No s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t difference (p<.05) was found among the t e s t diets with respect to weight gains or feed e f f i c i e n c y , indicating that barley and oats have a comparative feeding value to wheat and corn in b r o i l e r r a t i o n s .

KEYWORDS: ME, b r o i l e r , c o r n , wheat, barley, oats

A COURSE IN LEAST COST FORMULATION. J. E. Jones* and G. Birrenkott Poultry Science Department, Clemson u n i v e r s i t y , Clemson, SC 29631 The C o l l e g e of A g r i c u l t u r a l S c i e n c e s at Clemson U n i v e r s i t y has developed a microcomputer laboratory u t i l i z i n g 14 TRS-80 Model I I I computers. A l e a s t c o s t formulation package for the Model I I I (Mixit I I ) has been modified and incorporated i n t o an on-going course e n t i t l e d Least Cost Formulation. The course o r i g i n a t e d in 1977 as a two c r e d i t (semester) c o u r s e . The Poultry Science Department o r i g i n a t e d the course t o teach the p r i n c i p l e s of l e a s t c o s t formulation with emphasis on i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of r e s u l t s . It is o f f e r e d annually t o undergraduates and graduates and i s required of Poultry Science majors. Besides the Mixit I I program, the course u t i l i z e s the MPSX software package on the main frame computer and f o l l o w s the g u i d e l i n e s of Dr. Park Waldroup's manual e n t i t l e d "Using the MPS/360 Linear Programming System for Feed Formulation". Improvements in teaching have been made s i n c e introducing the course by de-emphasizing the use of cards and i n c r e a s i n g the use of CRT u n i t s . Since the course i n v i t e s students from a l l d i s c i p l i n e s , the handling of data unique t o a p a r t i c u l a r c l a s s of animal i s e x p l a i n e d . Cooperation from other departments has allowed i n n o v a t i v e teaching s i t u a t i o n s such as remote data s e t c o n t a c t with computers far removed from the Clemson campus for Dairy Feed formulation. KEY WORDS: Microcomputer, l e a s t c o s t formulation, MPS/360, Mixit I I , TRS-80 Model I I I

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

EVALUATION OF FEEDSTUFFS FOR APPARENT METABOLIZABLE ENERGY (AMEn) AND FEEDING VALUE FOR BROILERS. B.J. Johnstonet J.S. Sim and D.B. Bragg. Dept. of Poultry Science, University of B r i t i s h Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, V6T 2A2.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1489

SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION OF 4-H POULTRY PROJECTS INTO THE SCHOOL SCIENCE CURRICULA. Joyce H. Jones, Department of Poultry Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061

THE EGG-CITING EGG - A VERSATILE 4-H POULTRY PROJECT. Joyce H. Jones, Department of Poultry Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 The Egg-Citing Egg 4-H poultry project was first presented to Virginia extension agents in 1979. The project was originally designed to be a teacher/leader-conducted classroom 4-H project. Teaching materials and 4-H project books present scientific, nutritional, and consumer information regarding eggs. One hands-on activity of the project includes the actual preparation of an omelet by each student in the classroom. Due to the effective and creative learning sessions associated with the project and the resulting enthusiasm of youth participants, Virginia 4-H extension agents have expanded the programming methodology of the project. The expanded Egg-Citing Egg programming includes: 1) Extension agent demonstration topics to include parts of egg and nutrition, grading of eggs, storing and cooking of eggs, 2) 4-H Summer Day Camp subject matter material, 3) 4-H Camp subject matter material and lunch activity, 4) special 4-H programs with handicapped youth, 5) special 4-H programs with juvenile detention youth, 6) special 4-H programs with low income and minority youth, 7) introductory material to stimulate awareness and appreciation of agriculture (specifically poultry) to urban audiences, 8) 4-H community club resource material for units on nutrition and cooking of eggs, 9) introduction to 4-H to acquaint youth and school administration of 4-H programs and activities.

KEYWORDS:

4 - H , E g g s , Youth

EXPERIMENTS DESCRIBING THE INFLUENCE OF THE OVULATORY CYCLE ON l,25(OH)2D3 VITAMIN D 3 LEVELS IN QUAIL HENS. P.M. Kaetzel Jr., and J.H. Spares, Jr.», VA Hospital, Dept. of Endocrinology, Cleveland, OH and Dept. of Poultry Science, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD. 20712 Although it has been known for some time (Kenny 1976), that estrogens increase the activity of kidney 25 hydroxy 1 a-hydroxylase needed to produce l,25(OH)2D3, there is very little data documenting this association and the only available reports tend to

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

Enrollment in poultry youth programs (4-H) in Virginia increased from 7,800 in 1977 to 19,292 in 1981. Much of this increase can be attributed to design of projects and materials which can supplement and complement primary and secondary school science curricula. Ninty-eight percent of the Virginia 4-H poultry enrollment is derived from teacher/ leader-conducted classroom projects. In order to encourage teacher-classroom use of 4-H poultry projects, all materials must be designed to arouse a curiosity and interest in science, poultry, and agriculture. Further, materials and resources to accompany such classroom 4-H projects must create high student interest and motivation toward the subject matter. Hands-on activities and experiments should be designed to aid in improved retention of knowledge gained while still providing youth with a sense of involvement, accomplishment and success. Poultry embryology, behavior, anatomy, physiology, nutrition, genetics and consumer science subject materials can all be designed to provide primary and secondary school teachers with effective and creative teaching materials and resources. Teachers are most receptive to the 4-H poultry projects when teaching and resource materials are provided in a subject matter unit. The approach in Virginia has been to provide to participating teachers the following: a) teacher in-service training on subject matter, b) teacher instructional materials to include lesson plans and classroom activity suggestions, c) youth activity workbooks and record books, d) audiovisual materials, e) resources (ie. fertile eggs, omelet pans, etc.) not readily available to teachers. KEYWORDS: 4-H, youth

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1490

KEYWORDS:

vitamin D metabolites, ovulation, hens, calcium, eggshells

A MODEL FOR PREDICTING ECONOMIC EFFECTIVENESS OF SUPPLEMENTAL FAT IN DIETS OF GROWING TURKEYS. Albert Kagan*. Dept. of Marketing, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA 50614 and J.L. Sell, Dept. of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011. A mathematical model was derived to determine the economically feasible situations for supplemental dietary fat usage in diets of growing turkeys. Initially, a production function model was used to evaluate input costs vs. monetary returns above feed costs. The validity of the information obtained from this model was limited by the appropriateness of the input costs in each specific situation and by the accuracy of the published data regarding the responses of turkeys to supplemental fat levels. Recognizing the limitations of the production function model, a predictive equation was generated using a stepwise multiple regression procedure to more adequately assess the economic benefits of using supplemental fat. The major advantage of the prediction equation is that regression coefficients calculated for the input variables measure the relative importance of the input-output relationships and serve as a basis for determining the economic effectiveness of fat supplementation. The input factors included in the model are overall diet cost, cost of corn, cost of soybean meal, cost of supplemental fat, turkey market price (liveweight), and level (per cent) of supplemental fat incorporated in turkey diets. The multiple regression, predictive model is: return above feed cost (y) = bo + b^x^ + b^x-2 + b 3 x 3 + t>4x4 + b5Xg, where bg is average diet cost and x^ through X5 represent prices of turkeys, corn, soybean meal, fat, and percent supplemental fat, respectively. This model can be coupled to existing leastcost ration formulation programs used by turkey producers or feed manufacturers to allow for immediate feedback regarding the economic feasibility of fat addition. KEYWORDS:

Fat>

xurkey, Monetary Returns, Modeling

RATES OF MUSCLE PROTEIN DEPOSITION AND TURNOVER IN BROILER CHICKS. C.W. Kang* and M.L. Sunde, Dept. of Poultry Sci., and R.W. Swick, Dept. of Nutritional Sci., University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706. Fractional rates of protein deposition (K„) were measured in the breast (pectoralis thoracica) and leg (gastrocnemius-peronaeous) muscle of broiler strain chicks (H & N Meat Nick) at different ages; 1,2,4 and 6 weeks. The chicks were fed practical broiler starter diet (23% protein and 3000 kcal ME/kg). Ten to 15 chicks at each age were killed to measure muscle size and protein content. Regression equations of the muscle data on body weight were used to estimate protein deposition rate.

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

disagree. Castillo et al.(1977) reported that plasma levels of 1,25(0H)2D3 peaked at 4-10 hours post-ovulation and declined during the last 12 hours of the ovulatory cycle. They concluded that l,25(0H)2Dg production "anticipated" the period of intense calcium mobilization. In contrast, Abe et al. (1979) reported peak plasma levels at 14-15 hours post ovulation a time concident with rapid calcification of egg shell. We have conducted similar experiments with quail hens fed normal (3.25J) and marginal (1.7%) levels of dietary calcium. When quail hens are fed normal calcium diets and sampled periodically throughout the ovulatory cycle, we observed relatively little fluctuation in plasma 1,25(0H)2D3. Plasma levels at 20 hour post-ovulation were 673 pg/ml and 527 pg/ml at 6 hours post-ovulation. The major circulating metabolite, 25-OH-Dg was very constant averaging 28.5 ng/ml with a range of 21 to 39 ng/ml over the ovulatory cycle. It appears, therefore that 1,25(0H)2D3 production reflects calcium mobilization during the ovulatory cycle but the levels of this hormone remain consistently high in the ovulating hen.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1491

Fractional rates Age 2 week 4 week 6 week (%/day) 1 week Whole body growth 11 6 3 15 4 Breast muscle protein deposition 13 8 34 4 13 8 21 Leg muscle protein deposition In order to measure protein synthesis rate of muscle,14c-u-tyrosine was continuously infused for 60 min. by incorporation into a sesame oil emulsion which was injected subcutaneously. The specific radioactivity of plasma-free tyrosine reached a plateau in 10 to 20 min. The fractional synthesis rate (K s ) of each tissue was estimated from the specific activities of free and protein-bound tyrosine. The K s of breast muscle protein in 6 week old chicks were 16%/day. Since the K„ of the muscle protein was 4%/day, calculated fractional rate of protein breakdown was 12%/day.

fractional rate of protein deposition, protein turnover, fractional synthesis rate, fractional breakdown rate

SUNFLOWER SEED AS A PROTEIN SOURCE IN DIET OF GROWING PULLETS AND ITS INFLUENCE ON SUBSEQUENT EGG PRODUCTION. Ali B. Kashani* and C. Wendell Carlson. Dept. of Animal Sci., South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007 Either half or all of the soybean meal in a 12% protein corn-soy pullet grower diet (control) was replaced by ground sunflower seed (containing 16.9% protein), maintaining the total dietary crude protein level constant. A fourth diet of 87% ground oats, 6% alfalfa meal and 2% grease along with vitamin and mineral supplements was included as a separate treatment. Ten-week-old layer-type pullets previously fed a 19% protein diet were housed 10 birds per cage (61 x 41 cm) and fed one of the above diets for .the following nine weeks. Each experimental unit was replicated 15 times. Pullets fed the diet containing 38% sunflower seed weighed 80 g lighter than the controls (P<.01). Body weights of birds on 19% sunflower seeds or oats were comparable to those on the control diet. Feed:gain ratio data showed that pullets on the high oats diet consumed significantly more feed than the control with no significant influence from sunflower seed. At 19 weeks of age, pullets were transferred to a layer house and fed a 13.5% protein corn-soy diet gradually increasing in oats content up to 63.5% over a period of 3 weeks. During the reproductive phase of the study, an experimental unit consisted of 36 birds replicated six times. Egg production data during 26-30 weeks of age showed that the pullets grown on 38% sunflower seeds produced eggs at 69.9% as compared with 76.6% by the pullets grown on corn-soy and 79.9% by the birds grown on mostly oats. Egg production rates were remarkably similar for all treatments during the following 4-week period. Inclusion of 19% sunflower seed had no significant effect on subsequent reproductive performance.

KEYWORDS:

Pullets, Sunflower Seeds, Oats

3S00K-; o:-:iciii v-ir:.: OR VKMOUT SCPPIBIUTTTAI TEAT ATD LIGHT - Arr G. EESE* ATD Mary 5 a r f i . Dept. of Animal 3 o i . , U n i v e r s i t y of Science & Technology* Kuniasi, GHA^A. The e s s e n t i a l i t y of supplemental h e a t i n brooding c h i c k s i n a t r o p i c a l a r e a where p r e v a l e n t mean environmental temperature and r e l a t i v e humidity a r e 33 C and 60;', r e s p e c t i v e l y , was t e s t e d i n an experiment u s i n g 320 b r o i l e r chicles. The chicks were divided i n t o four q u a d r u p l i c a t e l o t s of 20 b i r d s each and were brooded with or w i t h o u t supplemental heat and l i g h t f o r p e r i o d s v a r y i n g between zero and 28 d a y s . The t r e a t m e n t s were: supplementation with h e a t and l i j h t f o r t h e 28 day brooding p e r i o d ( c o n t r o l ) ; supplementation f o r only t h e f i r s t 14-days; supplementation for only the l a s t 14-days and non-supplementation for t h e e n t i r e 2C-days.

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

KEYWORDS;

1492

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

Final tody weijjit, 'oody weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion efficiency and mortality were not significantly (P^0.05) affected by the treatments. However, chicks brooded with supplemental heat and li-^vfc for 28-days consumed significantly more water than all others. Chicks brooded without supplemental heat aid light for 28-days had significantly (p£0.05) higher hemoglobin and hemactocrit values than all others.

KEYWORDS:

Supplemental heat, essenfcLaliiy, hemoglobin, hematocrit

Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of an antigen injection on feed consumption and plasma nitrogen metabolite concentrations of SCWL chicks. As compared to saline injected controls, an IP injection of Sheep Red Blood Cells (SRBC) or Escherichia coli (263) resulted in depressed feed consumption at 0-8 and 0-24 hours post injection, respectively. Feed consumption was equalized by pair-feeding in subsequent experiments in which plasma uric acid and urea concentrations were determined at 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours after a 1° or a 2° injection of either SRBC or E.coli. Plasma annonia and gin were determined for the same time periods after a 1° injection of either SRBC or E.coli. In general, plasma nitrogen metabolite concentrations were depressed by antigen injection, with little difference due to 1° or 2° exposure. Uric acid was depressed maximally to 64% of control values at 24 hours and 73% at 8 hours after 1° and 2° E.coli injections, respectively. Urea concentrations were significantly decreased by 1° and 2 V E.coli(7596 and 54% respectively at 8 hours) and by 1 SRBC (64% at 24 hours). Ammonia concentrations were depressed at all time periods after injection of either antigen. Gin was significantly depressed at 24 hours after injection of either antigen. In a final experiment, plasma free amino acids were determined 16 hours after antigen injection in fasted birds. E.coli as well as E.coli endotoxin and exotoxin resulted in a significant reduction in the level of asp, glu, gin, gly, ala, cys and tyr while SRBC resulted in depressed gin and phe. These results suggest that nitrogen utilization is increased in response to antigen exposure. This may reflect enhanced protein and nucleic acid synthesis in some tissues during the irnnune response. KEYWORDS: , „. .*»«.. T Plasma Nitrogen, Imnunity, Antigen

THE EFFECT OF THE SEX-LINKED DWARFING GENE, dw, ON THE IMMUNE RESPONSES OF BROILER BREEDER CHICKENS. P.M. Klingensmith*and J.F. StepEehs. Dept. of Poultry Sci., and J.P. DONAHOE. Dept. of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 Two generations of a normal (AG) strain, dwarf (D2) strain, and one generation of an F1 (AG x D2) cross-strain of broiler breeder chickens were evaluated to determine if the sex-linked dwarfing gene, dw, affects irnnune competence. The dwarfing gene had no significant effect on natural agglutinin titers to 1% rabbit red blood cells (RRBC) in either the parent or F 1 generation. There was also no significant difference in the response of parent generation birds to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) following intravenous sensitization with 1.0 ml of a 1% SRBC suspension. However, F 1 generation dwarfs had significantly lower SRBC titers than normal or cross-strain birds. Results of lymphocyte blast transformation assays showed that there was no significant differences in the abilities of dwarf, normal and cross-strain birds to respond to the mitogen phytohemagglutinin-M. However, the dwarfs had the highest individual rates of the blast cell transformation. A delayed-type hypersensitivity response was induced by intradermal injection of tuber-

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

CHANGES IN PLASMA. NITflCGEN METABOLITES AFTER ANTIGEN INJECTION. K.C. Klasing* and R.E. Austic, Dept. of Poultry and Avian Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1493

culin into the wattles of sensitized birds. In the parent generation, the dwarfs had significantly higher tuberculin responses at 24 and 48 hours post challenge than did the normals. Also, the dwarfs' responses to tuberculin increased between 24 and 48 hours, while the response had already begun decreasing in the normal birds during that time period.,

KEY WORDS: Broiler breeder, dwarf, humoral imnunity, cell-medicated immunity

The relationship between dietary levels of phosphorus (P) and the production of softshelled (SS) and shell-less (SL) eggs was investigated for a commercial strain of 864 White Leghorns. The 11 month production profile consisted of daily individual egg records, feed efficiency, % livability, egg weight, and specific gravity data, analyzed monthly on a per treatment/replicate basis. Three levels of total dietary P were fed: .4, .5 and .6% corresponding to .2, .3 and .4% available P. Percent hard-shelled (HS) egg production, feed efficiency, and mean egg weight were significantly lower, while specific gravity was significantly higher among hens consuming the.4% total P diet. No significant differences were demonstrated for % SS and % SL egg production or for % livability. Five hours (HS egg in uterus) or 15 hours (SL egg in uterus) prior to expected oviposition time, 1 ml of a 200 mM phosphate solution was injected into the brachial vein (IV) or the uterus (IU) of hens consistently laying HS eggs. IV injections caused no significant differences in oviposition time when either a HS or SL egg was in the uterus, while IU injections induced premature oviposition in both cases. The concentrations of inorganic phosphate and total calcium in the plasma and uterine fluid of hens which laid a high or low incidence of SS + SL eggs were determined 5 hours after the egg entered the uterus. Uterine fluid phosphate and total calcium and plasma phosphate were not significantly different between the two groups of birds. However, plasma total calcium was significantly higher among the high incidence SS + SL layers at this time during the cycle. Phosphorus, soft-shelled, shell-less, uterine fluid

NERVE DISTRIBUTION TO THE ACCESSORY REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES IN THE DOMESTIC TURKEY. Carl E. Knight* Department of Science, Eastfield College Mesquite, TX. 75150 and Murray R. Bakst, USDA SEA-AR Avian Physiology Laboratory Beltsville, MD. 20705. Studies were conducted to determine the innervation and distribution of nerves to the accessory reproductive structures in the adult male turkey. Rami of the pudendal nerves were found to innervate these structures. The pudendal nerves originated from the right and left pudendal plexus and coursed caudad with the pudendal artery and vein, ductus defferens and ureter to the cloaca. The pudendal nerve coursed over the lateral surface of the corpus paracloacalis vasoulares sending several rami into the organ and terminated in the copulatory organ. A paracloacal ganglion, approximately 1mm x .75mm was observed on the lateral surface of the corpus paracloacalis vascularis near the cranial end of the organ. Histological sections demonstrated the presence

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

THE RELATIONSHIP OF DIETARY LEVELS OF PHOSPHORUS TO THE PRODUCTION OF SOFT-SHELLED AND SHELL-LESS EGGS. Phyllis M. Klingensmith* and Patricia Y. Hester. Dept. of Animal Sci., Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907

1494

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

of ganglion cells and the distribution of nerve fibers in the vascular tissue. Caudal to the corpus paracloaoalis vascularis delicate rami were found to innervate the oopulatory organ. Free nerve endings were observed innervating the vessels of the copulatory organ. KEY WORDS:

TURKEY, REPRODUCTION, MALE, CLOACA, ACCESSORY REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES, NERVE

The strong host specificity of Eimeria in vivo is well known, but this specificity is reduced in embryonic foreign hosts. Experiments were done to demonstrate that infection with Eimeria tenella and E. necatrix from the chicken can occur in turkey embryos. After serial passage in turkey embryos, the reproduction of the parasites was equal to or greater than reproduction in the homologous host. Infection with these 'adapted' lines of Eimeria in the mature homologous or heterologous hosts were then studied. The cellular reactions at the site of infection and the peripheral blood response were investigated and will be described. The results of our experiments indicate that the sporozoites do invade the 'foreign' host cells, but develop no further. These forms are subsequently rejected by the host. The mechanisms involved in the rejection process seem to show a role for macrophages since hosts treated with silica particles accept low level infection with a heterologous species of Eimeria. These experiments indicate an immunological basis for host specificity of Eimeria.

KEYWORDS. Eimeria; host specificity; macrophages

EFFECT OF AGE AT LIGHTING ON THE REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF SMALL WHITE TURKEY HENS. Kenneth K. Krueger*, T•P. Eurnard,and O.K. MeIntyre. Hybrid Turkeys Limited, New Hamburg, Ontario, Canada, NOB 2G0. Small White turkey breeder hens were hatched Dec. 27, 1979 and brooded and grown from day one in a light controlled barn on littered floors. Hens recieved 14 hours of continuous light per day (50 lux, incandescent) from hatch through 12 weeks of age and 6 hours of continuous light per day after 12 weeks of -age... •> •&£ 26, 28, 30, and 32 weeks of age a random sample of 108 hens was taken and divided into four replications of 2 7 hens each and exposed to 14 hours of continuous light per day (75 lux). Body weight change, daily egg weight, and egg production were monitored from lighting through 14 weeks of lay in each group. Body weight for hens lit at 26, 28, 30 and 32 weeks of age was 5.8a, 6.1b, 6.2b, and 6.5c kg, respectively (P0.05). Maximum body weight was observed at 2 weeks post lighting in hens lit at 28, 30 and 32 weeks of age and at 3 weeks post lighting in hens lit at 26 weeks of age. Body weight in all groups declined from three through 10 weeks post lighting or from approximately the onset of egg production through eight weeks of lay. Early egg weight (15 to 35 days post lighting) averaged 67.7a, 69.8b, 71.6c and 75.6d grams for hens lit at 26, 28, 30 and 32 weeks of age, respectively (P0.05). Egg weight in hens lit at 32 weeks of age was significantly (P0.05) heavier through 14 weeks of lay than that of hens

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

RESPONSES OF FOREIGN HOSTS TO INFECTION WITH EIMERIA. M. H. Kogut,* P. L. Long, and T. C. Gore, Dept. of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1495

lit at earlier ages. Settable eggs for 14 weeks of production were 52.0a, 58.5b, 61.2b and 59.3b for hens of the lighting groups, respectively(P0.05) KEY WORDS:

Turkeys, reproduction, age at lighting, egg weight

KEY WORDS:

Turkeys, i n t e r m i t t e n t l i g h t , egg production

EFFECT OF OCHRATOXIN A AND TANNIC ACID ON VARIOUS PARAMETERS IN THE GROWING CHICK. L. F. Kubena*. USDA, ARS, College S t a t i o n , TX 77841; T. D. P h i l l i p s , Dept. of Veterinary Public Health, Texas A&M University, College S t a t i o n , IX 77843; C. R. Creger, Dept. of Poultry Science, Texas ASM University, College S t a t i o n , TX //843; D. A. Witzel, USDA, ARS, College S t a t i o n , TX 77841; N. D. Heidelbaugh, Dept. of Veterinary Public Health, Texas A&M University, College S t a t i o n , TX 77843. Studies were conducted to determine the effects of ochratoxin A (O.A.) and tannic acid (T.A.) fed to growing male b r o i l e r chicks from 1 day to 4 weeks of age. One-day old male b r o i l e r chicks were fed a control diet containing the following additives f o r 4 weeks: A) none; B) 3.0 ppm O.A.; C) 1.5% T.A.; D) 3.0 ppm O.A. + 1.5% T.A.. When compared to the c o n t r o l s , body weight gains were lower f o r a l l treated chicks as early as one week of age and at 4 weeks of age the body weights were 38, 3 1 , and 45% lower in groups A, B, and C, respectively. The efficiency of feed u t i l i z a t i o n was decreased in the groups fed O.A. or T.A. and even more dramatically in the group fed the combination. Pigmentation, as determined by visual shank scores was lower f o r chicks fed O.A. either singly or in combination with T.A., but was not affected by feeding T.A. s i n g l y . There were no consistent treatment differences in the weights of the kidney, gizzard, proventriculus, spleen, l i v e r , bursa or pancreas when expressed as a % of body weight. The blood chemistry, hemoglobin and hematocrit values showed no consistent treatment differences, with the exception of uric acid, which tended to be elevated in the groups fed O.A. either singly or in combination with T.A. KEYWORDS: Mycotoxin, ochratoxin A, tannic acid, chicks, body weight gain, feed e f f i c i e n c y , blood parameters

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

EFFECTS OF CONTINUOUS VERSUS INTERMITTENT LIGHT ON EGG PRODUCTION IN TURKEY HENS. Kenneth K. Krueger*, T•P. Burnard and D.R. Mclntyre. Hybrid Turkeys Limited, New Hamburg, Ontario, Canada, NOB ^GU. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of intermittent light on the reproductive performance of turkey hens. In each experiment a 2X2 factorial design was used in which photoregime and nutritional treatments were the major sources of variation. No significant interactions between light and nutritional treatments were observed in either trial. In Exp. I mature Small White turkey hens were stimulated at 30 weeks of age by either a 16L/8D or 2L/6D/8L/8D photoregime (Light/Dark) using incandescent light (75 lux). During a 14 week egg production cycle hens on the continuous and intermittent light treatments produced 59.5 and 60.0 settable eggs per hen housed, respectively. No differences in any of the reproductive traits monitored could be attributed to photoregime. In Exp. II Large White male line turkey breeder hens were exposed to either a continuous or intermittent photoperiods produced 4 9.6a and 4 5.6b settable eggs per hens housed, respectively (P0.05). Hens exposed to intermittent light consumed more feed and exhibited a lower incidence of broodiness than did hens exposed to continuous light. Photosimulating turkey breeder hens using an intermittent photoregime not only results in a significant savings in electrical energy but may in some instances also result in better reproductive performance.

1496

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

THE BEHAVIORAL SEQUENCE OF FOOD INTAKE IN THE FOWL AND THE PROPOSED ROLE OF THE ANSA LENTICULARIS IN FEEDING BEHAVIOR. W. J . Kuenzel, Dept. of Poultry Science, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742

NEURAL SURGICAL EFFECTS ON PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY IN THE CHICK AND CHANGES IN LUTEINIZING H0RM3NE AND TESTOSTERONE. W. J . Kuenzel* and P. J . Sharp. Dept. of Poultry Science, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 and Poultry Researcn Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS, Scotland, U.K. An experiment was conducted to e f f e c t precocious puberty i n male chicks and determine the changes i n plasma l u t e i n i z i n g hormone (LH) and testosterone (T) following neurosurgery. Twenty-four b r o i l e r chicks sustained parasagittal knife cuts beginning w i t h i n the preoptic area of the hypothalamus and terminating i n the mamillary hypothalamic region. Five chicks served as sham-operated controls. Operations were performed when chicks were 2 weeks of age using a microscalpel and a Kopf stereotaxic instrument. Blood samples were obtained weekly from 2 through 8 weeks of age. Radioimmunoassays were used to measure LH and T in chick plasma. Using the comb as an indicator of chicks which responded to the neurosurgical procedure, 5 of 24 birds displayed a clear response. Luteinzing hormone was found s i g n i f i c a n t l y elevated i n knife-cut chicks 2 weeks following surgery and remained elevated over the next 3 week period. Weekly_values of LH from 4-7 weeks of age i n k n i f e - c u t chicks were, respectively, 5.3 ± 0.6 (X ± S.E.), 5.9 ± 1 . 1 , 4.7 ± 1.3, and 4 . 1 + 0.3 ng/ml. Comparable weekly values of LH in sham-operated controls were, respectively, 3.0 ± 0.3, 2.2 ± 0.3, 2.4 ± 0.5, and 2.8 + 0.4 ng/ml. Although testosterone was found elevated in knife-cut chicks compared to controls from 4-6 weeks of age, no s i g n i f i c a n t differences were obtained. I t is concluded that neural cuts which e f f e c t precocious puberty i n male chicks also cause s i g n i f i c a n t l y elevated levels o f plasma LH. I t i s not known, however, which s p e c i f i c f i b e r tracts are responsible f o r i n i t i a t i n g puberty once t h e i r neural inputs are severed. KEYWORDS: Precocious puberty, male chicks, l u t e i n i z i n g hormone, testosterone

GLYCOLIPID PROFILES OF ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR LATISSIMUS DORSI MUSCLES OF CHICKENS. S.K. Kundu, L.K. M i s r a * , F . R . S t r e b e l , and M.G. L u t h r a , B a y l o r C o l l e g e of M e d i c i n e , D e p a r t m e n t s of M e d i c i n e , P h y s i o l o g y and P e d i a t r i c s , H o u s t o n , TX 7 7 0 3 0 , and R . C . F a n g u y , D e p a r t m e n t of P o u l t r y S c i e n c e , T e x a s A&M U n i v e r s i t y , C o l l e g e S t a t i o n , TX 7 7 8 4 3 . In o u r e f f o r t s t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l r o l e of g l y c o l i p i d s , we s t u d i e d t h e i r p r o f i l e i n t h e a n t e r i o r (ALD) and p o s t e r i o r (PLD) l a t i s s i m u s d o r s i m u s c l e s . These muscles

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

Feeding behavior was observed in laying hens i n order to separate the feeding sequence into discrete phases. B i l a t e r a l , e l e c t r o l y t i c lesions were then directed to the ansa l e n t i c u l a r i s (AL), the main efferent pathway from the basal ganglia in birds to determine the e f f e c t of AL lesions on feeding behavior. A Kopf stereotaxic instrument and a D.C..constant current lesion maker (Grass Instruments) was used to place lesions formed by 1 mA currents f o r 10-25 sec. i n t e r v a l s . Insulated, number 1 stainless steel insect pins served as electrodes. I t was found that a typical feeding sequence could be divided consistently i n t o f i v e phases: (1) arousal and food recognition, (2) o r i e n t a t i o n , (3) grasping, (4) mandibulation, and (5) swallowing. Arousal and food recognition comprised an a l e r t state when a b i r d was active and searching for food. Orientation involved the positioning of the body and p a r t i c u l a r l y the head (both gross and f i n e l y tuned movements) toward s p e c i f i c food p a r t i cles. Grasping included the rapid opening and closing of the b i l l t i p about a grain or food p a r t i c l e . Mandibulation was defined as the movement o f feed p a r t i c l e s from b i l l t i p toward the back of the mouth. Swallowing comprised the r e f l e x that moved p a r t i c l e s from the back of the mouth to the esophagus. B i l a t e r a l lesions of the AL appeared to a f f e c t the o r i e n t a t i o n or phase two of the feeding sequence. Following AL lesions, hens were observed to s t r i k e the a i r or to peck either to the r i g h t or l e f t of wheat grains which were used to t e s t the accuracy of the pecking response. I n a b i l i t y to o r i e n t accurately toward seeds was not a permanent defect and hens regained the a b i l i t y to o r i e n t iiSMally 1-4 days following surgery. KI-.Y WUKUS: Feeding behavior, ansa l e n t i c u l a r i s , o r i e n t a t i o n , chickens

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1497

KEYWORDS:

Glycolipid, Gangliosides, Muscles.

EFFECTS OF BEAK TRIMMING METHOD AND CAGE DENSITY ON LAYING HENS. Douglas R. Kuney*, D. D. Bell, C. J. Adams and L. A. Yates. Cooperative Extension, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521. An experiment using 336 single-comb White Leghorn pullets of each of two commercial strains was designed to evaluate performance effects of the one-cut, moderate and severe methods of beak trimming at 12 weeks of age on 3 and 4 birds per 40.6 cm wide by 30.5 cm deep cage. The experiment was conducted through 48 weeks of lay beginning at 20 weeks of age. At 56 weeks of age the lower beaks extended 0 cm, 0.32 cm and 0.64 cm beyond upper beaks for the severe, one-cut and moderate methods, respectively. Upper beaks extended 0.64 cm beyond the nostril in all methods. Overall, significant advantages in favor of the severe method were gained in hen-day egg production, feed conversion, mortality, eggs per hen-housed, and egg income over feed cost, while the one-cut method performed the poorest. No significant strain by trimming method or cage density interactions were detected. Generally, higher density maximized differences between trimming methods in terms of feed consumption, hen-day egg production, eggs per hen-housed, mortality, egg weight and egg income over feed cost. At the lower density, moderate and severe trimmed birds responded similarly in rate of production, mortality and feed conversion while one-cut trimmed birds responded less favorably. At the higher density, the severe method was clearly superior to the other two methods. KEY WORDS:

laying hens, beak trimming, debeaking, cage density

DIMETHYL ACETAMIDE AS A CRYOPROTECTANT FOR FOWL SPERMATOZOA. P.E. Lake* and 0. Ravie. ARC Poultry Research Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS, Scotland, UK. Good fertility results can be obtained with fowl semen that has been frozen in the presence of glycerol. However, a 1.1M final glycerol strength (v/v) is necessary to protect the spermatozoa during freezing and this must be reduced to below 0.163M after thawing and before insemination otherwise no fertile eggs result. Experiments were conducted using dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), di-methyl acetamide (DMA), propane diol (PD), ethane diol and methylpyrrolidone of similar molar strengths mentioned above for glycerol, except that DMSO was 0„56M. Initially semen was diluted 4-fold with a basic diluent containing these compounds and inseminated with 0.15ml within 30 min. and over 90% fertility (Days 2 to 8 after insemination) was obtained in all cases. Zero fertility occurred with glycerol. Subsequently semen was frozen in solutions containing either 1.0M DMA or 1.09M PD (4-fold dilution). The diluted semen was cooled at a rate of 3°C/min. down to -35°C, plunged into liquid nitrogen and stored for 1 week. Thawed samples (0.15ml) were inseminated directly into hens for 3 consecutive days with the following per cent fertility obtained during Days 2 to 6 after the first and last inseminations: DMA 76.5, 60.5; PD 47, 42. Similar inseminations were

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

were chosen for the study because they consist exclusively of either tonic (ALD) or twitch (PLD) fibers. The neutral glycolipids of ALD and PLD appear similar on thin-layer chromatogram (TLC). However, quantitative analysis may reveal differences in their distribution pattern. Both these muscles are enriched in Forssman glycolipid, galactosylceramide, glucosylceramide and asialo GMj. Lactosylceramide and globoside were detected as minor components. Lactotriaosylceramide (CTH) with short chain fatty acids is predominant in ALD. In contrast, PLD shows a preponderence CTH with long chain fatty acids. Although the ganglioside pattern of the two muscles is similar on TLC, ALD has 60% more gangliosides than PLD. The major component in both these muscles are GM 3 (in excess of 50%). The other gangliosides present are tentatively identified as sialisyllactoneotetraosylceramlde, sialosyllecto-N-norhexaosylceramide, and GD3. A number of unidentified minor polysialogangliosides were also visible on TLC. We are in the process of quantitating and characterizing each component and investigating the role of these glycolipids in neuromuscular diseases.

1498

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

performed on Days 1, 4 and 7 with the following results: DMA 59, 64; PD 15, 17. These results are encouraging, especially since they were obtained with fewer spermatozoa (225 million) per insemination than is the case with current methods using glycerol whose concentration must be reduced before insemination.

KEYWORDS: Fowl semen, freeze-preservation, cryoprotectant.

Aminoglutethimide phosphate (AGP), which prevents the conversion of cholesterol to 20ahydroxycholesterol during steroid biosynthesis was injected subcutaneously in hens at doses of 100 mg AGP/kg body weight (low dose = LD) and 200 mg AGP/kg body weight (high dose = H D ) , at 7 or 9 hours before the expected time of ovulation. Blood samples were taken at hourly intervals from the time of AGP injection to the expected time of ovulation and assayed for concentrations of progesterone and corticosterone in the plasma. The presence of a soft shelled egg in the uterus was determined by digital palpation 9 hrs after the expected time of ovulation. Post mortem examinations were then performed 72 hrs after AGP injection. All hens which served as controls for the effect of blood sampling (n = 5) and the effect of vehicle (n = 5) ovulated at the expected time. The administration of the LD failed to inhibit ovulation (n = 6 ) . The injection of the HD 7 hrs before expected ovulation inhibited ovulation in 9 of 16 birds, whereas HD injected 9 hrs before ovulation inhibited ovulation in 7 of 7 birds. Radioimmunoassay revealed normal preovulatory progesterone concentrations in all the controls. In the birds treated with the LD, progesterone concentrations were 30-60% lower than in the controls. Administration of the HD 7 hrs before ovulation resulted in low or undectable levels of plasma progesterone (1 ng/ml - <.25 ng/ml). Similar progesterone concentrations (< 1 ng/ml) were observed even in the birds which ovulated after an injection of 200 mg/kg body weight AGP 7 hrs before ovulation. Corticosterone levels were similar in all birds studied. An inhibitory effect of AGP on corticosterone concentration was not observed. KEY WORDS: Aminoglutethimide, Ovulation, Progesterone, Corticosterone, Hen

Z-LINKED RECESSIVE WHITE SKIN: EFFECT ON PLASMA AND EGG YOLK PIGMENTATION. L. M. Lasher and J. J. Bitgood*, Department of Poultry Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 A Z-linked recessive white skin mutation (y_) in a Single Comb White Leghorn (SCWL) line had previously been reported by the late Dr. W. H, McGibbon. This mutation can be recognized by the shank color of newly hatched chicks, unlike the autosomal dominant white (W_ ) which is not fully expressed until 5-6 weeks of age. While analyzing blood plasma from a number of lines for another project, the plasma samples from y/y males were observed to be virtually colorless. A preliminary spectrophotometric analysis was conducted to compare plasma samples from homozygous and heterozygous mutant males, hemizygous mutant females and W /W Buff Orpingtons with SCWL males and females. Absorbances were measured at 445 nm, the absorbance maximum of xanthophyll. The A,,_ of plasma from birds with the recessive white skin phenotype was significantly lower than that of both yellow skin and dominant white skin individuals, while Y /y males had intermediate values. Phenotypically yellow skin birds hatched from Y /Y sires crossed with y/- dams showed shanks and beaks that were paler than normal at hatching, but regained some yellow color as they aged. This suggested that the eggs from y/- hens might also be deficient in pigmentation. Egg yolks from y/- , Y /- , and W /W females were scored for color using a Roche color fan. Mean scores were 5.4 for y/- , 8.1 for Y /- , and 8.7 for W /W females.

KEYWORDS: white skin, plasma pigmentation, egg yolk pigmentation

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

THE EFFECTS OF AMINOGLUTETHIMIDE ON STEROIDOGENESIS AND SPONTANEOUS OVULATION IN THE HEN. Gisela F. Lang*, Robert J. Etches and John S. Walton, Dept. of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada NIG 2W1

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1499

THREE NEW PLASMA LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN ALLOTYPES IN CHICKENS. L. M. Lasher*. J. Rapacz. and J. J. Bitgood, Departments of Poultry Science, Meat and Animal Science' and Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706

Lcb Phenotype

1 2 (3) 1/2 1/(3) KEY WORDS. Lipoprotein allotypes

2/C3)

Unique

Allotype Common

1

2

11

12

+

-

-

+

+ + + + '"" + + - + + ___ +

-

+

+ + + +

13 + +

+

+ +

EFFECTS OF NUTRIENT RESTRICTION DURING THE GROWING PERIOD ON PULLET GROWTH. K. Lee* Department of Agriculture, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, AR 71601 Two hundred, day-old White Leghorn chicks were randomly placed into 20 compartments of battery brooders with raised wire floors. At 6 weeks of age, the birds were transferred to grower batteries. They were then subjected to the following 5 feeding regimes: (1) control diet; (2) low protein diet; (3) low energy diet; (4) skip feeding two days a week; and (5) daily restrictive feeding (70% of the full fed control birds). The control diet was fed to the birds in treatments 1, 4 and 5. The low protein and low energy diet contained 30% less protein and 30% less energy than the control diet, respectively. Data were analyzed at the 5% level of probability. Feeding the low energy diet from 6 to 20 weeks of age resulted in significantly higher feed consumption and feed/gain ratio when compared to all other groups. The birds in the skip feeding treatment consumed significantly less feed and had a significantly higher feed/gain ratio than those birds in the control and low protein diets. Body weight gain and 20-week body weight were significantly lower for the birds in the low energy diet, skip feeding and daily restrictive feeding treatment groups when each was compared to the control group. The lowest 20-week body weight was observed in the group of birds that were subjected to daily feed restriction.

KEY WORDS: Nutrient restriction, pullet growth

A COMPARISON OF LOW DIETARY PHOSPHORUS VS MAGNESIUM INTOXICATION RICKETS IN BROILER CHICKS. Steve B. Lee* and Walter M. Britton. Dept. of Poultry Sci., and Phil Long and George N. Rowland, Dept of Yet Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. A comparative study of rickets induced by low dietary phosphorus of elevated dietary magnesium versus controls was conducted. Histologic examination of bone tissue indicated similiar lesions between treatment groups as compared to controls with only a few subtle variations, in particular the depth of invasion of metaphyseal blood vessels. Bone breaking strengths were also very similiar with phosphorus deficent bones being slightly more deformable. % bone ash was decreased more by phosphorus deficiency than by magnesium intoxication (26% vs 30?). Magnesium intoxication increased mortality and decreased body

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

The nomenclature of low-density lipoprotein allotypes in chickens has been revised. The former designation of Lcp is now called Lcb (l=lipoprotein, c=chicken, b=6-globulin class). The previously described Lcp 2 has been determined to be a common specificity and is now designated Lcb 12. Three additional allotypes have been defined with the use of alloantisera produced in Single Comb White Leghorn chickens. These are Lcb 11, the common specificity which is the alternative to the previously described Lcb 1; Lcb 2, the unique alternative to Lcb 12; and Lcb 13, another common specificity. There is undoubtedly a sixth allotype, Lcb (3), for which no alloantisera has yet been produced. Using the double immunodiffusion technique to test 23 lines of chickens for each of these allotypes, six Lcb phenotypes were observed: 1, 2, (3), 1/2, 1/(3), and 2/(3). These phenotypes are defined by the following reaction patterns:

1500

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

weight more than phosphorus deficiency. Chicks fed elevated dietary magnesium were normocalcemic and hyperphosphatemic when compared to controls whereas plasma from phosphorus deficient chicks was low in both calcium and phosphorus. Parathyroid glands from chicks with "both types of rickets were small and inconspicuous. Ultimohranehial glands appeared normal in phosphorus deficient chicks but were increased in size and cellularity in the magnesium intoxicated chicks. Bone Ca/p ratios showed subtle differences between the two treatments and controls.

KEYWORDS:

Magnesium, phosphorus, rickets

Two types of experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that elevated dietary tryptophan can increase endogenous serotonin synthesis and turnover. In the first experiment , a turkey breeder diet was supplemented with 0.50% L-tryptophan for l6 days and with 1.15% DL-tryptophan for 17 to 26 days. Turkey hens fed these diets showed a significant increase (as determined via fluorescence assay) in hypothalamic serotonin (1.93 ug/g to 2.57 ug/g, control vs. treated). 5-hydroxindole acetic acid and norepinephrine increased slightly. In the second experiment, turkey hens were force-fed 0.05 moles (lOg) of Ltryptophan as a treatment or 0.05 moles of DL-alanine as a control. After three hours, the hens were decapitated and their hypothalami removed. Again, serotonin increased significantly (2.96 ug/g to U.21 ug/g). 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid increased slightly from 2.67 ug/g to 3.38 ug/g. No effect was seen on norepinephrine.

KEYWORDS;

Tryptophan, serotonin, fluorescence assay.

COMPLEMENT ACTIVITY AND THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX IN THE CHICKEN. W.H. Lee* and A.W. Nordskog. Dept. of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011. The chicken major histocompatibility complex (MHC) was characterized by two genetic markers: blood type (Bl and Bl9) an( j immune response to the amino acid polymer GAT-10 (GAT-high and -low). A total of 235 adult Leghorn birds from line SI of both sexes were screened for complement activity. The effects of blood type (BT), GAT type (GT), sex and the interaction (BT x GT) proved to be statistically significant. A limited sample of 42 hens were additionally classified by progeny tests for RSV-induced tumor expression. Significant differences were again detected for BT and GT but not for RSV-induced tumor expression.with respect to complement activity. KEYWORDS:

B

Complex>

complement Activity

EFFECTS OF THYROID HORMONES ON GROWTH, FEED EFFICIENCY, PLASMA T 3 and T„ IN 4-WEEK-OLD COCKERELS. Fred C. Leung*, J. E. Taylor and A. Van Iderstine. Dept of Basic Animal Science, Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065 Four-week-old cockerels fed with either 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) or thyroxine (T^) showed poorer growth, body weight gain, and feed efficiency as compared with birds that were fed with control diet. T 3 fedat5 ppm and 25 ppm was found to be toxic (4 out of 9 died in 5 ppm fed group, 8 out of 9 died in 25 ppm fed group, respectively). At the end of the second week, T 3 was more active than T^ in causing reduction in body weight gain (T3-25 ppm, -54.5%; T^-25 ppm, -22.0% as compared with control, p<0,05). The T 3 fed group was also found to have poorer feed efficiency as compared with the T,, fed group (feed/gain: T 3 -5 ppm, 3.450; T^-5 ppm, 2.365, p<0.05). Plasma T 3 was found to be 5-10 times higher in birds that were fed T 3 as compared with control birds, and plasma T 3 was found to be significantly higher in 'Ti, fed birds than con-

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

EFFECT OF ELEVATED DIETARY TRIPTOPHAN ON AVIAN HYPOTHALAMIC SEROTONIN, 5-HYDR0XYINDOLE ACETIC ACID AND NOREPINEPHRINE. Steve R. Lee* and W. M. Britton. Dept. of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1501

t r o l b i r d s . Plasma T^ was also found to be 5-10 times higher in birds that were fed Ti, as compared with control b i r d s , but plasma 1^ was found to be lower i n T3 fed birds than cont r o l birds. These results indicate that T3 is more active than Ti, i n causing the reduction in growth, and T 3 has a negative feedback on plasma Ti, l e v e l s . KEYWORDS:

thyroid hormones

growth

Phytoestrogens in the diet of quail have been theorized to be an inhibitory factor which may contribute to boom-bust reproductive cycles in populations of the arid southwest. The estrogenic compounds estriol (E3) , estradiol benzoate (E2B), diethylstilbestrol (PES) and biochanin-A (BA) were fed to groups (4M&9F) of bobwhites at various levels (.01-1000yg/ day). Estrogenic diets were fed for 2 weeks on short daylengths (10L:14D); then feeding was continued for 8 weeks on long daylength (16L:8D). Control groups were maintained in identical light regimes and diets without estrogens. Reproductive performance was assessed by onset of lay, total egg production, fertility of eggs and reproductive organ weights. DES, E2B and E3 inhibited some reproductive parameters when fed in high concentrations. Onset of lay was delayed about 10 days in groups fed 500 ug/day of DES or E3 and about 14 days when 1000 ug/day DES was fed. No eggs were layed by groups fed 1000 pg/day E2B or E3. Both high levels of DES decreased egg production about 50% when compared to controls. Egg production was decreased 60% in birds fed 500 ug/day E3, but no reduction in eggs/hen was observed when 100 ug/day or less of any of the compounds was fed. Fertility was 0 in all groups fed 1000 ug/day of DES or E2B and 500 ug/day of E3, and only 11% in eggs laid by quail fed 500 ug/day DES, but was not decreased at lower levels of all three estrogens. The naturally occurring plant estrogen biochanin-A was found to have no effect on reproductive performance at any of the levels we tested. Since reproductive performance was inhibited only when large doses of syntehtic estrogens were fed, it is unlikely that small quantities of naturally occurring phytoestrogens could inhibit reproduction in bobwhites. KEYWORDS: Estrogen, Quail, Reproduction, Phytoestrogen, Bobwhite

A SIMPLE METHOD FOR CULTURING LYMPH0BLAST0ID CELLS FROM MAREK'S DISEASE TUMORS. Xi ufan Liu*, Lucy F. Lee, J. M. Sharma, and K. Nazerian. USDA Regional Poultry Research Laboratory, 36O6 East Mount Hope Road, East Lansing, Ml 48823 Gonad tumors were obtained from 15X7 chickens infected with GA and JM strains of Marek's disease virus. Single cell suspensions of tumors were,puri f ied on a Ficol 1-Hypaque gradient. Each cell suspension at a concentration of 2-5 x 10 cells/ml was seeded in culture plates (20 ml in each 150mm plate) in a mixture of McCoy and Liebowitz media (1:1), supplemented with 20% bovine fetal serum, 10% chicken serum, and 10% tryptose phosphate broth. The cultures were maintained in a 5% CO incubator at 41 C for 3"5 firs. The plates were then gently swirled and non-adherent cells were transferred to another set of plates. On alternate days during the first week of incubation, cultures from the same tumor were pooled, centrifuged, and replated at a concentration of 5x10 to 2x10 viable cells/ml. Rapid growth of lymphobl astoid cells was observable after 6-12 days of culture. Culture media were changed to a lower serum concentration (10% for BFS and 5.0% for chicken serum) after the 5th passage. Altogether, 8 out of 11 tumors (73%) gave rise to continuous lymphoblastoid cell cultures, presently at the 30th serial passage level. Some of the continuously propagating cells have been characterized and found to carry T-cell markers and the Marek's disease tumor-associated surface antigen. The factors crucial for the high success rate may be the high proportion of the transformed cells in tumors and the removal of macrophages and adherent cells during initial stages of culture. This method may be useful for developing continuous lymphoblastoi d cell cultures from tumors in chickens.

KEYWORDS: Marek's disease, tumor, lymphobl as to i d cells, culture, method.

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

THE EFFECTS OF DIETARY ESTROGENS ON REPRODUCTION OF BOBWHITE QUAIL. R.J. Lien* and J.R. Cain, Poultry Science Dept., Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX 77843 and S.L. Beasom, U.S.F.S., Great Plains Wildlife Research Lab, P.O. Box 4249, Lubbock, TX 79409.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1502

THE WATER ACTIVITY LOWERING PROPERTY OF SELECTED FOOD HUMECTANTS IN EGG SYSTEMS. Yun-Chan Lo and G. W- Fronlng*, Dept. of Animal Science, U n i v e r s i t y of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0820.

P r o j e c t supported by American Egg Board.

KEYWORDS:

egg w h i t e , egg yolk, whole egg, humectants, water a c t i v i t y

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SOURCES OF FATS ON PERFORMANCE AND ABDOMINAL FAT COMPOSITION OF CHICKENS. J o r g e _ L o p e z , A n t o n i o M . _ P e n z J r * a n d E r n a V. d e J o n g , D e p t . Z o o t e c n i a , U n i v e r s i d a d e F e d e r a l do Rio Grande do S u l , P o r t o A l e g r e , RS 90000, B r a s i l F a t s u s e d were soybean o i l ( 1 ) , l a r d ( 2 ) , l e c i t h i n ( 3 ) , p o u l t r y f a t (4) and n o n - a c i d u l a t e d soybean s o a p s t o c k (5) added t o a b a s a l d i e t i n one exp e r i m e n t r e p e a t e d t h r e e t i m e s a l o n g t h e y e a r . A t o t a l of 900 o n e - d a y - o l d c h i c k s was u s e d . D i e t s ( s t a r t e r and f i n a l ) were i s o c a l o r i c and i s o n i t r o genous and f a t s o u r c e s c o n t r i b u t e d w i t h 15% of t h e t o t a l raetabolizable ener g y . Weight g a i n and f e e d consumption were n o t s t a t i s t i c a l l y d i f f e r e n t e x - — c e p t , r e s p e c t i v e l y , a t 4 weeks of age i n t h e t h i r d r e p l i c a t i o n where b i r d s fed d i e t s 1 , 4 and 5 showed t h e b e s t r e s u l t s (P<0,05) and a t 8 weeks of age i n t h e second r e p l i c a t i o n where b i r d s fed d i e t ' 1 p r e s e n t e d t h e l o w e s t feed i n t a k e (P<0,05) and t h o s e fed d i e t 5 showed t h e h i g h e s t one ( P < 0 , 0 5 ) . At 4 weeks of age b i r d s fed d i e t s 1, 3 and 4 showed t h e b e s t f e e d e f f i c i e n c y (P<0,01) and a t 8 weeks of age c h i c k s fed d i e t s 1 and 4 p r e s e n t e d t h e b e s t r e s u l t s ( P < 0 , 0 5 ) i n t h e t h i r d r e p l i c a t i o n . I o d i n e v a l u e s of t h e abdominal f a t s were d e t e r m i n e d i n t h e second r e p l i c a t i o n and i t was n o t o b s e r v e d any d i f f e r e n c e (P>0,05) between s e x e s . However, s o u r c e of f a t a l t e r e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y (P<0,01) t h e i o d i n e v a l u e . Values o b t a i n e d were 1 0 4 , 5 ; 9 8 , 0 ; 9 7 , 5 ; 87,3 and 71,7 r e s p e c t i v e l y , ' f o r d i e t s 1 , 3 , 5 , 4 and 2 . Chicks fed soybean s o a p s t o c k p r e s e n t e d a more y e l l o w c a r c a s s t h a n t h e o t h e r b i r d s . KEYWORDS: f a t , soybean o i l , fat, lecithin.

lard,

non-acidulated

soybean s o a p s t o c k ,

poultry

THE SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE OF SENSORY EVALUATION IN POULTRY PRODUCTS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. B. G. Lyon*, USDA, ARS, Russell Research Center, Athens, GA 30613 The p e r c a p i t a consumption of p o u l t r y meat i n t h e U.S. i s expected t o exceed t h e per c a p i t a consumption of beef or pork by 1990. The increased a v a i l a b i l i t y of chickens and turkeys has led t o marketing innovations such as merchandising of chicken p a r t s and boneless t u r k e y i n t h e supermarket, t h e growth of processed p o u l t r y products f o r food s e r v i c e and t h e use of p o u l t r y as an i n g r e d i e n t i n o t h e r processed meat p r o d u c t s . Increased demand f o r convenience foods has provided o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r t h e development and marketing of new products through domestic r e t a i l and foodservice markets. The u l t i m a t e success of new processed p o u l t r y products depends on consumer acceptance of t h e q u a l i t y of t h e s e p r o d u c t s . Sensory q u a l i t y must be defined, monitored and maintained by a p p r o p r i a t e measures in order t o c a p t u r e , hold, and even i n c r e a s e t h e share of t h e competitive consumer market f o r processed p o u l t r y p r o d u c t s .

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

The high and i n t e r m e d i a t e moisture s o r p t i o n isotherms of whole egg, egg white and egg yolk a t 25 and 45 C, with and without t h e a d d i t i o n of s e l e c t e d food humectants ( g l u c o s e , s u c r o s e , g l y c e r o l , propylene g l y c o l , sodium c h l o r i d e ) were determined. In t h e pure egg systems, egg white e x h i b i t e d the h i g h e s t a w lowering a b i l i t y , whole egg was i n t e r m e d i a t e and egg yolk t h e lowest. The p a t t e r n was r e v e r s e d when t h e humectants were employed as t h e a w c o n t r o l l i n g agents i n t h e systems. On equivalent weight b a s i s , t h e a w d e p r e s s i n g prope r t y of sodium c h l o r i d e was t h e most remarkable, followed by t h a t of g l y c e r o l , which was comparable t o t h e moisture s o r p t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of propylene g l y c o l . Glucose was not as e f f e c t i v e a s g l y c e r o l or propylene g l y c o l , but was much more s u p e r i o r t o sucrose as an a w lowering s o l u t e . In most of t h e egg systems, the a w was lower a t 45 C than a t 25 C for any of t h e f i v e l e v e l s of egg s o l i d s or humect£.nts i n v e s t i g a t e d .

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1503

The scope and importance of sensory evaluation as a key component in research and development of economical, nutritious and acceptable poultry and poultry products will be discussed. K E Y WORDS: Sensory evaluation, poultry products

PROXIMATE COMPOSITION AND CONTENT OF SELECTED MINERALS OF RAW, COOKED AND CANNED FOWL TREATED WITH SODIUM CHLORIDE AND POLYPHOSPHATES. B. G. Lyon* and G. K. Searcy, USDA, ARS, Russell Research Center, Athens, Georgia 30613

In raw and cooked meat, moisture and ash increased and protein decreased significantly (P^.05) due to-soak treatments. Meat soaked in NaCl or Kena exhibited higher Na, P and CI content than water-soaked meat. Total Na contents (mg/lOOg) for Treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively, were: 32, 268, 311 and 632 (raw); 15, 126, 145 and 253 (cooked). Total P contents (mg/lOOg) for respective treatments were 156, 159, 329 and 360 (raw); 132, 130, 205 and 209 (cooked). CI contents (mg/lOOg) were 36, 402, 30 and 561 (raw); 16, 185, 17 and 183 (cooked). Canned products also exhibited increased moisture and ash and decreased protein due to soak treatments. Respective Na contents for products made from meat soaked in Treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 351, 454, 434 and 693 mg/lOOg. Respective P contents were 116, 115, 163 and 169 mg/lOOg; CI contents were 620, 769, 643 and 892 mg/lOOg. These Na and CI values reflect the contribution of the 1% NaCl added in the broth. These data will be useful for processing, dietary and labelling considerations. KKY WORDS: Fowl, Composition, Sodium Chloride, polyphosphates, sodium, phosphate, chloride

ACCEPTANCE OF METHANE DIGESTER EFFLUENT AS THE WATER SUPPLY FOR LAYING HENS. J. J. Lyons* and J. M. Vandepopuliere, Dept. of Poultry Science, J. R. Fischer, USDA-ARS, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211. A water system was designed to deliver methane digester effluent to 24 yearling Leghorn caged laying hens. A 38 mm id ABS plastic drain pipe was affixed to the top front of the feeder. A 38 mm hole was drilled into the top portion of the pipe in front of each cage. The effluent was placed in a 75 liter plastic barrel and pumped from the barrel through the plastic pipe. Effluent not consumed by the hens as it passed through the pipe was allowed to return to the barrel for recirculation. The effluent was pumped through the system for 1 min out of each 10 min during the lighted period. A similar group of hens was watered using a conventional Hart cup system modified to measure water consumption. The control group and tested group consumed an average of 155 ml of water and 188 ml of effluent per hen/day, respectively. Egg production was 80.4% for the conventionally watered controls and 80.6% for the effluent watered hens. Average egg weight of 59.7 g was identical for both groups. KEY WORDS: Methane digester effluent, Water

E F F E C T S OF D I E T A R Y F A T , P R O T E I N , B O D Y W E I G H T A N D A G E ON P R O T E I N A N D E N E R G Y U T I L I Z A T I O N IN L A Y I N G H E N S . A r t u r o M a d r i d , P. M. M a i o r i n o *

and B. L. Reid, Dept. of Animal Sci., University of"Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 Three experiments were carried out with laying hens to evaluate the effects of body weight, age, dietary protein and tallow levels on

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

White and dark deboned, skinless meat from heavy fowl was soaked overnight in either deionized H2O (Treatment 1 ) ; 2% NaCl (Treatment 2 ) ; 3% Kena (Treatment 3) or 2% NaCl + 3% Kena (Treatment 4 ) . After soaking, drained meat was water-cooked (92°C) for 90 min. Diced, cooked white and dark meat, in natural proportions, were combined with skin, fat, broth and 1% added NaCl, packed into cans, sealed and retorted at 121°C for 120 min. Raw, cooked and canned meat were analyzed for proximate composition, and Na, P and CI content.

1504

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

iY WORDS: Laying hen n u t r i t i o n , d i e t a r y f a t , d i e t a r y p r o t e i n , energy utilization EFFECT OF FOUR PULLET GROWING PROGRAMS, TWO BREEDS AND TWO ENVIRONMENTS ON SUBSEQUENT LAYING PERFORMANCE. Norman D. M a g r u d e r * , C a r g i l l R e s e a r c h Farm, E l k R i v e r , MN 5 5 3 3 0 . Two p o p u l a r SCWL b r e e d s (A&B) h o u s e d i n a h e a t e d (H) and n o r m a l (N) e n v i r o n m e n t , were p r e v i o u s l y fed 4 d i f f e r e n t p u l l e t g r o w i n g p r o g r a m s . The e n v i r o n m e n t (H) v a r i e d from 27 C. n i g h t t i m e t o 38 C. d a y t i m e w i t h a p p r o x i m a t e l y 80% R.H. The (N) v a r i e d w i t h t h e d i u r n a l t e m p e r a t u r e and h u m i d i t y , b u t i n - h o u s e Temp, of 20 C. was m a i n t a i n e d d a y t i m e . Both b r e e d s w e r e fed a 207o c h i c k s t a r t e r from d a y - o l d t o 6 weeks of a g e . They were t h e n d i v i d e d i n t o 4 d i f f e r e n t r e g i m e s . T h e s e w e r e p r o t e i n %/CME/kg. from 7 - 1 4 and 1 5 - 2 0 w e e k s , r e s p e c t i v e l y ; ( 1 ) 1 5 / 2 6 6 0 , 1 5 / 2 6 6 0 ; ( 2 ) 1 8 / 2 6 6 0 , 1 5 / 2 6 6 0 ; ( 3 ) 1 5 / 2 8 6 0 , 1 5 / 2 8 6 0 , and ( 4 ) 1 8 / 2 8 6 0 , 1 5 / 2 8 6 0 . From 2 1 - 7 2 weeks a l l p r o g r a m s were fed t h e same l a y e r d i e t s a c c o r d i n g t o consumption. At t h e c o n c l u s i o n of t h e l a y i n g p e r i o d s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s o c c u r r e d b e t w e e n b r e e d s i n m o r t a l i t y (A o v e r B) and egg s i z e (B o v e r A ) . A l l o t h e r p a r a m e t e r s m e a s u r e d were n o n s i g n i f i c a n t . No d i f f e r e n c e s were found b e t w e e n e n v i r o n m e n t s r e l a t i v e t o egg p r o d u c t i o n (HD o r HH) o r m o r t a l i t y , b u t d i d e x i s t when egg s i z e (N o v e r H) and f e e d / d o z e n w e r e m e a s u r e d (H o v e r N). No s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e found when m e a s u r i n g egg p r o d u c t i o n and f e e d / d o z en due t o t h e p r i o r f e e d i n g of p u l l e t s . However, ( 1 ) t r e n d e d t o w a r d h i g h e r p r o d u c t i o n i n t h e (H) and ( 2 ) i n t h e (N) e n v i r o n m e n t s . KEYWORDS: P u l l e t N u t r i t i o n - E n v i r o n m e n t - L a y e r s -

Breeds

THE INFLUENCE OF WATER/FEED RATIOS ON GROWTH AND ABDOMINAL FAT IN TWO COMMERCIAL BROILER LINES. H. L. Marks*and K. W. Washburn, USDA, ARS, Southern Regional Poultry Breeding Project and University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 Three t r i a l s were conducted to investigate the relationship of changing water/feed ratios on growth rate and abdominal f a t levels of two genetic l i n e s . Water/feed intake ratios were elevated by feed r e s t r i c t i o n programs (skip-a-day and 70% r e s t r i c t i o n ) from 0 to 4 days of age. Following return to ad l i b i t u m feed s i t u a t i o n s , compensatory gains were observed i n body weights and the elevated water/feed ratios declined to levels similar to that of controls. Skip-a-day r e s t r i c t i o n from 0 to 4 days resulted in superior feed efficiency during t h i s period. The addition of up to 2.4% dietary s a l t resulted in increased water/feed intake ratios without reductions in feed intake. Early body weights of birds receiving diets containing high levels of s a l t were larger than body weights of birds receiving the control d i e t . Peak differences in body weights occurred at 4 days and were larger in males than females. Feed efficiency from 0 to 4 days was higher f o r birds receiving high s a l t diets than f o r birds receiving the control d i e t . Decreasing the high s a l t levels resulted in reduced water/feed r a t i o s to levels comparable to controls. Small differences were observed in abdominal f a t between the two genetic l i n e s . Abdominal f a t weights were s i g n i f i c a n t l y (P < .05) reduced (17-28%) in both lines when birds were fed a 2.4% s a l t d i e t . Although abdominal f a t weights were similar between sexes, differences i n body weights resulted in s i g n i f i c a n t (P <_ .05) differences between

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

performance, n u t r i e n t intake and energy u t i l i z a t i o n . These studies employed old, molted and young hens (72, 106 and 27 weeks of age, respectively) divided into heavy and l i g h t body weight groups. The birds were fed ten experimental d i e t s containing 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20% d i e t a r y protein in combination with 1 or 4% supplemental f a t . Egg output was increased with the supplementation of tallow in only the young b i r d s ; while energy retentions were improved in the old and molted birds with fat feeding. Gross energetic e f f i c i e n c i e s for the l i g h t bodied birds were 9% b e t t e r than for the heavy bodied b i r d s . Estimated daily protein intake requirements were 16.8, 13.3 and 12.8 g/d to support production levels of 84, 64 and 66% for the young, old and molted b i r d s , respectively.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1505

males and females in percent abdominal fat. Data indicated that high water/feed intake ratios may be associated with reduced abdominal fat levels. KEY WORDS:

genetics, feed and water intake, abdominal fat, growth

FERTILITY OF TURKEY HENS INSEMINATED WITH SEMEN STORED FOR SIX HOURS FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO CHOLERA. B.J. Marquez*, Poultry Science Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843.

KEYWORDS-

Fertility, Turkeys, Cholera

HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSIVENESS IN SEX-LINKED AND AUTOSOMAL DWARF CHICKENS. James A. Marsh*. Dept. of Poultry and Avian Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. 14853. The magnitude and kinetics of the humoral immune response was examined in three strains of Single Comb White Leghorn chickens. The Cornell K-strain served as the control or standard for evaluation of antibody production in the autosomal dwarf (homozygous for the adw recessive gene) and sex-linked dwarf (produced by the clw recessive gene) strains. Circulating antibody levels that resulted from a dose-response challenge of sheep erythrocyte (SRBC) antigen in 4 week-old chicks of each strain were measured by microhemagglutination technique. Titers were determined one week following primary immunization and again following a secondary injection at 8 weeks. The males of the sex-linked dwarf strain produced significantly (P<0.01) less antibody as a limiting antigen dosage was approached (0.2 mis of a 0.1-1.0% SRBC suspension) in both the primary and secondary response. As the concentration of SRBC per innoculum was increased to exceed 5.0%, the resultant antibody response of the sex-linked dwarf males was no longer significantly depressed below that of K-strain males. The antibody response of females carrying the jiw gene was not significantly impaired over the entire antigen dose range. No differences in circulating anti-SRBC antibody titer was observed between the control strain and either sex of the autosomal dwarfs. The humoral response of each strain was further examined by assessing splenic antibodyforming cells (AFC's) in a liquid monolayer plaque assay. Similar results were obtained as discussed above. The males of the sex-linked dwarf strain had the most seriously impaired ability to generate AFC's with the females of this strain also demonstrating a reduced plaque-forming activity. No differences were observed between control and autosomal dwarf strains in their ability to generate AFC's. (Supported in part by NYC-157431). KEYWORDS:

dwarf chickens, antibody production

LAYER PERFORMANCE RESPONSE TO FEEDING PROGRAM AND ENVIRONMENT G. A. Martin, T. A. Carter, and J. R. West, Dept. of Poultry Science, N. C. State University, Raleigh, N. C. 27650 About 10,000 pullets from 12 commerical layer strains were housed in

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

Turkey hens (144) were randomly placed into nine groups of sixteen hens and inseminated every seven, ten or fourteen days with either neat, diluted or stored semen. Semen was diluted 1:1 with a Beltsville extender and storage was for six hours at 15°C. Two weeks after the experiment began, approximately 40% of the hens died because of cholera problems. The results are given on the remaining hens. Fertility (20 weeks) for the hens on a seven day interval was: neat 89.5%; diluted 97.1%; stored 80.4%. A decline in fertility (65.8%) was seen in weeks 11-20 for hens inseminated with stored semen. Hens on a ten day interval maintained good fertility when inseminated with neat (90.3%) or diluted semen (86.6%), but not when inseminated with stored semen (66.5%). Also, hens inseminated on a fourteen day interval with stored semen showed a decline in fertility (66.4%) when compared to hens inseminated with neat (85.3%) or diluted (82.0%) semen. Hatchability ranged from 76 to 84% but no difference was seen due to dilution or storage of semen. Hens inseminated on a ten day interval had numerically the lowest hatchability. Semen from toms used in this experiment had below normal semen quality. The semen contained 70% normal sperm cells at the beginning of the production period and dropped to 55% normal. Packed cell volume was 34% at the beginning of the period compared to 29% at the end of 20 weeks.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1506

three types of houses, two shapes of cages, and two d e n s i t i e s . A feeding program prescribed by the breeder was compared t o a phased feeding program for each s t r a i n and environment. Fifty six performance varables were measured during a 350 day production period and analyzed by S t a t i s t i c a l Analysis System analysis of variance. Only r a t e of production during the l a s t two weeks was s i g n i f i c a n t l y influenced by feeding program. Housing environment s i g n i f i c a n t l y influenced the economic t r a i t s and i n t e r a c t e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y with many of the economic t r a i t s . These data are consistant with data from p r i o r years in different housing.

ADRENAL GLAND RESPONSE OF LAYING HENS TO DIFFERENT CAGE DENSITIES. M. M a s h a l y , * M. Webb, a n d W. R o u s h . D e p t . of P o u l t r y S c i e n c e , The P e n n s y l v a n i a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , U n i v e r s i t y P a r k , PA 16802 R a d i o i m m u n o a s s a y (RIA) f o r c o r t i c o s t e r o n e was d e v e l o p e d t o m e a s u r e t h e i n i t i a l r e s p o n s e of a d r e n a l g l a n d s of l a y i n g h e n s h o u s e d u n d e r d i f f e r e n t c a g e d e n s i t i e s . Single Comb W h i t e L e g h o r n f e m a l e s w e r e u s e d f o r t h i s s t u d y . The a n t i s e r u m t o c o r t i c o s t e r o n e was p r o d u c e d a g a i n s t c o r t i c o s t e r o n e - 2 1 - h e m i succinate: b o v i n e s e r u m a l b u m i n i n f e m a l e s h e e p . The a n t i b o d y was d i l u t e d 1 : 5 , 0 0 0 w i t h p h o s p h a t e b u f f e r s a l i n e , and 0 . 1 ml of t h i s d i l u t e d a n t i b o d y g a v e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 40% b i n d i n g i n a t o t a l a s s a y volume of 1.2 m l . C r o s s - r e a c t i o n of t h e a n t i b o d y w i t h 15 v a r i o u s s t e r o i d hormones was m e a s u r e d . All s t e r o i d t e s t e d possessed, l e s s than 2% c r o s s - r e a c t i o n e x c e p t p r o g e s t e r o n e , d e o x y c o r t i c o s t e r o n e and p r e g n e n o l o n e w h i c h c r o s s r e a c t e d 32%, 32% and 8%, r e s p e c t i v e l y , s e n s i t i v i t y of t h e a s s a y was 20 p i c o g r a m s ( p g ) . The w i t h i n and b e t w e e n a s s a y c o e f f i c i e n t s of v a r i a t i o n w e r e 13% and 18%, r e s p e c t i v e l y . The b i r d s w e r e r e a r e d i n f l o o r p e n s u n t i l t h e y w e r e 19 weeks of a g e , a f t e r w h i c h t h e y w e r e h o u s e d i n c a g e s . The c a g e s i z e was 1 2 ' x 2 0 ' . T h r e e , f o u r , o r f i v e b i r d s w e r e housed p e r c a g e . F o r t y - e i g h t hours subsequent t o h o u s i n g , a l l b i r d s i n a l l t h r e e t r e a t m e n t s were b l e d . C o r t i c o s t e r o n e c o n c e n t r a t i o n was m e a s u r e d i n a l l s e r u m s a m p l e s . Average c o r t i c o s t e r o n e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s f o r t h r e e , f o u r , or f i v e b i r d s p e r cage were 1 0 3 8 , 1 5 9 9 , and 2058 p g / m l , r e s p e c t i v e l y . This i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e r e i s a p o s i t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n number of b i r d s p e r c a g e and t h e i n i t i a l r e s p o n s e of t h e a d r e n a l g l a n d . KEY WORDS:

RIA, corticosterone,

cage d e n s i t y ,

laying hens

INFLUENCE OF YELLOW GREASE ON ENERGY UTILIZATION OF SEVERAL TYPES OF DIETS. G.G. M a t e o s * and J . L . S e l l , D e p t . of Animal S c i e n c e , Iowa S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , Ames, IA 5 0 0 1 1 . An e x p e r i m e n t was c o n d u c t e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e i n f l u e n c e of s u p p l e m e n t a l y e l l o w g r e a s e on e n e r g y u t i l i z a t i o n from d i e t s of l a y i n g h e n s . F o r t y f o r c e - m o l t e d , W h i t e L e g h o r n h e n s , 20 months o l d , were u s e d . Eight d i e t s were f o r m u l a t e d . D i e t s A, B , C, and D w e r e c o r n - s o y b e a n m e a l , c o r n - s u n f l o w e r m e a l , c o r n - s o y b e a n m e a l - s u c r o s e , and c o r n - s o y b e a n m e a l - s t a r c h , respectively. D i e t s E, F , G, and H had t h e same c o m p o s i t i o n a s d i e t s A, B , C, and D, r e s p e c t i v e l y , e x c e p t t h a t 5% y e l l o w g r e a s t was s u b s t i t u t e d f o r a n e q u a l w e i g h t of t h e r e spective basal diets. The n i t r o g e n - c o r r e c t e d m e t a b o l i z a b l e e n e r g y (ME) of t h e d i e t s was 2 8 1 6 , 2 6 2 5 , 2 8 5 6 , 2 8 7 6 , 3 1 3 4 , 2 9 6 5 , 3 1 9 5 , a n d 3232 k c a l / k g f o r d i e t s A, B , C, D, E, F , G, and H, r e s p e c t i v e l y . A p p a r e n t l i p i d d i g e s t i b i l i t y f o r d i e t s E, F , G, and H was 8 7 . 4 , 8 8 . 8 , 8 8 . 2 , and 8 9 . 8 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y . A p p a r e n t l i p i d d i g e s t i b i l i t y f o r d i e t s E, F , G, and H was 87<.4, 8 8 . 8 , 8 8 . 2 , and 8 9 . 8 % , r e s p e c t i v e l y . The d a t a i n d i c a t e t h a t MEs of y e l l o w g r e a s e b a s e d o n d i g e s t i b i l i t y t r i a l s u n d e r e s t i m a t e t h e t r u e e n e r g y c o n t r i b u t i o n of t h i s f a t t o l a y i n g hen d i e t s . The ME of y e l l o w g r e a s e , c a l c u l a t e d by m u l t i p l y i n g g r o s s e n e r g y t i m e s l i p i d d i g e s t i b i l i t y o c e f f i c i e n t was 8 1 9 4 , 8 3 1 9 , 8 2 6 7 , and 8419 k c a l / k g f o r d i e t s E, F , G, and H, r e s p e c t i v e l y . When t h e ME of y e l l o w g r e a s e was c a l c u l a t e d by d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e b a s a l and t h e f a t s u p p l e m e n t e d d i e t s , t h e v a l u e s w e r e 9 1 8 0 , 9 4 2 0 , 9 6 4 0 , and 1 0 , 0 0 0 k c a l / k g , respectively. The d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e two e s t i m a t e s ( 9 8 6 , 1 1 0 1 , 1 3 7 3 , and 1 5 8 1 k c a l / k g

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

Key Words: Feeding program, layer performance, housing environment, bird density.

1507

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

yellow g r e a s e , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) may r e p r e s e n t the b e n e f i c i a l e f f e c t of supplemental f a t on u t i l i z a t i o n of energy from other d i e t a r y c o n s t i t u e n t s . :

Laying hens, F a t , Metabolizable energy, Fat d i g e s t i b i l i t y

INTERMITTENT LIGHTING FOR LAYERS IN OPEN-TYPE HOUSING. F. B. Mather*. Poultry Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611.

Department of

In Exp. 2, Hisex White Leghorn-type hens (130/group) were used from 8 January to 24 December (31-81 wk of age). The same l i g h t i n g programs and open-type housing were used as in Exp. 1 . There were no s i g n i f i c a n t differences between l i g h t i n g programs for cumulative hen-day production, egg wt, egg specific g r a v i t y , d a i l y food intake, body wt or m o r t a l i t y . Oviposition time and food intake time were similar between groups. I t appears the i n t e r m i t t e n t l i g h t i n g program can be used to save e l e c t r i c i t y without r e ducing egg production or other economic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

KEYWORDS:

i n t e r m i t t e n t l i g h t i n g , egg production, egg q u a l i t y

NEMATODE-CAUSED LETHAL CACHEXIA IN BREEDER FINCHES. W i l l i a m J . M. & Bo C o n s u l t a n t s , 1 9 ^ N i c h o l s o n D r i v e , B a t o n R o u g e , LA 7 0 8 0 2

Mathey*,

S i c k o r dead b r e e d e r f i n c h e s of s e v e r a l s p e c i e s w i t h v a r y i n g d e g r e e s of emaci a t i o n were found t o have i n t e s t i n e s f u l l of whole s e e d s . The v e n t r i c u l a r m u s c u l a t u r e was a t r o p h i e d . Nematodes were found i n and u n d e r t h e horny l a y e r and p e n e t r a t i n g t h e v e n t r i c u l a r m u s c l e s . T h e s e n e m a t o d e s w e r e a c u a r i d worms with very s l i g h t cordons. Ova w e r e r e a d i l y d e t e c t e d i n f e c a l s a m p l e s ; ovum s i z e was 3 2 . 2 5 x 2 1 . 5 u . A t t e m p t s t o f i n d a i n t e r m e d i a t e h o s t were u n s u c cessful. KEYWORDS.

Nematode,

Acuarid,

Ovum S i z e ,

Finch,

Ventriculus,

Cachexia

A SCORING PROCEDURE FOR EVALUATION OF BEAK TRIMMING QUALITY OF NEWLY HATCHED CHICKS. Joseph M. Mauldin*. Extension P o u l t r y Science Dept., University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. The establishment of a beak trimming e v a l u a t i o n program has been shown t o be b e n e f i c i a l i n improving beak trimming performance when implemented on a r o u t i n e b a s i s . However, summaries of the e v a l u a t i o n have been presented as percentages of chicks f a l l i n g i n t o "good" and "bad" beak trimming c a t e g o r i e s . There i s a need for a more q u a n t i t a t i v e method of e v a l u a t i o n . Two chick boxes of each sex w i t h i n each breeder flock were evaluated a t t h r e e Georgia b r o i l e r h a t c h e r i e s for q u a l i t y of beak trimming. Chicks trimmed e i t h e r too s e v e r e l y or too l i g h t l y were assigned a score of - 2 ; those trimmed s l i g h t l y s e v e r e , s l i g h t l y l i g h t or off c e n t e r were scored a - 1 ; chicks trimmed adequately were scored a +1. Scores i n each category were added and a t o t a l chick box value obtained. A hatchery beak trimming score was c a l c u l a t e d . Numbers of chicks per box and c u l l s per box were a l s o recorded.

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

Two experiments were conducted to compare an i n t e r m i t t e n t l i g h t i n g program with a conventional "long-day" program for laying chickens in open-type housing. In Exp. 1 , Hisex White Leghorn-type hens (135/group) were used from 21 June to 20 December (49-75 wk of age). The long day group was exposed daily to one continuous 17-hr l i g h t period (0330-2030 hr EST) while the i n t e r m i t t e n t l i g h t i n g group was exposed only to 2 hr of a r t i f i c i a l l i g h t per day in addition to the natural daylight received ( l i g h t s on 0330-0430 hr and 1930-2030 hr EST). There was no s i g n i f i c a n t difference i n cumulative hen-day egg production between the long day and i n t e r m i t t e n t l i g h t i n g groups although the natural daylength decreased from about 14 hr/day i n June to 10 hr/day in December.

1508

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

The initial scores at hatcheries A, B and C were 53.2, 69.9 and 26.0, respectively. In a subsequent evaluation at hatchery C a score of 60.7 was obtained indicating improvement due to the evaluation program. KEYWORDS:

Broiler chicks, beak trimming, score, evaluation.

MANUFACTURING AND SELLING POULTRY PRODUCTS AS A STUDENT LEARNING EXPERIENCE. Arthur J. Maurer* and Michelle A. Hall, Dept. of Poultry Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706.

KEYWORDS: Poultry products, products workshop, Poultry Science Club

SODIUM CHLORIDE-INDUCED REDUCTION OF ABDOMINAL FAT IN BROILERS. D. V. Maurice* and Antonio P. Deodato. Poultry Science Department, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29631. Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of saline drinking water (SW) on performance, abdominal fat, and fecal moisture content in broilers fed a corn-soy diet and grown in cages. In expt. 1, day-old chicks were provided five equally spaced levels of SW ranging from 50-250mM concentration of sodium chloride and the controls received tap water. Within 48 hr 100% mortality was observed in chicks given 200 and 250mM solutions and mortality ranged from 17-83% in groups with access to 100 and 150 mM SW. Growth at 4 weeks was significantly reduced only at the level of 150mM SW. A significant linear decline in abdominal fat was seen in birds provided 50-150mM SW. Experiment 2 examined the response of 5-week old male broilers to 50 and lOOmM SW for a period of two weeks. In comparison to birds given tap water (controls) those receiving SW showed a significant reduction in per cent abdominal fat (2.66 vs 1.91 and 1.90±0.11%). Treatments had no significant effect on body weight at 7 weeks (2101 vs 2067 and 2048 ±21g). Relative organ weights and plasma osmolarity and plasma glucose and cholesterol concentrations were not significantly affected. Muscle dry matter content was not altered by treatments (26.2 vs 25.8 and 26 ±0.27%). In both experiments SW increased fecal moisture content. These data show that 50-100mM sodium chloride solutions, provided as drinking water, are effective in reducing abdominal fat. KEY WORDS;

. ! , . , , , • , • Abdominal fat, growth, drinking water, salt

THE EFFECT OF EARLY NUTRITION OF BROILER CHICKS ON ABDOMINAL FAT ACCUMULATION AND LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE ACTIVITY. D. V. Maurice', J. E. Jones, K. K. Hale, N. J. Rehrer and J. E. Whisenhunt. Poultry Science Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631 Our studies with broilers adipectomized at 4, 6 or 8 weeks of age suggest the existence of an early proliferative phase in the development of abdominal fat in broilers. Thus, the possibility exists that the growth of this fat depot may be amenable to nutritional manipulation in early life. This study examined the effect of supplemental dietary fat introduced at day-old, 1, 2 or 3 wk of age on lipoprotein lipase activity (LPLA) at 4 wk and abdominal fat at 7 wk of age. In expt. 1 a high fat diet (HF) containing 8% added fat was fed for the first 1, 2, 3 or 4 weeks. This was followed by a low fat diet (LF) with no supplemental fat. The HF

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

The University of Wisconsin Poultry Science Club members participate annually in a poultry products workshop. The students form committees for debonlng turkeys, making products, packaging according to the orders received, and distributing the finished products. Both undergraduate and graduate students are involved. Some of the experiences obtained during the products workshop include learning how to debone turkeys; the formulation and manufacture of products such as turkey breakfast sausage, turkey rolls, smoked turkey logs, and pickled chicken eggs; the various aspects of curing and emulsion technology; and the importance of adherence to details. Although no quantitative measure of learning is obtained, it is obvious who the students were who helped in the products workshop when they enrolled later in the departmental poultry products technology course.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1509

and LF diets were calculated to be equicaloric and dietary fat content was 11.6 and 3.7% resp. Percent abdominal fat at market age was not significantly altered by feeding the HF diet for the first 1, 2, 3 or 4 weeks of life (1.96, 2.04, 2.03, 2.07 ± 0.096). LPLA at 4 wks, final body weight and dressing percentage were not significantly affected. In expt. 2 treatments (trt) 1-4 consisted of feeding the LF diet for the first 1, 2, 3 or 4 weeks. Trt 5 and 6 were HF diets for the first week and first 4 wks. Feeding the HF diet for the first week only significantly reduced percent abdominal fat at 7wks by 25%, ie., trt 1 vs 5 (1.90 vs 2.24 ± 0.105). Treatments had no significant effect on LPLA at 4 weeks. These data support the hypothesis that early nutrition is involved in the etiology of abdominal fat accumulation in broilers. Level of dietary fat in the first week of life may be a determinant of the size of abdominal fat at market age. Abdominal fat, dietary fat, early nutrition, lipoprotein lipase

EFFECTS OF CUTTING THAWED AND TEMPERED MECHANICALLY DEBONED POULTRY MEAT ON COMMERCI'ALLY PASTEURIZED AND STERILIZED MEAT EMULSION. Raymond F. Mawson, Byron F. Miller* and Glenn R. Schmidt. Dept. of Animal Sci., Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523. It would be of commercial advantage to be able to process poultry meat bologna from tempered (soft frozen) mechanically deboned meat. Turkey mechanically deboned meat (MDM) has been 1} processed tempered, 2) thawed refrozen and tempered, and 3) thawed, using a pilot scale silent cutter, into turkey bologna batter. The bologna batter was packed into 470 gm cans and heat processed to either pasteurization or sterility. The raw batter was analyzed for pH, soluble protein and protein sol; and the cooked bologna for cook loss, shear force and for texture by taste panel. The MDM processed from the tempered or refrozen states produced superior bologna to the thawed MDM in terms of cook loss. In terms of shear value the tempered material made better bologna than refrozen or thawed MDM. The taste panel could not detect any difference between such meats. The sterilized product was inferior to the pasteurized product by all of the measurements and, in terms of cook loss, the effects .generated by the different MDM chopping conditions were enhanced by the more severe sterilizing heat process. No differences were detected in raw batter pH or soluble protein measurements, however, there were differences in the amount of protein sol. These differences indicated that functional performance was related to the quantity of sol formed and to the quality of the protein in the sol. K E Y W O R D S : Turkey, mechanically deboned meat, meat emulsion, pasteurized, sterilized, cook loss, shear value, texture.

RELATIONSHIP OF AGE TO COMPLEMENT TITERS OF BROILERS. J. D. May*, USDA, ARS, Poultry Research Laboratory, RD 2, Box 600, Georgetown, DE 19947 Blood complement (C) is an important part of an animal's system for resisting disease. Very little is known about factors that normally affect avian C. C titers have been reported to be low in young chicks and high in chickens six weeks old. The objective of this study was to determine the developmental pattern of C titers for broilers one through seven weeks of age. A tube-type assay of C was developed. The assay target cells were swine erythrocytes and antibody to the erythrocytes was obtained from a rabbit. The assay used 50 percent hemolysis as the end point. Broiler chicks were obtained from a commercial hatchery and reared on shavings. Cornsoybean meal diets were fed in mash form and feed and water were always available to the chicks. Blood samples were obtained weekly from one through seven weeks. Plasma and serum were compared and had similar C titers so plasma was obtained from the weekly bleedings. C titers were higher and the titers for young chicks were higher relative to C titers of older birds than has been previously reported. C titers were nearly constant for the first four weeks and increased thereafter. This suggests one or more C components are deficient in young chickens. Any delay in developing the titer could be expected to lessen disease resistance. KEYWORDS.

Complement, hemolysis, resistance

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

KEY WORDS:

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1510

ADRENAL CORTICAL SECRETORY INVOLVEMENT IN ALCALIGENES FAECALIS INFECTION IN TURKEY POULTS. F.M. McCorkle 1 , F.W. Edens*2 and D.G. Simmons I, Qept. Microbiology, Pathology & Parasitology, School Vet. Med.l and Dept. Poultry Science2, N.C. State University, Raleigh, NC 27650

KEYWORDS.

Alcaligenes faecal is, corticosterone, turkey, trachae, blood chemistry

THE RELATIONSHIP OF BODY WEIGHT OF PRE-MOLT BROILER BREEDERS TO WEIGHT LOSS DURING MOLT AND WEIGHT GAIN FROM END OF MOLT TO ONSET OF PRODUCTION. Gayner R. McDaniel, Dept. of Poultry Sci., Ala. Agri. Experiment Station, Auburn University, AL 36849 Three hundred Arbor Acre broiler breeder females were used in this study. Body weight, age at maturity, egg production, and shell quality were obtained through 60 weeks of age. At the end of the production period, the females were molted by standard procedures. Individual weights were obtained at the beginning of the molt period, at the end of the molt period, and at the onset of production. Body weight loss is expressed as a percentage of weight loss during the molt period. Body weight gain is expressed as the percentage gain from the end of the molt period to the onset of production. Body weight gain was positively correlated with body weight loss. Body weight loss and gain was negatively correlated with body weight at beginning of molt, end of molt, and beginning of egg production. Females which lost the greatest percentage during molt weighed less at the beginning of the molt, at the end of the molt and at the onset of production. The females that had the heaviest body weight at the beginning of the molt, at the end of the molt, and at the onset of production gained significantly less between the end of the molt and at the onset of production. K E Y W O R D S : Broiler breeders, body weight, molt

PURINE METABOLISM STUDIES IN THE HIGH AND LOW URIC ACID CONTAINING LINES OF CHICKENS: HYPOXANTHINE/GUANINE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITIES. Douglas C. McFarland* and Craig N. Coon. Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6320. Activity of hypoxanthine/guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) was examined in liver and kidney tissues of two genetic lines of chickens selected for different plasma uric acid levels. Previous work demonstrated that the high uric acid line (HUA) has significantly greater ^e_ novo uric acid synthesis rates in kidney tissue compared to the low uric acid line (LUA). In addition, phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) synthetase and xanthine dehydrogenase activities in liver and kidney are significantly higher in the HUA compared to the LUA line. PRPP pool sizes are also significantly higher in both liver and kidney tissues of HUA birds. HGPRT activity in liver tissues of HUA birds were significantly (P<.05) greater than that of the LUA birds. The mean value of liver HGPRT was 7.36±.25 picomoles inosine-5'-

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

Alcaligenes faecal is is the etiologic agent for alcaligenes rhinotrachaeitis in turkeys. The first signs of the disease appear at approximately 7-1Od posthatch and is characterized by very high morbidity. The primary visible lesion is disruption of the epithelial lining of the upper trachae and subsequent increase in mucous secretions. Various stressors are believed to potentiate the disease. Day old poults were inoculated intranasally and placed in Horsfal units. Feed and water were available ad libitum and air temperature was held at 32 C. Air temperature was reduced 3 C per week until a 23 C temperature was reached. Poults were bled on day of hatch, 7,10,14,21,28,35 and 42 days posthatch. Serum samples from control and infected poults were analyzed for corticosterone (C), total calcium, inorganic phosphorus, protein, sodium and potassium. With the exception of C the serum chemistries were not affected by the infection although there was a slight elevation of protein in the infected birds in the 1021d period. In infected poults C was significantly elevated at lOd (5.37 vs 3.68ng/ml), not different from control at 14d (3.41 vs 3.67ng/ml), and significant again at 21d (6.61 vs 3.15ng/ml). Over all time periods C in infected birds was higher than control levels. The peak at 1Od corresponds to the first severe signs of the disease in our birds and indicates a frank response of the adrenal. The lack of significance at 14d may indicate cortical insufficiency, and the significance at 21d may be related to adrenal maturation and possibly to improved immune response.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1511

monophosphate (IMP) and 6.05+.27 picomoles IMP produced/ugram protein/hour, respectively, for the HUA and LUA lines. There were no significant differences (P>.05) in kidney HGPRT activities between the two groups. The mean value of kidney HGPRT was 52.87±1.62 picomoles IMP and 50.72±1.62 picomoles IMP produced/ugram protein/hour, respectively, for the HUA and LUA line. Elevated liver HGPRT may serve to enhance the regeneration of PRPP in the HUA liver. Elevated liver PRPP synthetase and PRPP pool size suggests an increased flux through the de novo purine biosynthetic pathway in HUA birds. The resulting additional pyrophosphate from the glutamine PRPP amidotransferase reaction would stimulate recovery of PRPP and spare the system from a substantial loss of energy. KEY WORDS:

Uric Acid, Purines, Hypoxanthine/Guanine

Phosphoribosyl Transferase

Soybean meal samples generated during research into the feasibility of using supercritical CO2 to extract oil from soybeans were fed to starting broiler chicks to determine their relative nutritive values. Initial studies demonstrated that toasted CO2 defatted soybean meal appears to have comparable feeding value to commerlcally available hexane defatted soybean meal. Gain/feed values of diets containing toasted CO2 defatted soybean meal were .70±.01 compared to .69±.02 for diets containing a commercial meal. Diets containing unheated CO2 defatted soybean meal resulted in a significant lowering of chick feed efficiency (Gain/feed = .56±.03). In a toxicity study, soybean meal preparations were added to nutritionally complete diets at a level of 23%. Results indicated that even with lengthy (18 hr) CO2 extraction at 70 C the toxic factors remain in soybeans. Gain/feed measurements of several of these preparations ranged between .52-.57 which was significantly lower than .67±.01 measured in cerelose controls. Pancreatic hypertrophy was evident in chicks consuming diets containing untoasted CO2 extracted soybean meal. CO2 extracted soybeans may provide a good protein source for the growing chick. The crude protein level of these preparations are comparable to commerically available hexane defatted soybean meal. A heat treatment appears to be necessary to inactivate the toxic factors in these meals.

KEYWORDS: soybean meal, supercritical carbon dioxide

EFFECTIVENESS OF ECTIBAN, RABON OR SEVIN FOR CONTROL OF NORTHERN FOWL MITES ON LAYING HENS. W.D. McKeen*, E.C. Loomis, and L.L. Dunning, University of California, Agricultural Cooperative Extension, 777 E. Rialto Ave., San Bernardino, CA 92415. Two field trials were conducted to compare acaricides for control of northern fowl mite on White Leghorn hens. In trial 1 Ectiban spray and dust treatments were compared to Rabon and Sevin spray-treated groups while only Rabon and Sevin sprays were tested in trial 2. Untreated control groups were included in both trials. Concentrations and rates of application followed label recommedations. Hens were scored for mite infestation prior to and at 4, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 52 days following treatment in trial 1. Mite infested challenge hens were placed in the Ectiban spray plots at 28 days. Results from trial 1 showed Ectiban spray to give excellent control. Mites from all but 1 hen out of 48 were eliminated by day 14. At day 52 mite densities on the challenge hen had neither declined nor did mites spread to contact pen mates. Mite densities continued to decline at a slow rate during the trial on the Ectiban dust-treated hens. Rabon or Sevin sprays were not effective and mite populations actually increased on both treatment groups at 14 days. Rabon was an effective spray in trial 2. Mites were eliminated from all but 1 hen out of 20 by day 9. Sevin, on the other hand, had 10 out of 20 hens still infested at day 9. No conclusions were possible past 9 days in trial 2 since mite populations decreased on all test hens due to the onset of hot weather. KEYWORDS:

northern

fowl

mite,

Ectiban,

Rabon,

Sevin,

laying

hens.

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

THE FEEDING VALUE OF SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE DEFATTED SOYBEAN MEAL. Douglas C. McFarland and Merton H. Pubols*. Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6320, Arthur C. Eldridge and John P. Friedrich, Northern Regional Research Center, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604.

1512

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

GUT STASIS INDUCTION BY COCCIDIOSIS INFECTIONS IN CHICKENS. M. E. McKenzie,* Dept. of Parasitology, G. L. Colnaqo, S, Lee and P. L. Long, Dept. of Poultry Sci., University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602

BROILER RESPONSE TO PELLETING AS AFFECTED BY DIETARY ENERGY. J. L. McNaughton* and F. N. Reece. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, South Central Poultry Research Laboratory, Mississippi State, MS 39762 Broiler cockerels were fed from 1-28 or from 21-47 days of age to study the response to pelleted starter and finisher diets. Corn-soybean meal diets were formulated to contain calculated levels of either 3100, 3150, 3200, or 3250 (starter diets) or 3175 (finisher diets) kcal metabolizable energy (M.E.) per kg of diet and fed in either mash or crumbled form. Feeding dietary energy levels of 3100 to 3200 kcal M.E. per kg of starter diet, irrespective of feed form, resulted in equal mean body weights and feed consumptions. Heavier body weights resulted from feeding a crumbled diet compared to an all-mash diet when the dietary energy level was 3150 kcal M.E. per kg of diet. Body weights were similar among feed forms when dietary energy levels were 3100, 3200, and 3250 kcal M.E. per kg of diet. The 1-28 day feed:gain was reduced .088, .078, .042, and .012 in diets that contained 3100, 3150, 3200, and 3250 kcal M.E. per kg of diet, respectively, by crumbling diets as compared to feeding all-mash diets. Feeding crumbled or pelleted broiler feeds from 21-47 days of age resulted in .03 feed:gain improvement. Toxic factors in the feedstuffs, such as trypsin inhibitor, were not excessive. KEYWORDS:

Pelleting, dietary energy, broiler, trypsin inhibitor

FUNCTIONS OF MICRO-COMPUTERS IN POULTRY RESEARCH. J. L. McNaughton*, F. N. Reece, and B. D. Lott. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, South Central Poultry Research Laboratory, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762 A micro-computer with 64 k ram memory was obtained in 1980 to aid in poultry engineering, management, and nutrition research. This machine has proven to be versatile and has greatly accelerated the collection, processing, and analysis of data, as well as eliminating human error. The computer has been used in four general areas: 1) data collection and processing; 2) statistical analysis of data; 3) processing of mathematical models; and 4) linear least-cost feed formulation. Data may be inputed via a data terminal with non-volatile bubble memory, a cassette tape recorder, or manual entry of data from the keyboard. Appropriate programs are written in basic or fortran language that will further process the data and yield results as

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

Three experiments were conducted to determine the occurrence, duration and possible locations of gut stasis in chickens infected with Eimeria acervulina and £. maxima. The first experiment involved determination of a gut stasis condition in two groups of 3%-week-old broilers each orally inoculated with different numbers of £. acervulina oocysts. Gut passage time (GPT), the amount of time required for dyed feed to pass in the feces after force feeding, was determined on days 3, 5, 7 and 10 post inoculation (PI). GPT was significantly different (P < .05) from the control group on days 7 and 10 for both groups. The second experiment examined the differences in GPT, body weight gains (BWG) and feed intake of 5-week-old broilers orally inoculated with g. acervulina and g. maxima. GPT, BWG and feed intake were measured throughout the acute and recovery phases of the respective infections. Increased GPT observed in the £. maxima group during the acute and recovery phase depressed BWG and feed intake was affected during the acute phase only. The f_. acervulina infected birds showed increased GPT, but BWG and feed intake depression were not as severely affected. The third experiment involved timed paired necropsies of 90 3%-week-old broilers to determine the location and extent of gut stasis during the peak of coccidial infections. Necropsy results and dry matter analysis provided evidence to suggest a generalized gut stasis in the alimentary tract in both experimental groups. Thus, it appears that a generalized stasis occurs in chickens infected with g_. acervulina and E_. maxima which cannot completely be explained by decreased feed intake. KKY W O R D S : Coccidia; gut stasis; Eimeria

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1513

s p e c i f i e d . Temperature, humidity, s o l a r r a d i a t i o n , v o l t a g e , body weight and feed weight data from a d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n system, s t o r e d on t a p e , have been processed. Software for standard s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s such as ANOV, c h i - s q u a r e , and n t h order polynomial equation g e n e r a t i o n has been developed and i s used to analyze data obtained as described, or e n t e r e d manually by keyboard. Software for l i n e a r l e a s t - c o s t feed formulat i o n s has been developed and i s used r o u t i n e l y to formulate a l l experimental d i e t s .

KEY WORDS;

THE INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN METHIONINE, CHOLINE AND SULFATE IN BROILER DIETS. R. D. Miles*. N. Ruiz and R. H. Harms. Dept. of Poultry Science, University of FlorGainesville, FL 32611.

Two experiments were conducted to study the interrelationships between methionine, choline and inorganic sulfate i n a corn soybean meal d i e t . The basal d i e t contained 21% crude protein and 3264 Kcal ME/kg and no supplemental methionine, choline or potassium s u l f a t e . A 2x2x2 f a c t o r i a l arrangement of treatments was used involving .24% DL-methionine, 1100 mg choline/kg and/or .10% K2SO4. A t o t a l of 384 Cobb, male, feather sexed chicks were fed the experimental diets f o r three weeks in each experiment. Supplementing the basal d i e t with sulfate in the presence of choline or methionine resulted in a greater growth response than when either was supplemented alone. A consistent sulfate response occurred when the d i e t contained supplemental choline and no supplemental methionine. Results indicated t h a t s u l fate must be present f o r choline to spare a maximum amount of methionine. KEYWORDS:

methionine, choline, s u l f a t e , i n t e r a c t i o n , broilers

EFFECT OF DIEL SOUND PATTERN ON THE INCIDENCE OF GONADAL ESCAPE IN JAPANESE QUAIL. James R. Mi 11am, Dept. of Avian Science, University of C a l i f o r n i a , Davis, CA 95616, William H. Burke, Dept. of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30601 and Mohamed E. El Halawani, Dept. of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108. Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were used to assess the possible influence of diel ambient sound pattern on gonadal growth in quail exposed to nonphotostimulatory photoperiods. Male and female quail exposed to a 6 l i g h t : 1 8 dark (6:18 LD) photoperiod were concurrently exposed t o either a continuous white noise sound stimulus or to the diurnal sound pattern of human a c t i v i t y emanating from an adjacent hallway of a research f a c i l i t y . When sacrificed at either nine or eleven weeks of age the incidence of gonadal escape was s i g n i f i c a n t l y greater in the group exposed to the diurnal pattern of human a c t i v i t y . In a second experiment, three communally housed groups of male quail were exposed to a 9:15 LD photoperiod with l i g h t onset at 0700 h. In a d d i t i o n , each group was exposed t o a superimposed diel pattern of commercial FM radio programming, 3 h "on":21 h " o f f " with radio sound onset at either 0100 h (group 1), 0400 h (group 2) or 0700 h (group 3 ) . The incidence of gonadal escape was highest in group 1 . Body weights were not s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t in any group. When male quail were housed i n d i v i d u a l l y the onset of radio sound during the scotophase of a nonphotostimulatory photoperiod was associated, i n some i n d i v i d u a l s , with the onset of a diurnal a c t i v i t y pattern. KEYWORDS, ambient sound, diel cycles, gonadal growth, Japanese quail

EFFECT OF VARIOUS COCCIDIOSTATS ON GROWTH AND FEED CONVERSION WHEN FED BOTH IN BATTERIES AND FLOORED PENS. A l a n M i l l e r * , C. F . M e i n e c k e , C. S . W i n s t e a d a n d E . L . S t e p h e n s o n . D e p a r t m e n t o f A n i m a l S c i e n c e s , U n i v e r s i t y o f A r k a n s a s , F a y e t t e v i l l e , AR 7 2 7 0 1 Four c o c c i d i o s t a t s ,

monensin,

lasalocid,

halofuginone,

and

aprinocid

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

ida,

Micro-computer, p o u l t r y r e s e a r c h , feed formulation, data c o l l e c t i o n

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1514

w e r e f e d t o c o c k e r e l s ( H u b b a r d ) b o t h i n b a t t e r y b r o o d e r s , w h e r e no c h a l l e n g e was g i v e n , a n d i n f l o o r e d p e n s w i t h r i c e h u l l l i t t e r w h i c h h a d b e e n h e a v i l y i n f e s t e d w i t h s e v e r a l s p e c i e s of o o c y s t s . The o o c y s t s w e r e o b t a i n e d from i n t e s t i n e s o f b i r d s when " f i e l d b r e a k s " o f c o c c i d i o s i s occurred. In b a t t e r y b r o o d e r s , d i f f e r e n c e s were observed in growth r a t e , f e e d c o n s u m p t i o n , and w a t e r c o n s u m p t i o n . In t h e f l o o r e d pen b i r d s , t h e v a r i a b l e s s t u d i e d were g r o w t h r a t e and f e e d c o n s u m p t i o n . Monensin appeared t o h a v e a d e p r e s s i n g e f f e c t on g r o w t h r a t e e v e n t h o u g h t h e c o c c i d i o s t a t was w i t h d r a w n o n e week p r i o r t o a n a l y s i s i n b o t h t r i a l s . Feed c o n s u m p t i o n was a l s o d e p r e s s e d i n b o t h t r i a l s , a s was w a t e r c o n s u m p t i o n i n t h e b a t t e r y trial. H a l o f u g i n o n e , l a s a l o c i d , and a p r i n o c i d d i d n o t a d v e r s e l y e f f e c t the measured v a r i a b l e s . lasalocid,

halofuginone,

aprinocid,

coccidiosis

PROHOROFF POULTRY FARMS FEED QUALITY PROGRAM. P a u l C. M i l l e r * a n d L o r e n H i l l , P r o h o r o f f P o u l t r y F a r m s , 380 S . Twin Oaks V a l l e y R d . , San M a r c o s , Ca. 92069 A program began i n e a r l y 1981 t o a s s u r e t h a t t h e d a t a i n p u t t e d t o t h e l e a s t c o s t f o r m u l a t i o n program a c c u r a t e l y r e f l e c t e d a c t u a l f e e d s t u f f s , and t h a t a c t u a l n u t r i e n t l e v e l s m e e t t h e g u a r a n t e e s . The c a s h o u t l a y i n 1981 was $ 1 1 , 8 8 9 . R e f u n d s and c r e d i t s w e r e $4232 ( $ 2 9 3 9 from m e a t a n d b o n e m e a l a l o n e ) . Improved performance (.1% g r e a t e r egg p r o d u c t i o n ) g a v e an e s t i m a t e d $ 1 5 , 2 0 8 a d d i t i o n a l r e v e n u e f o r a g a i n of over $ 7 , 0 0 0 . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e e c o n o m i c a d v a n t a g e , v a r i o u s o b s e r v a t i o n s and e x p e r i ences h a v e convinced t h e a u t h o r s t h a t a feed q u a l i t y program i s an a b s o l u t e n e c e s s i t y f o r P r o h o r o f f P o u l t r y F a r m s ' 1000 m e t r i c t o n s p e r week f e e d m i l l . KEYWORDS:

Feed

Quality

AN EQUILIBRIUM ULTRACENTRIFUGAL STUDY OF OVOMUCIN IN RELATION TO EGG WHITE THINNING. Steven M. M i l l e r * , A. Kato and S. Nakai. Dept. of Food Science, University of B r i t i s h Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. Canada V6T 2A2. Multiple r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s was applied to sedimentation equilibrium data for determination of molecular weight d i s t r i b u t i o n (MWD). This method was found to be more s e n s i t i v e and r e l i a b l e for measuring the ovomucin-lysozyme i n t e r a c t i o n than e a r l i e r methods measuring p r e c i p i t a t e s or t u r b i d i t y . The ovomucin-lysozyme i n t e r a c t i o n was t y p i c a l l y e l e c t r o s t a t i c : lower temperatures and ionic s t r e n g t h s favoured the i n t e r a c t i o n ; a c e t y l a t i o n of lysozyme decreased the e x t e n t of i n t e r a c t i o n . Removal of s i a l i c acid r e s i d u e s from ovomucin did not a f f e c t the i n t e r a c t i o n . The e x t e n t of i n t e r a c t i o n of lysozyme with n a t i v e ovomucin in 1:1 (w/w) mixtures a t pH 6.9 was 20-30%, considerably lower than 70-80% with reduced, a l k y l a t e d ovomucin a t ionic s t r e n g t h . 0 7 . However, a t ionic s t r e n g t h .13 the e x t e n t of i n t e r a c t i o n was 6% with no d i f f e r e n c e between n a t i v e and reduced, a l k y l a t e d ovomucins. Based on these r e s u l t s from experimental c o n d i t i o n s c l o s e r t o those of n a t u r a l egg white than have been p r e v i o u s l y r e p o r t e d , the ovomucin-lysozyme i n t e r a c t i o n i s probably not a major cause of egg white thinning unless aggregation of ovomucin i s enhanced by the i n t e r a c t i o n in fresh eggs. The molecular weight of n a t i v e ovomucin decreased only s l i g h t l y from 5.64 x 10° to 5.25 x 10° during s t o r a g e of white for 166 hr a t 30 C. Furthermore, gel f i l t r a t i o n chromatography did not show a s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e in the area of peaks with mol wt of 0.59 x 10° and 1.78 x 10° corresponding t o the two peaks c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of SS-reduced ovomucin. These r e s u l t s suggest t h a t cleavage of SS l i n k a g e s i s a l s o an u n l i k e l y cause of thinning unless the reduced d i s u l f i d e s in the stored ovomucin are reoxidized p r i o r to the mol wt d e t e r m i n a t i o n . KEYWORDS:

equilibrium u l t r a c e n t r i f u g a t i o n , ovomucin-lysozyme i n t e r a c t i o n , n a t i v e ovomucin, egg white t h i n n i n g .

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

KEY WORDS: m o n e n s i n ,

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1515

COMPONENTS WHICH FORM THE THICKNESS OF THE ABDOMINAL REGION IN BROILER CHICKENS. Larry W. Mirosh* and Walter A. Becker. Dept. of Animal Sci., Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6310 The purpose of this experiment was to correlate the components comprising a caliper measurement with abdominal fat weight. At 35mm cloacal depth, caliper measurements were made between the cloaca and abdominal surface on left and right sides of 51 males and 69 females at 50 days of age. Broilers were killed the next day and abdominal skin thickness, leaf fat thickness, and leaf and gizzard fat weights were obtained. Means of caliper measurements for left and right sides of the abdomen were used for analysis.

Correlations indicate a close relationship between components in males but more variation in females. In a composite measurement to predict abdominal fat, abdominal fat must be the trait selected against and not another component.

KEYWORDS^

Caliper, thickness measurement, leaf fat, abdominal skin, abdominal fat, broiler chickens

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE STUDY OF THYMUS AND BURSA OF FABRICIUS. L.K. Misra*, J.D. Forster,. M.G. Luthra, F.R. Strebel, C.F. Hazlewood, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, and R.C. Fanguy, Poultry Science Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 Application of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in biological studies demonstrated that the physical properties of cellular water were different from those of pure water. Furthermore, characteristic changes in the NMR parameters of tissue were observed in several physiological and pathological states. Based on these observations, the potential use of proton NMR for organ imaging was conceived as early as 1973. Within the last two years remarkable improvements in resolution of proton density images have been achieved. Clinical studies of some members of our research team indicate that NMR images could be effectively used to predict the outcome of human kidney transplantation. Specific objective of this study was to determine the NMR parameters of normal organs which control the immune response. Thymus and bursa of Fabricius were removed from 6 weekold male Single Comb White Leghorn chickens. The spin-lattice (Tj) and spin-spin (T 2 ) relaxation times of these organs were measured using Bruker SXP NMR spectrometer. Mean Tj and T 2 values + S.D. for thymus were 696 + 12 and 8 0 + 2 ms, respectively. Comparable values for bursa were 729 + 9 and 8 4 + 2 ms. The percent water content for thymus and bursa was 81 +_ 1 and 83 + 1, respectively. These results will be discussed in relation to protein profile and electrolyte concentrations of these organs.

KEYWORDS:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Thymus, Bursa of Fabricius

MECHANICAL FAILURE CHARACTERISTICS OF NATIVE AND MODIFIED EGG WHITE GELS. J. G. Montejano-Gaitan, D. D. Hamann, and H. R. Ball, Jr.* Food Science Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, W. 275BTJ Mechanical failure characteristics of cooked egg white were evaluated using a torsion test and a uniaxial compression test. Native egg white and egg white modified with acetic anhydride, succinic anhydride, and oleic acid were evaluated. Gels were formed by cooking egg white to 80°C in stainless steel cylinders submerged in a 90°C waterbath. All gels had a Poisson's ratio of 0.49 indicating that the gels were incompressible materials. Gels made from succinylated or oleic acid treated albumen were highly deformable and did not fail in compression. When comparing torsion and compression results, shear stresses, true

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

Male data are presented first and female data second. Specific leaf fat thickness was 3.09mm and 4.14mm and abdominal skin thickness was 2.01mm and 2.02mm. Composite thickness measurements on live broilers were 4.30mm and 5.35mm. Correlation coefficients between abdominal fat weight and specific leaf fat thickness were .66 and .61, abdominal skin thickness .46 and .05 and composite thickness .62 and .50. Correlations between the composite measurement and specific leaf fat thickness were .65 and .45.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1516

shear strains, and shear moduli for native and acetylated egg white gels were in good agreement. Shear stresses at failure by torsion testing ranged from 13.0 KPa to 19.8 KPa. True shear strain at failure for oleic acid treated and succinylated egg white gels were approximately three times as great as for native egg white gels. Shear modulus values were about half as large. The results confirm that changes in biophysical properties of proteins prior to heat gelling significantly affect the failure properties. The sensitivity of the torsion test suggests that earlier examination of egg white gel texture properties by texturometer testing may have underestimated the differences in gels due to the modification procedures applied.

EFFECTS OF A LOW VOLUME COOLED AIR SOURCE ON HEAT STRESSED BROILER BREEDERS. R.W. Moore, K.W. Koelkebeck* and J.R. Cain, Dept. of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843. Forty broiler breeder hens and 12 males housed in a bioclimatic chamber were exposed to 3 temperature regimes. Initially, birds were exposed to a constant temperature of 27 C. Following this treatment, daily temperature cycles of 27-32-27 C simulated moderate heat stress conditions and diurnal cycles of 27-36-27 C produced severe heat stress. High temperatures were given for 8 hr/day and each condition lasted for at least 6 weeks. One half of the birds in this chamber received an individual low volume cool air source during daily periods of elevated temperature. Data were collected on egg production, feed consumption, fertility, hatchability, egg quality and several physiological parameters. Panting threshold was exceeded in both heat treatment periods but body temperatures were not elevated. No significant differences in rate of egg production were seen between cool air hens and controls during constant 27 C or cyclic 27-32-27 C; however, a highly significant 19% difference favored cool air hens given 27-36-27 C heat stress cycles. In contrast, fertility was significantly better from air cooled hens and males than from controls during both heat stress conditions, although semen quality differences were only apparent at the higher temperature. Hatch of fertile eggs did not differ and feed consumption differences occurred only at 36 C. Thus a low volume cool air system improved broiler chick production by about 20% during moderate daily heat stress of 32 C (90 F) through increased fertility. During severe heat stress simulated by daily exposure to 8 hr of 36 C (97 F ) , chicks/hen were increased about 70% by fertility and egg production differences in caged broiler breeders. KEYWORDS:

Broiler Breeders, Chickens, Heat Stress, Cages, Cooling Systems, Bioclimatic Chamber, Fertility, Eggs, Animal Welfare

IMMUNE CONTROL OF COLIBACILLOSIS IN CHICKENS. Emilio C. Mora*, Dept. of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Alabama 36849 A novel aqueous bacterin formulation using somatic antigens and isolated pili from Escherichia coli induced a protective level of immunity in broiler chicks. The bacterin was administered at 14 days of age and antibodies were detected 5 days later. At 5 weeks of age 90% of the chicks resisted aerosol and intra-nasal challenge as determined by the development of air sacculitis or other lesions from which E.. coli was isolated. The bacterin was designed to be of respository type but not to induce unacceptable localized responses as sometimes induced by emulsified preparations. The bacterin is also designed to be administered to layers in order to transmit a significant level of maternal immunity. KEYWORDS:

E. coli, bacterin, pili

MAINTENANCE NITROGEN REQUIREMENT OF THE SMALL WHITE TURKEY BREEDER HEN. E.T. Moran, Jr.*.P. Ferket and J. Blackman. Dept. of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada NIG 2W1. Diamond White hens that had been maintained in cages and were neither forming eggs nor

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

K E Y W O R D S : Mechanical failure, texture, rheology, egg white, egg white gels, shear stress, shear strain, shear modulus

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1517

molting served in N-balance studies. Maintenance energy requirement was estimated from the voluntary intake of breeder ration (16.6% proteln-2765 kcal ME/kg). No change in body weight occurred when jja. 46 kcal ME/kg BW/day was consumed but 172 mg N/kg BW/day was retained. Subsequent forced-feeding of a corn starch based "N-free" diet to provide 46 kcal ME/kg/day led to 53 mg N/kg BW/day endogenous loss when corrected for contaminating protein in the starch. An 85 mg N endogenous loss occurs without correction and corresponds to 2.0 mg endogenous N/basal kcal calculated from body weight. The minimal N need for maintenance was considered to be ca. 257 mg/kg BW/day.

KEYWORDS:

Maintenance Nitrogen Requirement, Turkey Breeder Hen, Feathers.

EFFECTS OF PROTEIN LEVELS IN BROILER FINISHER DIETS ON BODY COMPOSITION. Nureldin A. Musharaf * and J. David Latshaw. Dept. of Poultry Sci., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 An experiment was conducted to study the effects of different protein levels in broiler finisher diets on body composition. Diets containing 18, 20, 22 and 24% crude protein were formulated with the protein supplements made of equal amounts of cottonseed meal and peanut meal. Synthetic amino acids were included to meet the requirements of essential amino acids. All diets contained equal amounts of ether extract, ash and crude fiber so that increasing protein levels substituted for decreasing levels of nitrogen free extract. Diets were fed free choice when broilers were 28 days old. Sexes were housed separately. Males were fed the experimental diets for 21 days and the females were fed for 25 days. Increasing the protein in the diet resulted in an increase in the carcass protein (P<.05) Birds fed the 18 and 20% protein had less moisture and more carcass fat than the birds receiving 22 and 24% protein. This effect was not significant. Males showed the tendency to deposit more carcass fat than the females in all the diets. K E Y W O R D S : protein levels, Broiler finisher diet, Body composition.

UTILIZATION OF A FERMENTED POULTRY MANURE PRODUCT FOR FEEDING OF THE LAYING HEN. Edward C. Naber. Department of Poultry Science, The Ohio State University and Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210. A product resulting from the fermentation of fresh poultry manure with corn cobs (FPM) was fed to laying hens for a 40 week period at 0, 5, 10 and 20% of diets that were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous. The product contained 15% crude protein and was estimated to contain 2400 Kcal. ME per kg. Data on egg production, feed consumption, body weight, mortality, egg weight, egg specific gravity, albumen thickness and yolk color were obtained. Hen day egg production was excellent on all four dietary treatments and appeared to increase about 3% when FPM was included in the diet. Feed consumption was increased by feeding FPM, particularly at the 20% level. This may have been due to increased egg production and body weight but also to an overestimation of the energy value of the FPM. Livability of hens was 98% or more in all groups and no significant differences in egg weight or egg specific gravity were found. Albumen thickness was significantly improved as measured by Haugh Units at all levels of FPM. Yolk color was significantly reduced by the 10 and 20% levels of FPM due to lower diet pigment contents. The results indicate that FPM may be used in diets for laying hens while maintaining high levels of reproductive performance. An economic evaluation of the product will be made on the basis of current feed costs and performance of the hens. KEYWORDS:

fermented manure, manure feeding, egg production

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

In a second experiment, isocaloric semipurified rations (2750 kcal ME/kg) that were varying in protein content (2,4,6,8,10, and 12%) as supplied by a constant ratio of corn to soybean meal were forced-fed to supply 46 kcal ME/kg BW/day. All rations failed to attain the same degree of N retention as observed with the breeder ration. A model where N retention above equilibrium corresponded to feather synthesis while endogenous loss represented an inefficiency of recapture from muscle turnover, indicated that cystine need for maintenance would be exceptional (ca. 7g/16g N) and severely deficient in the corn-soybean meal rations employed.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1518

INFLUENCE OF PROTEIN AND SAA LEVELS ON EGG SIZE AND OTHER PRODUCTION CRITERIA DURING THE ONSET AND LAST PHASE OF LAY. H. Na.j ib and T. W. Sullivan*. Dept. of Animal Sci., Univ., of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0820.

KEYWORDS. PROTEIN, METHIONINE, CYSTINE, LAYERS, PULLETS & OLD HENS

Sci.,

FEED AND LIGHT RESTRICTION STUDIES WITH BROILERS. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331

H. S. Nakaue*, Dept. of Poultry

Two experiments each involving 1500 commercial broilers were carried out in a windowless uninsulated negative pressure ventilated house to determine the economical combination of feed and light restriction systems in producing broilers. In both experiments, various combinations of either continuous (C) or intermittent (I) light (L) (1 hr on; 3 hrs off; recycled) or full-feed (FFd) or limited (Lm) feeding (Fdg) time (T) of 8 hrs daily from 7 to 49 days of production were investigated. In both experiments, mean body weights and mortality were not significantly different among the treatments. Also, no significant differences among the treatments in feed conversion and feed consumed/bird to 7 weeks of age were observed in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. However in Experiment 1, significantly less feed was consumed per bird during the 7 week period for birds provided IL and LmFdgT than for birds provided either FFd-CL or FFd-IL or LmFdgT-CL. In Experiment 2, broilers provided LmFdgT-IL had significantly better feed conversion than birds provided either FFd-CL or FFd-18 hrs L/day or 95 percent FFd-IL. Economic evaluation of the feed and light regimes indicated that there were savings ranging from 1.5 to 3.2 cent per bird to 7 weeks of age when either IL alone or a combination of IL and LmFdgT were used. Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Paper No. 6321,

KEYWORDS:

Broilers, intermittent light, restricted feed

CONTENT AND AVAILABILITY OF EIGHT MINERALS IN SHELL OF CLAM, OYSTER, PERIWINKLE, MUSSEL AND LAND SNAIL FOR CHICKS. Emmanuel Nwokolo*, University of Science and Technology, PMB. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Content of copper, iron, iodine, manganese, zinc, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in burnt shell of clam, oyster, periwinkle, mussel and African giant snail were determined using atomic absorption or colorimetric methods. Mineral availability was determined in chicks using a quick bioassay method (Nwokolo et al_., 1976). Average content of calcium (40.23%) was high while magnesium, manganese and iron were in lower amounts (0.35%, 0.23%, 0.37% respectively). Copper, zinc, phosphorus and iodine (153 ppm, 125 ppm, 848 ppm and

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

Two experiments were conducted with hybrid, egg-type layers fed diets composed largely of yellow corn, milo and soybean meal. The first study involved birds 59 to 71 weeks of age given three dietary protein levels: 14.5, 13.0 and 11.5%, each with three levels of methionine-cystine (SAA). The lowest level of SAA was that furnished by the particular unsupplemented basal diet, while the third or highest SAA level was .53%. The second SAA level was midpoint between the low and high levels. Neither dietary protein level nor any of the protein-SAA combinations significantly affected egg size, production rate and feed efficiency. Eggs laid by hens receiving the 11.5% protein diets were about 2.0 g smaller than eggs from hens receiving higher protein. Egg production and feed efficiency declined as the experiment progressed and differences among periods were significant. Average egg weight did not increase or change with time as there were no significant differences among periods. Hens receiving 11.5% protein with .447% SAA had very good egg weight (63.8 g) , egg production rate (66.4%) and feed efficiency. The second study involved pullets from 21 to 39 weeks of age fed two protein levels, 16 and 20%, with different SAA levels. A dietary protein level of 16% with .60% SAA was adequate for rapidly increasing egg size and production rate, plus the best feed efficiency. Calculations based on the average daily feed intake and dietary nutrient levels indicated that 16.6 g of protein, .348 g methionine and .624 g SAA per hen daily were adequate for the most satisfactory performance in layers 21 to 39 weeks of age.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1519

990 ppm respectively) were in trace amounts. Mineral availability was high in all elements tested confirming the excellent value of these marine products as mineral sources in poultry diets. KEYWORDS:

availability, minerals, shell, clam, oyster, periwinkle, mussel, snail

NUTRITIVE VALUE FOR CHICKS, OF RAW AND PRESSURE COOKED PIGEON PEA (CAJANUS CAJAN) SUPPLEMENTED WITH TWO LEVELS OF LYSINE AND METHIONINE. Emmanuel Nwokolo,* University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

K E Y W O R D S , chicks, pigeon pea, lysine,methionine THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SEMEN QUALITY MEASUREMENTS AND FERTILITY. D.S. O'Banion, Poultry Research Department, DEKALB AgResearch, Inc., DeKalb, IL 60115 Semen quality measurements were taken on 254 Single Comb White Leghorn males of 14 strains to determine which, if any, could be used as predictors of fertility, Measurements were taken on semen volume, motility, spectrophotometer reading from which sperm number was calculated, and visual score. Visual score was a subjective measurement with values ranging from 1 (watery) to 5 (very thick). Semen samples were taken at intervals of 1 week and 1 month after an initial collection. These values were compared to corresponding fertility and hatchability values. Least squares means and analysis of variance corrected for unequal numbers, and correlations, adjusted for strain and date, were calculated. Least squares means were volume, .43 ml; motility, 74.02%; spectrophotometer reading, 43.35% transmittance; sperm number, 3.75 x 10 y /ml; visual score, 3.91; % fertility, 74.46%; % hatch of fertile, 71.42%; % total hatch, 61.15%. Analysis of variance showed both date and strain having a significant effect (P< .05) on all variables with the exception of date on volume which was non-significant. Correlations between fertility, and motility, sperm number, and visual score were .639, .593, and .524, respectively. The correlation between sperm number and visual score was .872. Repeatability estimates were volume, .30; motility, .30; spectrophotometer reading, .27; sperm number, .41; visual score, .23; and % fertility, .21. KEYWORDS: Semen quality, fertility

CHANGES IN THE BLOOD ACID-BASE BALANCE AND BLOOD IONIZED CALCIUM CONCENTRATION OF SCWL HENS DURING AN ACUTE HEAT STRESS. T.W. Odom*. Dept. of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843. P.C. Harrison, B. Main and W.G. Bottje. Dept. of Animal Science, University of Illinois, IL 61801. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of heat stress on blood acidbase balance and ionized calcium concentration of SCWL hens. Experiment 1 (Exp 1) consisted of surgically fitting 10 SCWL hens with carotid artery cannulas. The hens were

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

One hundred two-week old broiler chicks (Cobb strain, mixed sex) were used to estimate the nutritive value of raw and pressure-cooked pigeon pea supplemented with two levels of lysine (1.0%, 2.0%) and methionine (0.75%). 'Raw or cooked pigeon pea provided 30% of the protein in isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets. Growth rate, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio and terminal liver and pancreas weights were measured. Pressure cooking without supplementary lysine or methionine significantly (PlO.05) improved growth rate and feed conversion ratio of test birds over those on raw pigeon pea diet. Addition of either lysine or methionine at the low level did not improve growth or feed conversion in the raw diets. When added at the higher level, lysine or methionine improved growth rate and feed conversion to the same level as chicks on pressure cooked pigeon pea diets. Addition of supplementary lysine or methionine to the diets containing pressure cooked pigeon pea significantly improved growth rate to the same level as birds on the control corn-soybean meal diets. Chicks on raw pigeon pea diets had higher (P 0.05) pancreas and liver weights than those on control and cooked pigeon pea.

1520

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

KEYWORDS:

Respiratory alkalosis, Blood acid-base balance, Heat stress, ionized calcium

PRE-LAYING AND LAYING BEHAVIOR OF A COMMERCIAL SMALL WHITE STRAIN OF TURKEYS. H. Opel and J. A. Proudman. USDA, ARS, Avian Physiology Lab., Beltsville, MD 20705, and M. A. Ottinger. Department of Poultry Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742. Twelve commercial small white hens from a strain bred for cage use were housed in individual laying cages. Patterns of pre-laying and laying behavior were observed from an adjacent room through a one-way glass window. Eight of these hens were then moved to a floor pen containing 42 M of floor space and 8 doorless nest boxes. After a two-week period of adjustment behavioral observations were resumed. The most striking feature of pre-laying behavior, both in cages and in floor pens, was the hundreds of pacing and escape movements, indicative of frustration, that began in some hens as early as five hrs before oviposition. This behavior was similar in individual hens whether in cages or in pens. In the pen, the pacing movements, variable in speed and orientation, tended to occur as far as possible from the final nesting site. This activity was not seen on days of no lay. Pre-lay pacing was sometimes accompanied by a distinctive call. Nest building activity was incomplete or absent. Periods of sitting quietly before oviposition were brief and pre-lay pacing sometimes continued until 1-2 min before the egg was laid. Following oviposition, hens exhibiting prolonged periods of prelaying activity tended to stand immobile for several minutes with wings drooped and held away from the body Reasons for pre-lay frustration in the pen environment were not apparent. At the end of the study, on the 183rd day of production, daily egg production was still 75%. KEY WORDS: Egg laying behavior, Turkey hen

HORMONAL CONTROL OF REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR IN THE AVIAN MALE. M. A. Ottinger*. Dept. of Poultry Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742. Behavioral aspects of reproduction constitute a critical factor in the fertilizing capability of the male. A review of work in the area of hormonal basis of reproductive behavior must consider both specific behaviors and the hormones related to these specific behaviors. Courtship and mating behavior have been carefully described in domestic species. Studies in which males were castrated and subsequently given androgen replacement therapy have shown that the incidence of most sexual behavior requires the availability of circulating androgen. Other studies have shown that the onset of sexual behavior during sexual maturation follows the increasing steroid production by the gonads. There is evidence for a seasonal and possibly daily relationship of gonadal hormones and reproductive behavior. However, daily fluctuations in the androgen metabolites, particularly dihydrotestosterone, have a clearer relationship to frequencies of courtship and mating behavior than do plasma levels of testosterone. The age-related decline in reproductive efficiency appears to relate, at least in part, to changes in reproductive behavior. These changes may be due to hormonal changes or to altered responses in areas of the brain re-

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

placed in cages inside a temperature controlled chamber. The sampling end of each cannula was brought outside the camber to f a c i l i t a t e blood sampling without disturbing the b i r d s . Control blood samples were drawn during a pre-heat period (23 C) and then every hour during a 6 hour heat stress period (35°C). Blood PCO2, pH, HCO3, lactate and pyruvate values were determined on each sample. For experiment 2 (Exp 2) the methods were the same as Exp 1 with the exception that 5 birds were used, blood ionized calcium was analyzed and blood samples were drawn before (23°C), during (350C) and a f t e r (23°C) a 3 hour heat stress exposure. In Exp 1 and Exp 2 a condition of respiratory alkalosis (elevated blood pH, low blood PCO2) was developed by 1 hour a f t e r the s t a r t of heat exposure. Approximately 1 hour l a t e r (Exp 1 and Exp 2 ) , there was a concomitant decline i n blood pH as lactate and pyruvate levels increased (P<.01). In a d d i t i o n , the blood ionized calcium level (Exp 2) was reduced (P<.01) by 19% and showed a high negative s t a t i c a l correlation with the blood lactate and pyruvate concentration. These results suggest that compensation f o r the respiratory alkalosis occurs as a result of addition of organic acids to the blood. Further, the reduction in the ionized calcium level may be a t t r i b u t e d to binding with these organic acids.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1521

sponsible f o r control of behavior. F i n a l l y , environmental f a c t o r s , such as dominance hierarchy, also play an important role in the incidence of sexual behavior and the hormonal status of an i n d i v i d u a l . Although the relationship of dominance is not s t r i c t l y related to reproductive e f f i c i e n c y , our data have shown that more dominant males appear to have higher plasma testosterone, mate more frequently and have fewer scars from aggressive encounters. KEYWORDS-.

Gonadal hormones, reproductive behavior, male

Four strains of White Leghorn hens were fed either 2,76 or 3.52% dietary calcium from 25 to 36 weeks of age, 3.70 or 4.37% from 57 to 72 weeks and 3.53 or 4.54% from 73 to 85 weeks. At 73 weeks, the hens were changed from a 14:10 l i g h t : d a r k cycle to a 28 hour ahemeral cycle (4L:8D:4L:4D:4L:4D). During the 25-36 week period, strains A and B responded to the higher calcium ration by s i g n i f i c a n t l y increasing shell weights by 5 and 4%, respectively, while strains C and D did not increase shell weights. Strain A, with l i g h t e r eggs than s t r a i n B, had a better shell q u a l i t y , as measured by shell weight per unit of egg surface area (SWUSA). At the lower calcium l e v e l , strains C and D had s i g n i f i c a n t l y higher SWUSA's than strain B, but at the higher calcium l e v e l , strain B had a higher SWUSA than s t r a i n D. The higher c a l cium level reduced egg weights but the differences were not s i g n i f i c a n t . During the 57-72 week period, there was no s i g n i f i c a n t increase in shell weight from the increase i n calcium although the combination of less than s i g n i f i c a n t increases in shell weight and decreases in egg weight combined to give a s i g n i f i c a n t increase in SWUSA. Strains A and B produced heavier and stronger shells than strains C and D. During the 73-85 week ahemeral period, a l l strains responded to the increased day length by increasing egg and shell weight. Dietary calcium level had no s i g n i f i c a n t effects on egg weight, shell weight nor SWUSA. Significant strain differences persisted. KEYWORDS: shell q u a l i t y , egg weight, calcium l e v e l , shell weight, ahemeral l i g h t i n g

AHEMERAL LIGHT CYCLES AND PROTEIN LEVELS FOR OLDER LAYING HENS. L. E. Ousterhout* and J . 0. Nordstrom. Dept of Animal S c i . , Western Washington Research and hxtension Center, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA 98371. Two t r i a l s u t i l i z e d a t o t a l of 2578 White Leghorn hens to study shell quality late in the p u l l e t laying season and following a force-molt production cycle. Ahemeral l i g h t : d a r k cycles of 26- and 28-hr with d i f f e r e n t l i g h t : d a r k combinations were compared. Two protein levels (15 and 17%) were fed the f i r s t t r i a l and three (14, 16, and 18%) in the second to evaluate t h e i r effect on the egg weight and shell quality of older hens. In t r i a l 1 , 28-hr lightrdark cycles started at 67 weeks of age and again at 107 weeks s i g n i f i c a n t l y increased shell weight and egg weight over 26- or 24-hr cycles. Egg weights were not s i g n i f i c a n t l y increased by 26-hr cycles compared to 24-hr, but shell weight and, generally, shell q u a l i t y was improved. A 16-week ahemeral period, followed by a forced molt, a 24-hr cycle period and a second ahemeral period at 107 weeks of age gave equivalent egg production and feed efficiency to a double forced-molt system. In t r i a l 2 , a l l 28-hr cycles examined s i g n i f i c a n t l y increased shell q u a l i t y , shell weight and egg weight over the 24-hr cycle. Total l i g h t varying from 10 to 20 hours of the 28-hr cycle resulted i n no s i g n i f i c a n t differences except f o r a lowered egg product i o n f o r the hens receiving only 10 hr l i g h t per cycle. In both t r i a l s , the lowest protein level fed resulted in reduced egg weights, s i g n i f i cant at either the 5 or 10% p r o b a b i l i t y l e v e l s , and in the second t r i a l , a s i g n i f i c a n t l y improved shell q u a l i t y during the second ahemeral period which started at 114 weeks of age.

KEYWORDS: Ahemeral l i g h t cycles, egg weight, shell weight, shell q u a l i t y , protein l e v e l , forced molt, laying hens.

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

THE EFFECTS OF STRAIN, AGE AND DIETARY CALCIUM LEVEL ON SHELL WEIGHT AND QUALITY IN LAYING HENS. L. E. Ousterhout*. Dept of Animal S c i . , Western Washington Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA 98371.

1522

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

THE INFLUENCE OF DIETARY AVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF FORCED-MOLTED LAYING HENS. W. J. Owings* and J. L. Sell, Dept. of Animal Sci., Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011.

KEYWORDS: Forced-molting, Laying Hens, Available Phosphorus

SENSORY PROCEDURES FOR MEASURING DIFFERENCES AND INTENSITY. R. M. Pangborn and A. C. Noble. Depts. of Food Science and Technology, and Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 Selection of reliable sensory methods is critical, not only in academic experimentation, but also in industrial research, product development, and quality control. Two useful techniques involve quantification of differences among treatments, and degree of intensity. Detection, recognition, and discrimination thresholds have several applications. However, these measures vary widely due to environmental and experiential influences, and they represent but one point on a dynamic concentration continuum. Compounds with similar thresholds could increase in perceived strength at different rates, and be very dissimilar at the concentration at which they occur in the actual product. Also, due to blending, masking, or synergism, it is tenuous to predict strength or quality of sensory attributes of a product from measurement of single constituents. Measurement of intensity necessitates the use of ordinal (ranking), category (scoring), or ratio (magnitude estimation) scales. The strength and limitations of these scales will be presented, with contrasts between hedonic and intensity responses both to model systems and to food products. KEYWORDS.

Sensory Methods, Discrimination, Thresholds, Scaling

ENHANCED LIVABILITY AND IMPROVED IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSIVENESS IN ASCORBIC ACID SUPPLEMENTED COCKERELS DURING ACUTE HEAT STRESS. S.L. Pardue* and J.P. Thaxton, Dept. of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27650 High environmental temperature will impair humoral immune responses in chickens. The present study was conducted to determine if Ascorbic Acid (AA) would ameliorate high environmental temperature-induced immunosuppression. Broiler cockerels received a standard grower ration containing 1000 ppm of AA. Controls received grower ration without AA. Chicks were brooded normally for 3 weeks and during the remainder of the experiment were maintained at 22+0.8 C. At 4 weeks both AA-supplemented and control chicks were exposed to 30 minutes of heat on each of three consecutive hours in an environmentally controlled chamber. Temperature in the chamber was 43+0.1 C and relative humidity was 40+2%. All birds were immunized with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) (1 ml, M suspension, IV) 12 hours post-heating. Heating reduced body weight gain, bursa weight, spleen weight, and anti-SRBC levels. Heating increased total adrenal weight, plasma corticosterone levels, Na + /K + ratio, and mortality. AA ameliorated each of these heating effects. AA appeared to reduce stress-related responses and improved physiologic adaptation. KEYWORDS:

Heat stress, Ascorbic Acid, broilers

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

Commercial White Leghorn hens, seventy-two weeks of age were confined two hens in a 25x45 cm cage. The hens were molted by either the removal of feed for seven days or the removal of water for three days plus the removal of feed for seven days. On day eight, the hens from the treatment with both feed and water removed were fed a low-protein feed while the other hens were fed cracked corn only. The molt period feeds were fed through day twenty-eight at which time the hens from each molt program were placed on layer diets containing either .15, .30 or .45% available phosphorus. The layer feeds were fed for six four-week periods. There were no significant differences in laying house performance due to method of forced-molting. Hens receiving the diets with the lowest level of available phosphorus (.15%) had significantly lower hen-day egg production, consumed significantly less feed, and had significantly higher mortality than hens receiving either of the two higher levels of dietary available phosphorus. There were no significant interactions between forcedmolting methods and dietary available phosphorus.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1523

INTERRELATIONSHIP OF EGG SIZE AND EGGSHELL QUALITY FACTORS. J.F. Parkinson''', E.A. Sauter, C.F. Petersen and E.E. Steele. Dept. of Animal Sci., University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 838T3

K E Y W O R D S : Egg Weight, Eggshell Quality, Shell Membrane, Specific Gravity, Shell Weight, Shell Membrane wt/cm 2

EFFECT OF DIETARY PROTEIN LEVEL AND MONENSIN ON PERFORMANCE OF CHICKS. *C. M. Parsons and P. H. Baker. Dept. of Animal Sci., University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 Four experiments were conducted to investigate a possible interaction between dietary protein level and monensin on growth performance of young chicks. Crossbred chicks (New Hampshire x Columbian) or commercial broiler chicks (Hubbard x Hubbard) were fed cornsoybean meal diets containing various protein levels, with or without added monensin (160 or 121 mg/kg). Monensin had little or no effect on growth performance of crossbred chicks fed diets containing 24 or 20% protein. However, growth performance of chicks fed 16% protein diets was depressed 15 and 8% by 160 and 121 mg/kg monensin, respectively. With commercial broiler chicks, a marked interaction was observed between dietary protein level,and monensin. As dietary protein level decreased, the depression in performance from monensin increased. At 24.0, 21.5, 19.0 and 16.5% protein, weight gains at four weeks of age were depressed 20, 29, 35 and 45% by 160 mg/kg monensin and 7, 14, 19 and 28% by 121 mg/kg monensin, respectively. Linear regression analysis indicated that 121 mg/kg monensin depressed growth rate an additional 2.7% for each 1% reduction in dietary protein level. A large portion of growth depression from monensin could be explained by reduced feed intake. The results of this study indicate that level of dietary protein has a profound effect on the magnitude of growth depression caused by addition of monensin to chick diets. Thus, deficient levels of dietary protein should be avoided when using this anticoccidial drug in broiler feeds.

KEYWORDS: Monensin, protein level, coccidiostat, chick

TRUE METABOLIZABLE ENERGY CORRECTED TO NITROGEN EQUILIBRIUM. C M . Parsons*, L.M. Potter, and B.A. Bliss. Department of Poultry Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061. A study was conducted to examine the effects of the correction of excreta energy to nitrogen equilibrium in the determination of true metabolizable energy (TME). Roosters and laying hens were fed diets consisting of a standard layer ration blended with increasing amounts of dehulled soybean meal ranging from 0 to 100%. Apparent dry matter digestibility, nitrogen retention, and apparent metabolizable energy were greater for females than the males- For males and females, dehulled soybean meal had values for dry matter digestibility of 50.1 and 51.7%, TME of 3.087 and 3.145 kcal/g dry matter, metabolizable energy corrected to nitrogen equilibrium (MEn) of 2.683 and 2.719 kcal/g dry matter, and TME corrected to nitrogen equilibrium (TMEn) of 2.890 and 2.946 kcal/g dry matter, respectively. The difference between TME and TMEn values were due to large nitrogen losses from non-dietary sources by fasted-birds than by fed-birds. Thus, the metabolic fecal and endogenous urinary energy as measured from the fasted-birds provides a larger correction than justified for accurate

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

Thirty SCWL hens 48 wks of age and housed in individual laying cages were used in a 20 wk experiment to study the interrelationship of egg wt on shell wt, shell membrane wt, shell surface area and specific gravity of eggs. Shell and shell membrane wt/cm 2 of shell surface were also determined. Hens were divided into three groups according to egg wt based on a 2-week indexing period prior to the start of the experiment. Average starting egg wt for the groups were: low, 51.6; medium, 56.5 and high, 63.7 g/egg. Data were collected on individual eggs from each hen. Egg production averaged 71-0% during the experiment. Egg wt increased by an average of 5.1 g/egg during the study and peaked between week 13 and 15 of the experiment. Most characteristics studied were significantly (P<.05) correlated to egg wt. Overall correlations for egg wt-shelI wt were r = .775, egg wtspecific gravity r = .144 and egg wt-shell surface area r = .950. Results also indicate a significant negative relationship between egg wt and shell membrane wt/cm 2 of eggshell surface.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1524

TE determinations. The differences between the TME and the TME n in this study explains in part the previously reported abnormally high values for TME over M E n . Thus, M E n is a more accurate measurement of metabolizable energy than is TME. KEYWORDS: Metabolizable energy corrected to nitrogen equilibrium, True metabolizable energy, true metabolizable energy corrected to nitrogen equilibrium,

ANDROGEN AROMATIZATION AND CYTOLSOL ESTRADIOL-RECEPTORS IN THE MEDIATION OF MALE SEXUAL BEHAVIOR IN HIGH AND LOW MATING LINE JAPANESE QUAIL. M. Cohen Parsons*, H. P. Van Krey, and P. B. Siegel, Poultry Science Dept., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061

(Supported in part by NSF Grant BNS-78-24493) KEYWORDS:

aromatization, estradiol-receptor, sexual behavior, quail

DESCRIPTIVE TESTS. Dublin, CA 94566

Suzanne D. Pecore*.

Foremost-McKesson Research Center,

Descriptive analysis is defined as the detection, description and quantification of the specific sensory components of aroma, flavor or texture. This descriptive process requires panelists that have been trained in the use of a common descriptive terminology, specific evaluation procedures, and a specific scale to evaluate the intensity of each attribute. There are currently three main methods for the descriptive analysis of food products — Flavor Profiling, Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA) and Texture Profiling. The basic evaluation procedure of each method will be described, including the panel selection, panel leadership and panel training involved. The end result of each methodology is a detailed description of the sensory characteristics of a product, although the type of description varies among the three methods. The pros and cons of the methods will be discussed, along with the modifications that are possible within each method. The application of descriptive analysis in general will be presented, with specific examples in the area of poultry evaluation. KEYWORDS: Descriptive Analysis, Sensory Evaluation, Aroma, Flavor, Texture

EFFECT OF FUSARIUM CULTURES, T-2 TOXIN AND ZEARALENONE ON REPRODUCTION OF TURKEY MALES. Alfredo Peguri* and Neil K. Allen, Dept. of Animal Sci. and C.J. Mirocha, Dept. of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108. Nicholas Large White turkey males 35 weeks of age (2 groups of 3 per treatment) were fed for 8 weeks cultures of Fusarium roseum gibbosum (FRG) grown on rice at levels to provide 50 and 100 ppm zearalenone (.35 and .7%); Fusarium trincinctum (FT) at dietary levels of .O57o and .1%, purified zearalenone at 50 and 100 ppm, and purified T-2 toxin at 5

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

The neuroendocrinology of masculine sexual behavior was examined in Japanese quail selected bidirectionally for adult mating frequency. Brain tissues from functionally castrated, High (HML) and Low Mating Line (LML) quail were utilized to compare (1) -in v-ivo aromatization of 3H-testosterone and (2) cytosolic estradiol-binding by -in v-LOlo saturation analyses. In Expt. 1 the total 3 H or %-testosterone metabolite radioactivity did not differ among lines. Of all ^H-testosterone metabolite radioactivity, %-estradiol represented 45+6% in the HML and 46+6% in the LML quail, indicating that the line difference in mating frequency is not due to a corresponding difference in aromatase activity. Using a single class binding site model in Expt. 2, the apparent dissociation constant (Kj) for the estradiol receptor interaction in the HML quail was .40+.06 nM and the number of specific estradiol-binding sites ( B ^ x ) was 10.4+.4 fmoles/mg protein. For the LML quail, an apparent K d of .41+.20 nM and a B j , ^ of 9.5+1.0 fmoles/mg protein were obtained. The similarity between corresponding binding parameters for the lines indicates that the number and/or estradiol-binding affinity of single class specific cytosol receptors are not responsible for the line difference in mating frequency. In summary, these results suggest that the divergence in sexual behavior is based upon some mechanism other than the rate of aromatization of testosterone to estrogen or the interaction of estrogen with a single class of specific receptor.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1525

KEYWORDS: Fusarium, zearalenone, T-2 toxin, reproduction, fertility, hatchability, turkey, males, mycotoxins

THE RESPONSE OF MALE BROILER CHICKENS TO GROWING-PHASE DIETS CONTAINING VARIOUS PROTEIN AND ENERGY CONTENTS. G.M. Pesti* and D.L. Fletcher. Dept. of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 Two growth trials (with 2400 male broilers each) were conducted with five levels of dietary protein (17-5 to 22?) and five levels of ME (2.9 to 3.4 kcal ME/kg) in a central composite design. The diets were based on corn, soybean meal, wheat middlings'"and poultry oil. The regression of broiler body weight on the linear effects of dietary protein and energy and broiler age, the quadratic effects of age, and their interactions, accounted for approximately 99% of the observed variation during the growing/finishing period (3-8 weeks of age). Increasing either dietary protein or energy level significantly increased broiler weights (P<.05). The regression of feed consumption on the linear effects of age, protein, energy and protein x energy interaction, and the quadratic effect of age accounted for 94? of the observed variation. The regression of feed efficiency on the linear effects of protein, energy, and age and the quadratic effects of dietary protein and age accounted for 97? of the observed variation. Feed consumption and efficiency were dependent on both dietary protein and energy, increasing with increases in either dietary protein or energy level. The regression of ready-to-cook carcass fat on the linear effects of protein, energy and age accounted for 19? of the observed variation. Carcass fat increased with increasing age and dietary energy, and decreased with increasing dietary protein. Although body weights, feed consumption and efficiency were significantly different between trials (P < .05) the proportion of carcass fat was not (P > .05).

KEY WORDS:

Broiler • protein • metabolizable energy • carcass fat

THE EFFECT OF FORMULATION AND PROCESSING ON THE WATER ACTIVITY OF EGG SAUSAGE. Oscar A. Pike* and Clayton S. Huber. Dept. of Food Sci. and Nutr., Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602 The effect of processing conditions and formulation on the water activity of Egg Sausage was investigated. The Egg Sausage, a new product that simulates breakfast sausage, contains approximately 45% whole egg, 25% porkfat and 20" mechanically deboned poultry meat. Variations in processing conditions were per cent humidity and final cooking temperature. Ingredients that were varied in the experimental design included whey solids, sodium chloride and hydrolyzed vegetable protein. Water activity was measured using an electric hygrometer. K E Y W O R D S : water activity, egg products

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

ppm. Thereafter all birds were fed a control diet for 4 weeks. Groups of 11 turkey hens in egg production fed a control diet, were randomly assigned to each group of toms and the hens inseminated with .05 ml of pooled semen. Inseminations were given 1 week pretest, week 3, week 8 and at the end of the recovery period. Some control birds were sick in the last weeks of the experiment with a respiratory condition. Feed consumption, body weight, mouth lesions, sperm number and sperm motility were measured in toms and reproductive performance of semen evaluated through egg fertility, hatchability, and embryo mortality. Feeding FRG, FT and T-2 toxin caused decreased feed consumption and body weight and the presence of mouth lesions. By the end of the 4 week post-test period only body weight of . VL FT fed toms was significantly lower than controls. Sperm number was lower for control toms during the recovery period. Sperm motility was reduced at the end of the test period for control toms and lower for 100 FRG fed toms at the end of the recovery period. Fertility and hatchability was decreased by week 8 and during the recovery period for control and 100 FRG fed toms. Hatchability was decreased by 50 FRG but improved during the recovery period.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1526

EFFECT OF INBREEDING ON REPRODUCTION IN THE RING-NECKED PHEASANT. A.E. Woodard and L.R. Snyder. Department of Avian Science, University Davis, CA 95616.

J.H. Pisenti*. of UaIitornia,

KEYWORDS,

Pheasant, inbreeding

INORGANIC SULFATE AND METHIONINE ADDITIONS TO DIETS OF YOUNG TURKEYS. L. M. Potter*. J. R. Shelton, and P. J. Castaldo. Department of Poultry Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 Two replicate experiments utilizing 864 Large White turkeys were conducted to determine the effects and possible interactions of adding inorganic sulfate and DL-methionine to diets on body weight gains and feed consumptions. The basal diet contained 48.15% ground yellow corn, 36% dehulled soybean meal, 12% meat and bone meal, 2% stabilized fat, .35% lysine HC1, .4% glucose monohydrate and added vitamins and minerals. Inorganic sulfate from either sodium sulfate (0, .0952 and .1904%) or potassium sulfate (0, .1168 and .2336%) and methionine (0, .05, .10 and .15%) were added in the place of glucose monohydrate to form a 6 x 4 design of 24 dietary mixtures. Each dietary mixture was fed to 9 males and 9 females from one day to 7 weeks of age. From feeding diets containing 0, .05, .10 and .15% added DL-methionine, 7-week body weights were 2020, 2162, 2238 and 2243 g, and feed consumptions were 3346, 3478, 3587 and 3571 g, respectively, producing significant increases. From feeding diets containing 0, .0215 and .0430% added sulfur from sulfates, body weights from 2163, 2167 and 2167 g, and feed consumptions were 3483, 3510 and 3494 g, respectively, but none were significant. Thus, sulfates did not replace or alter the requirement for added methionine in diets of young turkeys. KEYWORDS:

methionine, sulfate, turkeys

ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY IN CHICKEN FECALASE AND CECALASE. Merton H. Pubols* and Douglas C. McFarland. Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington. 99164-6320. Cell-free enzyme preparations from the feces and cecal contents of young broiler chicks were prepared and tested for hydrolytic activity towards several complex carbohydrates. Enzyme activity was quantitated by measuring the reduction in viscosity of substrates as measured by an Ostwald viscometer. Enzyme preparations from the feces (Fecalase) possessed hydrolytic activity towards locust bean gum, pectin, guar gum, and aqueous extracts from barley and rye. Similar extracts from cecal contents (Cecalase) showed hydrolytic activity against locust bean and guar gums and an aqueous extract of barley. There was no detectable activity in the presense of pectin or an aqueous extract of rye. These preparations, which presumably contain both microbial and endogenous enzymes, may provide a means of assessing the ability of chicks to utilize complex carbohydrates. KEYWORDS:

Cecalase, Fecalase, Complex carbohydrates

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

Ten pheasant lines were established in 1978; four of Chinese Ring-necked (Phasianus colchicus colchicus) and six of Mongolian Ring-necked (Phasianus colchicus mongolicus). Each line consisted of a single male and five to seven females. In 1979, 1980 and 1981, daughters, granddaughters and great-granddaughters were bred back to the original male in each line. In lines where the original male died, a son of the previous year was used. During the breeding season, lines were maintained separately in outdoor pens. Eggs were collected from all groups during a ten week period, and were set every two weeks. Egg weight, egg production, fertility and hatchability was recorded for each line. The first generation of inbreeding (father x daughter, F=0.25) showed an overall decrease in productivity, with a decrease of 7 to 61% in egg production and 14 to 68% in hatchability. Fertility was more variable, ranging from a 5% increase to a 68% decrease. In the second inbred generation (F=0.37b), one line was lost, and most showed a 23 to 73% drop in egg production from the previous generation. Four lines produced fewer than 15 chicks that year. However, two lines doubled their production, three showed an increase in fertility, and four showed an increase in hatchability. The data indicates that continued backcrossing to a single sire will cause a large drop in production in the first generations of inbreeding. However, lines that survive and even show increasing fertility and hatchability may be good stock for further breeding to establish highly inbred pheasant lines.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1527

EFFECT OF SODIUM LAURYL SULFATE ON EGG SHELL QUALITY IN LAYING HENS. V. Purohit? Ij. G. Peoples and D.K. Sen, Poultry Research, Dept. of Agriculture, CSRS, Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA 23803

KEY WORDS:

sodiuia lauryl sulfate, shell quality, shell thickness, shell weight, shell strength, calcium, elasticity

THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF THIRD-PARTY POULTRY EQUIPMENT LEASES. Allan P. Rahn* and Glenn H. Carpenter. Dept. of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824. The Economic Recovery Act of 1981 contains provisions which assure that a qualifying third-party financing lessor is eligible, as an owner, to claim cost recovery (depreciation) and investment tax credits. Third-party lessors with relatively high marginal income tax rates are thereby encouraged to provide more favorable financing terms through interest rate concessions tolessees. A discounted cash flow analysis was conducted to determine the interest rate concessions--within typical rate ranges—needed by an investor to be indifferent between third-party lessor or traditional debt financing arrangements. Five year recovery period property such as single purpose poultry structures or equipment were the investments considered. Other assumptions incorporated an evaluation period equal to a 12 year useful life, accelerated cost recovery system specified percentage deductions, fully amortized terms over a 7 year period with 90 percent lessor or 80 percent debt financing, a 10 percent of initial cost exercised lease purchase option, and identical operating costs. Interest rate concessions of approximately 2.7, 3.3, and 4.3 percent at investor marginal income tax rates of 10, 20, and 30 percent, respectively, were needed for the investor to be indifferent between third-party lessor or traditional debt financing arrangements. KEYWORDS:

Leasing, equipment

THE EFFECT OF HOLDING TIME, TEMPERATURE, AND DIETARY ENERGY ON YIELDS OF BROILERS. F. N. Reece*, B. D. Lott, and J. L. McNaughton, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, South Central Poultry Research Laboratory; and T. C. Chen and C. P. Schultz, Poultry Science Department, MAFES-Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 Using 8-week-old broilers, feed was withdrawn but water was available for 12 hr before the birds were held in crates at 10.0 and 32.2 C for 8 and 16 hr or at 26.7 C for 16 hr. The effects of holding time, holding temperature and dietary energy on shrinkage and processing yields were investigated. The rates of live weight loss were linear with holding time and were 0.219%/hr and 0.513%/hr for birds held at 10.0 and 32.2 C, respectively. Male birds tended to have higher weight loss than the females. When based on preholding weight, carcass yields decreased significantly for both holding times at both temperatures; however, yields tended to slight-

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

This study was conducted to test the effect of a detergent- sodium lauryl sulfate(SLS) on egg shell quality in laying hens. Variable concentrations ( 0, .01, .05, .10, 0 25, .50 and 1.0$ ) of SLS incorporated into laying hen diet were fed to different groups of birds. Eggs were collected to evaluate shell quality by measuring egg shell breaking strength(kg ) , shell thickness ( mm ) and shell weight ( g ) . Results suggested that .25% and higher levels of SLS can significantly ( P<«05 ) increase shell strength by 4.5 to 8.7%, shell thickness by 2.2 to 2.9% and shell weight by 2.4 to 3.4% in laying hens maintained on basal diet containing 2.5% calcium. Increases in these parameters were more at .50% than at .25% of SLS level. However, further increase in SLS level from .50% to 1.0% did not appear to influence shell quality anymore. Levels of SLS less than .25% did not affect shell quality significantly. Experiments conducted in laying hens maintained on higher level of calcium ( 4.5% ) demonstrated that .25 and .50% levels of SLS can significantly ( P<.05) increase egg shell breaking strength ( 4.4 to 5»6% ) without increasing shell thickness and shell weight. Serum calcium and phosphorus levels were not affected by SLS levels used in this study. It is suggested that SLS can improve egg shell quality by l) increasing shell thickness and shell weight and 2) increasing elasticity of egg shell.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1528

ly increase when based on the post-holding weight. Broilers reared on a 3325 kcal/kg ration lost significantly more than those reared on a 3100 kcal/kg ration after 16 hr of holding at 26.7 C. Eviscerated carcass yields were significantly higher for the birds reared on the low energy diet than for the higher energy diet. Increase in holding time reduced viscera weight and the weight of blood lost during slaughter. KEYWORDS: Processing, yield, environment, dietary energy, broilers

KEY WORDS: Quality Control

FLAVOR EVALUATION OF CHICKEN MEAT FROM NARASIN FED BROILERS. A. R. Rhorer , E. J. Furumoto, R. D. Wesley, A. I. Ikeme, D. E. Pratt and W. J. Stadelman, Food Science Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907. Flavor comparisons were made using a sensory panel and a triangle test as well as with a consumer panel between meat samples from broilers fed a commercial broiler ration without a coccidiostat and samples of meat from broilers fed the anticoccidial agent, narasin. Two hundred broiler chicks were divided into four pens of fifty birds each. Sexes were separated. One pen of males and one pen of females were fed commercial broiler starter and grower rations and two other pens, male and female, were fed a similar ration containing 80 mg/kg of narasin. There were no significant differences in growth, feed efficiency or mortality between the two feeding regimes. Medicated feed was withdrawn 72 hrs prior to slaughter at 49 days of age. Meat was prepared for flavor evaluation either by pressure deep fat frying or by oven roasting. Sensory panel evaluations were made on freshly cooked product and on 24 hr refrigerated cooked meat reheated in a convection oven to 45°C prior to evaluation. Consumer panelists were served the chicken only as fried chicken shortly after cooking. No flavor differences were detected by the sensory panel with freshly cooked or reheated chicken or by the consumer panelists. Narasin when fed at an 80 ppm level in the feed with a 72 hr withdrawal does not alter the flavor of fried or roasted chicken. KEYWORDS:

Anti-coccidial agent, narasin, broiler meat flavor

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

A CASE STUDY ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A FORMAL QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAM FOR A HATCHERY. R.D. Reynnells,* Ext.Poultry Sci., Univ. of Ga., Athens, Ga. 30602; B. Bruene, Claxton Poultry, Glennville, Ga. 30427; and B. Jarreau, Country Skillet, Dalton, Ga. 30702. Due to insufficient data needed to determine the cause of hatchability (hby) and chick quality problem at a broiler hatchery, a case study was conducted. This study, or pilot quality control (QC) program, was also instituted to develop a formal, sustained QC program. Formal QC programs have improved hby and chick quality at broiler hatcheries. Starting of a formal QC program, versus periodic data collection, was accomplished via the following: 1) collect primary data (to solve current problems; to develop a company profile and guidelines; to observe trends); 2) personnel training; 3) re-enforce need for continual monitoring of hatchery environment and chick quality. Initial data for QC program segments were collected in response to specific problems, and periodically thereafter. Initial data was also collected as part of a QC concept where egg and chick quality was monitored as they progressed through the hatchery. Examples of the former data are: CO2 cone, (not over 0.5%); beak trimming (no. poorly trimmed beaks decreased 6% with monitoring); monitoring air quality of hatchery rooms for fungi and bacteria (used standard Ga. Poultry Diag.Lab procedure^ For egg/chick monitoring, eggs from two flocks were periodically evaluated at 27-52 weeks of age. Three trays/flock (432 eggs) were evaluated, prior to setting, for the following: 1) cracked eggs (not over 0.5%) and shell contamination (not over 1%); and 2) specific gravity (SG) (used as an aid to identifying a nutritional problem; daily SG variation as an indicator of age of the egg; SG related to %cr. to verify egg handling problems). At day 7-10 of incubation, break-out procedures followed to determine: 1) cr. due to setting; 2) embryo death and contamination; 3) no. infertile, to warn of a breeder flock problem. Eggs not hatched evaluated for embryo death and contamination; pips; and no. of transfer cracks. QC data are compared with literature values and company and industry standards, and are viewed as a continuum between current status and goals. Due to accomplishment of the objectives listed, a formal QC program was initiated.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

LONG-TERM SHELL-LESS CULTURE OF TURKEY EMBRYOS. Mark P. Richards*• Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705

1529

USDA, ARS,

Shell-less Embryo Culture, Turkey, Growth, Development.

SOYBEAN-SUNFLOWER MEAL COMBINATIONS WITH WHEAT OR MILO FOR LAYERS. Robert, H. Roberson*. Department of Animal Science, New Mexico State University, University Park, NM 88003 Milo or wheat supplemented with different combinations of soybean meal and sunflower meal with and without added lysine were used in a factorial arrangement of 8 dietary treatments. Each diet was fed to 18 pullets in 6 replications (cages) of three pullets. Hen day egg production was similar for milo and wheat. Egg weight and egg mass were somewhat lower but kg feed/kg egg was higher for wheat than for milo. Hen day egg production and egg mass were higher for the combination of soybean meal and sunflower meal than for either protein source alone. Lysine supplementation of sunflower meal diets generally improved hen day egg production, egg mass and kg feed/kg egg. KEYWORDS: Milo, wheat, soybean meal, sunflower meal, egg production, egg mass, egg size, kg feed/kg egg.

AVy\N LEUKOSIS VIRUSES TARGET FOR SPECIFIC FORMS OF NON-ACUTE DISEASE H.L. Robinson, Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology, Shrewsbury, MA 01545; P.N. Tsichlis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20014 and J.M. Coffin, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111. The results of in vivo oncogenicity tests indicate that helper viruses obtained from stocks of Bryan Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) cause a high incidence of lymphomas, whereas helper viruses obtained from stocks of Fujinami sarcoma virus and avian myelocytomatosis virus and transformation defective viruses obtained from stocks of Prague-RSV cause a high incidence of osteopetrosis. Evidence will be presented that the ability to cause a high incidence of a specific form of non-acute disease is encoded in the viral genome, is independent of the envelope antigens of the virus, and is not encoded by U3 sequences that promote viral mRNA synthesis. Avian leukosis viruses (ALVs) that induce a high incidence of lymphoma do so by inserting a provirus adjacent to the host gene c-myc. We speculate that such ALVs encode an integration factor that recognizes the c-myc region of the host genome. According to this speculation, viruses that target for other forms of disease would encode integration factors that recognize regions of the host genome that have the potential for causing these diseases. K E Y W O R D S . Avian leukosis virus, cancer

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

A technique has been developed whereby fertile turkey eggs are opened on day 4 of incubation and the developing embryo and egg contents transferred to a culture chamber dish for subsequent growth ex_ ovo. Cultured embryos grew at a rate similar to those incubated in_ ovo through 17 days of total incubation (4 days in ovo, 13 days ex ovo). Thereafter, a significant (P<.05) reduction in growth rate was observed in culture compared to embryos incubated in ovo. Hematocrit was significantly (P<.05) greater and serum protein significantly (P<.05) lower in the cultured embryos compared to embryos incubated in ovo. It is proposed that the higher hematocrit values constitute an adaptation in oxygen exchange caused by a smaller surface area of the chorioallantoic membrane in culture. The lower serum protein levels may be the result of altered utilization of egg contents or a reduced capacity by the cultured embryo to synthesize blood proteins. However, serum zinc, copper and iron concentrations were comparable throughout incubation for both groups of embryos. Each of these elements reached a maximum concentration at a different point during incubation suggesting that distinct biochemical processes govern the mobilization of zinc, copper, and iron stores. Embryos incubated jm ovo exhibited an elevation of serum calcium starting on day 16, reaching a maximum on day 24 of incubation, and declining thereafter, through hatching. This rise in serum calcium was absent in the embryos incubated ex ovo, which were found to have significantly (P<.05) lower serum calcium during the same period. Presumably the eggshell constitutes the source of the calcium which resulted in the observed increase. The shell-less culture of avian embryos is a potentially useful in_ vitro technique for the study of the interrelationship of various aspects of nutrient metabolism and embryonic growth and development. KEY WORDS:

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1530

NEW FINDINGS ON EGG TRANSMISSION OF AVIAN LEUKOSIS VIRUS. Harriet L. Robinson* Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology, Shrewsbury, MA 01545.

KEY WORDS:

egg transmission, avian leukosis virus

EFFECTS OF DIETARY PHOSPHORUS LEVELS ON EGG PRODUCTION AND SERUM PHOSPHORUS LEVELS FOR THREE STRAINS OF LAYING HENS. Miriam Rodriguez*, W. J. Owings, and J. L. Sell, Dept. of Animal Sci., Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 Three strains of laying hens, Hy-Line W36, DeKalb XL, and Shaver 288, were compared to determine the effects of strain and different dietary phosphorus levels on egg production and serum phosphorus levels. Layers, twenty-one weeks of age, were allocated to an experiment of twelve four-week periods. The four diets evaluated were: .15% (diet 1 ) , .30% (diet 2 ) , and .45% (diet 3) available phosphorus, and a phase-feeding trial (diet 4) consisting of 3 levels of available phosphorus, .35, .25, and .15%, fed from 22 to 34, 34 to 50, and 50 to 70 weeks of age, respectively. All diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Serum was collected from representative hens three times during the experiment. Egg production was not significantly different due to strain, however, egg production was significantly lower with hens receiving diet 1. Hy-Line hens consumed less feed than did Shaver or DeKalb hens, and all strains consumed less of diet 1 than diets 2, 3, or 4. Egg weight and feed per dozen eggs were not affected by dietary available phosphorus. However, Shaver hens produced significantly heavier eggs (P<.01). Mortality was not affected by dietary phosphorus levels. Blood phosphorus levels varied directly with the level of dietary phosphorus ranging from 4.7 mg/dl (diet 1) to 6.33 mg/dl (diet 3 ) . There were no strain differences, however, there was a significant diet-strain interaction in blood phosphorus levels during the second (period 6) and third (period 11) collections.

KEYWORDS: Strains, Available Phosphorus, Serum Phosphorus Levels

EFFECTS OF CEREAL FIBER FRACTIONS ON LIPID METABOLISM IN THE ADULT JAPANESE QUAIL. Anne M. Rogel* and Pran Vohra, Dept. of Avian Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616. Cholesterol-lowering effects of two cereal fibers, oat hulls (OH) and wheat bran (WB), were studied after chemical fractionation. Oats lower blood cholesterol (CH0L) in quail fed CH0L. WB causes an increase in CH0L. above the CHOL-fed control. OH and WB were defatted and starch removed before treatment with methanolic sodium methoxide. Hemicelluloses were extracted with hot water and freeze-dried. The residue was washed with alcohol and saved. OH consisted of 3% fat, 17% water-soluble extract, 10% hemicellulose (HC) and 70% residue (R). WB had 6% fat, 34% water extract, 15% HC and 45% R. Adult, male Japanese quail (40 days old) were fed 1% CHOL-containing diets with either no fiber (NF), 13.3% WB, 6% WBR, 2% WBHC, 20% OH, 14% 0HR, or 2% OHHC. Serum CH0L levels after 3-5 weeks of feeding were( mg/lOOml): NF, 302; WB, 305; WBR, 313; WBHC, 309; OH, 260; 0HR, 287; OHHC, 330. Liver CH0L levels were (mg/100g): NF, 516; WB, 575; WBR, 530; WBHC, 447; OH, 403; 0HR, 474; OHHC, 600. Due to high variabilities, the CH0L values were not significantly different. Serum triglyceride (TG) levels were significantly increased in quail fed HC, but liver TG levels were

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

A series of avian leukosis viruses have been analyzed for egg transmission in K28 chickens. The results of these tests indicate that viruses of exogenous origin undergo efficient egg transmission whereas viruses of endogenous origin do not. Studies on egg transmission of recombinants of endogenous and exogenous viruses indicate that the ability to undergo egg transmission is not encoded in evelope glycoproteins. Rather the results of these tests suggest that the ability to be efficiently egg transmitted is determined by a viral structural protein, p27. Analysis of the replication of transmitted and nontransmitted viruses indicate that non-transmitted virus do not integrate proviral DNA into oviduct DNA. Thus, the restriction on egg transmission of avian leukosis viruses appears to be analogous to the Fv-1 restriction that has been described for the replication of murine retroviruses in mice.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1531

unchanged. Fecal fat. excretion per day was greatest with OH feeding and this diet had a significantly lowered metabolizeable energy value.

Hemicellulose

Wheat bran

Oat hulls

Japanese Quail

Lipids.

EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY IN COMMERCIAL FEED GRADE FAT

The AOM (Active Oxygen Method) analytical procedure was employed in a series of experiments to test the relative efficacy of eight commercial antioxidants. The study also included an evaluation of antioxidant levels over a range of 0-1000 ppm. From the results of the experiments, it was found that ethoxyquin was, by far, the most effective antioxidant evaluated. When 500 ppm of ethoxyquin was added, the time required to produce 20 meq of peroxides in the sample of yellow grease was extended from 4.5 hours to greater than 500 hours and in the poultry fat tested from 20 minutes to 142 hours. For commercial applications, practical usage levels of 500 ppm and 750 ppm of ethoxyquin for yellow grease and poultry fat, respectively, are indicated. Details of this study, including the chemical and physical characteristics of the fat samples, and the cost effectiveness of the various antioxidants will be presented.

STUDIES ON PROTEIN AND ENERGY LEVELS AND THEIR EFFECT ON ENERGY METABOLISM AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF LARGE WHITE HENS. R. W. Rosebrough*, N. C. Steele, J. P. McMurtry, M. P. Richards and C. C. Calvert. USDA, ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705 Two experiments were conducted with Nicholas Large White turkey hens to further study the roles of energy, protein and supplemental lysine on feed efficiency, reproductive performance and in vitro lipogenesis. Hens were fed diets containing 2,400 or 2,850 kcal/kg and either 12 or 17% protein. In the second experiment, the 2,850 kcal-12% protein diet was supplemented with lysine at the level of 1, 2, 4 or 8 g/kg. Experiments were conducted for 16-weeks in environmentally controlled houses maintained at 21 C and 50% dew point. In the first experiment, the efficiency of energy utilization for egg and poult production was greater (P<.05) in the 2,400 kcal diets than in the 2,850 kcal diets. The efficiency of protein utilization was decreased (P<.05) in the 17% protein diets compared to the 12% protein diets. Lysine, when added to the 3,000 kcal-12% protein diet, improved (P<.05) reproductive performance with the greatest improvement at 4 g/kg. The dietary energy level did not affect in vitro lipogenesis; however, 17% protein decreased (P<.05) lipogenesis compared to a 12% protein diet. Additional lysine increased (P<.05) in vitro lipogenesis and feed consumption in hens consuming a 2,850 kcal-12% protein diet. The data from these experiments indicate that 12% protein diets may be adequate for reproduction when fed as part of a 2,400 kcal regime; however, an increase in the energy concentration may indicate the need for additional lysine.

KEYWORDS:

Turkey, Protein, Energy, Lipogenesis

EFFECT OF STARVATION-REFEEDING ON PLASMA INSULIN AND GLUCAGON AND IN VITRO LIPOGENESIS AND GLYCOGENESIS IN THE CHICK. R. W. Rosebrough*, N. C. Steele, M. P. Richards and J. P. McMurtry. USDA, ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705 A series of experiments were conducted with 3-week old broiler chicks to determine the role of insulin and glucagon in the starvation-refeeding glycogenic and lipogenic metabolic adaptation. In addition, an artificial inducer of elevated blood glucose (1 mg/kg BWt prednisolone) was used to increase blood glucose and possibly insulin. Immunoreactive insulin (IRI) was determined with a homologous assay system using chicken insulin as both

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

G. L. Romoser J. W. Baker W. D. Shermer K. J. Shaver Monsanto Co., St. Louis, Mo. 63167

1532

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

KEYWORDS:

Starvation-refeeding, Insulin, Glucagon

LAYING HEN PERFORMANCE AS INFLUENCED BY WATERING SYSTEMS AND CAGE DENSITY. W. B. Roush*, 0. D. Keene and H. L. Classen. Dept. of Poultry Sci., The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802. Two trials were conducted to examine the effect of pullet watering systems on subsequent laying hen performance. In Trial 1, laying hen performance was evaluated in relation to three treatments: (1) type waterer during the pullet phase, either dome waterers (DW) or start-grow trigger cups (SG-TC); (2) availability of fount cups (FC) in the laying cages, either one waterer for every cage or one waterer for every two cages; and (3) cage density, either 4 or 5 birds, with 387 or 310 cm 2 /bird, respectively. Production results showed that pullets raised on SG-TC, as compared to birds raised on DW's, had significantly better hen-housed (HH) egg production (62.9 vs. 58.2%), feed/dozen eggs (1.89 vs. 1.95) and mortality (11.3 vs. 18.9%). There was no difference between systems for hen-day (HD) egg production (66.8 vs. 66.6%). Cage density showed significant differences between 4 or 5 hens/cage for HH egg production (61.9 vs. 59.2%), HD egg production (67.7 vs. 65.7%) and feed/dozen eggs (1.89 vs. 1.94). There were no significant interactions for the three treatments. In Trial 2, hens were subjected to three waterer treatments during the pullet phase: (1) TC for 19 weeks, (2) DW for 19 weeks or (3) DW for 12 weeks then TC for 7 weeks. The type of waterer'in each laying cage was a trigger cup (TC). There were no significant differences fgr.HH or HD production, feed/dozen eggs, body weight, mortality or egg weight. Mortality was markedly lower in the second trial as compared to the first. It is hypothesized that the lack of effect in the second trial was associated with the difference in cage waterer in Trial 1 (FC) as compared to Trial 2 (TC). KEYWORDS: Watering systems, fount cup, trigger cup, dome waterer, pullet, laying hen.

EFFECTS OF GROWTH HORMONE AND INSULIN ON IN VITRO GLUCOSE TRANSPORT BY CHICKEN ADIPOSE TISSUE. P. Rudas* and C. G. Scanes, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers - The State University, New Brunswick, N.J. 08903; *Permanent Address: Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Science, H-1400, Budapest, Pf. 2, Hungary Hormones, including growth hormone (GH), insulin, glucagon and epinephrine, profoundly affect in vitro lipolysis in chicken adipose tissue. However little is known of the possible hormonal influences on glucose metabolism. This has been examined in hypophysectomized or sham-operated chickens. At 8-10 weeks old, male chickens (strain White leghorn) were hypophysectomized by the parapharyngeal approach. Following surgery birds were maintained at 35°C with food and water available ad libitum. Adipocytes obtained by collagenase (5 mg/ml) treatment of the tissue were normally collected 5 days after surgery. Cells were incubated in KrebsRinger bicarbonate at 37°C for minutes in the presence of the test hormone, C -o-methyl glucose (C -OMG) was then added and the incubation continued for a further hour. Preparations of insulin (lmU/ml), epinephrine (50 mg/ml), chicken GH and bovine GH (5-25 ug/ml) all stimulated C -OMG uptake by adipocytes from hypophysectomized chickens. While insulin stimulate glucose transport in control birds, GH only stimulated C -OMG uptake in tissue from sham birds fasted for 24 hours. GH depressed C -OMG uptake in

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

the 1 2 5 i _ t r a c e r an< j standard. Chicken insulin anti-sera was prepared in guinea pigs. Immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) was determined with a porcine glucagon system. A 48-hr starvation period decreased (P<.05) IRI and increased (P<.05) IRG. Prednisolone at the beginning or following 24-hr of fasting, increased (P<.05) 48-hr fasting values of IRI and IRG. Refeeding for 24-hr returned IRI and IRG to basal values. Prednisolone had no effect on IRG following refeeding. In contrast, either dosing regime increased (P<.05) IRI at the 24-hr refeeding sampling. The glycogen level and in vitro synthetic rate were decreased (P<.05) and increased (P<.05) by the 48-hr fast and 24-hr refeed, respectively. Prednisolone, given after 24-hr of fasting, increased (P<.05) glycogen levels through an increase (P<.05) in the rate of synthesis. In vitro lipogenesis was decreased (P<.05) and increased (P<.05) by the 48-hr fast and 24-hr refeeding, respectively. Prednisolone partially decreased (P<.05) the refeeding response. Similar to the mammal, glucocorticoids modify the starvation-refeeding response by changing blood glucose and the observed effects on plasma IRI may be secondary to the hyperglycemic effect.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1533

adipocytes from hypophysectomized chickens 1 day following surgery and in presence of epinephrine in cells by hypophysectomized chickens 5 days following surgery.

KKY WORDS; Glucose Uptake, Adipose Tissue, Growth Hormone, Insulin, Hypophysectomy

Mild cold exposure is followed by a paradoxical early (1-2 hr) fall in plasma thyroxine (T, ) level as previously shown by these authors. This is the result of an increase in the metabolic clearance rate; the production rate of this hormone not appearing to change. The phenomenon may be referred to as the autoregulative ability of the peripheral cells. This problem has.been examined. T 3,5,3-triiodothyronine (T ) and 3,3\5-triiodothyronine (rT ) serum levels and metabolic clearance rates were determined in several groups of chicks first adapted to 23°C than transferred to environmental temperatures of +10°C or +35°C. Evidence has been obtained that during the early adaptation phase the major autoregulative role may be ascribed to the changes in T, to T, conversion in the liver. Other routes of thyroid hormone elimination may also contribute to this phenomenon. KhY WORDS:

Thyroid metabolism, Environmental temperature.

EFFECT OF IMMUNITY TO COCCIDIOSIS ON INTESTINAL ABSORPTION. M. D. Ruff*, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitology Institute, Beltsville, MD 20705 The absorption of glucose or L-methionine was measured jji vitro in the intestine of broilers challenged with 1x10^ sporulated oocysts of Eimeria acervulina. These broilers had various degrees of immunity to coccidiosis produced by previous inoculation with several dosages of oocysts given one to six times. Uninmunized broilers were also challenged. The degree of immunity had a marked effect on nutrient absorption after challenge. Slightly immune birds showed an enhanced absorption as early as 3 hrs postchallenge (HPC). Absorption returned to normal by 6 HPC. As immunity increased the enhanced absorption at 3 HPC became progressively less marked and a significant malabsorption was seen at 6 HPC. Absorption returned to normal by 24 HPC. The absorption pattern in unimmunized broilers was similar to that in slightly immune birds. The degree of immunity was directly related to the protection against malabsorption at 6 days PC. Coccidiosis, Eimeria acervulina. Immunity. Nutrient Absorption, Malabsorption KEYWORDS:

PATHOGENICITY OF COCCIDIA IN JAPANESE QUAIL (COTURNIX COTURNIX) . M.D. Ruff and J.M. Fagan, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitology Institute, Beltsville, MD 20705, and J.W. Dick, Department of Poultry Science, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631. Coccidia were recovered from a field outbreak in commercially raised Japanese quail from South Carolina. After propagation of unmedicated quail, the culture was tentatively indentifled as a mixture of Eimeria uzura and E^_ tsunodai. Three-week-old quail were inoculated with the mixed culture at dosages from 500 to 500,000 sporulated oocysts/quail. Only one birds in the 500,000 oocyst group died. Gross intestinal lesions were generally absent, although ballooning and bleaching were sometimes seen. Body weight was depressed at 5 and 6 days postinoculation (DPI) in quail given 500,000 oocysts, but not in those given 50,000 oocysts or less. Likewise, only quail in the 500,000 oocysts group had a slight reduction in packed cell volume and plasma pigment. Plasma protein levels were unaffected by the infection. Total oocyst production was greatest in quail given 5,000 oocysts. The mixed culture was not infective for Bobwhlte quail, chickens, or turkeys. A strain of E^_ tsunodai developed by single oocyst isolation was used to inoculate quail with various dosages from 1,000 to 1,000,000 sporulated oocysts/quail. A slight body weight depression was seen at 5 DPI, even in quail given as few as 1,000 oocysts. In quail given

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

AUTOREGUIATIVE CHANGE IN THE THYROID HORMONE METABOLISM IN RESPONSE TO TEMPERATURE IN GALLUS DOMESTICUS. P. Rudas*and G. Pethes Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Science, H-1400 Budapest, Pf. 2, Hungary,temporary address: Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers-The State University, New Brunswick, N.J. 08903.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1534

1,000,000 oocysts weight depression was greater and was evident by 3 DPI and lasted through 9 DPI. Packed cell volume and plasma pigment were not affected by the infection. Total oocyst production was less in quail given 100,000 or more oocyst than in quail given 50,000 oocysts or less.

KEYWORDS:

Coccidiosis, Quail, Eimeria uzura, Eimeria tsunodai, Pathogenicity

Five experimental treatments were used to evaluate ring-dried blood meal as a dietary source of lysine and methionine in broiler diets. Broiler type sexed male chicks were used in battery-brooder feeding trials. The chicks were fed a commercial type basal diet calculated to be deficient in both lysine and methionine but adequate in other nutrients. Ring-dried blood meal was used as an experimental supplement at a 1.5% dietary level. Commercially available lysine and DL-methionine were used as experimental treatments singly and in combination at the same supplemental levels as provided by the blood meal. The data collected from the chicks at seven weeks of age revealed that those fed the diet supplemented with blood meal or a combination of lysine and methionine were significantly heavier and required significantly less feed per unit of live weight than those fed the unsupplemented negative control diet. A further analysis of the data revealed that the broilers fed the blood meal supplemented diet were significantly heavier and required significantly less feed per unit of live weight than those fed the diet supplemented with both lysine and methionine. These results appear to indicate that ring-dried blood meal may supply a nutrient or nutrients beneficial to broiler performance in addition to lysine and methionine. Considering the economic value of lysine and its instability during heat processing, it is suggested that the meat processing industries review their blood processing methods in efforts to preserve more of the lysine present in blood.

KEYWORDS: Ring-dried blood meal,

Lysine,

DL-methionine,

Broiler feeding trial

THE EFFECT OF REVERSE PROTEIN ON SKELETAL GROWTH & BODY WEIGHT. P. L. Ruszler*. F. E. Robinson, W. L. Beane and C. L. Bish. Department of Poultry Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 Eight hundred SCWL pullets were reared to 20 wks in cages using commercial management regimen and diets ad lib. The control (#1) was started on 18% crude protein (CP) to 6 wks then dropped to 15% CP at 14 wks and 12% CP, thereafter. Treatments (Tmts) 2, 3 and 4 were fed 18% CP; 5 and 6 were fed 16% CP; and 7 and 8 were fed 20% CP for the first 7 days and then dropped to 12% CP. Tmt 2 was fed 15% CP at 8 wks and 18% CP at 14 wks. Tmts 3, 5 and 7 were fed 15% CP at 10 wks while 4, 6 and 8 were fed 15% CP at 12 wks and then fed 18% CP at 16 wks. Skeletal growth was measured every 4 wks on 144 randomly selected birds using the distance 1) from clavical tip to posterior ilium tip - CT, 2) across clavical tips - CC, 3) across femur tips - FF, 4) from anterior keel to posterior ilium tip - AT, and 5) shank length. Body weights in all Tmts dropped significantly below the control by the second week and remained so until 16 wks. No significant differences occurred for feed intake or feed efficiency. Although skeletal growth measures were numerically greater for the control throughout the test, they were only significantly different from the other Tmts for the CT measure to 12 wks and the AT measure to 16 wks, possibly reflecting reproductive capacity development. The control was also significantly greater in measures CC and FF at 8 and 12 wks only. Shank length differences were never significant. A multiple linear regression at 20 wks for body weight on the 5 growth measures yielded an R^ of 0.68. The FF measure accounted for 75% of that while CT and AT added 22% more. Shank length was apparently not highly correlated to growth through 20 weeks.

KEYWORDS: dietary protein, body weight, skeletal measure, shank length

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

THE VALUE OF RING-DRIED BLOOD MEAL AS AN INGREDIENT IN BROILER DIETS. Tom D. Runnels* Dept of Animal Sci. and Agric. Biochem., University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1535

EFFECTS OF THE SEX-LINKED DWARFING GENE (dw) ON GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION IN WHITE LEGHORN HENS. 1. PURE LINE AND RECIPROCAL CROSSES FED TWO DIETS. M. Sadiadi*, Dept. of Poultry Sci., Oregon State Univ.; F. H. Renoff• Ext. Poultry Sci., Univ. of Georgia; J. A. Renden, Dept. of Poultry Sci., Auburn Univ.; and J. A. Harper, Dept. of Poultry Sci., Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331

Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Paper No. 6322. KEYWORDS:

Dwarf gene, reciprocal cross, growth, reproduction

EFFECTS OF THE BLUE EGG-SHELL GENE ON EGG QUALITY AND OTHER ECONOMIC TRAITS IN THE CHICKENS. M. Sadjadi*, Dept. of Poultry Sci., Oregon State Univ.; J. A. Renden, Dept. of Poultry Sci., Auburn Univ.; F. H. Benoff, Ext. Poultry Sci., Univ. of Georgia; and J. A. Harper, Dept. of Poultry Sci., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331 Araucana females homozygous dominant for the blue egg-shell allele (0) were mated to homozygous recessive (oo) Shaver "288" males to produce Fl hybrids heterozygous at the blue egg-shell locus. Fl females were backcrossed to Shaver males producing full-sib sisters half of which were blue egg layers and half white egg layers. The white egg layers had a significantly higher percent egg production than the blue egg layers (82% vs. 7 9 % ) . No significant differences (P>.05) between white and blue egg layers were found for shell quality, shell thickness, albumen weight, yolk weight, or yolk cholesterol. Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Paper No. 6323. KEYWORDS:

Chickens, Araucana, shell color, egg qualities, cholesterol

EFFECT OF PHOSPHORUS REGIMEN ON PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF LAYERS. N. W. Said* and T. W. Sullivan, Dept. of Animal Sci., University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0820. One hundred and forty hybrid, egg-type hens, 20 weeks of age, were allocated randomly to seven treatment groups of 20 birds each. A treatment group consisted of 10 replicates of 2 adjacent and individually caged birds sharing a common feeder. Five treatment groups were assigned to corn-soybean meal diets with either .40, .45, .50, .55 or .60% total phosphorus (TP) from dicalcium phosphate (DCP) for 12 28-day periods. Two remaining groups were phase-fed decremental TP levels of either .60, .55, .50 and .45%, or .55, .50, .45 and .40% for intervals of 20-32, 33-44, 45-56, and 57-68 weeks of age, respectively. Dietary phosphorus level did not significantly affect cummulative egg production, specific gravity of eggs, egg weight, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio. A significant linear effect of phosphorus level on specific gravity of eggs was observed at 56 weeks (P<.01) and at 68 weeks of age (P<.05). Significant linear (P<.05) and quadratic (P<.005) effects of phosphorus level on bone ash at 68 weeks of age; a significant linear effect on tibia breaking strength at 44 (P<.05), 56 (P<.005) and 68 weeks of age (linear, qubic and quartic, P<.005) were evident. Phase feeding TP regimens significantly enhanced egg specific gravity at 44 weeks (P<.005), 56 weeks (P<.005) and 68 weeks of age (P<.005); percent bone ash at 68 weeks of age (P<.05); increased feed consumption (P<.05) and decreased feed efficiency (P<.05).

KEYWORDS:

PHOSPHORUS LEVEL, REGIMEN, LAYING CHICKENS

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

Two lines of chickens, the OSU randombred dwarf Leghorn population (O) and Shaver "288" Leghorns (S), were mated within line and reciprocally to produce normal (SS, NS) and dwarf (DS, DD) female progeny. All progeny were reared similarly until 18 weeks of age when birds were transferred to individual cages. At 18 weeks of age, half the pullets from each line and cross were fed a basal laying ration consisting of 15% protein while the remaining birds received the basal ration with .1% supplemental methionine. Methionine supplementation significantly increased egg weights at 35 and 62 weeks of age for all lines and crosses but had no effect on other growth or reproductive traits. From thex4th week to 64 weeks of age dwarf females (DS, DD) showed lower body weights than normals (SS, SD). Dwarf hens (DS, DD) also showed reduced percent hen-day egg production and egg weights compared to normal sized hens. The feed efficiency of dwarf layers was better than normal hens in units of egg mass and per dozen eggs.

1536

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

EFFECT OF DIETARY PHOSPHORUS LEVEL AND SOURCE ON PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE AND EGG QUALITY OF TWO STRAINS OF WHITE LEGHORNS. N. W. Said* and T. W. Sullivan, Dept. of Animal Sci., Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0820, and M. L. Sunde and H. R. Bird, Dept. of Poultry Sci., Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706

KEYWORDS: PHOSPHORUS LEVEL, SOURCE, LAYING CHICKENS, 2 STRAINS

EFFECT OF DIETARY PHOSPHORUS LEVEL AND SOURCE ON PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE AND EGG QUALITY OF TWO RECYCLED, WHITE LEGHORNS STRAINS. N. W. Said* and T. W. Sullivan, Dept. of Animal Sci., Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0820 and M. L. Sunde and H. R. Bird, Dept. of Poultry Sci., Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 Following a forced molt, 830 hens equally represented by two strains (A and B) were reassigned to pre-molt treatments at 73 weeks of age. The basal diet composed largely of corn and soybean meal with 3.3% alfalfa meal (17%) and 2% meat and bone meal (50%) contained .4% total phosphorus (TP). Additional treatments consisted of .5, .6 and .7% TP from appropriate increments of dicalcium phosphate (DCP). Four more treatments involved TP levels of .5 and .6% from each of two raw rock phosphates (RRP-1, RRP-2). The experiment was conducted for ten 28-day periods. Feeding the basal diet (.4% TP) resulted in lower egg production (P<.01), lower feed convsumption (P<.005), smaller eggs (P<.005) and lower bone ash values (P<.005) as compared to diets with higher TP levels. Increasing TP from RRP-1 resulted in significant linear increases in egg production (P<.05), in feed consumption (P<.005), in egg weight (P<.005), in fluorine content of bones (P<.005), and a linear decrease in Haugh unit values (P<.005). As compared to RRP-1, RRP-2 was superior in regard to egg production rate (P<.05), feed consumption (P<.01) and Haugh unit values (P<.005). DCP was superior to RRP as to egg production rate (P<.005), feed consumption (P<.005), feed conversion (P<.005) and bone ash (P<.005). Fluorine level deposited in bone was closely related to dietary level. Strain A was superior to strain B as to egg weight (P<.005) and Haugh unit values (P<.05), but was inferior in egg production (P<.05) and feed conversion (P<.05). KEYWORDS:

PHOSPHORUS LEVEL, SOURCE, RECYCLED LAYERS, 2 STRAINS

EFFECT OF COPPER ON THE SULFUR AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS OF TURKEYS. Hossein Samie*, A. B. Kashani and C. W. Carlson, Dept. of Animal Sci., South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007 Copper as copper sulfate is often used as a growth promoter and crop mold growth preventative in turkey diets. Addition of 120 ppm copper (Cu) to turkey diets in a previous study caused a slight decrease in body weight (BW) at 8 and 16 weeks of age when the diets contained 75, 85 or 100% of the NRC (1977) recommended sulfur amino acid (S-AA) levels. This level of Cu was suspected to increase requirements of S-AA. Thus, a factorial experiment was designed to determine the effect of three levels of Cu (60, 120 or 240 ppm) on the

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

Four hundred and eighty SC White Leghorn hens from each of two strains were housed three per cage at 26 weeks of age. Thirty hens of either strain randomly assigned to adjacent cages served as a replicate. Two replicates of 30 hens from each strain (120 hens) were assigned to each of 8 dietary treatments. The basal diet composed largely of corn and soybean meal with 3.3% alfalfa meal (17%) and 2% meat and bone meal (50%) contained .4% total phosphorus (TP). Additional treatments consisted of .5, .6 and .7% TP from appropriate increments of dicalcium phosphate (DCP). Four more treatments involved TP levels of .5 and .6% from each of two raw rock phosphates (RRP-1, RRP-2). The experiment was continued for 42 weeks. Feeding the basal diet (.4% TP) in comparison to all the supplemented diets (higher TP levels) resulted in significantly lower (P<.005) feed consumption, smaller eggs (P<.005) and significantly better shell quality (P<.05). Increasing TP level from DCP resulted in a significant linear increase in feed consumption (P<.05), feed conversion ratio (P<.005), Haugh units, a significant linear decrease in shell quality (P<.05) and a significant linear and quadratic decrease in egg weight (P<.005). Increasing TP from RRP-1 was associated with a significant linear increase in feed conversion ratio (P<.005), egg weight (P<.005) and a significant linear decrease in Haugh units (P<.005). RRP-2 had opposite effects on these response criteria. RRP diets were associated with greater egg weight and higher Haugh units, but inferior feed conversion ratios as compared to DCP. Strain A produced significantly larger eggs than strain B.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1537

growth rate of turkeys as affected by three levels of S-AA (75, 100 or 125%). A total of 1200 day-old Nicholas White torn turkeys were randomly distributed into 36 pens. The low protein dietary series (23, 20, 18, 16, 14 and 12% protein dropped at 4-week intervals) of Guenthner et al. (1978) were used. Individual weights and group feed consumption data were obtained at 4-week intervals. Birds receiving the 75% S-AA had significantly lower BW compared to those on the 100% S-AA diets. However, diets with the 125% S-AA did not support an increase in BW over that of birds on the 100% S-AA level. Addition of 60 ppm Cu significantly (P<.05) increased BW, while 120 and 240 ppm significantly (P<.05) decreased BW at 8 weeks of age. No significant differences in BW were observed by addition of any level of Cu at 16 weeks of age or thereafter. Feed conversion ratios were not affected by any of the factors studied. Turkey, S-AA, Copper, Low Protein Diets

INFLUENCE OF MICROBIAL FERMENTATION PRODUCTS ON THE GROWTH OF CHICKS. M. Sandoval", and J. E. Savage, Dept. of Poultry Sci., University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 Three experiments were conducted with broiler strain chicks to examine the effect of a dietary supplement of dried microbial and fungal fermentation products (MFP). In experiment 1, 120 day old female chicks were reared in battery brooders from hatching to 4 weeks of age. Addition of .025% of MFP to a diet calculated to contain 21.85% protein and 3200 Kcal./kg. metabolizable energy and slightly deficient in methionine improved growth (824 g vs 852 g) but the difference was not significant. Chicks fed a similar diet containing higher levels of methionine with or without MFP supplement showed no improvement in growth. In experiment 2, 180 day old male chicks were maintained in battery brooders from hatching to 4 weeks of age. The addition of .025% of MFP to diets calculated to contain either 21.85% or 23%, protein and slightly deficient in methionine did not significantly (P<.05) improve growth when compared with the basal diets without MFP. Feed efficiencies were also not improved by the MFP supplement. In experiment 3, 400 day old male chicks were reared in floor pens to 7 weeks of age and fed starter diets containing 20.7% protein and finisher diets containing 18%. protein. Both the starter and finisher diets were calculated to contain levels of methionine equal to 75% of the National Research Council requirements. Growth to 49 days of age was significantly improved (P <.05) in chicks receiving .025% MFP supplement in both starter and finisher diets (2204 g vs 2317 g ) . At higher protein levels (starter 23%, finisher 20%) growth was slightly improved by the supplement of .025% MFP (2327 g vs 2382 g) but this difference was not significant. Weights of chicks fed the low protein diets supplemented with MFP were not significantly different (P
INFLUENCE OF FEED ADDITIVES ON EGG PRODUCTION, EGG QUALITY AND FEED UTILIZATION. P. E. Sanford*. Dept. of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66b06. A commercial egg-strain of laying hens was fed the KSU 17% Protein Layer Ration supplemented with 3 different feed additives. Each treatment utilized 80 birds per lot and each lot was replicated 3 times. The research involved 10-28 day periods. Criteria used to evaluate the performance were percentage egg production, egg weight, specific gravity, albumen height; Haugh units, shell thickness and amount of feed required per dozen egg produced. Results of the data revealed that for the entire 10-28 day periods there were significant differences (.02) for percentage egg production among the 4 treatments used. There were significant differences among the periods and there was a treatment-period interaction. Nonsignificant differences were observed for egg weight for the various treatments, but there were significant differences for periods. There were nonsignificant differences for the treatment-period interaction. There were nonsignificant differences in specific gravity for treatments but there were significant differences for periods and treatmentperiod interaction. Nonsignificant differences in albumen height, Haugh units and egg shell thickness were observed for the various periods. Significant differences (.02) in feed utilization were observed for the various treatments, periods and for the treatment-period interaction. K E Y W O R D S : Feed Additives, Egg Production, Quality, Feed Utilization

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

KEYWORDS:

1538

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

K E Y W O R D S : Motivation, Students, Learning

INFLUENCE OF RECONSTITUTION ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, LYSINE AVAILABILITY AND OVERALL FEEDING VALUE OF TWO SORGHUM GRAIN VARIETIES. S. Sarani*, R. G Teeter and C. A. Hibberd, Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 7307S Bird resistant or high tannin varieties of sorghum grain frequently yield more bushels per acre but are less well utilized by poultry than other sorghum varieties. Reconstitut e sorghum has reportedly increased utilization of some sorghum types. To evaluate the influence of reconstitution on chemical composition and feeding value Redlan (normal; low tannin) and Darset (bird - resistant; high tannin) varieties of sorghum grain were grown and harvested under similar conditions. Grains were reconstituted to 30 percent moisture and stored under oxygen limiting conditions for 48 hours. Following reconstitution the sorghum was freeze dried to approximately 10 percent moisture and ground through a screen (2 mm). The reconstitution process has little effect upon the starch or protein content of the two varieties. Tannin content of the Darset variety was reduced from 2.25 catechin to .95 catechin equivalent per gram milo with reconstitution while the Redlan tannin level was unaffected by reconstitution. Lysine availability and milo digestibility estimates for the two varieties and processing methods were determined utilizing chick assay procedures. The beneficial effects gained by reconstituting sorghum grain containing high tannin levels appear promising and may be one way to increase feed utilization with the high yielding high tannin varieties. K E Y W O R D S ; Tannin, Sorghum, Reconstitution

ALTERATIONS IN HEPATIC COPPER AND ZINC DISTRIBUTION IN THE DEVELOPING CHICK. W. W. Saylor* and J. V. Downer, Dept. of Animal Science & Agricultural Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711 Age-related changes in copper and zinc concentration and distribution in chick liver were studied in male broilers (Hubbard x Hubbard), killed on the day of hatching (day 0) or at 3, 7, 12, 19, 28 and 56 days of age. Plasma was obtained, the livers removed, and the copper and zinc concentrations of the tissues and the subcellular fractions of the livers were determined. Plasma copper was significantly lower (P<.01) at hatching (.068 yg/ral) and increased nearly three-fold by day 3, after which no significant differences were observed. Plasma zinc concentration increased (P<.01) through day 28 to 1.8 yg/ml, nearly twice that observed at day 0. Hepatic copper decreased (P<.01) from 3.89 yg/g at day 0 to 2.96 yg/g at day 3, but did not vary significantly thereafter. Copper concentration of the subcellular fractions paralleled changes in hepatic copper except in the cytosol where the proportion of copper increased with age. Hepatic zinc concentration decreased (P<.01) from 18.15 yg/g at day 0 to 14.67 yg/g at day 3, then increased (P<.01) to 21.38 yg/g by day 28. The proportion of cytosolic zinc decreased as the chick developed, while the proportions of zinc associated with the debris and large granule fractions increased. Gel-

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

MOTIVATION, A PRELUDE TO LEARNING. P. E. Sanford*, Dept. of Animal Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506. Why motivate students? To speed and improve learning, to decrease the number of college dropouts, to stimulate students to think positive in terms of "I will" rather than "I 0." Educators today need to attempt to reduce the decline in student enrollment. We need to provide a more challenging and favorable learning environment. We need to do all that we can as individuals to improve the training of our graduates. With large number of urban young men and women in our Poultry classes today, we need to help them with some on-hands-experiences. How can we motivate students? By getting to know them as that will indicate to the students that you are interested in them. It helps so much to motivate the student by showing that you have a genuine interest in them. They will try harder to do better in order to please you, proper teacher attitude is so important. Be enthusiastic about the subject you are discussing. Nuture determination and perservance. Encourage competition, use rewards for students and praise students generously when they set high goals and are trying their best to reach their goals. As a teacher, we need to keep in mind the old saying, "I'm better than I was yesterday, but not as good as I'm going to be tomorrow."

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1539

filtration chromatography of liver cytosol yielded three copper- and zinc-binding proteins. Copper concentrations in the 10,000-molecular weight (MW) protein decreased by one-half from day 7 to day 19, but the zinc content did not change. In the 26,000-MW protein, copper concentration increased from day 3 to day 7 while the zinc concentration continued to increase through day 19. The zinc content of an 80,000 MW zinc-, but not copper, binding protein increased nearly two-fold from day 3 to day 19. KEY WORDS:

Copper, Zinc, Liver, Binding proteins, Chicks

The pattern of circulating concentrations of growth hormone (GH), thyroxine (T.) and triodothyronine (T,) during growth and development has been characterized in three strains of chickens with different growth rates. The birds studied were from three genetically defined lines of Cornwell K White leghorn fowl: - autosomal dwarfs (Cole, R.K. 1969 Poult. Sci. 48, 1768), sex-linked dwarfs (Hutt, F. B. 1959, J. Hered. 15, 97) and a control strain (60). In the control strain, plasma concentrations of GH were high in young birds but declined with age. There were few major changes in the plasma concentration of T and T during growth and development. In the autosomal dwarf, the circulating concentrations of GH showed a similar age-related decline. However, in 15 and 18 week old dwarfs, the circulating concentrations of GH were paradoxically higher than those observed in the control group. In addition the plasma concentrations of both T, and T were lower than the control group in 12, 15 and 18 week old autosomal dwarfs. Plasma concentrations of GH were elevated throughout growth and development in sex-link dwarfs; these GH concentrations being consistently higher than those of the control strain. On the other hand, the plasma concentrations of T were uniformly considerably (> 50 %) lower than in the control strain. The plasma concentration of T, tended to be higher than those in the control strain. It is suggested that the sex-link dwarf strain is deficient in the mono-deiodinase responsible for the conversion of T. to T_. 4 3 KEY WORDS:

Growth hormone - thyroxine - triodothyronine - dwarf - growth

ULTRASTRUCTURAL ANALYSES OF UTEROVAGINAL SPERM STORAGE GLANDS FROM FERTILE AND INFERTILE TURKEY BREEDER HENS. G.T. Schuppin*, H.P. Van Krey, P.M. Denbow, Poultry Sci. Dept., Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, and M.R. Bakst, SEA-USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 Ultrastructural analyses were made of uterovaginal sperm glands of turkeys utilizing transmission electron microscopy. For this study, fertility was monitored in a commercial flock of large white breeder hens, and sperm storage glands were collected from relatively fertile and infertile hens at regular intervals over a 7 month egg laying season. Cytological comparisons were then made between fertile and infertile hens on a temporal basis. Results showed that resident spermatozoa were usually centrally grouped within a sperm gland lumen, and plasma membranes of adjacent spermatozoa were observed to be in intimate contact suggesting agglutination. Despite weekly inseminations, degenerating spermatozoa were found within sperm gland lumena on an occasional basis only. A limited number of macrophages were also detected in sperm gland lumena. Sperm glands from all hens exhibited evidence of a high degree of cellular synthetic activity and secretion into sperm gland lumena via the apical microvilli was noted. No consistent cytological differences were detected when making temporal comparisons, or when making comparisons between fertile and infertile hens. Lymphocytic inf.iltration of sperm gland cells was observed at all stages of the experiment in both fertile and infertile hens, suggesting a possible immunological involvement. (Supported in part by the Va. Turkey Growers Assn.; Va. Agric. Found.; USDA-ARS.)

KEYWORDS: sperm storage glands, turkeys, immunology

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

PLASMA CONCENTRATIONS OF GROWTH HORMONE, THYROXINE, AND TRIODOTHYRONINE DURING GROWTH IN DWARF STRAINS OF CHICKENS. C. G. SCANES, E. DECUYPERE AND J. MARSH.* Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers-The State University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 and Department of Poultry and Avian Sciences Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.

1540

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

EVALUATION OF SERUM CORTICOSTERONE, GROWTH HORMONE AND PROTEIN AS POSSIBLE MEASURES OF GENETIC VARIATION TO COLD BROODING TEMPERATURE. T. R. Scott* and K. W. Washburn. Dept. of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602

KEYWORDS:

Corticosterone, growth hormone, protein, brooding temperatures, radioimmunoassay

EFFECTS OF SORGHUM GRAIN TANNINS ON THE ACTIVITY OF UDP-GLUCURONYLTRANSFERASE IN CHICK LIVER. D. R. Sell* and J. C. Rogler, Dept. of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907. The activity of liver microsomal UDP-glucuronyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.17), an enzyme known to detoxify phenolic compounds, was measured in chicks fed high (HTS) and low tannin sorghums (LTS). In the first experiment, 20-day weight gains were significantly depressed in chicks fed HTS as compared with those fed LTS. Expressed either as ymoles of substrate conjugated per mg microsomal protein, per g of liver, or per 100 g body weight, UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity was significantly higher (P<.01) in chicks fed HTS. A second experiment was designed to differentiate between the effects due to tannin and those resulting from a protein deficiency, which had previously been reported to increase the activity of this enzyme. LTS-soybean meal diets containing 16, 14.5 or 13% protein were compared with a HTS-soybean meal diet containing 16% protein. Compared with the 16% LTS diet, the growth depression of chicks fed the 16% HTS diet was approximately equal to that of chicks fed the 14.5% LTS diet, whereas the greatest depression was noted with the 13% LTS diet. Although enzyme activity was increased (P<.05) by lowering the protein content of the LTS diet, a much greater increase was noted in chicks fed the HTS diet, which was significantly greater (P<.001) than the activity in chicks fed the LTS diets regardless of the means of expressing activity. Thus, only a relatively small part of the increase in UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity noted by feeding HTS can be attributed to a tannin effect on protein digestibility. These results would suggest that sorghum tannins are absorbed and inducing this enzyme system. KEYWORDS:

Tannins, Sorghum, UDP-Glucuronyltransferase, Chick

INFLUENCE OF TIME IN INCUBATOR AND ROOM TEMPERATURE DURING BROODING ON BONE CALCIFICATION AND VITAMIN D METABOLISM BY TURKEYS. Jerry L. Sell*, Dept. of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 and Ronald L. Horst, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of time in incubator after hatching and room temperature during first week of brooding on performance of turkeys. Treatments consisted of a factorial of two incubator removal times (day 28 or 29 of incubation) and two room temperatures (27 or 38°C). Each treatment was done with quadruplicate groups of 10 poults kept in brooder batteries with hoover temperatures set at

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

Previous studies in this lab have investigated the use of body weight gain and serum corticosterone levels as possible measures of genetic variation to cold temperature brooding (CTB). Those studies have shown that weight gains were significantly depressed and serum corticosterone levels were significantly elevated in CTB chicks compared to control chicks. Furthermore, it was found that the magnitude of the differences was greatest during the first few days after placement. The present study focuses on the physiological changes occurring in the first three days of CTB. Day-old, male chicks of a commercial broiler strain were equally divided into two brooding temperature groups (26.7 and 32.2 C) for the present study. Blood was obtained from randomly selected chicks of each group by decapitation on each of the three days covered in the study so that serum corticosterone (C), growth hormone (GH), and protein (P) could be determined. The C and GH were determined by radioimmunoassay procedures and the P was determined by the Bio-Rad protein assay procedure. Individual body weights of the sampled chicks were also recorded on each of the three days. CTB chicks were found to have significantly elevated C and P but depressed body weights and gain when compared to the control chicks. The GH levels, however, tended to fluctuate in both groups during the three day course of the study. Phenotypic correlations among these variables were also determined. Generally it was found that C was positively correlated with P but negatively correlated with body weight, gain and GH.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1541

A COMPARISON OF FEEDING PROGRAMS RECOMMENDED FOR TURKEY TOMS. Jerry L. Sell* and William J. Owings, Dept. of Animal Sci., Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011. The productive performance and economics of large-type turkeys grown from hatch to 20 weeks of age on 10 different feeding programs were measured. Feeding programs tested were based on recommendations made by selected universities, commercial companies, and the National Research Council. The programs differed in the concentrations of nutrients recommended and in the guidelines for adjusting nutrient concentrations during the growth period. Programs in which diet changes were made according to age or amount of feed consumed were represented. Diet changes within a program varied from four to ten during the growth period. The experiment was conducted during the winter and the average post-brooding room temperature was about 14°C. The age at which an average body weight of 1'0;9 kg (24 lbs) per torn was attained ranged from 116 to 124 days with toms from all but one feeding program achieving this weight by 120 days of age. Feed to gain ratios ranged from 2.63 to 2.97 and feed ingredient cost per kg gain varied from 41.1 to 48.7
KEYWORDS. Turkeys, Feeding Programs, Weight Gain, Feed Efficiency, Economics

ADVERSE EFFECTS OF DIETARY VANADIUM CONTRIBUTED BY DICALCIUM PHOSPHATE ON EGG ALBUMIN QUALITY. Jerry L. Sell*l, James A. Arthur2, and Irven L. Williamsl,1Dept. of Animal Sci., Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 and 2 Hy-Line International,Dallas Center, IA 50063. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of dietary vanadium(V) on egg albumen quality. In experiment 1, White Leghorn hens fed 9.9 ppm V supplied from a commercial dicalcium phosphate (Dical B at 1.5% of the diet) or a diet containing 28.5 ppm V supplied as ammonium vanadate (AV) produced eggs with significantly poorer albumen quality (61.7 and 61.6 Haugh units, respectively) than those of hens fed 1.4 ppm V from Dical A (76.9 Haugh units). The decline in albumen quality occurred within one week of treatment and persisted through four weeks of V feeding. The addition of 28.5 ppm V as AV to diets containing Dical A or Dical B also reduced egg production and feed consumption but had no significant effect on egg weight or change in body weight during the 4-week test period. At the end of four weeks, all hens were fed the 1.4 ppm V diet. Improvement in albumen quality was observed within one week, and after four weeks of the recovery period no significant differences among treatment groups were observed. Part A of experiment 2 showed that albumen quality was significantly reduced by 6.0 and 7.9 ppm V, supplied from Dical B, but 2.0 or 4.0 ppm V did not significantly change albumen quality during a 4-week trial. In part B of experiment 2, the inclusion of 9.9 ppm V from Dical B again significantly reduced albumen quality within one week. The magnitudes of adverse effects of 6.0, 7.9, and 9.9 ppm V on albumen quality plateaued approximately four

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

35°C. Samples of poults were killed at time of removal from the incubator and at eight days of age to obtain bones and blood plasma for analysis. The diet fed to all poults was calculated to contain 1500 ICU vitamin D,, 1.3% Ca, 1.0% P, and 2925 kcal ME/kg. Room temperature during brooding had no significant effect on weight gain, feed efficiency, or plasma characteristics measured at eight days after hatch. Although weight gains were not affected by treatment, poults removed from the incubator at day 29 consumed less feed and utilized feed more efficiently than those removed on day 28. Incubator removal time had no effect on plasma Ca or inorganic P. Weight and ash contents of femur were significantly less at eight days post-hatch for poults of the 29-day group as compared with the 28-day group. Concurrently, concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in plasma was significantly more in the 29-day group at eight days post-hatch. No treatment effects were detected on plasma 25-hydroxy- or 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D . The data suggest that keeping poults in the incubator an extra day may adversely affect bone calcification and alter vitamin D metabolism. Further research is needed to determine whether these effects are independent of decreased feed consumption. KEYWORDS: Turkey, Incubation, Brooding, Vitamin D v Bone

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1542

weeks after treatment began and remained relatively constant through six weeks of feeding 9.9 ppm V and through ten weeks of feeding 6.0 or 7.9 ppm V. The results demonstrate that certain commercial dicalcium phosphates may contribute excessive V to the diet of hens and, when present at levels of 6.0 ppm or more, V will adversely affect albumen quality. KEYWORDS: .,, „ ,, Albumen Quality, Vanadium, Dicalcium Phosphate

TURKEY Dept. of

Semen, collected from Broad Breasted White turkey males, was pooled and cooled (10 C) in a thermos. Two freezing methods were used: slow freezing (1 C/min) and two-step freezing. With slow freezing the semen was diluted 1:3 with Lake's glycerated diluent, insgrted into plastig straws, and cooled at 1 C/min. At -15 , -25°, -35 , -45 and -55 C two straws were removed, one was thawed and tested, and the other was plunged into liquid nitrogen, then thawed and tested for semen quality characteristics. With the two-step method an aliquot of semen was diluted 1:3 with Lake's glycerated dilugnt, inserted into two straws, and transferred to an alcohol bath held at -15 C for 5 minutes. The straws were then removed and tested in the same manner as with slow freezing. This process was repeated in alcohol baths held at -25°, -35°, -45°, and -55°C. The semen samples were tested for concentration, % live normal cells, and motility. There were no significant differences in concentration or % live normal cells between the two methods. The slow freezing method was significantly better (p<0.01) for maintaining motility as compared with the two-step method. From these results it is concluded that the two-step method of freezing is less protective of turkey spermatozoa. KEYWORDS:

Turkey, semen freezing, slow-freezing method, two-step freezing method, sperm motility, sperm concentration, sperm viability.

NEUROENDOCRINE CONTROL OF REPRODUCTION IN THE COCKEREL. Peter J. Sharp. Research Council's Poultry Research Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH2S 9PS, U.K.

Agricultural

Testicular activity in the cockerel is regulated by the central nervous system: the cell bodies of neurons producing gonadotrophin releasing factor (GnRF) are located in the preoptic-septal area of the hypothalamus. The secretion of GnRF is discontinuous resulting in adult cockerels, in 1-2 secretory episodes of luteinizing hormone (LH) every 3 hours. Plasma levels of LH and testicular steroids are maintained in juvenile and adult cockerels by the negative feedback action of the steroids on LH release. Testicular steroids inhibit LH secretion at two sites. They act on the hypothalamus to decrease the frequency of discharges of GnRF and on the pituitary to suppress the responsiveness of the gonadotrophs to GnRF. Changes in testicular activity induced by environmental or maturational factors may be caused by alterations in the responsiveness of the GnRF neurons to the negative feedback action of testicular steroids. This hypothesis has been investigated and found to be inadequate. In somatically mature males exposed to long days plasma LH levels increase to higher levels after castration than in castrated birds exposed to short days. During sexual maturation a steep increase in plasma LH levels occurs in cockerels at around 16 weeks of age when the testis enter their rapid growth phase. A similar increase occurs in castrated cockerels at about the same age. It is concluded that environmental and maturational factors control reproductive activity in the cockerel at least in part, by a direct, steroid independent, input to the GnRF neurons. KEYWORDS:

cockerel, gonadotrophin releasing factor, luteinizing hormone, sexual

maturation, steroid feedback.

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

COMPARISONS OF SLOW FREEZING (l°C/min) AND TWO STEP FREEZING WITH SEMEN. John Sharp*, Qui-Jane Liu Tai, L. Fuqua and F.X. Ogasawara. Avian Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1543

EFFECT OF TUMBLING TURKEY MEAT ON THE RETENTION OF THIAMINE, RIBOFLAVIN AND NIACIN. B.W. Sheldon*, H.R. Ball, Jr., and H.R. Kimsey, Jr., Dept. of Food Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27650.

KEYWORDS;

Tumbling, Turkey, Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamins

TRUE METABOLIZABLE ENERGY VALUE OF CORN AND SOYBEAN MEAL FOR DUCKS. Tian-fuh Shen*. Dept. of Animal Husbandry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, and William F. Dean, Cornell University Duck Research Laboratory, Eastport, NY 11941. Few determinations of the available energy content of feedstuffs for ducks have been carried out. The true metabolizable energy (TME) method developed by Sibbald (Poultry Sci. 55:303, 1976) was used as the assay method for measuring the metabolizable energy value of yellow corn and soybean meal (dehulled) for ducks. Six separate TME assays (three each for corn and soybean meal) were conducted. In each assay, 8 adult White Pekin drakes, raised in individual cages with nipple waterers, were used. After starvation for 24 hours, four ducks were force-fed an amount of feedstuff approximately equivalent to 1% body weight. Four unfed ducks served as controls for the measurement of endogenous energy losses. Excreta was collected for 24 hours. Other procedures were similar to those described by Sibbald. The TME values for corn obtained in three separate assays were 4.080+0.135, 4.096±0.236 and 4.107±0.045 Kcal/g dry feed with an average of 4.094+0.014; for soybean meal results were 3.228±0.314, 3.289±0.066, and 3.188+0.052 Kcal/g dry feed with an average of 3.235±0.050. These values are similar to published values obtained with adult White Leghorn roosters as assay birds. KEYWORDS:

True metabolizable energy, Duck.

EFFECT OF THE AGE OF CHICKENS, DURATION OF EXCRETA COLLECTION AND GLUC0SIN0LATE CONTENT ON THE TRUE METABOLIZABLE ENERGY VALUES OF RAPESEED MEAL. A. Shires*, Department of Animal Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5 and P.M. Bell, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W0 Male 4-week-old chicks and adult roosters were used to determine the effect of the age of the assay bird, duration of excreta collection and glucosinolate content on the true metabolizable energy (TME) and nitrogen-corrected true metabolizable energy (TME ) values of rapeseed meal (RSM). Variable intakes of high glucosinolate (Brassica napus 8v. Midas) and low glucosinolate (B. napus cv. Regent) RSM were obtained with chicks and roosters by the force feeding of 0 to 12 and 0 to 36 g/bird, respectively. Excreta were collected at intervals of 24 and 48 hr after force feeding. The TME and TME values of each RSM were calculated from its gross energy value and the regression of energy voided as excreta on

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

Studies were initiated to determine the effect of tumbling turkey meat in the presence of protein solubilizing salts on the retention of thiamine (Bl), riboflavin (B2) and niacin. Four thawed turkey breast halves were tumbled without vacuum at 15 rpm and 0 C for 2h in a 2% brine solution at a ratio of 4.4 kg of turkey to 0.8 kg brine. Nontumbled halves served as controls. Three inch cross-sectional samples were taken from the anterior lobe of each breast half, individually ground and analyzed in duplicate for vitamins using automated analytical methods. Losses were calculated as the difference between tumbled and nontumbled paired breast halves. Niacin was most affected by tumbling whereas less significant losses were found for Bl and B2. Tumbling caused an average loss in vitamins from breast tissues* of 3.3 (1.1-4.7), 12.0 (1.5-22.8), and 18.3% (10.8-26.6) for Bl, B2 and niacin, respectively. As a percentage of the USRDA for a 113.5g portion, average losses of 0.16 (.06-.20), 0.30 (.04-.51), and 12.7% (7.69-17.8) for Bl, B2 and niacin, respectively, would be anticipated from tumbling. Average vitamin concentrations in exudates extracted from breast tissues were 38.6, 0.16 and 0.48 ug/g for niacin, riboflavin and thiamine, respectively. The average protein loss from tumbled breasts was 13.4%. Although losses of Bl and B2 were minimal, physical disruption of cellular structures in the presence of protein solubilizing salts may result in exposure of these vitamins to several potential courses of destruction leading to their loss.

1544

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

the weight of RSM consumed. The data indicated t h a t passage of RSM through the alimentary t r a c t o f chicks was completed i n 24 hr whereas roosters required 24 to 48 hr to void the residues of RSM. This resulted i n an overestimation at 24 hr postfeeding of the TME and TME values of the RSM f o r roosters. Extension o f the period o f excreta c o l l e c t i o n from 24 to ?8 hr and correction to nitrogen e q u i l i b r i u m eliminated the differences between ages i n the TME values of the RSM. The TME values of the high glucosinolate RSM were 10 to 11% lower than the values of the low glucosinolate RSM. I t i s concluded t h a t TME values obtained with adult roosters can be used i n the formulation of diets f o r young growing b i r d s , provided t h a t the assay f o r TME i s modified to allow f o r differences between young and adul t birds i n t h e i r rate of passage of feedstuffs and i n nitrogen balance.

EFFECTS OF FEED INPUT AND EXCRETA COLLECTION TIME ON ESTIMATES OF METABOLIC PLUS ENDOGENOUS ENERGY LOSSES. I.R. Sibbald*, Animal Research Centre and P.M. Morse, Engineering and Statistical Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0C6 Ground oats and dehydrated alfalfa were placed in the crops of fasted adult cockerels acclimatized to continuous light. The inputs were 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 g of each feed to each of 6 birds; an additional 12 birds received no feed. The cumulative excreta energy was measured for each bird 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 hr after feed input. Six hours after feeding there was little effect of feed input on excreta output but as time progressed a linear relationship, at first over low levels of input and gradually extending over higher levels, became more pronounced. After 48 hr for oats and 60 hr for alfalfa linearity extended over all levels of input. The downward curvatures at the higher levels of input, for shorter collection periods, were attributable to incomplete clearance of feed residues. Tests of validity of the true metabolizable energy assay are usually made using linear regression models. The results illustrate the importance of preliminary tests for non-linearity. When conditions were such that the regressions for fed birds showed no curvature the zero input intercepts for the two feeds did not differ significantly (P>.40), nor did their mean differ from the mean for unfed birds (P>.80). KEY WORDS:

True metabolizable energy, Bioassay, Metabolic + endogenous energy

EFFECTS OF A NITROGEN CORRECTION AND OF FEED INPUT ON TRUE METABOLIZABLE ENERGY (TME) VALUES. I.R. Sibbald*, Animal Research Centre and P.M. Morse, Engineering and Statistical Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0C6 An experiment was made to measure the effect of correcting TME estimates to zero nitrogen balance (TME ) and to examine the effect of feed input on TME and TME values. There were 96 adult, SCWL cockerels in a randomized block design comprising 16 treatments and 6 replications. The treatments were an unfed negative control and five feedingstuffs (soybean meal, fish meal, wheat, oats and wheat middlings) each at three levels of input (30, 60 and 90 g ) . The experiment followed the basic procedures of a TME bioassay but the excreta collection period was extended to 72 hr because some birds had impacted crops. Regressions of excreta energy on feed input did not depart from linearity (P>.05). Intercepts on the zero input axis were smaller than the estimate of metabolic + endogenous energy (F E + U E) loss made with unfed birds but the differences ranging from 6.5 for oats to 30.5 for fish meal (SE 22.6) were not significant (P>.05). Conseguently, TME values estimated using the F E + U E value for unfed birds decreased m e slightly as feed inputs increased. The nitrogen correction reduced the energy loss of unfed birds from 127.3 to 56.0 kJ/bird/72 hr and the error mean square by 40%. TME estimates were slightly smaller than TME values and independent of the level of feed input.

KEYWORDS:

True metabolizable energy, Nitrogen correction

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

KEYWORDS. Rapeseed meal, canola meal, true metabolizable energy, c o l l e c t i o n p e r i o d , age of assay b i r d .

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1545

EFFECTS OF A NITROGEN CORRECTION AND OF FEED INPUT ON TRUE METABOLIZABLE ENERGY (THE) VALUES. I.R. Sibbald*, Animal Research Centre and P.M. Morse, Engineering and Statistical Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0C6 An experiment was made to measure the effect of correcting TME estimates to zero nitrogen balance (TME ) and to examine the effect of feed input on TME and TME values. There were 96 adult, SCWL cockerels in a randomized block design comprising 16 treatments and 6 replications. The treatments were an unfed negative control and five feedingstuffs (soybean meal, fish meal, wheat, oats and wheat middlings) each at three levels of input (30, 60 and 90 g ) . The experiment followed the basic procedures of a TME bioassay but the excreta collection period was extended to 72 hr because some birds had impacted crops.

KEYWORDS:

True metabolizable energy, Nitrogen correction

SENSORY AFFECTIVE TESTS. Joel L. Sidel*, Herbert Stone, and Jean Bloomquist. Tragon Corporation, 750 Welch Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304 As a means of providing the necessary continuity between sensory analysis panels (discrimination and descriptive) and large-scale consumer marketing research, sensory evaluation researchers employ a variety of affective test procedures. Used correctly, these methods provide useful information which can be meaningfully related to consumer behavior. These tests typically are conducted in a sensory evaluation laboratory, central location test site, or in user households. Selection of the appropriate affective test depends on factors related mainly to the current development stage of the test product. This presentation describes various affective tests and the conditions for their use. K E Y W O R D S : Sensory Evaluation, Affective Tests, Consumer Tests

CORRELATED RESPONSES OF PLASMA LIPIDS IN JAPANESE QUAIL SELECTED FOR PLASMA CHOLESTEROL RESPONSE TO ACTH. H. S_. Siege! ,* H.. L.. Marks, N.. R.. Gould, and J_. 0_. Bennett. USDA, ARS, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA 30605 Plasma lipids and lipoproteins were determined before and after 3-day injections of ACTH (4 IU-dg-'-day 1 , IM) in F13 generation C_. coturnix japonica selected for high (HR) and low (LR) plasma cholesterol (PC) response to ACTH. In this generation the PC of the HR was 18% above, and that of the LR line 31% below, that of the randombred control line before ACTH treatment, and 27% above and 35% below the controls, respectively, after treatment. Triglycerides (TG) levels were increased by ACTH (P £ .001) and significantly correlated to PC levels after treatment (P <_ .001), but not before treatment. The TG of the LR line was least influenced by ACTH. Free fatty acids (FFA) were not affected by ACTH, but were lower (P <_ .01) in the LR line before and after treatment. Correlationships of FFA with PC were low. Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) were increased (P <_ .01) by ACTH. Low density lipoproteins (LDL) were not affected by ACTH treatment, overall, but a significant treatment X sex-line interaction showed that LDL of males declined while LDL of females increased. High density lipoproteins (HLD) were increased (P £ .01) by ACTH. Significant (P £ .001) correlationships for pretreatment LDL and HDL with subsequent PC and TG responses to ACTH

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

Regressions of excreta energy on feed input did not depart from linearity (P>.05). Intercepts on the zero input axis were smaller than the estimate of metabolic + endogenous energy (F E + U E) loss made with unfed birds but the differences ranging from 6.5 for oats to 30.5 for fish meal (SE 22.6) were not significant (P>.05). Consequently, TME values estimated using the F E + U E value for unfed birds decreased slightly as feed inputs increased. The nitrogen correction reduced the energy loss of unfed birds from 127.3 to 56.0 kJ/bird/72 hr and the error mean square by 40%. TME estimates were slightly smaller than TME values and independent of the level of feed input.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1546

indicated that concentrations of these lipoproteins may predict plasma lipid responses to stress. KEYWORDS:

Coturnix, cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, lipoproteins

Four levels of barley (0, 10, 20, 30%) replaced wheat in a wheat-soy layer diet using 2 levels of ME and fed to SCWL laying hens for 6 months. Replacement of wheat with barley up to 30% in layer diets at the two energy levels (2,700 vs. 2,800 Kcal/kg) had no effect on egg production, egg weight, feed conversion and egg quality in comparison to the control. The study shows that barley is a potential alternative to wheat in poultry feeds with a considerable economic return when up to 30% is incorporated into either the broiler or layer diet. K E Y W O R D S : barley, broiler and layer diets, feed cost reduction

EFFECT OF LIGHTING REGIMES ON TWISTED LEGS, FEED CONVERSION AND GROWTH OF BROILER CHICKENS. P. C. M. Simmons*. The Spelderholt Institute for Poultry Research, Beekbergen, The Netherlands Research on the use of continuous light and several intermittent lighting regimes has been carried out with broiler cockerels in battery cages with galvanized flooring because the incidence of twisted legs is higher in males than females and in battery cages than on litter floors. The results show that at six weeks of age the incidence of twisted legs and eye abnormalities is lower and body weights are higher for birds reared in intermittent light than for birds reared in continuous light. The most favorable results with regard to twisted legs and body weight have been obtained under intermittent lighting regimes from 1 hr light/2 hr darkness and 1 hr light/7 hr darkness. Also, the feed conversion is somewhat better under intermittent lights. Radar waves were used to measure the total activity of the birds per 24-hour day. The activity in intermittent lighting was significantly increased. It is postulated this increased activity may be responsible for the lower incidence of twisted legs. Groups of birds on litter floors were also subjected to intermittent (1 hr light/2 hrs darkness) and continuous light. A lower percentage of twisted legs, higher body weights and superior feed conversion were again found under intermittent lighting. KEYWORDS: broiler

twisted legs

lighting regimes

INDEX SELECTION FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF EGG PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY IN LAYERS. Harpal Singh*and A.W. Nordskog, Dept. of Animal Sci., Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011. Data for this study was based on two unrelated White Leghorn populations, Q and R. In each population, replicate lines were selected on Index 1 incorporating information on body weight (BW), egg mass (EM), and individual feed consumption (FC), and on Index 2 using information on BW and EM only. These indexes were intended to improve efficiency on

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

FEEDING VALUE OF BARLEY IN POULTRY RATIONS AND ECONOMIC POTENTIAL FOR THE SUBSTITUTES OF WHEAT. J.S. Sim*, B.J. Johnstone and D.B. Bragg. Department of Poultry Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 2A2 Two feeding trials were carried out with broiler chickens and laying hens to determine feeding value of barley for poultry rations and its economic potential. Feed cost caused by replacing wheat with the less expensive barley in isocalorical diets was calculated. Seven dietary levels of barley (0-30%) were incorporated in a wheat-soy based broiler chick starter ration. Experimental diets were fed to 400 broiler chickens during a 4-week period. No adverse effect on the chick growth, feed intake and feed conversion ratio was observed with barley in comparison to the wheat control. Barley-supplemented diets resulted in higher weight gain and better feed conversion with broiler chickens, however the difference was not statistically significant (P<0.05). Feed cost reduction, due to the lower barley price (25% of wheat) appears to be considerable ($5.38 and $12.30/tonne for 30% barley diets with or without caloric adjustment respectively).

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1547

egg production. Four generations of selection have been completed. In generation 4, BW, age at sexual maturity, egg weight, daily EM output, daily feed intake, and feed efficiency (EM/FC) increased but not rate of lay. The difference between the mean performance of lines selected on Index 1 and Index 2 is assumed to reflect the effect of the FC information in Index 1. Incorporating FC in the index increased BW and age at sexual maturity but decreased rate of lay, egg weight, daily EM output, and daily FC. However, adding FC information to the index benefited the improvement in feed efficiency.

KEYWORDS:

Selection Index, Feed consumption, Feed efficiency.

Four commercial broiler crosses were evaluated for farm weight, eviscerated weight, percent dry yield, percent post-chilled yield and percent water uptake. Fifty-six birds from each cross were replicated 3 times. Evaluations were made on both a straight-run and sex-separated basis. The birds used in this study were grown in commercial broiler houses and selected at random. The slaughter and evisceration of the birds in this study was done with automated equipment in a commercial processing plant. Despite significant differences in both live weight and eviscerated weight, no significant differences were realized in percent dry yield, percent post-chilled yield and percent water uptake (P < .05). On a straight-run basis the heaviest cross averaged 2222 A grams and the lightest averaged 2055^ grains with no numerical difference in dry yield and a 0.3% difference in post-chilled yield. With crosses and sexes combined there was a 0.26 (P < 0.0001) phenotypic correlation between farm weight and percent dry yield. The correlation coefficient between percent water uptake and post-chilled yield was 0.59 (P < 0.0001).

KEYWORDS:

EVISCERATED YIELD, WATER UPTAKE, BROILERS.

INFLUENCE OF PH0T0PERI0D ON RECYCLING TURKEY BREEDER HENS: LENGTH OF DAILY PHOTOPERIOD AND DURATION OF TREATMENT. T. P. Slopes*. Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N. C. 27650. Large, white breeder hens which had completed their first reproductive cycle were exposed to one of three different short photoperiods (8L:16D, 4L:20D or 2L:22D) for both 4 and 8 weeks duration. In addition, one group of hens was maintained on 16 hours of light per day (16L:8D) for 8 weeks, Feed and water were provided ad libitum at all times. Following the pre-laying treatment period all birds were moved to individual cages and photostimulated into egg production with 16 hours of light per day (16L:8D). With only one exception there was no significant influence of the amount of light given to the hens during the pre-laying period on the rate of sexual maturation (age at first egg). The group receiving 2L:22D for 4 weeks laid their first egg later than hens in all other treatments. Four weeks exposure to the light treatments resulted in a later onset of egg laying than 8 weeks exposure. Neither the amount of light given during the pre-laying period nor the duration of the treatment significantly influenced the number of eggs produced by each hen. The fertility of hens in the various treatments did not differ until the last 6 weeks of the 20 week production period. During this time all treatment exposures of 4 weeks duration had a significantly lower fertility than those hens treated with short daylengths for 8 weeks. There was no difference in fertility caused by the amount of light during the pre-laying period. Hatchability was not significantly influenced by either the amount of light or the time of exposure during the pre-laying period.

KEYWORDS:

Recycling, photoperiod, egg production, fertility, hatchability.

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

YIELD COMPARISONS OF FOUR COMMERCIAL CROSSES. S. P. Singh,* Mandata Poultry, Gettysburg, PA 17325 and M. F. Gawron, Hubbard Farms, Inc., Walpole, NH 03608

1548

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

INFLUENCE OF AGE AND FAT LEVEL UPON THE RATE OF DIGESTA PASSAGE IN POULTRY. M. 0. Smith*, S. R. Rust and R. G. Teeter, Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74u7B"

K E Y W O R D S . Age, Fat, Digesta Passage Rate HEREDITARY GLAUCOMA IN A LINE OF SLATE COLORED TURKEYS. J. Robert Smyth, Jr.* and Annelles deKater, Dept. of Vet. and An. Sci., Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 and E. G. Buss, Dept. of Poultry Sci., Penn. State Univ., University Park, PA 16802 A mutation causing glaucoma has been found in a turkey line characterized by homozygosity for the incompletely dominant slate plumage color gene. The initial indicators of the glaucoma, protrusion and increased curvature of the cornea, appear at any time prior to 22 weeks of age with a few poults showing the defect at hatching. Variable increases in intra-ocular pressure occur during the early stages of the defect with a subsequent drop below normal levels as the disease progresses. Histologically, corneal edema and/or enlargement of the anterior chamber are apparent in early stages along with varying degrees of corneal opacity and buphthalmos. This is followed by peripheral anterior or posterior synechia, iris bombe, closure of the iridocorneal angle and degeneration of the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm. The defect appears to be due to an autosomal recessive mutation with incomplete penetrance. Pooled data from 3 generations of affected x affected matings within the slate line yielded an average incidence of 40.5% for males and 87.1% for females (sex difference significant, P < .001). The condition was bilateral in 64.4% of affected females compared to 38.3% of affected males (P < .01). The eye defect was also found to be closely associated with the slate phenotype in backcross and F2 progeny segregatory at the slate and recessive white loci after an outcross to unrelated recessive whites. The 18 glaucomatous birds among the 202 Fi x affected slate backcross progeny were all slates (P < .01), as were 3 of the 4 affected F2 poults. KEYWORDS: Turkeys, hereditary glaucoma, incomplete penetrance, intraocular pressure, plumage color

TWO MOSAICS INVOLVING LINKAGE GROUP II OF THE DOMESTIC FOWL. Ralph G. Somes, Jr.* Dept of Nutritional Sci., University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268 Two mosaic females are described, both of which involve the linkage group II chromosome. One female is a bilateral mosaic in which the right side of the body is normally feathered, the right shank is heavily feathered and the outer toe is brachydactylous. The left side of the body is frizzled, the left shank is much less feathered and the outer toe is normal. The second female is a feather color mosaic involving dominant white. This bird is of the e /e wild type plumage pattern with light tan or buffish colored feathers intermingled over her sides and dorsal surface. Breeding tests with e /e males showed that the female was heterozygous for dominant white (I/i ) and homozygous for e . All of her offspring of the e /e , I/i genotype were of the red pyle pattern as would be expected. Possible causes of each of these mosaics are discussed. KEYWORDS. Mosaics, linkage group II, frizzle, dominant white

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

Two feeding experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of age and fat level on rate of digesta passage. In the first experiment pullets 5, 9, 13, 17, 21 and 24 weeks of age were fed a balanced ration for 7 day preliminary and 1 day sample collection periods. Passage rate was estimated on the 8th day by fasting all birds for 30 minutes and then allowing the birds to consume the ration with 1 percent ^ 0 3 added as a visual marker. Passage rate was calculated as the difference between initial consumption of the Fe203 labeled feed and the first appearance of Fe?03 in feces. Passage rate for the 5, 9, 13, 17, 21 and 24 week old birds was 217.6, 201.2, 211.8, 209.7, 238.8 and 225.8 minutes respectively. Dry matter digestibility values will be reported. In the second trial 72 pullets with a mean initial weight of 1.3 Kg were randomly divided into 12 experiment groups with birds fed individually. Treatments evaluated included rations containing 0, 10, 20 and 30 percent supplemental fat fed ad. libitum, all rations limit fed equally across all fat level treatments and rations combined with 40 percent dietary polyethylene to increase ration bulk. Although fat addition reduced passage rate the effect is partially explained by feed intake and bulk considerations.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1549

VARIATION OF AMINO ACID CONTENTS IN FEEDSTUFFS. M. Spindler? H. Schmidtborn, H. Tanner. Degussa AG, Industrial and Fine Chem. Div. /Product Development and Techn. Service, Dept. Amino Acids and Vitamins, D-6450 Hanau-Wolfgang, Fed. Rep. of Germany

A TELEPHONE-ACCESS SYSTEM FOR CRITIQUE OF EXAMINATIONS. J . Fred Stephens. Poultry Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210.

Dept. of

Tape recorded c r i t i q u e s of examinations have been used e f f e c t i v e l y i n l i e u o f conducting post exam review sessions either during scheduled class time or outside of class time. Fewer than 30 percent of the students i n an introductory animal sciences course attended voluntary exam c r i t i q u e sessions p r i o r to the introduction of tape recorded c r i t i q u e s . In subsequent classes o f the same course, about 40 percent o f the students u t i l i z e d c r i t i q u e s recorded on cassette tape and made available at a Learning Resources Center. A system has been now developed which permits students to obtain tape-recorded c r i tiques of examinations by telephone. This system, p r i m a r i l y designed f o r language t r a i n ing, permits students to either dial a "channel" number from one of the several l i s t e n i n g centers and automatically access materials, or to dial a request l i n e from any telephone and ask a technician f o r material. Almost 60 percent of the students i n two classes used a l l examination critiques when they were made available through both "dial access" and a Learning Resources Center f a c i l i t y . Over 70 percent of the students who used the tape-recorded examination c r i t i q u e s chose the telephone-access system. This system i s easy to use, inexpensive, and convenient ' T both student and i n s t r u c t o r . K£.YWORDS:

Examination, c r i t i q u e s , Dial Access, Telephone Access

THE EFFECTS OF PREHATCHING AUDITORY STIMULATION ON POSTHATCHING BEHAVIOR OF TURKEY POULTS. J . Paul Stevens* and Henry L. Classen, Dept. of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 0W0. In several avian species prehatching exposure to a specific sound stimulus has been observed to increase the posthatching response to that sound. I f prehatching auditory stimulation proves e f f e c t i v e on turkeys, the application to a commercial operation could reduce poult stress and m o r t a l i t y . Broad-breasted bronze turkey eggs (400) were incubated c o l l e c t i v e l y u n t i l day 21 when viable eggs were randomly divided into 3 groups. Each group of 120 eggs was incubated in an identical incubator isolated from other groups. A recording of a female turkey brood gathering c a l l was played to one group of eggs at irregular intervals during the f i n a l

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

The a.a. contents of feedstuffs were analysed by a standard method. Mean values (adjusted for equal d. m. content) with the corresponding relative standard deviations are: Feedstuff number of D.M. C.P. Met Cys Lys Arg Thr Trp samples _ [°/o] T%3 [%] W [%1 [°/.] C°/.] [°/°] 90.0 " 4 8 . 1 Soybean X 76 T75 177 3 . 2 3 3 . 6 3 2T03 T B I meal, 48 % (3.6) ( 5 . 8 ) ( 6 . 5 ) ( 6 . 6 ) ( 4 . 0 ) ( 3 . 4 ) ( 7 . 6 ) (rsd) 86.0 X 8.2 .20 .20 .26 .40 .31 .06 Corn 63 (rsd) (7.5) (8.9) (7.3) (9-8) (9-4) (8.5) (16.8) .65 .59 2.46 3.30 1.65 .25 93.0 47.9 Meat & bone X 46 (2.9) (9.2) (42.9) (9.1) (4.1) (8.0) (8.7) meal (45-50%) (rsd) .99 1.04 3.02 4.00 2.38 .44 93.0 58.9 X Poultry 35 (7.4) (21.4) (49.7) (18.0) (8.4) (18.1) (14.7) by-prod. m. (rsd) The a.a. content of corn evaluated as g/16 gN i s decreasing with increasing c . p . l e v e l s . In m & b meal and poultry by-prod, meal cystine varies extremely. Poultry by-prod. m. also contains varying amounts of (R)-L and (meso)-lanthionine (x 0.20 %, r s d . 99.8 %), r e s u l t i n g from degradation of cystine during processing. Since a . a . requirement data are based on a . a . ingredient data KEYWORDS: they should always be defined together. Amino a c i d s , Variation in Feedstuffs, Lanthionine

1550

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

ENERGY AND AVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS LEVELS OF THE DIET AS CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS TO EARLY LEG PROBLEMS IN TURKEY POULTS. V.I. Stevens*, R. Blair and H.L. Classen, Dept. of Animal and Poultry Sci., and C. Riddell, Dept. of Veterinary Pathology, WCVM, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 0W0. Rapid growth rate, along with improper dietary levels of available phosphorus (P), may be contributory factors of early leg problems in turkey poults. Nine diets varying in metabolizable energy (ME) (2700, 2900 and 3100 kcal/kg) and available P levels (0.4, 0.6 and 0.8%) were fed to 270 poults housed in battery brooders. Body weight and feed consumption were measured weekly over a 4 week period. At 2 and 4 weeks six poults from each diet were blood sampled and tibia were removed for bone ash determination and histological examination. By 2 weeks of age poults on the two higher levels of energy were significantly heavier than those receiving the diet containing 2700 kcal ME/kg. Feed consumption was similar with all energy levels until week 4 when the birds consuming the highest level of energy ate significantly less. Birds on the 0.4% P diets were smaller and ate less feed than the rest. The 0.4% P diets increased blood calcium and alkaline phosphatase and decreased blood P and tibia ash, but there were no obvious differences noted among treatments upon histological examination of the tibia. However, in combination, the high energy/low P diet (3100 kcal ME/kg and 0.4% P) significantly decreased tibia ash and significantly increased alkaline phosphatase over the low energy/low P diet (2700 kcal ME/kg and 0.4% P ) . This indicates the importance of considering the adequacy of available P per unit of ME when formulating rations so that poults will not be predisposed to rickets. KFY WORDS: Available phosphorus, diet, energy, rickets, turkeys

CHARACTERIZATION OF SERUM THYROXINE (T4) AND TRIIODOTHYRONINE (T3) LEVELS AS AFFECTED BY THE dw GENE. Pamela A. Stewart* and Kenneth W. Washburn. Dept. of Poultry Science, Univesity of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 Previous studies utilizing half-sib progeny from normal and dwarf broiler dams showed a significant difference between the DwDw and Dwdw progeny in the level of malic enzyme and in their response to diets differing in level of protein. In the present study, the differences in thyroid function of the DwDw and Dwdw progeny and the differences in the response to high and low protein diets were examined. Serum throxine (T)j) and triodot.Viyronine (T3) levels were used as a measure of thyroid function. These levels were determined from serum obtained at bi-weekly intervals from 2 to 8 weeks of age by radioimmunoassay. The DwDw progeny had significantly higher levels of T^ (9-18 ;+_ 1.22 ug%) than the Dwdw (7-11 ±_ 1.25 ug#) at 2 weeks of age. Differences between strains in T^ levels at other ages were not significant. The high protein diet resulted in significantly elevated serum Tj, levels at 2 weeks, but not at other ages. The T^ response of the DwDw and Dwdw progeny to the two dietary regimes was significantly different at 2 and k weeks. The low protein diet resulted in highly significantly elevated T3 levels. There were no significant differences in To levels between the DwDw and Dwdw progeny. However, the DwDw progeny exhibited significantly higher levels of serum Tg (5-92 +_ 0.22 ng/ml) than the Dwdw birds (4.94 +_ 0.24 ng/ml) at 2 weeks, but lower levels (3.40 + 0.25 ng/ml) than the Dwdw strain

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

week of incubation. A second group was exposed to a male turkey "gobble" call. The third group, which acted as a control, received no additional auditory stimulation. Recordings were discontinued prior to hatching. Following hatching, a discrimination test was used to test the poults' preference for each sound. Eighty poults from each prehatching treatment were tested in groups of 4 in a two-choice chamber measuring 2.4 x .9 x .46 m. The poults were released at the mid point of the test chamber upon initiation of the sound stimuli and their location was recorded following a 5 minute period in which one, both, or no calls were played. Poults did not show a greater preference for sounds heard in the prehatching period compared to novel stimuli. There was a significant tendency (P<.05) for poults to avoid the sound stimuli. Results indicate that turkeys may not possess the capabilities of some other gallinaceous species to respond to prehatching auditory stimulation in the posthatching period. KEYWORDS. turkeys prehatching behavior posthatching behavior

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1551

(U.00 +_ 0.27 ng/ml) at eight weeks of age. These findings suggest an effect on ••metabolism by the dw gene, even in a heterozygous state. KEY WORDS; Dwarfing gene (dw), T^, T 3

EFFECTS OF BEAK TRIMMING ON LAYER HOUSE PERFORMANCE. C. F. Strong, Jr.*. F.H.Benoff, and R.D.Reynnells. Extension Poultry Sci. Dept., Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602.

PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON THE PRESERVATION OF LIQUID EGGS AND LIQUID ALBUMEN WITH SUGAR, S. Sukanta and T., C. Chen*, Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 Liquid egg products with 55% and 60% sugar content and liquid albumen products with 57% and 62% sugar content were prepared, packed and kept at 25°C for 3 Mo, and at 30°C for 4 Mo. Selected microbial, chemical, physical and leavening properties of the products were measured, The total microbial counts of the products increased slightly before leveling off. The incidence of bacteria decreased upon storage while an increase in yeast population was observed for the products with low sugar contents. The water activity (a w ) of 60% sugar liquid egg and 62% liquid albumen products were 0.85. No significant change in a w readings was recorded upon storage. The TBA and free fatty acid values of the products were low and remained low throughout the test. No apparent change in pH value was observed. The color of the products darken upon storage. Rate of browning was faster in the first two months than in the other period. Color of liquid albumen products altered the color of angel cakes more than liquid egg products altered the plain cakes. The leavening properties of the liquid products were affected neither by temperature nor time of storage, while the leavening properties of liquid albumen products decreased greatly during the first two months of storage. KEYwoRDSt

liquid egg, liquid albumen, preservation, quality

ILEAL CANNUIATICN OF CHICKENS. D.J. Simmers,* R. Berzins and A.R. Robblee, Department of Animal Science, university of Alberta, Edmonton, Alfcerta"7~'r6G 2P5 A method of collecting ileal digesta from chickens is useful in determining the amino acid digestibility of feedstuffs. Collection of ileal digesta avoids the alteration of amino acid levels caused by bacteria and urine when using fecal collections. Cannula

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

Beak trimming quality of 440 commercially grown egg-type replacement pullets was subjectively evaluated at 18 weeks of age and birds were sorted into three categories: properly trimmed (PT), short (ST) and missed (MT). Pullets were housed 4 birds per 30.5 X 47.5 cm. cage in an open-sided laying house. Five treatments were established: 4 PT birds/ cage (P), 4 ST birds/cage (S), 4 MT birds/cage (M), 2 PT and 2 ST birds/cage (PS) and 2 PT and 2 MT birds/cage (PM). Egg production was recorded daily for the first 3 months and for 5 consecutive days every 4 weeks thereafter. Average egg weight was determined for each cage every 4 weeks beginning at 28 weeks. Individual body weights were obtained at housing and at several times during production. S birds were significantly lighter than M birds at all ages measured from 18 through 40 weeks of age. S birds were significantly lighter than P birds only at 18, 21 and 24 weeks of age. Body weights at 48 and 56 weeks of age did not differ significantly among treatments. Body weight at housing (18 weeks) averaged 1.22, 1.19, 1.23, 1.20 and 1.21 kg. for treatments P, S, M, PS and PM, respectively. Liveability (18-56 weeks) was 100%, 96.4%, 98.9%, 96.4% and 97.6% for treatments P, S, M, PS and PM, respectively. Liveability by debeaking type independent of treatment was 98.8%, 95.2% and 99.2% for PT, ST and MT birds, respectively. No significant differences were detected among treatments for age at sexual maturity (defined as the first day on which 2 or more eggs were laid for each cage), % hen-day egg production, overall average egg weight or average egg mass produced per hen per day. Adjusting for initial differences in 18 week body weight had no effect on these relationships. KEY WORDS: Beak trimming, egg production, egg mass, liveability.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1552

design and materials were evaluated for ileal cannulation. The basic design was a T type cannula of varying lengths and diameters, constructed of nylon, glass or teflon. Placement of the cannula was also evaluated for optimal flow and collection of digesta. The cannula was inserted into 2.0 - 2.5Kg adult leghorn cockerals at approximately 10-12 cm from the ileocecal junction and exteriarized through the abdomen on the right of the keel at the point of the posterior xiphisternal process. The birds required a minimum amount of postoperative care and passed normal feces within 3-5 days. Samples were obtained by removing a plug and attaching plastic bags. In 1 hour .5 to 1.0 g of dry matter could be collected. KEYWORDS:

cannulation, Ileal

This experiment, involving 72 hens, was conducted to determine the effects of strain, dietary cholesterol and energy intake on cholesterol synthesis and turnover in the laying hen. The two lines of birds used in this experiment had been divergently selected for high and low oxygen consumption, and had been shown to differ significantly (p<.01) in gain in body weight and carcass lipid from zero to four weeks of age. The dietary treatments, administered for a two-week period, consisted of a two by two factorial arrangement of two levels of dietary cholesterol (0 and 1% added) and two levels of energy intake (ad libitum and 75% ad libitum). Three trials were run, each with 24 hens. After each trial period the birds were injected intravenously with labelled acetate and livers removed four hours later; hepatic cholesterol and lipid synthesis were measured by the uptake of labelled acetate. Added cholesterol produced a significant (p<.01) decrease in uptake of acetate into hepatic cholesterol, while causing significant (p<.01) increases in both liver and egg cholesterol concentrations, but not in plasma cholesterol levels. Restricting caloric intake resulted in decreased egg production and total amount of cholesterol excreted via the egg with significantly (p<.05) increased plasma and liver cholesterol levels. Line differences were seen in egg production and both hepatic cholesterol and lipid synthesis. The results suggest that cholesterol metabolism in the laying hen is influenced by: 1) egg production; 2) dietary cholesterol; 3) energy intake; and 4) selection for oxygen consumption, which is related to changes in metabolic rate. KEY WORDS: hen - dietary cholesterol - energy intake - metabolic rate

DIFFERENCES IN BODY FAT OF INBRED LINES OF WHITE LEGHORNS DERIVED FROM A COMMON BASE POPULATION. Chein Tai*, Hans Abplanalp and Dona Napolitano. Dept. of Avian Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616. Two sets of 3 inbred lines, derived from a common base population of Leghorns, respectively, were used in this study, along with a cross of the two base populations and 3 crosses between inbred lines of different sets. Inbreeding of the 6 lines was initiated by three generations of full sib mating. Thereafter, lines were expanded to 6 pair matings approximately, and propagated as small closed flocks. The two base populations were propagated with 10 males and 30 hens each. Selection for high egg number with an index intended to retain egg size at its initial weight was applied in all cases. After 10 generations inbreeding coefficients of inbred lines averaged 0.75 and that of the cross of base populations 0.13. Body fat, liver weight, the sizes of rapidly developing follicles and body weight were determined at approximately one year of age for two successive generations (1980 and 1981). Average fat weight of inbred lines ranged from 35.7 gm to 130.0 gm. Fat weight of the control cross was 99.4 gm and that of inbred crosses 120.5 gm, both significantly higher than the average of 82.6 gm for inbreds. Fat weight was thus exhibiting heterosis. It also showed a positive genetic correlation with body weight.

KEYWORDS:

Leghorn, Body Fat, Inbred Lines

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

THE INFLUENCE OF STRAIN, DIETARY CHOLESTEROL AND ENERGY INTAKE ON CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM IN THE LAYING HEN. Charlotte D. Sutton* and William M. Muir. Dept. of Animal Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1553

OBSERVATIONS ON THE EXPANSION OF SEMEN VOLUME DURING THE FREEZING CYCLE. Jui-Jane Liu Tai*, John Sharp and F.X. Ogasawara. Dept. of Avian Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616. A study using plastic straws was conductd to observe the increase of semen volume during the freezing process of scaleless chicken semen. The semen was cooled from 5 C to six experimental subzero temperatures (-15°C, -20°C, -25°C, -30°C, -35 C, and -40 C) in a modified freezer, and then immersed immediately into liquid nitrogen. Tne plastic straws were quantified for volume increases at one end, and the volume cnange of semen was recorded during the freezing cycle.

KEYWORDS:

chicken semen, semen freezing, heat of fusion, intracellular ice, solution effect.

EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE, DIET AND ESTROGEN ON HEPATIC LIPID DEPOSITION IN CHICKS. Kazuaki Takahashi*. L.S. Jensen and S.L. Bolden. Dept. of Poultry Sci., University of Georgia, Athens, GA 306U2 Three experiments were conducted to investigate possible interrelationships among environmental temperature, dietary composition and estrogen on hepatic lipid deposition in chicks. In Experiments 1 and 2, two different levels of estradiol (E2) were injected 3 times over a period of 4 days, in 3 week-old Leghorn male chicks, fed a corn-soybean meal diet (CS) or a diet containing fish meal (FM) after 2 days fasting. The chicks were subjected to temperature ranges of 15-23°C or 23-35°C at 2 weeks of age. In Experiment 3, two different sizes of tubes containing E2 were implanted in 3 week-old broiler chicks fed CS or a diet containing fish meal, alfalfa meal and torula yeast (FAY). The chicks were given the experimental diets from day of age to 6 weeks, and were subjected to the temperature ranges of 15-23°C or 23-350C at 3 weeks. Lipid deposition in liver was markedly increased with E2 administration among chicks fed all diets and at both temperatures. The increase in liver lipid was significantly greater at 23-35°C than at 15-23°C. Feeding the FM or FAY diets was associated with decreased hepatic lipid accumulation as compared to the CS diet. The higher E2 injection reduced the preventive effect of FM on hepatic lipid deposition at the higher temperature. These data indicate that environmental temperature, dietary composition, estrogen and their interactions influence hepatic lipid deposition, and also suggest that high temperature augments liver response to estrogen.

KEYWORDS:

temperature, estrogen, liver lipid

RESPONSE OF SIX FIELD ISOLATES OF COCCIDIA TO ARPRINOCID AND I0N0PH0RES. Tamas Tamas* and George Olson. Department of Poultry Parasitology & Nutrition, Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065 Six domestic field strains of coccidia were tested against arprinocid in battery cages. These strains, representing Eimeria acervulina, maxima and tenella from two geographic locations, were isolated from flocks which did not respond adequately to some of the major ionophores.

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

When scaleless semen diluted with Lake's glycerolized solution was frozen from 5 C to temperatures above -20°C at a freezing rate of l°C.min, a maximum dehydration was not attained, and the maintenance of sperm motility and sperm survival after plunging into liquid nitrogen was poor. However, if the terminus of the first cooling step was below -25 C, most straws showed the maximum expansion in semen volume, and the semen quality after freeze-thawing was much better. The treatment at a subzero temperature of -30°C during first slow-freezing step had the best results in terms of sperm motility and sperm survival. These results indicated that the occurrence of the heat of fusion during the freezing cycle presumably reduces the formation of intracellular ice and is critical for the survival of avian spermatozoa. Furthermore, the spermatozoa might be further damaged by a continuing solution effect after a maximum dehydration was attained at subzero temperatures.

1554

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

All the strains were controlled by arprinocid. The results also indicated that lasalocid is not cross resistant with monensin, narasin or salinomycin. KEYWORDS:

Coccidiosis, arprinocid, monensin, lasalocid, salinomycin, narasin, cross resistance

COMPARATIVE VITAMIN A TOXICITY OF BONE IN THE LEGHORN AND BROILER CHICK. K.N. Tang, G.N. Rowland, and J.R. Veltmann, Jr*, Dept. of Veterinary Pathology and Dept. of Poultry Sci., University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602

In both Leghorn and broiler chicks vitamin A caused a significant decrease in feed consumption, body weight and PCV. While broiler chicks dosed with vitamin A had significantly lower bone ash compared to controls, there were no significant differences in bone ash among Leghorn chicks. A trend toward decreased total serum calcium and phosphorus was observed with increasing levels of vitamin A in both breeds. Clinically, broilers were reluctant to walk by the 8th day of dosing. Conjunctivitis with a crusting and sealing of the eyelids was observed later in both broilers and Leghorns dosed with vitamin A. While spontaneous deaths occurred by the 13th day of treatment, necropsy examination of these birds revealed no traumatic or infectious cause(s) for death. Thickened tibial growth plates and enlarged parathyroid glands were seen in broilers at each dose level of vitamin A, whereas no gross lesions were evident in bone or parathyroids of the Leghorn birds, suggesting a differential response to vitamin A toxicity between Leghorn and broiler chicks. K E Y W O R D S : vitamin A, toxicity, bone, bone ash, growth METHOD OF STANDARD ADDITIONS FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF NUTRIENT BIOAVAILABILITY WITH GROWTH ASSAYS. R. G. Teeter*, Dept. of Animal Science, D. L. Weeks, Dept. of Statistics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078 A novel approach for evaluating nutrient bioavailability with growth assays has been developed and tested in vivo. New methodology is needed so that differences between the nutrient response curve and sample response curve not attributed to the nutrient in question can be minimized. The procedure involves feeding the following rations to growing animals: 1. balanced ration but devoid in the nutrient of interest; 2. ration containing the test feedstuff to provide a fraction of the nutrient requirement; 3. As 2 plus purified nutrient source assumed to be 100 percent available for growth (ration is still deficient in the nutrient of interest); 4. As 3 plus purified nutrient to further supplement treatment 3. Gain is regressed upon supplemental nutrient intake to estimate the slope of the nutrient response curve. Location of the growth response curve abscissa intercept is determined by calculating the mean weight loss when the animals are fed treatment 1 and dividing this value by the estimated slope of the nutrient response curve. The response curve is adjusted to originate at the origin by adding body weight loss or substracting the body weight gain associated with treatment 1 from rations 2, 3 and 4. Regressing this corrected body weight gain on the supplemental nutrient intake and solving the regression line for nutrient intake with no gain yields an estimate of the available nutrient in the feedstuff. This procedure has been successfully tested in vivo for lysine availability in soybean meal. The primary advantage of the standard additions procedure is that nutrient and sample response curves have identical composition for all possible nutrients other than the one being studied. K E Y W O R D S : Growth Assay, Bioavailability, Availability

HEMAGGLUTINATION RESPONSE AS INFLUENCED BY CONCENTRATION AND AGE OF ANTIGEN IN BROILERS. J. Paul Thaxton*, Dept. of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27650 The hemagglutination (HA) response in chickens to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) is a con-

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

Thirty 1-week old broiler and Leghorn chicks were dosed orally with either 0, 330 or 660 I.U. vitamin A/gram body weight/day for 21 days. The diet fed prior to and during the experimental period consisted of a corn-soy ration containing 1500 I.U. vitamin A and 200 I.U. vitamin D. Blood collected at 28 days of age from each bird was used to determine packed cell volume (PCV), total serum calcium and phosphorus. In addition, tibia, synsarum calvarium, thyroid and parathyroid glands from each bird were evaluated histologically.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1555

ventional measure of humoral immune responsiveness. Recent reports suggest that concentration and age of the SRBCs influence HA responsiveness. The purpose of this study was to quantitate these influences. Four experiments were conducted with broiler cockerels. At 4 weeks of age, chicks received concentrations of SRBCs ranging from 1x10)3 to 1x10.8 SRBCs/1 ml of saline IV. SRBC concentrations were determined by direct counting or with an electronic particle cell counter. SRBCs were aged at 4 C for 1, 7, or 21 days in sterile Alsever's solution. The test antigens were aged in the same manner. A concentration of 1x10^ SRBCs resulted in maximum anti-SRBC levels and 1x10^ SRBCs gave a minimal response. SRBCs aged for 7 or 21 days produced greater levels of antibodies than 1-day-old SRBCs. . Aging of the test antigens did not influence serological responses. These results indicate that HA responses are related to concentration and age of the SRBCs. KEYWORDS:

Immunity, sheep erythrocytes, broilers

Fertile Japanese quail eggs were exposed to 2.45 GHz CW microwave radiation for the first 12 days of embryonation. Exposed and non-exposed controls of both sexes were reared to either 6-, 12-, or 22-weeks of age. At these times quail were evaluated for humoral immune responsiveness to chukar red blood cells, delayed hypersensitivity to phytohemagglutinin, and total and absolute circulating levels of leucocytes. All parameters were equivalent in exposed and non-exposed controls at 6 weeks of age. However, in 12- and 22-weekold quail delayed hypersensitivity was reduced in exposed quail and total and absolute leucocyte numbers were increased in exposed females. Possible sex hormone- and agedependent influences on immune responsiveness are feasible explanations of these results. KEYWORDS:

Sci.,

Quail, microwaves, immunity, embryo

FEEDING VALUE OF EXPELLOR EXTRACTED RAPE AND SAFFLOWER OILSEED MEALS FOR BROILERS. V.M. Thomas, R.J. Katz-, D.A. AULD, C.F. Petersen and E.A. Sauter. Dept. of Animal University of Idaho, Moscow] ID 83843.

Rape (RSM) and safflower (SM) oilseed meals were collected from an expellor oilseed press. RSM and SM contained 30.7 and 25.8% crude protein (CP) , 21.7 and 8.7% ether extract and 25.2 and 42.3% acid detergent fiber, respectively. The RSM contained a total glucosinolate concentration of 78.3 ymoles/g. TME values were determiend with RSM, SM and soybean meal (SBM) using adult New Hampshire cockerels. Respective TME values were: 3.68 (RSM), 2.51 (SM) and 3-23 (SBM) kcal/g. A 22-d feeding trial was conducted with 6-d-old Hubbard broiler chicks. The basal diet contained corn and SBM and was formulated to contain 23% CP and 3250 kcal ME/kg diet. RSM and SM replaced either 25 or 50% of the SBM protein in isonitrogenous, isocaloric diets. Birds fed SBM and 25 or 50% SM consumed more (P<.01) daily feed than those fed 25 or 50% RSM (65.9, 64.9, 63.0 vs_ 52.8, 37-9 g/day). Feed consumption was greater (P<.01) for 25% RSM birds than those fed 50% RSM. Growth rate was greater (P<.01) for birds fed SBM and 25 or 50% SM versus 25 or 50% RSM (37.6, 36.8, 36.6 vs_29.8, 18.5 g/day). Daily gain was greater (P<.01) for 25% RSM versus 50% RSM. Birds fed SBM, 25 or 50% SM and 25% RSM converted feed to gain more efficiently (P<.01) than those fed 50% RSM (1.71, 1-73, 1.68, 1.74 vs_ 2.02 g feed/g gain). Birds fed 25 and 50% RSM had higher thyroid length (mm) to bird weight ratios than those fed SBM (8.42, 10.54 vs_ 5.57), indicating that the glucosinolate content of the RSM diets did impair thyroid metabolism. KEYWORDS: Soybean meal, Safflower meal, Rapeseed meal, Broilers.

TURKEY ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANE FATTY ACIDS. L. Thompson-Cowley*, Dept. of Poultry Sci., M. J. Tripp, Dept. of Agri. Chemistry, and J. A. Harper, Dept. of Poultry Sci., Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 Red blood cells were collected at 17-19, 23, and 32-33 weeks of age from 89 females and 83 males of the Deep Pectoral Myopathy line (DPM), the Medium White, control line (MWC), and the heterozygous progeny from a cross of Broad Breasted Bronze males x DPM females (MBX) line. Each sample was analyzed for total methyl esters and percent fatty acids. Significant differences in fatty acids 16:0, 18:0, 18:1, and 18:2 were detected in

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

IMMUNITY OF JUVENILE AND ADULT JAPANESE QUAIL EXPOSED TO MICROWAVE RADIATION DURING EMBRYOGENY. J. Paul Thaxton*, Dept. of Poultry Science, N.C. State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27650 and M.J. Galvin and, D.I. McRee, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1556

KEYWORDS:

Turkey, erythrocyte, fatty acid, myopathy

EFFECTS OF HIGH INTENSITY FLUORESCENT VERSUS LOW INTENSITY INCANDESCENT LIGHT ON SEMEN PRODUCTION IN LARGE WHITE BREEDER TURKEYS. R. J. Thurston*, B. L. Hughes, and J. E. Jones, Poultry Science Dept. Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631. Large White turkey breeder toms, 28 weeks of age were randomly assigned to eight 6 x 6 m pens, 12 males per pen. Four breeder period light regimes were used, two pens for each: deluxe cool white fluorescent (DCWF; 189 Ix); yellow fluorescent (YF; 140 lx); a commercial fluorescent simulating sunlight (CF; 173 lx); incandescent white (I, 10 lx). The toms were ejaculated when 31 and 32 weeks old, and from 33 weeks of age, semen volume, spermatozoa and seminal plasma protein concentrations were measured weekly for 28 weeks. Significantly (P<0.01) more semen was produced by toms subjected to DCWF (0.31 +_ 0.006 ml) than by toms exposed to YF (0.25 +_ 0.006), CF (0.21 +_ 0.006) or I (0.26 _+ 0.006) light. There was a significant date x volume interaction (P<0.01), the superior production with DCWF toms becoming evident only after the 10th week. Spermatozoa concentration was normal for toms on DCWF, thus their total ejaculate sperm cells was also greater (P<0.01) after the 10th week. Average number of spermatozoa per ejaculate were: DCWF, 2.71 +_ 0.05 x 10 9 ; YF, 2.16 +_ 0.04 x 1 0 9 ; CF, 2.26 _+ 0.05 x 1 0 9 ; I, 2.17 +_ 0.05 x 10 9 . Seminal plasma protein concentration (g/lOOml) was normal (<3) for all light treatments but was significantly (P<0.01) lower for toms exposed to I light; DCWF, 2.05 + 0.03; YF, 2.14 + 0.04; CF, 2.09 + 0.04; I, 1.67 + 0.04. The higher protein for toms on the fluorescent lights was primarily due to increases in protein after the 10th week of production. Based on the results of this experiment, bright DCFW light is superior to bright CF or YF or low intensity I for stimulation of semen production in breeder turkeys. KEYWORDS:

TurkeV;

breeders, light, semen

COMPARATIVE ANTICOCCIDIAL EFFICACY OF NARASIN AND MONENSIN IN BATTERY CAGE TRIALS, L. V. Tonkinson*, T. K. Jeffers and M. E. Callender Lilly Research Laboratories, Division of Eli Lilly and Company, P.O. Box 708, Greenfield, Indiana, 46140 Narasin and monensin are each effective against pathogenic species of chicken coccidia when tested in battery-cage and floor pen studies. Narasin and monesin were each tested at concentrations of 60, 80 and 100 ppm against isolates of E. tenella, E. necatrix, E. maxima, and E. acervulina in a series of 32 short-term battery cage trials. These trials were designed to compare the anticoccidial efficacy of the two agents against coccidia typifying those present in commercial broiler production houses. The general results from the statistical analyses of these studies revealed that on a unit for unit basis narasin was more efficacous than monensin. Narasin resulted in significantly lower cecal and intestinal lesion scores, higher weight gains and better feed conversions when fed at comparable levels to monensin. Lesion scores were reduced with increasing levels of each compound and significantly lower scores were observed for narasin than for monensin at each level. Higher weight gains were observed at 60 and 80 ppm of narasin. KEYWORDS: narasin, monensin, anticoccidial, coccidiosis, Eimeria, chicken coccidia anticoccidial efficacy, inophorous antibiotic, battery cage trials

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

birds tested at each age. At 17-19 weeks, the significant differences between DPM and MWC birds (P£.001) were in fatty acids 16:0 (DPM higher) and 18:2 (DPM lower). At 23 weeks, 16:0 was higher in the DPM line (P£.05). At 33 weeks, 18:1 was higher, and 18:2 lower in the DPM line (P^.001). At 19 weeks the MBX line was significantly different from DPM birds in fatty acid 16:0 (P£.001) and 18:2. At 23 weeks they were intermediate between MWC and DPM. At 33 weeks they were significantly different from MWC in 18:1 (P£.001) and 18:2. Total membrane lipid weights were highest in DPM turkeys at 17-19 weeks of age, and highest in MWC turkeys at 23 and 32-33 weeks. A difference in lipid weights between sexes was noted in the MWC line at 17-19 weeks and in the MBX and DPM lines at 23 weeks. DPM turkeys, later afflicted by myopathy, had higher membrane lipid weights than did non-afflicted birds at 17-19 weeks of age, and lower lipid weights at 23 and 32-33 weeks. Differences in the fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membranes exist between myopathic and normal turkeys, suggesting that erythrocyte membrane analysis may be useful in further studies of myopathies in turkeys and other animals. Agricultural Experiment Station, Technical Paper No. 6 32 0.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1557

DEVELOPMENTAL RESTRICTION OF CHICKEN FETAL ANTIGEN ON ACTIVATED PERITONEAL MACROPHAGE. Kathryn A. Trembicki*, Muquarrab A. Qureshi, and Rodney R. Dietert. Dept of Poultry and Avian Sciences and Institute of Comparative and Environmental Toxicology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853.

A high incidence of CFA-positive cells (>95%) was detected in 1 week-old chicks. This level gradually declined with increasing age until CFA was no longer detectable on activated macrophage from adults (38- and 56-week samples). These results indicate that CFA is present on activated peritoneal macrophage and that developmental control of antigen expression in these cells is similar to that previously reported for peripheral erythrocytes and splenic lymphocytes. (Supported by PCM-81-09810 from the National Science Foundation and NY(C) 157424 from the USDA.) KEYWORDS: *• Oncodevelopmental Antigen, Activated Macrophage, CFA, Developmental Expression

PLASMA ESTRADIOL AND TOTAL CALCIUM LEVELS IN TWO STRAINS OF WHITE LEGHORN PULLETS IN RELATION TO EGG SHELL QUALITY. C.P.W. Tsang* and A.A. Grander, Animal Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ont. Canada, K I A 0C6. Plasma estradiol (E,) and total calcium (Ca) levels were determined by radioimmunoassay and atomic absorption, respectively, in two strains of White Leghorn pullets (about 35 birds of each strain) at weekly intervals from 118 days of age until they laid their first eggs. Strain 1 is known to lay eggs with better shell quality and slightly larger egg size than Strain 4, but the two strains are similar in egg production. At 118, 125, 132, 139 and 146 days of age, E 2 levels (pg/ml) of Strain 1 and Strain 4 (in parenthesis) were: 108 (98), 132 (104), 193 (110), 196 (137), and 261 (159), respectively. The strain difference was significant (P<.025) at all points except the first two. The corresponding Ca levels (mg %) of Strains 1 and 4 were: 11.8 (12.3), 13.1 (15.0), 16.9 (20.1), 19.3 (19.3) and 25.6 (23.5), none being significantly different ( P > . 0 5 ) . When F^ and Ca levels were plotted against number of days before the first egg a similar strain relationship was observed with respect to E2 and Ca levels. The specific gravity of eggs subsequently laid by Strains land 4 was: 1.0861 (1.0829) and 1.0812 (1.0762) at 240 and 450 days of age, respectively,and this strain difference was significant (P <.005) at both ages. The results are consistent with the view that estrogen concentration during the sexual maturation period may play an important role in preparing the bird for good shell quality. KEYWORDS:

Shell quality, estradiol, estrogen, calcium, hormone

LIMIT:. OF REDUCTION OF THE PROTEIN LEVEL IN BROILER FEEDS. partment, 03600 Commentry, France.

G. Uzu. Animal Feed De-

In three finishing experiments (4-7 weeks), it was found that decreasing protein level from 20 to 16% (Using corn-soybean meal diets) gave: -

an increase in feed consumption (Experiments 1 and 2) a small reduction in weight gain a substantial decrease in feed utilization (6 to 10%) an increased body fat deposition (18% of abdominal fat and 12% of carcass lipid in experiment 3 ) .

Lysine and methionine supplementation of the low protein diet permitted the same

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

Chicken fetal antigen (CFA) is a complex oncodevelopmental antigen associated with hematolymphoid differentiation, development, and tumorogenesis. While CFA has been extensively studied on erythrocytes and lymphocytes, little is known about expression of the antigen in the reticuloendothelial lineage of blood. Activated chicken macrophage were collected at various ages from Cornell K-strain females by stimulation with starch. Peritoneal injections of 3% starch in sterile saline (1 ml/100 g body weight) were given for seven consecutive days prior to one day of rest. Cells were harvested by flushing the peritoneum with a sterile heparin-saline solution. Samples from 4-10 chickens were then pooled and adherent cells were collected during a one hour preincubation. Aliquots from some samples were further incubated in 2 yM Colchicine for 30 min as a control for possible non-specific results due to phagocytosis. The presence of CFA was determined using complement-mediated microcytotoxicity and indirect immunofluorescence assays and macrophage were identified with esterase stain.

1558

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

growth as control. Feed conversion of this supplemented diet was identical to that of the control in experiment 2 and nearly so in the other experiments 1 and 3. Fat deposition in birds fed the low protein diets supplemented with lysine and methionine was between that of the control birds and those receiving low protein feed. At 16% protein, the corn-soybean meal diet was not limiting in threonine or tryptophan. Finally, the addition of L-lysine and DL-methionine enables one to lower the protein level to 16% without affecting performance during the finishing period. In order not to increase the fat level in birds with this corn-soya diet, the calorie/protein ratio should be maintained at 175, that is 18% crude protein which is balanced in amino acids and 3,200 kcal ME/kg.

EFFICACY OF PERMETHRIN-IMPREGNATED PLASTIC STRIPS OR PERMETHRIN DUST FOR NORTHERN FOWL MITE CONTROL ON CAGED LAYING HENS. J. M. Vandepopuliere*, Dept. of Poultry Sci. and R. D. Hall, Dept. of Entomology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211. Groups of 60 hens housed 2/cage in raised wire units were treated with permethrinimpregnated plastic strips, permethrin dust, or saved as untreated controls. Such groups were divided into 2 equal replicates and acaricide or control treatments assigned at random. Plastic strips 2.5 cm wide containing 10% permethrin (w/w) were cut into 20 cm lengths and affixed to upper cage wires with hog rings. Two rates (1 or 2 strips/cage) were employed and such strips were situated near the front margin of each cage thus treated. When in place, the strips contacted caged birds along the dorsal and lateral surfaces as they moved about the cage. Permethrin dust (0.25% active ingredient) was applied at the rate of 454 g/100 hens by dropping measured quantities directly on the backs of caged hens. Interbird contact was depended upon to effect transfer of the dust to the vent region. Mite populations were measured prior to treatment and at regular intervals thereafter via a 0-6 index system. Four weeks post-treatment, average mite indices in the dust-treated group had decreased by 97%, those in the group treated with ' 2 permethrin-impregnated strips/cage by 70%, and those in the group treated with 1 strip/cage by 44%. KEY WORDS. Permethrin, Northern Fowl Mite

EGG BREAKING PLANT WASTEWATER CLARIFICATION BY CENTRIFUGATION. J. M. Vandepopuliere*, W. Jaynes, Dept. of Poultry Sci., and D. M. Sievers, Dept. of Ag. Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 and C. E. Harris, USDA-AMS, Beltsville, MD 20705. An inline heating unit and continuous centrifuge was installed in a commercial egg breaking plant processing 2000 cases (30 doz) per day. Raw egg breaking plant wastewater containing 4194 mg total solids/L was adjusted with concentrated H2SO4 to a pH of 4.8 and heated in a heat inductor with live steam to 71, 77 and 82 C. The treated wastewater was processed through an automatic 5B7 Westfalia de-sludger at 50, 100, 200 and 300 ml/sec. Total solids removed ranged from 73 to 79%. The most productive wastewater clarifying treatment was to heat to 82 C and centrifuge at 200 ml/sec. The wastewater sludge contained 7.4 percent dry matter (DM). The protein and fat content on a DM basis was 50.6 and 37.3% respectively. The calculated daily sludge (DM basis) available was 120 kg. The dried sludge had a calculated ingredient value of $0.24 per kg. KEY WORDS. Egg breaking plant, Wastewater, Centrifugation

SELECTION FOR HEMAGGLUTININ ANTIBODY TITER TO SHEEP RED BLOOD CELLS IN MEDIUM HEAVY BROWN EGG LAYERS. A.J, van der Zijpp*, M.G.B. Nieuwland, G. Bogaard and D.S. Koorn, Dept. of Animal Husbandry, Agricultural University, Postbox 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands Over 600 pedigreed ISA Warren chicks, a breed cross, were intramuscularly immunised at

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

KEYWORDS: Chicken Broiler, Abdominal Fat, Amino Acid Supplementation.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1559

AROMATIZABLE ANDROGENS AND MATING FREQUENCY IN SELECTED HIGH AND LOW MATING LINES OF GALLINACEOUS BIRDS. H.P. Van Krey*. P.B. Siegel, R.J. Balander 1 and F.H. Benoff 2 , Poultry Sci. Dept., VA Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 Capons from genetically selected high (HML) and low mating lines (LML) received 13 daily intramuscular injections of either testosterone propionate (TP), 5a-dihydrotestosterone propionate (5a-DHT) estradiol benzoate (EB) or oil vehicle. Mating behaviors were then measured during exposure to live females and to a female model restrained in' a receptive mating posture. The latter was necessary to prevent female domination of the aggressionless estrogen-treated birds. When tested with live females, the TP-treated HML capons mated significantly more frequently than the other groups of HML capons. None of the LML capons mated. When tested with the model, the EB-treated LML capons mated more frequently than the TP-treated LML capons, suggesting that aromatization of testosterone was a limiting factor. Nevertheless, a model effect could not be ruled out. To eliminate any model effect, additional experiments were conducted utilizing only live hens as mating objects. Mating behaviors of intact HML and LML cocks were compared with capons of the respective lines as well as capons receiving subcutaneous silastic implants of either 5a-DHT, testosterone (T) or estradiol plus 5a-DHT (E+5a-DHT). The latter corrected the aggression limitation. The intact HML males and HML capons implanted with T or E+5aDHT were similar with respect to matings completed, and all mated significantly more than the control or 5a-DHT treated capons. There were no significant differences between any of the LML groups. The data demonstrates that aromatization rate is not a limiting factor causing the relatively lower mating frequency in the LML. Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI 48824; KEYWORDS,

University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602

androgen aromatization, mating behavior (Supported in part by NSF Grant BNS-78-24493)

EFFECT OF NUTRIENT DENSITY IN THE DIET ON ENERGY AND NITROGEN BALANCE, EGG YOLK CHOLESTEROL AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF LAYING HENS. Ruben E. Vargas* and Edward C. Naber. Dept. of Poultry Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary fiber in rations of varying nutrient density on various metabolic parameters of the hen under conditions where the reproductive performance was not impaired. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of nutrient density of the diet on egg yolk cholesterol, energy and nitrogen balance and reproductive performance of laying hens. In the first experiment, sixteen 36week old pullets were subjected to a 60-day metabolic study. Four diets: low, medium, high energy diets and a control diet were tested. The calorie-protein ratio was 171.8 Kcal ME/g. for all diets. No significant effects of diets on egg yolk cholesterol, egg production, egg weight and energy and nitrogen balance were observed. Highly significant differences (p<0.01) were found among treatments for feed intake, feed efficiency, final body weight and fecal weight. Yolk cholesterol was negatively correlated with egg production, nitrogen balance and egg nitrogen output. In addition, egg yolk cholesterol had a

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

38 days of age with .25 ml packed sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and reimmunised with .5 ml SRBC at 94 days of age. Blood was collected 5 days post immunisation, the plasma was stored at -20 C and total and 2-mercapto-ethanol (2-ME) resistant hemagglutinin antibody (HA) titers were determined. The chicks were protected to common poultry diseases by a series of vaccinations. The hemagglutinin-inhibition (HI) titers to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were determined 26 days post intramuscular vaccination with inactivated vaccine at 31 days of age. Production traits like body weight, age at first egg, egg production and egg weight were also recorded. Heritability estimates, based on the sire components of variance, and their standard errors were .57 _+_ -21 and .14 ± .10 for total HA titer of primary and secondary response, respectively, and .27 _+ .13 and .54 +_ .20 for 2-ME resistant antibody titers, respectively. The heritability estimate of the HI titer to NDV was .14 +_ .10. Two-way selection for the primary HA titer is being carried out. Also a random bred control line has been established. Realised heritabilities after one generation of selection, based on the ratio of response to selection differential, were .11 for the high line and .42 for the low line. The heritability calculated from the interline divergence was .38 for females and .23 for males. Correlated responses with secondary HA titers, HI titers to NDV and production traits will be discussed. KEYWORDS, hemagglutinin titer, SRBC, hemagglutinin-inhibition titer, NDV, heritability.

1560

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

highly significant (p<0.01) positive linear correlation with body weight change and energy balance expressed as percent of gross energy intake. A second experiment was conducted to further investigate the effect of level of feed consumption by laying hens on the amount of cholesterol found in the egg yolk. The possible relationship between changes in body weight and the concentration of cholesterol in the egg yolk was also examined. When the laying birds consumed more than 387 Kcal ME/day or gained more than 100 grams in body weight, egg yolk cholesterol tended to increase. When the laying birds consumed less than 340 Kcal ME/day or lost body weight, yolk cholesterol tended to be inversely correlated with feed intake or body weight change. Nutrient density, fiber, egg yolk cholesterol, energy and nitrogen balance, laying hen

In the Dominican Republic, Coturnix (Japanese Quail) have been produced mainly for egg production. The "Cotunnix-International" project was introduced to that country by the author in 1979 as a source of supplemental protein for human consumption. As per the request of Dominican Republic officials, the author recently made a trip to that country to evaluate, and to assist in expanding, the Coturnix project. Currently many middle class families in Santo Domingo, the capital, are raising Coturnix (200-300). The Secretary of Agriculture of the Dominican Republic has subsidised the sale of eggs in rural areas to promote consumption. However, Coturnix eggs sold in supermarkets for 89c per dozen in January, 1982 while chicken eggs sold for 99
"Coturnix-International", Dominican Republic, Coturnix Production Profitable

STATE 4-H POULTRY LEADER TRAINING WORKSHOP IN MICHIGAN. Sam K. Varghese, Dept. of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824. The Michigan 4-H program is one of the best youth programs in the country. The 1981 statistical report for the 4-H programs indicated that there were 261,104 members enrolled for the year in 4-H programs. There were also a total of 24,637 volunteer leaders who assisted the Michigan 4-H programs in the state during that period. The 4-H volunteer leaders in the area of poultry and rabbits are given a training in the subject matter area every year. This training is conducted during a two-day period in a resort-like area called Kettunen Center located in the northern part of Michigan. To meet the needs of 4-H leaders, excellent programs and fine resource people are selected for this workshop. In recent years, approximately one hundred 4-H leaders in the area of poultry and rabbits have attended the workshop annually. Topics for the 1982 workshop in the poultry area included small flock management, waterfowl production, broiler production, gamebird raising, pigeon management, and a hands-on experience in poultry judging. As a result of the leader training, the enrollment of 4-H members and leaders in poultry and rabbits continues to grow in Michigan. In 1975 the total 4-H members enrolled in poultry was 1,882, while in 1981 it was 11,224. KEYWORDS:

Michigan 4-H Programs, 4-H Leader Training in Poultry, 4-H Poultry Enrollment

THE MICHIGAN STATE COTURNIX SCIENCE FAIR AND OLYMPICS. Sam K. Varghese, Dept. of Animal Sci., Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824. The Coturnix in the Classroom project is continuously growing in Michigan. The Michigan State Coturnix Science (MSCS) Fair and Olympics is now an annual event. The objectives of the MSCS Fair and Olympics are to create in students in grades K through 12 an interest in working with Coturnix, to provide outstanding students an opportunity to do

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

COTURNIX PRODUCTION PROVES TO BE A PROFITABLE BUSINESS. Sam K. Varghese, Dept. of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1561

some preliminary research, to provide competition to students among their peers and to expose these students to career opportunities in the area of poultry science. Attracting students to Michigan State University is also a goal. The MSCS Fair and Olympic Committee is composed of the specialist (Director) and a group of teachers from various parts of the state. The event is well publicized in advance through the Coturnix News, a quarterly newsletter which is sent to all schools in Michigan. The Science Fair and Olympics is held on the University campus in March in conjunction with Farmers' Week. In 1982, there were 57 projects from elementary (5th and 6th grade), 21 from middle school and 31 from high school science classes. All projects were conducted with Coturnix as the experimental animal. Winners were awarded trophies and other special recognitions.

RESPONSE OF BROILERS TO VITAMIN A SUPPLEMENTATION: INTERACTION WITH VITAMIN D AND DISEASE STATE. J. R. Veltmann, Jr.? L.S. Jensen and G.N. Rowland, Dept. of Poultry Sci. and Dept. of Vet. Path., University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 Recent data from this laboratory showed that added vitamin A levels as low as 12,000 I.U./kg of diet resulted in growth depression in broilers (Jensen et al., 1981. Poultry Sci. 60: 1603). From the literature one would not expect such a low level of vitamin A to be detrimental. Because dietary antagonism between fat soluble vitamins occur, studies were conducted to assess the nutritional interelationship between vitamin A and vitamin D on broiler performance. In the first experiment broiler chicks reared in a battery were fed a corn soy diet with 1500, 15,000 or 45,000 I.U. vitamin A and 100 or 1000 I.U. vitamin D3/kg of diet. Body weights at 3 and 7 weeks of age were not significantly different among the brids fed the different levels of vitamin A, whereas a significant reduction in growth-occurred in birds fed the lower vitamin D level. Response to vitamin A level (1500, 15,000 or 45,000 I.U. in experiment 2; 1500 or 15,000 I.U. in experiment 3) and either 100 or 1000 I.U. vitamin D was compared in birds reared in floor pens or batteries. In experiment 2, birds reared in floor pens were diagnosed to have Pale Bird Syndrome (PBS), whereas hatchmates reared in batteries were not. Body weights at 3 and 4 weeks were significantly lower in birds with PBS. Among the birds with PBS and given adequate vitamin D, the higher level of vitamin A caused a significant decrease in body weight. In the third experiment dietary vitamin A level did not significantly affect body weight ateither 3 or 7 weeks regardless of rearing location, but the lowest level of vitamin D did. These data suggest that the growth inhibition previously observed in our laboratory cannot be explained on the basis of an antagonism between vitamin A and vitamin D but may have resulted from an interaction with a disease, perhaps PBS. K E Y W O R D S : vitamin A, vitamin D, pale bird syndrome, broilers

PRODUCTION AND YIJLD CHARACTERISTICS OF MALE AND FEMALE BROILERS FED A GEORGIA CLAY |fajTRA-SORB™ AND DYNAMATE^ Larry Vest* and F.H. Benoff, Extension Poultry Science Dept., University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, and Howard Parker, ConAgra, Inc., Dalton, GA 30720 An experiment was conducted to determine production and carcass yield characteristics of male and female broilers fed three dietary regimes. Male and female broilers were fed basal rations (BR) differing in energy level. Energy levels of the male BR were 3168 ME Cal/Kg starter, 3223 ME Cal/Kg grower and 3278 ME Cal/Kg of finisher feed while the female BR energy levels were 3168, 3190 and 3212 ME Cal/Kg for starter, grower and finisher feeds, respectively. Additional experimental rations included the basal ration + 1.5% Nutra-Sorb (BR-NS) and the basal ration + .125% Dynamate (BR-D). Measurements by sex included 49-day body weights, feed conversions, live shrink and dry carcass yields. Female broilers fed BR-NS and BR-D weighed 1.60 Kg and 1.61 Kg, respectively and were significantly heavier than BR birds (1.53 Kg). Feed conversions (FC) followed a similar pattern to that of body weight with FC of BR, BR-NS and BR-D of 2.05, 1.96, and 1.96, respectively. After adjusting carcass yield values to a common live body weight, carcass yields were significantly higher for BR-NS (70.7%) compared to BR-D (70.2%) and BR (69.7%). No significant differences in live body weight, feed conversion values or adjusted carcass yields were observed for male broilers. Body weights for the males were 1.88, 1.92 and 1.91 Kg, feed conversions were 2.04, 2.03, 2.03, and dry carcass yields were 71.3, 70.9 and 71.2% for BR, BR-NS and BR-D, respectively. KEYWORDS:

®

©

Nutra-Sorb , Dynamate , broiler growth, feed conversion, carcass yield

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

K E Y W O R D S : Coturnix Science Fair and Olympics

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1562

ANALYSIS OF GROWTH PARAMETERS IN COMMERCIAL AND BREEDER PULLETS. L.F. Vint, Poultry Research Department, DEKALB AgResearch, Inc., DeKalb, IL 60115

KEY WORDS: Body weight, skeletal development, growth

CARBONIC ANHYDRASE AND SHELL CALCIUM UPTAKE BY THE CHICK EMBRYO. V.J.Virta*, and R.C. Fitzsimmons. Department of Poultry Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 2A2 The major source of calcium (Ca) for the developing chick embryo is the egg shell. However, the actual mechanism of Ca solubilization from the shell is unknown. The temporal correlation of Carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity to Ca movement implies an acidic environment is essential. The following treatments were employed to investigate their effects on embryo development, carbonic anhydrase activity, and Ca and pH levels: acid, base, calcium and strontium chlorides, and the enzyme inhibitor-acetazolamide. The experimental sampling occurred from eleven to sixteen days of incubation.The treatments were administered daily by dipping with subsequent sampling on the following day. The acid treatment was statistically significant (P<0.05) in producing an increase in calcium solubilization and a decrease in carbonic anhydrase activity. The base treatment produced a significant (Pj<0.05) decrease in calcium solubilization and an increase in carbonic anhydrase activity. The calcium chloride treatment (providing a partial calcium non-carbonate source) and the strontium chloride treatment (providing a partial non-calcium non-carbonate source) showed no significant (P<0.05) effect on embryonic calcium concentrations. However, there was a decrease in carbonic anhydrase activity. This decrease did not appear to be due to a calcium mediated process but was more sensitive to changes in bicarbonate or carbonate levels. Treatments with acetazolamide confirm that carbonic anhydrase activity is involved in calcium solubilization but that the enzyme is not primarily involved in the transport of calcium across the chorioallantoic membrane. K E Y W O R D S : chick embryo, chorioallantoic membrane, carbonic anhydrase, calcium

EFFECTS OF EARLY TEMPERATURE STRESS ON PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL BROILERS. K.V. Vo, Dept. of Animal Science, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37203, and R.C. Fanguy*, Poultry Science Dept., Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843. Seven hundred twenty commercial broiler chicks were wing-banded, weighed, randomly divided into 3 treatment groups, and subjected to temperatures of 15°, 35° or 41 C for the first 10 hours following hatch. All chicks were then combined and brooded at temperatures used commercially. Birds subjected to high temperature stress showed a significant reduction in live weight, carcass weight, shank length, keel length and ulna length at 4 weeks of age. These reductions, however, were eliminated by 8 weeks, indicating compensatory growth of stressed birds. Similar measurements of cold-stressed birds showed reductions but the differences from control birds (35°C) were not statistically significant.

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

Four hundred seventy five pullets representing two commercial white egg strains, two strains of white egg breeders and a commercial brown egg strain have been involved in biweekly measurement of body weight and skeletal development from 1 day of age. Shank length and back length, as measured from the point of one shoulder to the point of the opposite pubic bone, were used as measurements of skeletal development. Linear and quadratic effects were highly significant elements of skeletal growth in all pullet groups. While most of the growth curve effects for body weight were linear in nature, quadratic effects were statistically significant in all three commercial strains, but not in the two breeder groups. From 28.3 to 31.3 percent and 67.2 to 73.7 percent of 18-week body weights were attained by 6 and 12 weeks of age, respectively. Skeletal development proceeds at a much faster relative rate as evidenced by the fact that from 62.7 to 67.8 percent and 92.8 to 96.1 percent of 18-week shank lengths and from 63.7 to 66.8 percent and 87.8 to 92.1 percent of 18-week back lengths were attained by 6 and 12 weeks of age, respectively. Body weight and skeletal growth curves were strain dependent and related to the genetic maturity of individual strains.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1563

Both high (41 C) and low (15 C) temperature stress significantly increased mortality during the stress period, and also during the post-stress period through 4 weeks of age. A supression of humoral immunity in temperature-stressed birds was also evidenced by a reduction in primary and secondary H.I. titers. These observations indicate that early environmental temperature stress, which occurs between hatch and chick placement, can be critical to broiler house performance.

KEYWORDS: stress, Broiler, Brooding Temperature, Immunity

Commercial broiler chicks were given floor densities of 180, 270 or 540 cm /bird for the first 4 weeks and then 300, 600 and 900 cm^/bird, respectively, for the remaining 4 weeks of rearing. Birds reared at the highest density showed a significant reduction (200 gm) in 8-week body weight, a significant increase (7%) in mortality, and a slight improvement in feed efficiency, when compared with the low density group. Ulna breaking strength, as well as relative gizzard and heart weights, were significantly reduced while percent abdominal fat was significantly increased in birds reared at the highest density. Humoral immunity was depressed when birds were crowded as evidenced by decreased H.I. titers. Also, density stress resulted in a significant reduction in lymphocytes and a significant increase in heterophils. Rearing density had no significant effect on relative pancreas and liver weights, PCV, Hb, serum cholesterol or bone size. KEY WORDS: Brooding Density, Broilers, Organ Weights

INFLUENCE OF MYCOT0XICOSES ON BRUISING IN BROILER CHICKENS. C. J. Wabeck* and J. A. Doerr. Dept. of Poultry Science, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD 20/42, and W. E. HutfT USDA-SEA-AR, Poultry Research Laboratory, Georgetown, DE 19947 Several reports have suggested causal association between mycotoxins and bruising in poultry. Aflatoxin increases capillary fragility and interferes with coagulation. Ochratoxin also impairs the clotting mechanism in chickens. In a preliminary study broilers fed aflatoxin, ochratoxin, and the combined toxins for 6 weeks experienced a 50% increase in frequency of bruising over controls. In this study, broilers were fed aflatoxin (0 and 2.5 ug/g) and ochratoxin (0 and 2.0 ug/g) for 3 (3W) or 6 (6W) weeks. The former (3W) groups were given the control ration from 3 to 6 weeks of age. At 6 weeks, 5 birds at a time were caught and carried by the right leg approximately 75 feet and placed in plastic coops to simulate standard live haul procedures. Live weights were depressed 24% by the 6W and 15% by the 3W treatment. The incidence of bruises rose from a control of 47% to 84% with aflatoxin, 94% with ochratoxin, and 75% with combined toxins in the 6W treatment. Birds in the 3W regime exhibited 90% bruising with aflatoxin, 100% with ochratoxin, and 88% with the combination. Related parameters such as bruise diameter, muscle strength, and prothrombin times were adversely affected (P<0.05) by the 6W but not the 3W treatment. These data demonstrate the influence of two important mycotoxins on bruising in poultry. Of special interest is the milder effect produced by combined toxins. This possibly relates to reduced live weight and, thus, less stress during catching and handling. Also short term feeding, which is more representative of likely field exposure, resulted in continued susceptibility to bruising in spite of recovery in related parameters. K E Y W O R D S : Aflatoxin, ochratoxin, broiler chickens, bruising * C.E.

EFFECT OF COCCIDIOSTAT AND STRAIN OF BIRD ON HEN TURKEY PERFORMANCE. J.B. Ward and Brewer. Department of Poultry Science, N.C. State University, Raleigh, NC 27650.

Amprol and Tinostat, two coccidiostats, were incorporated in the diets of two strains of hen turkeys to eight weeks of age at levels of .0125% and .0375% respectively. At eight and ten weeks of age the birds on Tinostat were significantly heavier than the birds

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

REARING DENSITY AS A STRESSOR IN THE PRODUCTION OF COMMERCIAL BROILERS. K.V. Vo, Dept. of Animal Science, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37203, and R.C. Fanguy*, Poultry Science Dept., Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1564

on Amprol. At 12 and 14 weeks of age to treatment. At 16 weeks of age the birds on Tinostat. Birds from strain strain 2 throughout the trial. There KEYWORDS:

there was no significant difference in weight due birds on Amprol were significantly heavier than the 1 were significantly heavier than the birds from was no significant drug-strain interaction.

Coccidiostat, hen turkeys, strain

THE EFFECT OF LIVE YEAST CULTURE AND FEEDING SCHEDULE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF HEN TURKEYS. J.B. Ward* and C.E. Brewer. Department of Poultry Science, N.C. State University, Raleigh, NC 27650.

The feeding schedules were as follows: Diet number

1 2 3 4 5 6

Schedule 1 Schedule 2 Kilos Per Bird

.908 1.816 2.270 2.724 4.540 4.540

3.632 7.037 6.129

At 15 weeks of age there was no significant difference in weight or conversion due to the live yeast culture or feeding schedule.

KEY WORDS:

yeast culture, feeding schedule, hen turkeys

GROWTH AND YIELD CHARACTERISTICS OF TURKEY STRAINS. Robert E. warnick.* Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences Department, Utah State University, Snow Field Station, Ephraim, UT 84627 Ten strains of turkeys were evaluated at the Snow Field Station during 1981. Some strains were duplicated with similar parent stock grown in different areas. This report will cover six of the strains evaluated. Poults were hatched and toe marked in a local hatchery following accepted procedures. All strains were mixed during brooding. They were separated by strain and moved to range pens at 8 weeks of age. There were 100 hens or 80 toms per pen. The birds and feed were weighed at 8 weeks and then every two weeks until processed. Two pens of hens of each strain were processed at 17 and one at 23 weeks. Two pens of toms were processed at 20 and two at 28 weeks. Ten A grade birds from each pen were further processed to determine parts yield. The range of weight gain for the hens varied from 2.19 to 2.70 kg during the 17 to 23 week period. The percent increase in white meat varied from 0.72 to 4.19 during this same period. The average gain for the toms from 20 to 28 weeks was 5.72 kg with a range of 1.58 kg. The average increase in percent of white meat was 3.65% with a range of 1.13% from 20 to 28 weeks. The ranking of white meat yield for the strains of toms did not change with processing age. The ranking of feed conversion for both sexes was similar. K E Y W O R D S : Turkey strains, Growth Rate, Feed Efficiency, Meat Yield, Processing Age

CHANGES IN FAT METABOLISM, GROWTH AND EFFICIENCY OF FEED UTILIZATION OF BROILERS WHOSE ACCESS TO FEED WAS RESTRICTED. K. W. Washburn*, T. R. Scott, and P. A. Stewart• Dept. of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 In previous studies, it was shown that during the first week of full-feeding after a period of restriction, consumption was increased, but gain was decreased resulting in an

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

A live yeast culture was substituted for soybean meal on a kilo for kilo basis at various levels throughout the life of the hen turkey. In addition, the treatment diets were fed at two different feeding rates or schedules. On schedule number. 1 the hens were fed six diets throughout the life of the bird, while on schedule 2 the hens were fed only three different diets.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1565

KEYWORDS: uro-irtji^ feed restriction, glutamine synthetase, malic enzyme, gut passage time, growth hormone, carcass fat

EFFECTS OF VARYING DOSE LEVELS OF LACTOBACILLUS STRAINS ON GUT COLONIZATION AND CHICK PERFORMANCE. B.A. Watkins* and F.H. Kratz'er, Dept. of Avian Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616. Strains of host specific (KTM, 74/1 and 59) and non-host specific (LAI) lactobacilli were dosed orally to broiler chicks. Dose levels consisted'of: 10 , 10 and 10 colony forming units (c.f.u.) per day for 21 days. Each treatment and control group (placebo, no cultures) contained 3 replications of 6 chicks in experiment 1 (strains LAI and KTM) and 7 chicks in experiment 2 (strains 74/1 and 59). Dosing of 10 c.f.u. and above depressed chick growth. Fecal shedding of lactobacilli were the same (8.0 log,,, c.f.u.) for all dose levels on day 5 and day 14 for strains KTM and LAI. For strains 74/1 and 59 the fecal shedding of lactobacilli was 9.0 log,,, c.f.u. for day 5 and 14. Microbiology was performed on contents of the crop and ileum and on tissue macerates from the crop, ileum and ceca. These data were obtained from chicks sacrificed on day 7 and 21 of the experiments. Chicks dosed with strains 59 and KTM had lower numbers of coliforms in cecal macerates than the control and chicks dosed with strains LAI and 74/1. No significant differences were observed in„lactobacilli found in contents and tissues between dose levels of 10 and 10 c.f.u. for lactobacilli found in contents and tissues for all strains. KEYWORDS:

Lactobacillus, strains, microbiology

THE USE OF A COMMERCIAL PREPARATION OF A CONCENTRATED LACTOBACILLUS CULTURE FOR BROILER CHICKENS. B.A. watkins*and F.H. Kratzer, Dept. of Avian Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616. In two separate experiments 300 broiler straight run chickens were used to determine the effects, of supplying Lactobacillus in the drinking water. The product used (Biomax 40 ' ') is a fresh frozen pure culture of Lactobacillus containing 40 x 10 colony forming units (c.f.u.) per milliliter" Treatments consisted of continuous dosing (CD) and skip-a-day dosing (SAD) which were compared to a control (C) that received no lactobacilli. Each treatment and control contained 2 pens of 50 chicks each; the duration of experiment 1 was 6 weeks and 7 weeks for experiment 2. Body weights were higher for the CD and C chickens than the SAD chickens. No difference was observed in feed utilization (F/G). At the termination of each experiment chickens were sacrificed and wet viscera weights, wet small intestine and dry small intestine weights determined. These data revealed no difference between treatments and controls. Surface pH

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

increased feed conversion ratio. In the present study, the changes in the levels of carcass and abdominal fat, malic enzyme, glutamine synthetase, growth hormone, and gut passage time (GPT) of birds during periods of restricted and full feeding were compared to changes of continuously full-fed controls and the association of these changes with rate of growth examined. During periods of restriction, at U—5 and 6-7 weeks of age, consumption and gain were decreased in the restricted groups compared to the full-fed controls. During the periods of full-feeding following periods of restricted feeding (5-6 and 7-8 weeks of age) consumption was increased, but gain was similar resulting in an increased feed conversion ratio in the restricted groups compared to the full-fed controls. The percentage carcass fat and abdominal fat were also decreased in the restricted groups during the periods of restriction and increased during the periods of full-feeding, compared to full-fed controls. The activity of malic enzyme was greater for the restricted group than the full feed group, analyzed over time. However, when analyzed on a within week basis only the activities from the first week of restriction were significant. The restriction groups exhibited higher glutamine synthetase (P <_ .08) activity than the full-fed group. When the data were analyzed on a within week basis, no significant differences due to treatment were observed. The level of growth hormone of the groups whose access to feed was periodically restricted was greater than that of those receiving continual full access to feed. The GPT did not differ significantly between restricted and full-fed groups.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1566

readings taken from crop and duodenum showed that the crop of SAD chickens were more acidic than the CD or C chickens. Microbiology performed on duodenal contents revealed higher numbers of lactobacilli for CD and SAD chickens than C chickens. Work conducted to determine the liver biotin content of these chickens showed a higher concentration of this vitamin in SAD chickens (1890 nanograms per gram) than CD or C chickens. K E Y W O R D S : Lactobacillus, intestine, microbiology, biotin

A substantial percentage of Poultry Science students have little or no practical experience in poultry production. Because of transportation expenses, scheduling conflicts with classes, and restricted access to commercial poultry facilities due to disease control; field trips for students have become less feasible than in the past. A videotape, therefore, was prepared illustrating broiler production from the egg and chick through retail sales. This tape will be presented. Similar programs were developed to illustrate egg and turkey production. In addition to classroom use, these educational aids are being used for freshman orientation, in 4-H and other extension programs, for recruiting purposes, and with general audiences for public information. KEYWORDS:

video tape, broiler production, integrated poultry company, introduction poultry course.

THE EFFECT OF LIGHT, DIETARY FAT AND AMBIENT TEMPERATURE ON BROILER PERFORMANCE. W.D. Weaver, Jr. , J.L. Wilson, W.L. Beane and J.A. Cherry. Dept. of Poultry Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061. An experiment, using 2500 male broilers of a commercial strain, was conducted to assess the effect of diet and environment on performance at 49 days of age. Broilers were placed in replicate pens under the following treatments in a factorial manner: 1. continuous low (CL) or intermittent (IL) illumination consisting of 1 hour on and 2 hours off; 2. isocaloric diets with 1 or 4% added fat in the starter and 2 or 5% fat in the finisher; 3. ambient temperatures the first week of 32, 29, 29 and 27°C and reduced 2.8°C each week until room temperatures of 29, 21, 13 and 16°C, respectively, were reached. Temperatures then remained constant until the conclusion of the experiment. Broilers provided IL were significantly heavier than birds under CL at 49 days of age. Furthermore, broilers fed the high fat diet had a significantly improved feed efficiency with a similar body weight when compared to those fed a diet containing a lower level of supplemental fat. Birds under the three lower ambient temperature regimes had higher and similar body weights when compared with broilers on the highest temperature regime. Feed efficiency was the best under the high temperature regime and the lowest under the two low regimes, with the efficiency of birds on the 29 to 21 C regime being intermediate. A significant diet x ambient temperature interaction was recorded for surface body temperature. These body temperatures were similar at the lower room temperatures for the two diets. However, at the higher room temperatures broilers fed the higher fat diet had significantly lower surface temperatures. Generally, core body temperature was unaffected by the experimental treatments. KEYWORDS: B r 0 i i e r S ) light, dietary fat, ambient and body temperature.

BASAL SERUM CORTICOSTERONE LEVELS AND C0RTIC0STER0NE RESPONSE TO ACTH IN FEMALE CHICKENS AT DIFFERENT AGES. M. Webb* and M. Mashaly. Dept. of Poultry Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 The maturation of the avian adrenal gland was studied by determining the basal serum corticosterone (B) concentration and the serum B concentration in response to a single injection of ACTH (50 IU/Kg). Female White Leghorns age 1, 17, 23, an 55 weeks were studied. Blood samples were collected at 15 min intervals ranging from 15 minutes pre-injection to 90 minutes post-injection of ACTH. In order to control for

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

COMMERCIAL BROILER PRODUCTION - A VIDEOTAPE. W. D. Weaver, Jr., J. A. Cherry and P. L. Ruszler, Department of Poultry Science and S. Clausen, Instructional Television Division, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1567

v a r i a t i o n i n B c o n c e n t r a t i o n due t o d i u r n a l c h a n g e s and o v i p o s i t i o n a l r e l a t e d s u r g e s , a l l s a m p l e s were c o l l e c t e d b e t w e e n 1 and 5 h o u r s a f t e r t h e o n s e t of t h e p e r i o d and a t l e a s t 30 m i n u t e s a f t e r o v i p o s i t i o n i n t h e l a y i n g h e n s .

light

KEY WORDS:

ACTH, corticosterone, maturity

MICRO-COMPUTERS IN POULTRY SCIENCE EXTENSION. John F. Welter. Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631

Poultry Science

Micro-Computers have been incorporated into Poultry Extension work in South Carolina for more than three years. During that time the major limiting factor in computer use has been inadequate software. A small software library has been developed by 1) Acquiring commercially available software and adapting if necessary, 2) Designing software to be developed by staff programers, 3) Personal programming. In 1978 and 1979, Clemson University Poultry Extension specialists cooperated with Ag. Economics Extension specialists in developing an economic analysis and cash flow program for the Radio Shack Micro-Computer. In 1980, a TRS 80.Model II was-purchased and several additional fortran programs were modified to use with this hardware. Currently we have three budget analysis and cash flow programs: 1) Broiler Business, 2) Producer Layer Business, and 3) Contractor Layer Business. Other software available consists of: 1) Farm Recordkeeping, 2) Egg Records, 3) Linear Least Cost Ration Formulation along with the standard word processing and mailing lists software which is available commercially. The budget analysis and cash flow programs are designed to provide average costs data or accept current data to be analyzed with a print-out showing income, expenses, some tax consideration, and net labor income. KEYWORDS-

Computer software, budget analysis, ration formulation

PLASMA CORTICOSTERONE LEVELS IN THE TURKEY EMBRYO AND THE EFFECTS OF THIS HORMONE ON HATCHING. B.C. Wentworth*, Poultry Sci. Dept., University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706; and M.O. Hussein, Physiology Dept., Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 53210. The importance of the adrenal gland for the well-being of almost every system, organ or tissue in the body was recognized long ago through experimental adrenalectomy. Corticosterone has been reported as the principal adrenocorticoid in avian species by many researchers. The objectives of these experiments were to determine the concentration of corticosterone in plasma of turkey embryos (12-28 days of incubation), newly hatched turkey poultry (pipped and up to 6 hours post-hatch), and young turkey poults between one and 15 days of age. The effect of exogenous physiological doses of corticosterone on hatching was also determined. A significant (P<0.05) increase in plasma corticosterone from 0.8 ng/ml to 1.8 ng/ml occurred between 17 and 19 days of incubation, plus a second significant three-fold increase in plasma corticosterone just prior to hatching. A decrease in plasma corticosterone level was noted during hatching and the first six hours of the poult's life. Levels of corticosterone in plasma fluctuated as basal plasma corticosterone levels became established between one and 15 days post-hatch. Treatment of eggs two days prior to hatching with exogenous physiological doses (500 ng/lOOgm embryo) with corticosterone shortened the mean incubation time 12 hours before hatching and significantly increased hatchability.

KEYWORDS: turkey, embryo, corticosterone, hatchability

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

B a s a l s e r u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of B were l o w e s t i n t h e 17 week o l d c h i c k e n s ( 0 . 6 8 5 + 0 . 1 6 6 n g / m l ) compared t o o t h e r a g e s ( 1 w e e k : 9 . 6 5 0 + 2 . 0 3 9 n g / m l , 23 w e e k s : 4 . 7 3 2 + 1 . 0 4 6 n g / m l , 55 w e e k s : 5 . 3 6 4 + 1 . 3 3 2 n g / m l ) . I n j e c t i o n of ACTH r e s u l t e d i n s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e s i n B i n b i r d s of a l l a g e s s t u d i e d . These r e s u l t s s u g g e s t t h a t t h e a v i a n a d r e n a l g l a n d i s c a p a b l e of r e c o g n i z i n g and r e s p o n d i n g t o an a d e q u a t e ACTH s t i m u l u s as e a r l y as 1 week of a g e . S i m i l a r r e s u l t s have b e e n r e p o r t e d i n t h e r a t . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e c h a n g e i n b a s a l B c o n c e n t r a t i o n a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s e x u a l m a t u r i t y may s i g n i f y an a l t e r a t i o n in t h e h y p o t h a l a m o - p i t u i t a r y - a d r e n a l a x i s . T h i s i s of i n t e r e s t i n l i g h t of r e c e n t r e p o r t s of B i n v o l v e m e n t i n t h e t i m i n g of t h e p r e - o v u l a t o r y r e l e a s e of LH.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1568

Relation of isolated beta-glucan and purified beta-glucanase to the enzymatic improvement of barley.

Wayne Bernard White"?, M. L• Sunde and H. R. Bird. Dept of

Poultry Science, and J. A. Marlett, Dept of Nutritional Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI

53706

Intestinal digesta from chicks fed barley contains beta-glucan in solution.

The

supernatant of barley digesta was frozen and thawed to selectively precipitate betaglucan.

The number average molecular weight of this polymer was 4-7,500 daltons.

The

containing Bio-Rad P-60.

A reducing sugar assay was used to quantify hydrolytic

activity of Trichoderma reesei cellulase on beta-glucan isolated from chick digesta. The assay was linear with time and rates of hydrolysis were dependent on the initial enzyme concentration.

Complete hydrolysis of beta-glucan released ty\% of the glucose.

Gel filtration was used to remove reducing sugars from a T\_ reesei cellulase preparation.

The void volume fractions of this preparation contained 26 IU of beta-glucanase

activity.

An experiment with broiler-type chicks fed a barley diet with the purified

enzyme weighed 308 grams at three weeks and the control group weighed 235 grams. KEY WORDS, barley, beta-glucan, cellulase

IN VIVO TRANSFER OF CHICKEN PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES BETWEEN HISTOCOMPATIBLE REGRESSOR AND PROGRESSOR CHICKEN SUBLINES. Craig E. Whitfill*, Hand a Akbar and N. R. Gyles. Animal Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 Arkansas regressor B 3 B 3 R chickens are histocompatible with Arkansas progressor B^'Pr chickens. Macrophages were stimulated in hyperimmune B 3 B 3 R regressor chickens by injection of 3% thioglycollate into the peritoneal cavity. These B 3 B 3 R donor chickens had previously completely regressed Rous sarcoma tumors and had received a booster inoculation of Rous sarcoma tumor homogenate one day prior to the 3% thioglycollate injection. Two days after thioglycollate injection the B 3 B 3 R chickens were sacrificed and their peritoneal macrophages recovered by washing with PBS, separated by differential centrifugation and selectively removed after overnight incubation and adsorption at 37°C to plastic petrl dishes in RPMI media. These B 3 B 3 R donor peritoneal macrophages were then injected subcutaneously into histocompatible Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) challenged B 1 B 1 Pr progressor recipient chickens at various time intervals before and after tumor emergence. Also various age groups of regressor B 3 B 3 R donors and progressor B 1 B 1 Pr recipients were used for experimentation. The passive transfer of macrophages from 6 month old B 3 B 3 R donors (old) to 6 month old B 1 B 1 Pr recipients (old) caused regression of RSV induced tumors whereas macrophages similarly transferred between B 3 B 3 R donor and B I B 1 Pr recipients that were 6 or 8 weeks of age (young) did not cause regression of RSV induced tumors. Likewise no significant regression was seen when macrophages were transferred from young B 3 B 3 R donors to old B'B'Pr recipients or from old B 3 B 3 R donors to young B'B'Pr recipients. Transfer from unchallenged B ' B Pr donors to B 1 B 1 Pr recipients caused enhancement of Rous sarcoma tumor growth and no effect was seen between old unchallenged B 3 B 3 R donors to old B I B 1 Pr recipients. KEYWORDS:

1. Peritoneal macrophages subline B 1 B 1 Pr,

2.

Regressor subline B 3 B 3 R

30

Progressor

USE OF LARVADEX, AN INSECT GROWTH REGULATOR, FOR POULTRY FLY CONTROL. Ralph E. Williams*, Dept. of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. The insect growth regulator, Larvadex (N-cyclopropyl-l,3,5,-triazine-2,4,6-triamine), was evaluated as a 0.3% feed additive premix for controlling the house fly (Musca domestica L.) breeding in chicken manure. In a field trial with Larvadex the 0.3% premix was fed at a rate of 1.5 parts per million active ingredient in the feed to a commercial shallow pit egg layer flock. After a complete manure cleanout the birds were started on treated feed beginning June 30, 1981. They were maintained on treated feed until October 14. A similar

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

majority of the beta-glucan was eluted in the void volume of a gel filtration column

ABSTRACTS O F PAPERS

1569

h o u s e was u s e d a s an u n t r e a t e d c o n t r o l . E s t i m a t e s of a d u l t h o u s e f l y p o p u l a t i o n s i n e a c h h o u s e w e r e o b t a i n e d by c o u n t i n g f l y s p e c k s on w h i t e p a p e r f i l e c a r d s p l a c e d i n e a c h h o u s e f o r 24 h o u r p e r i o d s a t 1 t o 2 week i n t e r v a l s . Adult fly p o p u l a t i o n s were quickly reduced i n t h e t r e a t e d h o u s e and b y t h e 4 t h week a f t e r t r e a t e d f e e d was s t a r t e d b e t t e r t h a n a 90% r e d u c t i o n of a d u l t f l i e s was m a i n t a i n e d f o r t h e d u r a t i o n of t h e s t u d y . From t h e s e r e s u l t s a n d a r e v i e w of s i m i l a r s t u d i e s L a r v a d e x a p p e a r s t o h a v e g r e a t p o t e n t i a l i n b e i n g i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o a t o t a l p o u l t r y fly c o n t r o l program. KEY WORDS;

Larvadex, house f l y ,

Musca d o m e s t i c a ,

c h i c k e n manure

A malady has been r e p o r t e d i n b r o i l e r s i n s o u t h w e s t A r k a n s a s and east Texas. The c o n d i t i o n i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a p a l e n e s s of s h a n k s and m a l a b s o r p t i o n of c e r t a i n n u t r i e n t s . Feed and baby c h i c k s have b e e n o b t a i n e d from i n v o l v e d companies and a s e r i e s of f e e d i n g trials c o n d u c t e d a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y of A r k a n s a s . The c o n d i t i o n was r e p r o d u c e d w i t h one sample of f e e d . C h i c k s o u r c e d i d n o t a p p e a r t o be a f a c t o r in producing the syndrome. H i s t o l o g i c a l e x a m i n a t i o n of t h e affected c h i c k s did not r e v e a l p r o v e n t r i c u l i t i s or any o t h e r a b n o r m a l i t y of the digestive system. M i c r o s c o p i c e x a m i n a t i o n of t h e feed s u g g e s t e d that i t was s t a l e , i n f e s t e d w i t h f e e d m i t e s and p r o b a b l y s e v e r a l m o l d s . KEYWORDS,

Malabsorption,

pale

bird

i n v i t r o TESTING OF FqWL SPERMATOZOA VIABILITY. Graham J . W i s h a r t , ARC P o u l t r y Research Centre, R o s l i n , Midlothian EH25 9 P S , S c o t l a n d , UK. Fowl s p e r m a t o z o a , when i n c u b a t e d a n a e r o b i c a l l y a t 30°C w i t h o u t a g l y c o l y t i c s u b s t r a t e , l o s e t h e i r f e r t i l i s i n g a b i l i t y o v e r a p e r i o d of 4 h o u r s . This affords a convenient model f o r s t u d y i n g t h e e v e n t s w h i c h l e a d t o a l o s s i n f e r t i l i s i n g a b i l i t y and f o r c o m p a r i n g i n v i t r o t e s t s of s p e r m a t o z o a l v i a b i l i t y . The t h r e e m o s t commonly u s e d v i a b i l i t y t e s t s - m o t i l i t y , dye ( e o s i n ) e x c l u s i o n and enzyme l e a k a g e - showed n o r e l a t i o n s h i p t o t h e d e c l i n i n g f e r t i l i s i n g a b i l i t y of t h e semen. S p e r m a t o z o a a t t h e end of t h e 4 - h o u r p e r i o d a p p e a r e d n o r m a l and d i d n o t l e a k l a c t a t e d e h y d r o g e n a s e o r d i s p l a y a c r o s i n accessibility. On r e - i n t r o d u c t i o n of a i r t o t h e s a m p l e s , t h e a b i l i t y t o r e p l e t e s p e r m a t o z o a l ATP and K + c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , on s u b s e q u e n t a e r a t i o n , d e c l i n e d o v e r t h e 4 h o u r i n c u b a t i o n . However, when g l u c o s e was a d d e d t o s u c h ' r e c o v e r y ' i n c u b a t i o n s , ATP and K + c o n c e n t r a t i o n s w e r e r e s t o r e d t o maximal l e v e l s i n s p e r m a t o z o a s a m p l e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e 4 - h o u r a n a e r o b i c incubation. I t i s t h e r e f o r e a p p a r e n t t h a t an i n i t i a l e v e n t i n t h e l o s s of f e r t i l i s i n g a b i l i t y was a d i m i n u t i o n i n m i t o c h o n d r i a l ATP s y n t h e s i s w h i c h o c c u r r e d w i t h o u t a p p a r e n t damage t o t h e p l a s m a membrane and t h a t t h i s ATP s y n t h e s i s i s c r i t i c a l t o t h e f e r t i l i s i n g f u n c t i o n of t h e s p e r m a t o z o a . KEYWORDS:

Fowl s p e r m a t o z o a ,

viability

LOCALIZATION OF A TOXIC COMPONENT IN EXTRACTS OF EIMERIA TENELLA-INFECTED CHICKEN CECA. D.R. W i t l o c k * , USDA, A g r i c u l t u r a l R e s e a r c h S e r v i c e , Animal P a r a s i t o l o g y I n s t i t u t e , B e l t s v i l l e , MD 2 0 7 0 5 , and A l a n B r i m f i e l d , U n i f o r m e d S e r v i c e s , U n i v e r s i t y of H e a l t h S c i e n c e s , B e t h e s d a , MD 2 0 8 1 4 . A t o x i c a c t i v i t y was found i n c r u d e e x t r a c t s of E i m e r i a t e n e l l a - i n f e c t e d c e c a ( I C E ) . Slow p e r f u s i o n of t h e ICE i n t o n o n i n f e c t e d c h i c k e n s r e s u l t e d i n i n c r e a s e d p r o t h r o m b i n t i m e s , s i m i l a r t o t h a t s e e n i n n a t u r a l E. t e n e l l a i n f e c t i o n s . The ICE was l e t h a l when r a p i d l y i n j e c t e d , b u t t h e l e t h a l i t y was n o t d e p e n d e n t on t h e s i t e of i n j e c t i o n . Ultrac e n t r i f u g a t i o n of t h e c r u d e ICE e x t r a c t l o c a l i z e d a t o x i c c o m p o n e n t i n t h e m i c r o s o m a l f r a c t ion. The a c t i v i t y of t h e t o x i c component was n o t d e c r e a s e d by r e p e a t e d w a s h i n g o r c o l d

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

ETIOLOGY AND CAUSE OF A PALE BIRD SYNDROME IN SOUTH ARKANSAS AND EAST TEXAS. C h r i s t i n a S . W i n s t e a d * , A l a n M i l l e r , C. F . M e i n e c k e , a n d E . L . S t e p h e n s o n , D e p a r t m e n t o f A n i m a l S c i e n c e s , U n i v e r s i t y o± A r k a n s a s , F a y e t t e v i l l e , Arkansas 72701.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1570

s t o r a g e . Toxic a c t i v i t y could be demonstrated from the microsomes of both the e p i t h e l i a l and muscular l a y e r s of t h e i n f e c t e d ceca. Further use of discontinuous s u c r o s e , g r a d i e n t s and u l t r a c e n t r i f u g a t i o n have shown t h a t the microsomal f r a c t i o n of i n f e c t e d c e c a l t i s s u e contains up to 10 times more p r o t e i n than t h a t of the noninfected c e c a l t i s s u e . KEYWORDS:

Eimeria t e n e l l a , t o x i c a c t i v i t y , chicken, and ceca.

EFFECTS OF PELLETING ON UTILIZATION OF FIBEROUS FEEDSTUFFS IN CHICKEN DIETS. Y. Xiong, K.C. Behnke* and C.W. Deyoe. Dept. of Grain Science and I n d u s t r y , Kansas S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , Manhattan, KS 66506.

The growth r a t e of t h e b i r d s on the M d i e t s decreased s i g n i f i c a n t l y with i n c r e a s i n g f i b e r l e v e l s . Fiber c o n t e n t , however, did not a f f e c t the growth r a t e of b i r d s fed t h e P d i e t s . Feed i n t a k e increased with i n c r e a s i n g d i e t a r y f i b e r l e v e l s . Average d a i l y gain data when coupled with i n t a k e d a t a suggest t h a t b i r d s on t h e P d i e t s were a b l e t o adjust intake to meet energy and n u t r i e n t requirements while those on t h e M d i e t s were n o t . Feed e f f i c i e n c y decreased with i n c r e a s i n g f i b e r l e v e l s with no d i f f e r e n c e s (P » .5) between P and M a t the lower f i b e r l e v e l , but a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e a t the h i g h e s t l e v e l s (P < 0 . 0 1 ) . P e l l e t i n g improved feed e f f i c i e n c y by 13.6% over the M d i e t a t the 11% f i b e r l e v e l . P e l l e t i n g e f f e c t s demonstrated the same t r e n d s when examining AME with t h e p e l l e t e d high f i b e r d i e t giving a s i g n i f i c a n t l y improved AME value over the same d i e t in mash form. KEYWORDS: P e l l e t i n g , Fiberous f e e d s t u f f s , Chicken d i e t s STUDY OF THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF THE MARINE SPONGE, CHONDRILLA NUCULATA. H a r o l d Y a c o w i t z * a n d Thomas G. Z a c c o n e , H e a l t h R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e , F a i r l e i g h D i c k i n s o n U n i v e r s i t y , M a d i s o n , NJ 0 7 9 4 0 a n d D e p a r t m e n t o f Z o o l o g y , U n i v e r s i t y o f Rhode I s l a n d , K i n g s t o n , RI 0 2 8 8 1 . The n u t r i t i o n a l v a l u e o f a p o t e n t i a l s o u r c e o f m a r i n e a n i m a l p r o t e i n , c h i c k e n l i v e r s p o n g e ( C h o n d r i l l a n u c u l a t a ) , was d e t e r m i n e d u s i n g c h e m i c a l a n a l y s e s and c h i c k g r o w t h s t u d i e s . Amino a c i d c o m p o s i t i o n a n d p r o t e i n c o n t e n t of t h e d r i e d sponge compared f a v o r a b l y w i t h d e h u l l e d soybean m e a l . Two c h i c k e x p e r i m e n t s w e r e c o n d u c t e d . The f i r s t e x p e r i m e n t e m p l o y e d d a y o l d c h i c k s f e d o v e n - d r i e d s p o n g e a t 4 a n d 8% i n a l o w p r o t e i n c o r n - s o y ration. The s e c o n d e x p e r i m e n t i n v o l v e d 5 - w e e k o l d c h i c k s f e d l y o p h i l i z e d a n d o v e n - d r i e d s p o n g e a t 7.6% i n a c o r n b a s e d r a t i o n . The s p o n g e e x h i b i t e d p a r t i a l g r o w t h i n h i b i t i o n i n b o t h e x p e r i m e n t s . I n t h e f i r s t t r i a l , t h e r e w a s some a d a p t a t i o n t o s p o n g e f e e d i n g , s i n c e t h e d e g r e e of g r o w t h i n h i b i t i o n was r e d u c e d b e t w e e n t h e s e c o n d and f o u r t h w e e k s . The g r o w t h i n h i b i t o r ( s ) w a s p a r t i a l l y h e a t l a b i l e . S i g n i f i c a n t (p< .05) p a n c r e a t i c hypertrophy or h y p e r p l a s i a o c c u r r e d i n c h i c k s fed l y o p h i l i z e d sponge. C h o n d r i l l a n u c u l a t a i s a n a t u r a l food f o r s e a t u r t l e s and c e r t a i n f i s h . The i n h i b i t o r Ts) i n t h i s s p o n g e w i l l r e q u i r e i n a c t i v a t i o n o r r e m o v a l b e f o r e feeding to chicks. KEY WORDS: NUTRITIONAL VALUE, MARINE SPONGE, CHONDRILLA NUCULATA

INFLUENCE OF VITAMIN A NUTRITURE ON THE HUMORAL AND CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE OF BROILER CHICKS. CM. Young*, and J . L . S e l l , Dept. of Animal Science, Iowa S t a t e University Ames, IA. 50011. The e f f e c t s of r e t i n o l and r e t i n o i c acid on the humoral and cell-mediated immune

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

Three d i e t s with c a l c u l a t e d crude f i b e r c o n t e n t s of 5 , 8 and 11%, r e s p e c t i v e l y , were formulated to i n s u r e t h a t NRC n u t r i e n t requirements were met. Each d i e t was fed as e i t h e r a mash (M) or as a crumbled p e l l e t ( P ) . P e l l e t i n g was done under c o n t r o l l e d c o n d i t i o n s to optimize p e l l e t i n g e f f i c i e n c y . One-hundred twenty l a y e r type male b i r d s , 12 weeks of age, were randomly a l l o c a t e d t o the s i x d i e t s (5 r e p l i c a t i o n s , 4 b i r d s per r e p l i c a t i o n , 6 t r e a t m e n t s ) . All b i r d s were housed in grower b a t t e r i e s and given feed and water ^d l i b i t u m . Apparent metabolizable energy measurements were obtained using four consecutive 24 hour t o t a l c o l l e c t i o n p e r i o d s w i t h t h e b i r d s being fed a t j u s t below ad l i b i t u m l e v e l .

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1571

KEYWORDS:

Vitamin A Deficiency, Retinoic Acid, Lymphoid Organs, Antibody Formation, Mitogens.

PLASMA PROLACTIN CONCENTRATIONS, FEED AND WATER INTAKE IN RELATION TO REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION IN TURKEY HENS. David Zadworny*, John S. Walton and Robert J. Etches. Dept. of Animal and Poultry Sci., University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada NIG 2W1. Feed and water intake, body weight and plasma prolactin levels were compared in small white turkey hens individually maintained in either cages (n=13) or 1.2 x 1.4 m floor pens equipped with nest boxes (n=12). The hens in the floor pens were allowed to accumulate "nest eggs" which were substituted with fertile eggs at a comparable stage of incubation (day 25) if the hen was broody. Broody hens (n=10) hatched 72% of the eggs and provided maternal care for the poults (90% survival at 3 weeks of age). In non-broody hens, feed and water intake increased at the start of egg production and then remained relatively stable during the period of lay. Hens lost weight until after peak egg production. Plasma prolactin levels increased at the onset of lay; peaked between week 6 and 10 of egg production; then declined over the rest of the laying period. In broody birds, plasma prolactin levels continued to increase after the onset of lay and reached peak values during incubation, at which time mean feed and water intakes were less than 10% of the intakes of non-broody birds. Hens lost weight during the pre-broody state and incubation. Total weight loss was approximately 28% from the onset of lay. Immediately after hatch water intake increased dramatically and prolactin levels fell. Prolactin levels comparable to the start of lay were observed 2 to 14 days after hatch. During incubation, body temperature decreased, hematocrit and D-(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate levels increased whereas plasma glucose levels were constant.

KEYWORDS. Turkeys, Prolactin, Feed Intake, Water Intake, Broodiness, Body Weight

BODY COMPOSITION AT THE ONSET OF LAY IN JAPANESE QUAIL. Daniel J. Zelenka*, Jerry A. Cherry, Israel Nir and Paul B. Siegel, Dept. of Poultry Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061. It has been postulated that a minimum amount or percentage of body fat is required for the onset of sexual maturity. To examine this relationship, female Japanese quail were reared on isocaloric diets containing 26, 24, 20, 16 and 14% crude protein. For each protein level, quail were also fed ad Libitum, 80% of ad Libitum and 60% of ad Libitum. Each quail was sacrificed on the day of first egg and abdominal fat weight, as a measurement of body fat, and breast weight, as a measurement of lean body mass, were obtained. Dietary protein did not significantly (P ^> .05) affect the amount of abdominal fat at the onset of lay under ad Libitum feeding. Under restricted feeding, however, the females fed the higher levels of dietary protein entered lay with significantly less abdominal fat, expressed as either a percentage of body weight or on a total weight basis, than did the ad Libitum fed quail. When fed diets containing lower protein (14 and 16%), the restricted fed females entered lay with more abdominal

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

response, and on lymphoid organ weights in broiler chicks were examined. Chicks were fed diets supplemented with retinol or retinoic acid at 0, .2 and 2.0 ug/g diet. The diets were fed continuously from day of hatch or after depletion of hepatic vitamin A reserves. Rapid vitamin A deficiency was induced in chicks depleted on hepatic vitamin A by initially feeding the diet containing 2.0 ug retinoic acid/g for 14 days and subsequently feeding diets containing 0 or .2 ug retinoic acid/g diet. Chicks were immunized by intravenous injection of human serum albumin at 34 days of age. Serum antibody hemagglutination titers, when assayed 7 days postinoculation, were not affected by level or chemical form of vitamin A supplemented in diets. Induction of a rapid vitamin A deficiency decreased the number of ciculating lymphocytes while increasing their transformation response to the mitogens Concanavalin A and Phytohemagglutinin. A moderate deficiency, however, increased the number of lymphocytes but decreased lymphocyte proliferation. Relative bursa of Fabricius and thymus weights at 41 days of age were significantly less for chicks fed a vitamin A-free diet than for those fed diets supplemented with retinol or retinoic acid. Chicks consuming .2 ug retinoic acid or retinol/g diet had significantly smaller relative bursa weights as compared to chicks fed 2.0 ug of retinoic acid or retinol/g diet. Relative thymus weight was not affected by the lower levels of supplemental retinol or reginoic acid. In general, retinoic acid was inferior to retinol in maintenance of lymphoid tissue.

1572

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

fat in comparison to the ad -Lib-itum fed birds. Breast weights, on the other hand, were relatively constant at sexual maturity. The results do not support the hypothesis that a lipostat is involved in the initiation of sexual maturity. KEYWORDS:

sexual-maturity, Japanese-quail, body-fat

FACTORS AFFECTING THE APPARENT BIOAVAILABILITY OF SELEHIUK FOR THE CHICK. Tupping Zhou* and Gerald F. Combs, _Jr., Dept. Animal Science, Beijing Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China, and Dept. of Poultry Science, Cornell University, Ithaca. HY 14853-

THE INVOLVEMENT OF a AND a, ADRENERGJC RECEPTORS IN THE HYWfflALAMD-PITUITARYOVARIAN AXIS. Nickolas G. Zimmermann , Frances C. Buonomo, and Colin G. Scanes, Dept. of Animal Sci., Cook College-Rutgers, The State University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903. There is increasing evidence that biogenic amine neurotransmitters are involved with various mechanisms controlling growth and reproduction in mammals. Pharamcologic observations in chickens suggest a stimulatory effect of norepinephrine (NE), acting via a, adrenergic receptors, on LH secretion. Changes in chicken GH have been demonstrated following stimulation of a, and a, receptors with specific angonists indicating a stimulatory role of NE on GH secretion. In addition .to effects on pituitary secretion, presumably mediated via hypophysiotropic agents, adrenergic receptors have also been implicated in the control of oviduct motility. Radioreceptor binding assays were employed to determine the relative concentration of a, and a, adrenergic receptors in hypothalamic, pituitary, ovarian, and oviductal tissues. Alpha adrenergic receptors were found in all tissues examined. The locality of the a. and cu receptors in the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis will be described and their significance discussed. KEYWORDS:

Adrenergic, Receptors, Hypothalmus, Pituitary, Ovary

Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kokusai Hoken Keikakugaku (UNIV OF TOKYO) on June 6, 2015

Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of dietary protein level and level of feed intake on the apparent bioavailability of Se from Ha2Se03 and selenomethionine (Se-i'et) for protection from exudative diathesis (ED) of the Se- and vitamin E-depleted chick. Level of dietary protein (22.5$ vs. 16.<$) significantly (P<.01) affected the incidence of ED at several levels of dietary Se from each source. At each level of Se, the low protein diet resulted in lower incidence of ED and, thus, an increase in the apparent bioavailability of Se, with Se from Na2Se03 more available than that of Se-Met. Further experiments were conducted in order to determine whether the effect of dietary protein level on the incidence of ED was due to effects on growth rate or feed intake Chicks were fed the high or low protein basal diets at 75$ of ad libitum rate of feed consumption. Na2Se03 was added at levels which effected Se intakes, either on a per day or a per unit gain basis, equivalent to ad libitum feeding controls with incremental supplementation of dietary Se. Results showed that both the level of dietary protein and the level of feeding markedly influenced the incidence and severity of ED. The activity of Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase (SeGSHpx) in plasma and liver varied inversely with the incidence of ED and was increased by feed restriction. These results suggest that growth rate affects both the clinical and biochemical manifestations of Se-deficiency in the chick. Because both parameters are used to assess the bioavailability of Se in feeds and foods, bioassays in which growth is not controlled may yield incorrect results. K E Y W O R D S ; Selenium exudative diathesis glutathione peroxidase Vitamin E