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Ausuwirkungen der Atemmnechanik auf den Kreislauf (Effects of the Mechanics of Respiration on the Circulation
A HISTORY OF NITROUS OXIDE AND OXYGEN ANAESTHESIA—EX
This evidence indicates that the date of the handbill could not have been before 1830, but must have been before 1849. It was felt that it was probably dated around the time that Charles Payne moved from the Adelaide Gallery to the new Institution in Regent Street. The handbill mentions specifically "Monday, Jan 30th". The only years between 1830 and 1849 in which January 30 fell upon a Monday were 1837, 1843 and 1848, so 1837 was considered to be the likely date. Figure 15 shows a few pasted-up extracts from the whole handbill, which measures 2O"Xl5" and contains much small print Three items mentioned provide clear evidence that it was dated after 1837. A Philosophical Lecture on the Daguerreotype process was advertised for Tuesday at "Quarter-past 2 o'clock", and another on the Calotype process for the following day. No. 30 on the list of "Magnificent Transparent Dissolving Views" is "Her Most Gracious Majesty, Queen Victoria". William IV did not die until Tune 20, 1837. The Daguerreotype process was published in 1839 and Talbot took out a patent for his Calotype process in 1841. The date of the handbill, therefore, must be either 1843 or 1848.
BOOK REVIEW Ausurirkungen der Atemtnechanik auf den Kreislauf (Effects of the Mechanics of Respiration on the Circulation). By R. Schorer. "Anaesthesiology and Resuscitation" No. 10. Published by Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1965. Pp. iv + 57; 15 tables; 17 figs.; summary in English. Price DM.14.00. Studies in dogs on the effects of changes in intrapulmonary pressure (IPP) and of respiratory movements on the circulation form the contents of this monograph. As the methods are complicated and as it is difficult to design the experiments for only one factor to remain variable the author reviews his results critically but observes definite trends which may be summarized as follows. In anaesthetized pump-ventilated dogs a raised mean intrapulmonary pressure causes considerable reduction of the cardiac minute volume while conversely, negative intrapulmonary pressure causes a lesser increase, both mainly by changes of the stroke volume. Under the same conditions the admixture of venous and arterial blood rises steeply under negative intrapul-
monary pressure, presumably due to multiple atelectases. A mean intrapulmonary pressure of zero gives the most favourable conditions for capillary blood flow and for gaseous exchange. Studies under apnoea and "diffusion oxygenation", under spontaneous respiration, and under mechanical ventilation, show that, compared with apnoea, the two other methods raise the heart rate. While with spontaneous respiration both rate and minute volume rise, under mechanical ventilation the stroke volume is proportionally reduced and, therefore, the minute volume remains unchanged. After vagotomy the influence of respiration on circulation is minimal, though slightly adverse under mechanical ventilation. The author concludes that spontaneous respiration seems more favourable for the circulation than mechanical ventilation and that the effect of the "respiratory pump" is small indeed. This experimental work is being compared with other investigations in this field, on animals as well as on man, and ample references are provided. Luise Wislichi
Downloaded from http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/ at Simon Fraser University on June 17, 2015
in the late 1830s and was persuaded by Sir George Cayley to become manager of the "Royal Gallery of Arts and Sciences" in Regent Street. This was opened in 1838 and received a Royal Charter in 1839. It was from this that the Regent Street Polytechnic later grew (see Pritchard, 1961). According to Smith (1849), the Adelaide Gallery ". . . was at first devoted to the diffusion of knowledge. . . . Then came a transition stage in the existence of the Adelaide Gallery, at first stealthily brought about. The oxy-hydrogen light was slyly applied to the magic lantern; and laughing gas was made instead of carbonic acid. By degrees music stole in; then wizards; and lastly talented vocal foreigners from Ethiopia and the Pyrenees. Science was driven to her wit's end for a livelihood, but she still endeavoured to appear respectable. The names of the new attractions were covertly put into the bills, sneaking under the original engines and machines in small type. . . . But during this time a rnpyiia for dancing had been gradually coming on, and at last burst forth. . . . And at last all the steam engines were cleared away, and the Adelaide Gallery was devoted entirely to the goddess of the 'twinkling-feet', and called a Casino."
963
This evidence indicates that the date of the handbill could not have been before 1830, but must have been before 1849. It was felt that it was probably dated around the time that Charles Payne moved from the Adelaide Gallery to the new Institution in Regent Street. The handbill mentions specifically "Monday, Jan 30th". The only years between 1830 and 1849 in which January 30 fell upon a Monday were 1837, 1843 and 1848, so 1837 was considered to be the likely date. Figure 15 shows a few pasted-up extracts from the whole handbill, which measures 2O"Xl5" and contains much small print Three items mentioned provide clear evidence that it was dated after 1837. A Philosophical Lecture on the Daguerreotype process was advertised for Tuesday at "Quarter-past 2 o'clock", and another on the Calotype process for the following day. No. 30 on the list of "Magnificent Transparent Dissolving Views" is "Her Most Gracious Majesty, Queen Victoria". William IV did not die until Tune 20, 1837. The Daguerreotype process was published in 1839 and Talbot took out a patent for his Calotype process in 1841. The date of the handbill, therefore, must be either 1843 or 1848.
BOOK REVIEW Ausurirkungen der Atemtnechanik auf den Kreislauf (Effects of the Mechanics of Respiration on the Circulation). By R. Schorer. "Anaesthesiology and Resuscitation" No. 10. Published by Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1965. Pp. iv + 57; 15 tables; 17 figs.; summary in English. Price DM.14.00. Studies in dogs on the effects of changes in intrapulmonary pressure (IPP) and of respiratory movements on the circulation form the contents of this monograph. As the methods are complicated and as it is difficult to design the experiments for only one factor to remain variable the author reviews his results critically but observes definite trends which may be summarized as follows. In anaesthetized pump-ventilated dogs a raised mean intrapulmonary pressure causes considerable reduction of the cardiac minute volume while conversely, negative intrapulmonary pressure causes a lesser increase, both mainly by changes of the stroke volume. Under the same conditions the admixture of venous and arterial blood rises steeply under negative intrapul-
monary pressure, presumably due to multiple atelectases. A mean intrapulmonary pressure of zero gives the most favourable conditions for capillary blood flow and for gaseous exchange. Studies under apnoea and "diffusion oxygenation", under spontaneous respiration, and under mechanical ventilation, show that, compared with apnoea, the two other methods raise the heart rate. While with spontaneous respiration both rate and minute volume rise, under mechanical ventilation the stroke volume is proportionally reduced and, therefore, the minute volume remains unchanged. After vagotomy the influence of respiration on circulation is minimal, though slightly adverse under mechanical ventilation. The author concludes that spontaneous respiration seems more favourable for the circulation than mechanical ventilation and that the effect of the "respiratory pump" is small indeed. This experimental work is being compared with other investigations in this field, on animals as well as on man, and ample references are provided. Luise Wislichi
Downloaded from http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/ at Simon Fraser University on June 17, 2015
in the late 1830s and was persuaded by Sir George Cayley to become manager of the "Royal Gallery of Arts and Sciences" in Regent Street. This was opened in 1838 and received a Royal Charter in 1839. It was from this that the Regent Street Polytechnic later grew (see Pritchard, 1961). According to Smith (1849), the Adelaide Gallery ". . . was at first devoted to the diffusion of knowledge. . . . Then came a transition stage in the existence of the Adelaide Gallery, at first stealthily brought about. The oxy-hydrogen light was slyly applied to the magic lantern; and laughing gas was made instead of carbonic acid. By degrees music stole in; then wizards; and lastly talented vocal foreigners from Ethiopia and the Pyrenees. Science was driven to her wit's end for a livelihood, but she still endeavoured to appear respectable. The names of the new attractions were covertly put into the bills, sneaking under the original engines and machines in small type. . . . But during this time a rnpyiia for dancing had been gradually coming on, and at last burst forth. . . . And at last all the steam engines were cleared away, and the Adelaide Gallery was devoted entirely to the goddess of the 'twinkling-feet', and called a Casino."
963