Mechanical spectroscopy, internal friction and ultrasonic attenuation: Collection of works

Materials Science and Engineering A 521–522 (2009) 405–415

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Mechanical spectroscopy, internal friction and ultrasonic attenuation: Collection of works L.B. Magalas AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history: Received 19 July 2008 Accepted 7 October 2008 Keywords: Internal friction Mechanical spectroscopy Ultrasonic attenuation Mechanical damping Anelasticity Viscoelasticity Complex modulus

a b s t r a c t An extensive collection of recommended books and proceedings from numerous conferences on internal friction, mechanical spectroscopy, and ultrasonic attenuation is provided. Reflecting the complicated history of the 20th century, books published in English and in Russian are presented in two separate sections. International and national conferences organized in various countries are listed. Supplementary lists referring to conferences held in the People’s Republic of China, Poland, Russia, the Soviet Union, and Ukraine are also provided. The interesting evolution of mechanical spectroscopy from internal friction and ultrasonic attenuation in solids is clearly demonstrated, and a choice list of retrospective papers illustrates the evolution of the field. A brief review of mechanical spectroscopy, therefore, is included. Numerous research areas investigated by internal friction and mechanical spectroscopy are addressed, including point defect relaxations, electronic and phonon relaxations, dislocation relaxations, grain boundary relaxations, domain induced relaxations (magnetic, ferroelectric), magnetomechanical relaxations, phase transformations, glass transitions, interface effects as well as a wide array of applications specific to physics and materials science. For many years now, there has been a definite need to provide a thorough list of references that might cover major national conferences and books published in English and other languages. This work strives to achieve this goal. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction A collection of basic and advanced monographs as well as of proceedings from numerous conferences on internal friction, mechanical spectroscopy, relaxation phenomena in solids and in complex systems, anelasticity, viscoelasticity, viscoplasticity, mechanical damping, ultrasonic attenuation, and ultrasonic spectroscopy is presented. The intent is to provide a list of recommended references for these closely related fields that can be generally described as the dissipation of mechanical energy in solids. These fields represent supplementary and complementary areas of research and, therefore, should not be discussed separately. In general, the listed monographs encompass various aspects of the dissipation of mechanical energy in solids. The list of books is divided into two parts, that is, books published in English and in Russian, a reflection of the 20th century’s complicated history. The books and proceedings listed in this paper cover numerous domains of research investigated by internal friction and mechanical spectroscopy: point defect relaxations, electronic and phonon relaxations, non-Debye relaxation phenomena, dislocation relaxations, grain boundary relaxations, twin- and grain boundarypoint defect relaxation phenomena, domain induced relaxations

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(magnetic, ferroelectric), magnetomechanical relaxations, phase transformations (electric, magnetic, structural), glass transitions and interface effects as well as a vast number of specific applications to physics and materials science. Various phenomena are studied by internal friction and mechanical spectroscopy in crystalline, quasi crystalline and non-crystalline materials, such as metal alloys, ceramics, ferroelectrics, glasses, and polymers as well as composites like concrete, rocks, minerals, and also in fibers, thin films, thin-layer materials and, finally, in functional materials such as high damping materials, gradient materials, foams. Recently nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes, and biological materials have become object of intense investigations by mechanical spectroscopy. At the time of the initial attempt to provide a self-consistent list of books and proceedings from international conferences on internal friction and ultrasonic attenuation in solids [1], there had been intense discussions for a few years [2] about the opportunity of providing a more complete list that might cover proceedings of major national conferences and books published in languages other than English. We hope that this work may achieve this goal. 1.1. Books from English literature It is now 60 years since Clarence Melvin Zener first suggested in his classic monograph, Elasticity and Anelasticity of Metals (Chicago, 1948), the concept of internal friction to describe

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anelasticity and dissipation of mechanical energy in solids. The concept of exponential relaxation phenomenon, however, was introduced much earlier by Peter Joseph Wilhelm Debye in his classic book, Polar Molecules (New York, 1929). We shall not comment on the historical aspects of how the field developed, but simply provide the list of books in Section 2. The monographs appear chronologically. It is not an exhaustive list of all the books published in this field, but rather a list of monographs whose study should enable an efficient way to learn basic topics, techniques and applications to various areas in physics and materials science. Over 90 recommended references are given for people working in the area of dissipation of mechanical energy in solids which in a broader sense can be identified as mechanical spectroscopy [3,4]. The titles should guide the newcomer to the basic principles of research in a particular area. We hope that this list will prove useful both to beginners and to advanced readers alike. Only a few basic references are provided on ultrasonic, acoustics, dielectric and magnetic studies as these broad fields themselves require separate lists of references. 1.2. Books from Russian literature Books on internal friction, anelasticity and relaxation phenomena in solids are listed chronologically in Section 3, taking into account all available information from the Russian literature. It is a complete list of the books published in these fields, including selected applications to physics and materials science. Classics translated from English (C. Zener, H. Kolsky, J.D. Ferry, A.S. Nowick and B.S. Berry) and into English (B.N. Finkel’shtein, V.B. Braginsky, P.A. Zinoviev, L. Landau and E. Lifshitz) are also included. Notation is provided both in English and in Russian so that an interested reader can successfully search the literature. Only a few basic references on ultrasonic attenuation are given. 1.3. Conference proceedings The list of conference proceedings is presented in three sections: (1) international conferences, organized in various countries, for which the proceedings were published in English (Section 4), (2) national and international conferences organized in the Soviet Union, Russia and Ukraine (Section 5), (3) conferences organized in the People’s Republic of China (Section 6), and (4) conferences and schools organized in Poland (Section 7). The list of International Conferences, ICIFUAS (International Conference on Internal Friction and Ultrasonic Attenuation in Solids), ECIFUAS (European Conference on Internal Friction and Ultrasonic Attenuation in Solids), MS (International Conference on Mechanical Spectroscopy, ICIFMS (International Conference on Internal Friction and Mechanical Spectroscopy), and list of the associated proceedings is exhaustive. Moreover, a list of selected international conferences, schools, workshops, symposia and discussion meetings from other closely related fields is also provided. To the best of our knowledge, the list of Conference Proceedings on internal friction, mechanical spectroscopy, anelasticity and relaxation phenomena in solids that have been organized in the Soviet Union, Russia, P.R. of China and Poland is exhaustive. It is expected that the provided documentation will be a valuable data source rarely available in many countries. In the case of numerous Russian Conferences, we provide the original notation of the proceedings (in English) to enable an interested reader to have easier access to this literature. The third list details conferences organized in the P.R. of China. It is interesting to note that the 8th Chinese National Conference on Internal Friction and Mechanical Spectroscopy organized in Nanjing in October 18–22, 2006 has been organized under a new name. Previously all the Chinese national conferences were named Chi-

nese National Conference on Internal Friction. In a similar manner, the 14th International Conference on Internal Friction and Ultrasonic Attenuation in Solids, ICIFUAS-14, which took place in Kyoto Terrsa, Japan, on September 5–9, 2005, was convened under a new name, the 14th International Conference on Internal Friction and Mechanical Spectroscopy, ICIFMS-14. It is widely accepted that the ICIFMS-14 conference can inherit the long and rich history of the ICIFUAS series, which has been held for nearly 50 years. The current International Conference on Internal Friction and Mechanical Spectroscopy ICIFMS-15 is organized by Professor Fabio Mazzolai in Perugia, Italy, on July 20–25, 2008. The next International Conference on Internal Friction and Mechanical Spectroscopy ICIFMS-16 will be organized by Professor Robert Schaller in Lausanne, Switzerland in 2011. The concept and the expression, mechanical spectroscopy, were officially introduced by L.B. Magalas in Poland at the First International Conference on Mechanical Spectroscopy MS-1, September 8–14, 1991 [8]. Continuing with Mechanical Spectroscopy MS-2 in 2000 and Mechanical Spectroscopy MS-3 in 2004, the expression mechanical spectroscopy has become widely accepted within the scientific community as a spectroscopic technique (in general, relaxation spectroscopy should be distinguished from resonance spectroscopy). Thus, it is not surprising that the name of the master conference, ICIFUAS, was renamed in 2005 in Japan as ICIFMS. Likewise, the scope of the Chinese National Conferences on Internal Friction was expanded in 2006 into Chinese National Conferences on Internal Friction and Mechanical Spectroscopy. To that end, it will be beneficial for the reader to briefly review the basic concept of mechanical spectroscopy [3,4,8]. 1.4. Mechanical spectroscopy Mechanical spectroscopy is defined in the framework of an interacting system in which the external perturbation field, used for probing the response of a physical object, is mechanical in nature (stress and strain) (see Fig. 1). Within the formalism of linear response theory, mechanical spectroscopy is described in terms of generalized susceptibility in the framework of the fluctuationdissipation theorem [3]. Therefore, mechanical spectroscopy is the science of mechanical energy absorbed by a physical object, subjected to an external, time-dependent mechanical perturbation (or probing) field. This external, time-dependent probing field may be: (1) a pulse (delta-pulse), (2) a quasi-static, or (3) a harmonic field of stress (t) or strain ε(t) (with the attainable frequencies ranging from extreme low frequencies 10−6 Hz up to 1012 Hz). The external probing field induces a macroscopic mechanical response originated at the microscopic level by microscopic motions of phonons, electrons, atoms, ions, molecules or macromolecular entities. These motions can be analyzed in the time or frequency domain. This response of the physical object can be completely described by any of the following functions: (1)(t) is the response function for a pulsed perturbation, (2) (t) is the relaxation function for a quasi-static perturbation, or equally (3) the generalized susceptibility (complex compliance S(ω) or complex modulus M(ω)) for a harmonic perturbation [3–6]. The relaxation function is usually discussed in terms of a pure exponential relaxation (a Debye relaxation) [3–5] or a stretched exponential relaxation (a non-Debye relaxation) [3,4]. These various time-dependent, external perturbations and resulting responses are illustrated in Fig. 1, demonstrating: (1) the relationship between the real (in-phase) and imaginary (out-ofphase) parts of the complex compliance via the Hilbert transform H (the Kramers–Kronig relation), (2) the relationships between the response function and both the real and imaginary parts of the compliance via the Fourier cosine FC and sine FS transforms, respectively, and (3) the relationship between the relaxation func-

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Fig. 1. Relations between external, time-dependent perturbation fields and the respective, time-dependent (a, c) and frequency-dependent (b) macroscopic responses. (a) Quasi-static perturbation: anelastic creep and elastic after-effect, (b) harmonic perturbation: complex compliance, (c) pulsed perturbation: decaying oscillations. H denotes the Hilbert transform, F the Fourier transform, and FS and FC the sine and cosine Fourier transforms, respectively [3].

tion and the complex compliance via the Fourier transform F. This general approach is valid for many spectroscopic techniques within the linear regime. It has been recently demonstrated that in many non-crystalline materials, low frequency mechanical spectroscopy and other spectroscopic techniques can be successfully used as complementary and/or supplementary methods [4,7]. This is advantageous because it extends the time and frequency of the probing field, proving very useful from the experimental and theoretical point of view (see Fig. 2 in [4]). It is now widely recognized that mechanical spectroscopy is the study of the time-dependent response of stress or strain to various time-dependent mechanical perturbations through the measurement of any of the several different moduli and compliances. This approach affords the opportunity to use a large variety of mechanical spectrometers suitable for different time or frequency ranges, sample geometry and/or different modes of mechanical perturbation and propagation of mechanical waves in solids. 1.5. Retrospective papers A list of over 20 retrospective papers on internal friction is provided in Section 9 for the readers who would like to learn more about the interesting details of the early research in this field and about the pioneering work of several distinguished scientists. The retrospective papers should also help the reader to follow the historical development of the field. 2. List of books from the English literature (and a few in French) [1] P. Debye, Polar Molecules, The Chemical Catalog Company, Inc., New York, 1929. [2] C. Zener, Elasticity and Anelasticity of Metals, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 1948. [2.1] Translated into Chinese by Q.P. Kong and B.L. Zhou, Science Press, P.R. China, 1965. [2.1] Translated into Russian by L.A. Shubina, Uprugost’ Neuprugost’ Metallov, Izdatel’stvo Inostrannoj Literatury (Publishing House of Foreign Literature), Moskva, 1954.

[3]

[4]

[5] [6]

[7]

[8]

[9] [10] [11]

[2.1] Translated into French by J. Châtelet, Élastcité et Anélasticité des Métaux, Dunod, Paris, 1955. H. Kolsky, Stress Waves in Solids, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1953. [3.1] Translated into Russian by G. Kol’skij, Volny naprâˇzenij v tverdyh telah, Moskva, Inostrannaâ Literatura, 1955. [3.2] Translated into Chinese by Wang Ren, Beijing Press, 1958. H.A. Stuart (Ed.), Die Physik Der Hochpolymeren, Vierter Band, Theorie und Molekulare Deutung Technologischer Eigenschaften von Hochpolymeren Werkstoffen. Bearbeitet von J.P. Berry, J.D. Ferry, E. Jenckel, W. Kast, H.F. Mark, W. Meskat, O. Rosenberg, F. Schwarzl, A.J. Staverman, R.S. Stein, H.A. Stuart, H. Thurn, L.R.G. Treloar, A.K. van der Vegt, F. Würstlin, SpringerVerlag Ohg., Berlin, Göttingen, Heidelberg, 1956. W.P. Mason, Physical Acoustics and the Properties of Solids, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., Princeton, NJ, 1958. D.R. Bland, The Theory of Linear Viscoelasticity, in: International Series of Monographs on Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol. 10, Pergamon Press, 1960. J.D. Ferry, Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers, first edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, London, 1961. [7.1] Translation into Russian: J.D. Ferry, Vâzkoupruge Svojstva Polimerov, Moskva, Izdatel’stvo Inostrannoj Literatury, 1963. ˙ [7.1] Translation into Polish: J.D. Ferry, Lepkospre˛ zysto´ sc´ polimerów, first edition, WNT, Warszawa, 1965. R. Truell, C. Elbaum, High Frequency Ultrasonic Stress Waves in Solids, in: S. Flügge (Ed.), Handbuch der Physik, vol. XI/2, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Göttingen, Heidelberg, 1962, p. 153. S.R. De Groot, P. Mazur, Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics, first edition, North-Holland Publishing Company, 1962. H. Kolsky, Stress Waves in Solids, Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1963. W.P. Mason (Ed.), Physical Acoustics: Principles and Methods, vol. I, Methods and Devices (Part A and Part B), Academic Press, New York and London, 1964. [11.1] Translated into Russian by L.D. Rozenberg, Fiziˇceskaâ Akustika, Tom I, Metody i pribory ultrazvukovyh issledovanij, Izdatel’stvo MIR, Moskva, Tom I A, 1966, Tom I B, 1967.

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[12] W.P. Mason (Ed.), Physical Acoustics: Principles and Methods, vol. II – Part A, Properties of Gases, Liquids and Solutions; vol. II – Part B, Properties of Polymers and Nonlinear Acoustics, Academic Press, New York and London, 1965. [12.1] Translated into Russian by I.G. Michajlov, Fiziˇceskaâ Akustika, Tom II A, Svojstva gazov, zˇ idkostej i rastvorov, Izdatel’stvo MIR, Moskva, 1968. Tom II B, Svojstva polimerov i nelinejnaâ akustika, Izdatel’stvo MIR, Moskva, 1969. [13] W.P. Mason (Ed.), Physical Acoustics: Principles and Methods, vol. III – Part A, Effect of Imperfections; vol. III – Part B, Lattice Dynamics, Academic Press, New York and London, 1965. [14.1] Translated into Russian by E.M. Nadgornyj, Fiziˇceskaâ Akustika, Tom III A, Vlijanije defektov na svojstva tverdych tiel, Izdatel’stvo MIR, Moskva, 1969. I.L. Fabelinskij, Fiziˇceskaâ Akustika, Tom III B, Dinamika Reˇsëtki, Izdatel’stvo MIR, Moskva, 1969. [14] W.P. Mason (Ed.), Physical Acoustics: Principles and Methods, vol. IV, Applications to Quantum and Solid State Physics, Academic Press, New York and London, Part A, 1966, Part B, 1968. [14.1] Translated into Russian by L.G. Merkulov, L.D. Rozenberg, Fiziˇceskaâ Akustika, Tom IV A, Primeneniâ fiziˇceskoj akustiki v kvantovoj fizike i fizike tverdogo tela, Izdatel’stvo MIR, Moskva, 1969. Translated into Russian by L.G. Merkulov and V.A. ˆ Sutilov, Fiziˇceskaâ Akustika, Tom IV B, Primeneniâ fiziˇceskoj akustiki v kvantovoj fizike i fizike tverdogo tela, Izdatel’stvo MIR, Moskva, 1970. [15] W.P. Mason (Ed.), Physical Acoustics: Principles and Methods, vol. V, Academic Press, New York and London, 1968. [14.1] Translated into Russian by V.V. Lemanov, Fiziˇceskaâ Akustika: Principy i Metody, Tom V, Izdatel’stvo MIR, Moskva, 1973. [16] W.P. Mason, R.N. Thurston (Eds.), Physical Acoustics: Principles and Methods, vol. VI, Academic Press, New York and London, 1970. [14.1] Translated into Russian by I.L. Fabelinskij, Fiziˇceskaâ Akustika: Principy i Metody, Tom VI, Izdatel’stvo MIR, Moskva, 1973. [17] W.P. Mason, R.N. Thurston (Eds.), Physical Acoustics: Principles and Methods, vol. VII, Academic Press, New York and London, 1970. [14.1] Translated into Russian by I.G. Michajlov, Fiziˇceskaâ Akustika,: Principy i Metody, Tom VII, Izdatel’stvo MIR, Moskva, 1974. [18] W.P. Mason, R.N. Thurston (Eds.), Physical Acoustics: Principles and Methods, vol. VIII, Academic Press, New York and London, 1971. [19] W.P. Mason, R.N. Thurston (Eds.), Physical Acoustics: Principles and Methods, vol. IX, Academic Press, New York and London, 1972. [20] W.P. Mason, R.N. Thurston (Eds.), Physical Acoustics: Principles and Methods, vol. X, Academic Press, New York and London, 1973. [21] W.P. Mason, R.N. Thurston (Eds.), Physical Acoustics: Principles and Methods, vol. XI, Academic Press, New York San Francisco and London, 1975. [22] W.P. Mason, R.N. Thurston (Eds.), Physical Acoustics: Principles and Methods, vol. XII, Academic Press, New York and London, 1976. [23] W.P. Mason, R.N. Thurston (Eds.), Physical Acoustics: Principles and Methods, vol. XIII, Academic Press, New York and London, 1977. [24] W.P. Mason, R.N. Thurston (Eds.), Physical Acoustics: Principles and Methods, vol. XIV, Academic Press, New York and London, 1979.

[25] W.P. Mason, R.N. Thurston (Eds.), Physical Acoustics: Principles and Methods, vol. XV, Academic Press, New York, London, Toronto, Sydney and San Francisco, 1981. [26] W.P. Mason, R.N. Thurston (Eds.), Physical Acoustics: Principles and Methods, vol. XVI, Academic Press, New York, London, Paris, San Diego, San Francisco, Sao Paulo, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, 1982. [27] W.P. Mason, R.N. Thurston (Eds.), Physical Acoustics: Principles and Methods, vol. XVII, Academic Press, New York, London, Paris, San Diego, San Francisco, Sao Paulo, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, 1984. [28] W.P. Mason, R.N. Thurston (Eds.), Physical Acoustics: Principles and Methods, vol. XVII, Academic Press, New York, London, Paris, San Diego, San Francisco, Sao Paulo, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, 1988. [29] W.F. Brown, Jr., Magnetoelastic Interactions, Springer Tracts in Natural Philosophy, vol. 9, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1966. [30] N.G. McCrum, B.E. Read, G. Williams, Anelastic and Dielectric Effects in Polymeric Solids, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 1967. [31] A. Bhatia, Ultrasonic Absorption, Clarendon Press Oxford, 1967. [32] J. Lazan, Damping of Materials and Members in Structural Mechanics, Pergamon Press, 1968. [33] I. Malecki, Physical Foundations of Technical Acoustics, ´ Pergamon Press, Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, first English Edition, PWN—Polish Scientific Publishers, Warszawa, 1969. [34] R. Truell, C. Elbaum, B.B. Chick, Ultrasonic Methods in Solid State Physics, Academic Press, New York and London, 1969. [35] R.T. Beyer, S.V. Letcher, Physical Ultrasonics, Academic Press, 1969. [36] J.D. Ferry, Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers, second edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, 1970. [37] J.D. Fast, Interaction of Metals and Gases, Kinetics and Mechanisms, vol. 2, Macmillan Press Ltd., 1971. [38] A.S. Nowick, B.S. Berry, Anelastic Relaxation in Crystalline Solids, Academic Press, 1972. [14.1] Translation into Russian: Relaksacionnye Âvlenâ v Kristallah, Moskva, Atomizdat, 1975. [39] F.J. Lockett, Nonlinear Viscoelastic Solids, Academic Press, London, New York, 1972. [40] R.W. Douglas, B. Hill (Eds.), Amorphous Materials, Wiley Interscience, London, 1972. [41] J.W. Tucker, V.W. Rampton, Microwave Ultrasonics in Solid State Physics, North-Holland Publ. Comp. Amsterdam, 1972. [42] R. De Batist, Internal Friction of Structural Defects in Crystalline Solids, North-Holland Publishing Company, 1972. [43] E. Schreiber, O.L. Anderson, N. Soga, Elastic Constants and their Measurement, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1973. [44] R.N. Haward (Ed.), The Physics of Glassy Polymers, Materials Science Series Applied Science Publishers Ltd., London, 1973 (Chapter 3). [45] J.D. Achenbach, Wave Propagation in Elastic Solids, NorthHolland Publishing Company, 1975. [46] J. Gittus, Creep, Viscoelasticity and Creep Fracture in Solids, Applied Science Publishers Ltd., London, 1975. [47] J. Wong, C.A. Angell, Glass Structure by Spectroscopy, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York and Basel, 1976. [48] J.D. Fast, Gases in Metals, The Macmillan Press Ltd., 1976. [49] L.C.E. Struik, Physical Aging in Amorphous Polymers and Other Materials, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Oxford, New York, 1978. [50] A.E. Read, G.D. Dean, Determination of Dynamic Properties of Polymers and Composites, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1978.

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[51] T. Murayama, Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Polymeric Material, Materials Science Monographs, vol. 1, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, 1978. [52] J.D. Ferry, Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers, third edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, 1980. [53] R.W. Whorlow, Rheological Techniques, Ellis Horwood Ltd., 1980. [54] W. Findlay, J. Lai, K. Onaran, Creep and Relaxation in Nonlinear Viscoelastic Materials, Dover, New York, 1980. [55] M.J. Lighthill, Waves in Fluids, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1980. [56] A. Chełkowski, Dielectric Physics, PWN – Polish Scientific Publishers, Warszawa, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, Oxford, New York, 1980. [56.1] Translation from the Polish: A. Chełkowski, Fizyka Dielektryków, Warszawa, 1979. [56.2] A. Chełkowski, Fizyka Dielektryków, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa, 1993. [57] J.J. Aklonis, W.J. MacKnight, Introduction to Polymer Viscoelasticity, Wiley-Interscience Publication, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1983. [58] A.K. Jonscher, Dielectric Relaxation in Solids, Chelsea Dielectrics Press, London, 1983. [59] J. Krautkrämer, H. Krautkrämer, Ultrasonic Testing of Materials, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heildelberg, New York, 1983. [60] S.R. De Groot, P. Mazur, Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics, Dover Publications Inc., New York, 1984. [61] R.T. Beyer, Nonlinear Acoustic in Fluids, Van Norstand Reinhold, New York, 1984. [62] V.B. Braginsky, V.P. Mitrofanov, V.I. Panov, Systems with Small Dissipation, The University of Chicago Press, 1985. [63] L. Landau, E. Lifshitz, Theory of Elasticity, Pergamon Press, New York, NY, 1986. [64] W. Nowacki, Thermoelasticity, PWN Polish Scientific Publishers, Warszawa, Oxford Pergamon Press, 1986. ˙ ´ Warszawa, [64.1] Translation from Polish: Termospre˛ zysto´ sc, Poland. [65] N.W. Tschoegl, The Phenomenological Theory of Linear Viscoelastic Behavior, An Introduction, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1989. [66] L.V. Keldysh, D.A. Kirzhnitz, A.A. Maradudin, The Dielectric Function of Condensed Systems, North-Holland, 1989. [67] K.-H. Robrock, Mechanical Relaxation of Interstitials in Irradiated Metals, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1990. [68] J. Krautkrämer, H. Krautkrämer, Ultrasonic Testing of Materials, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heildelberg, New York, 1990. [69] S. Matsuoka, Relaxation Phenomena in Polymers, Hanser, Munich, 1992. [70] A. Briggs, Acoustic Microscopy, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1992. [71] J.O. Perez, Physique et Mécanique des Polymères Amorphes, Lavoisier, Paris, 1992. [72] E. du Trémolet de Lacheisserie, Magnetostriction. Theory and Applications of Magnetoelasticity, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Ann Arbor, London, Tokyo, 1993. [73] P.A. Zinoviev, Y.N. Ermakov, Energy Dissipation in Composite Materials, Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., Lancaster, Basel, 1994. [74] A.K. Jonscher, Universal Relaxation Law, Chelsea Dielectrics Press, London, 1996. [75] A. Migliori, J.L. Sarrao, Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy: Applications to Physics, Materials Measurements, and Nondestructive Evaluation, A Wiley-Interscience Publication, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1997. [76] S. Havriliak, S.J. Havriliak, Dielectric and Mechanical Relaxations in Materials, Hanser, New York, 1997.

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[77] R.N. Haward, R.J. Young (Eds.), The Physics of Glassy Polymers, Chapman and Hall, London, 1997. [78] M.F. Hamilton, D.T. Blackstock, Nonlinear Acoustics, Academic Press, San Diego, 1997. [79] R.S. Lakes, Viscoelastic Solids, CRC Press, 1999. [80] M. Levy, H.E. Bass, R. Stern (Eds.), Handbook of Elastic Properties of Solids, Liquids and Gases, Academic Press, 2001. [81] S. Etienne, L. David, Introduction à la Physique des Polymères, Dunod, Paris, 2002. [82] L.B. Magalas (Ed.), Mechanical Spectroscopy, Kluwer Academic Publishers (see L.B. Magalas, Sol. St. Phen., 89, 2003, p. 20). [83] M. Hirao, H. Ogi, EMATs for Science and Industry. Noncontacting Ultrasonic Measurements, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003. [84] J. Krautkrämer, H. Krautkrämer, Ultrasonic Testing of Materials, Springer-Verlag, 2003. [85] T. Kundu (Ed.), Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation. Engineering and Biological Material Characterization, CRC Press, Boca Raton, London, New York, Washington, D.C., 2004. [86] B. Enfo, C. Hedberg, Theory of Nonlinear Acoustics in Fluids, Springer Netherlands, 2004. ˝ [87] B. Luthi, Physical Acoustics in the Solid State, Springer, 2005. [88] M.S. Blanter, I.S. Golovin, H. Neuhäuser, H.-R. Sinning, Internal Friction in Metallic Materials. A Handbook, vol. 90, Springer Series in Materials Science, 2007. [89] P.O. Moore, Nondestructive Testing Handbook, vol. 7, Ultrasonic Testing, ASNT, 2007. [90] I. Akiyama (Ed.), Acoustical Imaging, Springer, Series Acoustical Imaging, vol. 29, 2008.

3. List of books from the Russian literature [1] M.A. Krishtal, Yu.V. Piguzov, S.A. Golovin, Internal Friction in Metals and Alloys, Moskva, Metallurgizdat, 1964, pp. 246. [2] L.N. Aleksandrov, V.S. Mordyuk, Internal Friction and Physical Properties of High-Melting Metals. Saransk, Morrdovskoe Kniˇznoe Izdatel’stvo, 1965, pp. 250. [3] V.S. Postnikov, Internal Friction in Metals, Moskva, Metallurgiâ, 1969, pp. 220. [4] G.S. Pisarenko, A.P. Yakovlev, V.V. Matveev, VibrationAbsorbing Properties of Structural Materials, Kiev, Naukova Dumka, 1971, pp. 375. [5] V.T. Troschenko, Fatigue and Anelasticity of Metals, Kiev, Naukova Dumka, 1971, pp. 268. [6] Yu.K. Favstov, Yu.N. Shulga, Alloys with High Damping Properties, Moskva, Metallurgiâ, 1973, pp. 375. [7] S.I. Meshkov, Viscoelastic Properties of Metals, Moskva, Metallurgiâ, 1974, pp. 192. [8] V.S. Postnikov, Internal Friction in Metals, Moskva, Metallurgiâ, 1974, pp. 351. [9] M.A. Krishtal, S.A. Golovin, Internal Friction and Structure of Metals, Moskva, Metallurgiâ, 1976, pp. 376. [10] L.N. Aleksandrov, M.I. Zotov, Internal Friction and Defects in Semiconductors, Novosobirsk, Nauka, 1979, pp. 149. [11] V.B. Braginsky, V.P. Mitrofanov, V.I. Panov, Systems with Small Dissipation, Nauka, Moskva, 1981, pp. 142. [12] S.A. Golovin, C.A. Pushkar, Microplasticity and Fatigue of Metals, Moskva, Metallurgiâ, 1980, pp. 240. [13] M.E. Dritz, L.L. Rokhlin, Magnesium Alloys with Special Acoustic Properties, Moskva, Metallurgiâ, 1983, pp. 127. [14] S.P. Nikanorov, B.K. Kardashov, Elasticity and Dislocation Anelasticity of Crystals, Moskva, Nauka, 1985, pp. 250. [15] B.B. Matveev, Vibration Damping of Deforming Bodies, Kiev, Naukova Dumka, 1985, pp. 263.

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[16] B.B. Matveev, G.J. Jaroslavskii, B.C. Chajkovskii, High Damping Copper Alloys, Kiev, Naukova Dumka, 1986, pp. 207. [17] S.A. Golovin, C.A. Puskar, D.M. Levin, Elastic and Damping Properties of Structural Metallic Materials, Moskva, Metallurgiâ, 1987, pp. 190. [18] S.A. Antipov, A.I. Drozhzhin, A.M. Roschupkin, Relaxation Phenomena in Semiconductor Whiskers, Voronezh, Voronezh State University, 1987, pp. 191. [19] M.S. Blanter, Yu.V. Piguzov, G.M. Ashmarin, M.A. Vybojschik, S.A. Golovin, I.S. Golovin, V.L. Stoliarov and I.T. Turdybekov (Eds.), Internal Friction in Physical Metallurgy, Moskva, Metallurgiâ, 1991, pp. 248. [20] M.S. Blanter, I.S. Golovin, C.A. Golovin, A.A. Ilin, V.I. Sarrak (Eds), Mechanical Spectroscopy of Metallic Materials, Moskva, International Engineering Academy, 1994, pp. 254. [21] N.A. Tyapunina, E.K. Naimi, G.M. Zinenkova, Action of Ultrasounds on Crystals Containing Defects, Moskva, MGU, 1999, pp. 238.

[8]

[9]

[10]

4. Conference proceedings (published in English) The following acronyms are used in this section: ICIFUAS—International Conference on Internal Friction and Ultrasonic Attenuation in Solids. ECIFUAS—European Conference on Internal Friction and Ultrasonic Attenuation in Solids. MS—International Conference on Mechanical Spectroscopy. ICIFMS—International Conference on Internal Friction and Mechanical Spectroscopy. 4.1. Proceedings of the ICIFUAS, ECIFUAS and ICIFMS conferences [1] ICIFUAS: 1—September, 1956, Providence, R.I., Brown University, USA. Conference Proceedings were not published. [2] ICIFUAS: 2—July 10–11, 1961, Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell University, USA. Conference on Internal Friction due to Crystal Lattice Imperfections. Proc. of the Conference on Internal Friction due to Crystal Lattice Imperfections, Eds. A.S. Nowick, H.S. Sack and P.J. Leurgans. Published in: Acta Metallurgica 10, 1962, 267–500. [3] ICIFUAS: 3—1965, Manchester, UK. Conference Proceedings were not published. [4] ICIFUAS: 4—September 3–6, 1969, Providence, R.I., USA. International Conference on Ultrasonic Attenuation and Internal Friction. Published in: J. Phys. Chem. Solids 31 (8) (1970), Eds. D.N. Beshers, C. Elbaum and A.S. Nowick. [5] ECIFUAS: 1—June 24–26, 1970, Lausanne, Switzerland. Colloque sur les ‘Effets d’anélasticité dus aux défauts et aux transformations de phase dans les solides’, Published in: Journal de Physique 32 (C2, 7) (1971), Eds. W. Benoit, J. De Fouquet, J.J. Paltenghi, B. Vittoz. [6] ICIFUAS: 5—August 27–30, 1973, Aachen, Germany. 5th International Conference on Internal Friction and Ultrasonic Attenuation in Crystalline Solids. Published in: Proc. of the Fifth International Conference on Internal Friction and Ultrasonic Attenuation in Crystalline Solids, Eds. D. Lenz and K. Lücke, Springer-Verlag, 1975. [7] ECIFUAS: 2—September 3–5, 1975, Roma, Italy.

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2nd European Conference on Internal Friction and Ultrasonic Attenuation in Solids. Published in: Il Nuovo Cimento 33B (1) (1976), Eds. P.G. Bordoni, F.M. Mazzolai and M. Nuovo. ICIFUAS: 6—July 4–7, 1977, Tokyo, Japan. 6th International Conference on Internal Friction and Ultrasonic Attenuation in Solids. Published in: Proc. of the Sixth International Conference on Internal Friction and Ultrasonic Attenuation in Solids, Eds. R.R. Hasiguti and N. Mikoshiba, University of Tokyo Press, 1977. ECIFUAS: 3—July 18–20, 1979, Manchester, UK. 3rd European Conference on Internal Friction and Ultrasonic Attenuation in Solids. Published in: Proc. of the Third European Conference on Internal Friction and Ultrasonic Attenuation in Solids, Ed. by C.C. Smith, Pergamon Press, 1980. ICIFUAS: 7—July 6–9, 1981, Lausanne, Switzerland. 7th International Conference on Internal Friction and Ultrasonic Attenuation in Solids. Published in: Journal de Physique 42 (C5) (1981), Eds. W. Benoit and G. Gremaud. ECIFUAS: 4—5–7 July, 1983, Villeurbanne, France. 4th European Conference on Internal Friction and Ultrasonic Attenuation in Solids. Published in: Journal de Physique 44, C9 (1983), Eds. G. Fantozzi and A. Vincent. ICIFUAS: 8—June 3–6, 1985, Urbana, Champaign, USA. 8th International Conference on Internal Friction and Ultrasonic Attenuation in Solids. Published in: Journal de Physique 46 (C10) (1985), Eds. A.V. Granato, G. Mozurkewich and C.A. Wert. ECIFUAS: 5—26–30 July, 1987, Antwerp, Belgium. 5th European Conference on Internal Friction and Ultrasonic Attenuation in Solids. Published in: Journal de Physique 48 (C8) (1987), Eds. R. De Batist and J. Van Humbeeck. ICIFUAS: 9—July 17–20, 1989, Beijing, P.R. China. 9th International Conference on Internal Friction and Ultrasonic Attenuation in Solids. Published in: Proc. of the 9th International Conference on Internal Friction and Ultrasonic Attenuation in Solids, Ed. T.S. Kê (Ge Tingsui), International Academic Publishers, A Pergamon-CNPIEC Joint Venture, Pergamon Press, 1990. ECIFUAS: 6—September 4–7, 1991, Kraków, Poland. 6th European Conference on Internal Friction and Ultrasonic Attenuation in Solids including High TC Superconductors. Published in: Mater. Sci. Forum 119–121 (1993) 3–733, Eds. L.B. Magalas and S. Gorczyca. ˙ MS: 1—September 8–14, 1991, Kraków, Raba Nizna, Poland. The First International School on Mechanical Spectroscopy–MS: 1—A Satellite Symposium to the ECIFUAS-6 Conference. Published in: Mater. Sci. Forum 119–121 (1993) 735–850. Eds. L.B. Magalas and S. Gorczyca. Published also in: Mechanical Spectroscopy I, Ed. by L.B. Magalas, Wydawnictwo AGH, Kraków, Poland, 1991. ICIFUAS: 10—September 6–9, 1993, Rome, Italy. 10th International Conference on Internal Friction and Ultrasonic Attenuation in Solids. Published in: J. Alloy Compd., 211/212 (1994), Eds. R. Cantelli, G. Cannelli and F. Cordero. ICIFUAS: 11—July 7–11, 1996, Poitiers, Futuroscope, France.

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11th International Conference on Internal Friction and Ultrasonic Attenuation in Solids. Published in: Journal de Physique 6, C8 (1996), Eds. A. Rivière, V. Pelosin and P. Gadaud. ICIFUAS: 12—September 19–23, 1999, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 12th International Conference on Internal Friction and Ultrasonic Attenuation in Solids. Published in: J. Alloy Compd., 310 (2000), Eds. F. Povolo and É.B. Hermida. ICIFUAS: 13—July 8–12, 2002, Bilbao, Spain. 13th International Conference on Internal Friction and Ultrasonic Attenuation in Solids. Published in: Mater. Sci. Eng. A: Struct., 370 (2004), Eds. J. San Juan, M.L. No and G. Kostorz. ICIFMS: 14 (originally ICIFUAS: 14), September 5–9, 2005, Kyoto Terrsa, Japan. 14th International Conference on Internal Friction and Mechanical Spectroscopy. Published in: Mater. Sci. Eng. A: Struct., A442 (2006), Eds. H. Mizubayashi, Y. Nishino, H. Numakura, S. Takeuchi, R. Cantelli, A. Rivière and G. Kostorz. ICIFMS: 15—July 20–25, 2008, Perugia, Italy. 15th International Conference on Internal Friction and Mechanical Spectroscopy. To be published in: Mater. Sci. Eng. A: Struct. (2009).

4.2. Proceedings from international conferences on mechanical spectroscopy (MS) ˙ [1] MS: 1—September 8–14, 1991, Kraków, Raba Nizna, Poland. 1st International School on Mechanical Spectroscopy, MS-1. Published in: Mater. Sci. Forum 119–121 (1993) 735–850. Eds. L.B. Magalas and S. Gorczyca. Published also in: Mechanical Spectroscopy I, Ed. by L.B. Magalas, Wydawnictwo AGH, Kraków, Poland, 1991. See also Mechanical Spectroscopy, Kluwer Academic Publishers; for details see L.B. Magalas, Sol. St. Phen., 89, 2003, 20. [2] MS: 2—December 3–8, 2000, Kraków, Poland. 2nd International Conference on Mechanical Spectroscopy, MS-2. Published in: Mechanical Spectroscopy II, Sol. St. Phen., 89 (2003), Ed. by L.B. Magalas. [3] Summer School on Mechanical Spectroscopy Q−1 2001, July 2001, Aussois, France. Published in: Mater. Sci. Forum, 366–368 (2001), Eds. R. Schaller, G. Fantozzi and G. Gremaud. [4] MS: 3—October 5–8, 2004, Voronezh, Russia. International Conference on Mechanical Spectroscopy and Relaxation Phenomena in Solids, MS-3 (RPS-21 Relaxation Phenomena in Solids). The International Conference organized jointly by Voronezh State Technical University and AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland. Published in: Mechanical Spectroscopy III, Sol. St. Phen., 115 (2006), Eds. B.M. Darinskii and L.B. Magalas.

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[16] 4.3. Proceedings from other related conferences [1] Relaxation Phenomena in Metals and Alloys, Ed. by B.N. Finkel’shtein. Authorized translation from the Russian, Preface to the English Edition by A.S. Nowick, Consultants Bureau, New York, 1963. [2] Resonance and Relaxation in Metals, second revised edition, Plenum Press, New York, 1964, Proc. Seminar of the Ameri-

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can Society for Metals, October 31 and November 1 (1959); published originally by the Society in 1962. A Symposium on Internal Friction, Damping, and Cyclic Plasticity Phenomena in Materials presented at the Sixty-seventh Annual Meeting American Society for Testing and Materials, Chicago, IL, June 22, 1964. Internal Friction, Damping, and Cyclic Plasticity, ASTM, STP 378, 1965. Proceedings Internal Friction in Materials, Eds. J. Deputat, L.G. Merkułow, Z. Pawłowski, D.O. Thompson and R. Truell, Wydawnictwo PAN, Wrocław, Warszawa, Kraków, Poland, 1968. The Glass Transition and the Nature of the Glassy State. Published in: Annals New York Acad. Sci. 279 (1976) 1–246. Structure and Mobility in Molecular and Atomic Glasses. Published in: Annals New York Acad. Sci. 371 (1981) 1–345. Proc. of the Summer School on Internal Friction in Solids, June 14–17, 1984, Kraków, Poland. Published in: Internal Friction in Solids, Eds. S. Gorczyca and L.B. Magalas, Wydawnictwo AGH, Kraków, Poland, 1984. Relaxations in Complex Systems, Eds. K.L. Ngai and G.B. Wright, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington D.C. 203755000, Office of Naval Research, Arlington, VA 22217 (1984). Dynamic Aspects of Structural Change in Liquids and Glasses. Published in: Annals New York Acad. Sci. 484 (1986) 1–333. Non-Debye Relaxation in Condensed Matter, Eds. T.V. Ramakrishnan and M. Raj Lakshmi, World Scientific, Singapore, 1987. Ultrasonic Spectroscopy and its Applications to Materials Science, Reports of Special Project Research Supported by the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture 1984–1986, Editor in Chief Y. Wada, 1987. Acousto-Ultrasonics. Theory and Application, Ed. by John C. Duke, Jr., Plenum Press, New York and London, 1988. Proc. of the International Symposium on Acousto-Ultrasonics: Theory and Applications, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in Blacksburg, July 12–15, 1987, Virginia, USA. 1st International Discussion Meeting on Relaxations in Complex Systems (1IDMRCS), July 1990 Heraklion, Crete, Greece. Published in: J. Non-Cryst. Solids 131–133 (1991). International Symposium on M3 D I, March 13–15, 1991, Baltimore, MD, USA. M3 D: Mechanics and Mechanisms of Material Damping, ASTM, STP 1169, 1992. Eds. Vikram K. Kinra and Alan Wolfenden. Damping of Multiphase Inorganic Materials Symposium, Ed. by Ram B. Bhagat, Proceedings of the Symposium on Damping of Multiphase Inorganic Materials, ASM Materials Week, November 2–5, 1992, Chicago, IL, USA, ASM International, Materials Park, OH 44073-0002, 1993. 2nd International Discussion Meeting on Relaxations in Complex Systems (2IDMRCS), July, 1993, Alicante, Spain. Published in: J. Non-Cryst. Solids 172–174 (1994). International Symposium on M3 D II: Mechanics and Mechanisms of Material Damping, October 18–21, 1993, Pittsburgh, Publications Pennsylvania, USA. Published in: Metall. Materials Trans. 26A (11) (1995) 2772–2831. International Symposium on M3 D III, November 15–17, 1995, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.

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Published in: M3 D III: Mechanics and Mechanisms of Material Damping, ASTM, STP 1304, 1996, Eds. A. Wolfenden and Vikram K. Kinra. 3rd International Discussion Meeting on Relaxations in Complex Systems (3IDMRCS), June 30–July 6, 1997, Vigo, Spain. Published in: J. Non-Cryst. Solids 235–237 (1998). 15th International Acoustic Emission Symposium (IAES-15). Published in: Acoustic Emission—Beyond the Millenium, Elsevier (2000), Eds. T. Kishi, M. Ohtsu and S. Yuyama. 4th International Discussion Meeting on Relaxations in Complex Systems (4IDMRCS), June 16–20, 2001, Hersonissos, Heraklion, Creta, Greece. Published in: J. Non-Cryst. Solids 307–310 (2002). 1st International Symposium on High Damping Materials HDM-1, August 22–24, 2002, Tokyo, Japan. Published in: J. Alloy Compd. 355 (2003). 5th International Discussion Meeting on Relaxations in Complex Systems (5IDMRCS), July 7–13, 2005, Lille, France. Published in: J. Non-Cryst. Solids 352 (2006). 2nd International Symposium on High Damping Materials II, September 9–10, 2005, Terrsa, Kyoto, Japan. Published in: Key Eng. Mater., 319 (2006). Eds. N. Igata and S. Takeuchi. M.P. André (Ed.) Acoustical Imaging, vol. 28, Springer, 2007. Interaction Between Defects and Anelastic Phenomena in Solids, September 24–28, 2007, Tula, Russia. Published in: Sol. St. Phen. 137 (2008). Eds. I.S. Golovin and D.M. Levin.

5. National and international conferences on internal friction, anelasticity and relaxation phenomena—the Soviet Union, Russia, and Ukraine [1] 1st All-Union Scientific Conference on Relaxation Phenomena in Metals and Alloys, 1958, Moskva. Published in: Relaxation Phenomena in Metals and Alloys. Ed. by B.N. Finkelstein, Moskva, GNTI on Ferrous and Non-ferrous Metallurgy, 1960, pp. 326. [2] 2nd All-Union Scientific Conference on Relaxation Phenomena in Metals and Alloys, 1960, Kharkov. Conference Proceedings were not published. [3] 3rd All-Union Scientific Conference on Relaxation Phenomena in Metals and Alloys, 1962, Voronezh. Published in: Relaxation Phenomena in Metals and Alloys. Ed. by V.S. Postnikov, Moskva, Metallurgizdat, 1963. [4] All-Union Workshop on Internal Friction, 1964, Tbilisi. Published in: Internal Friction in Metals and Alloys, Eds. F.N. Tavadze, V.S. Postnikov and L.K. Gordienko, Moskva, Nauka, 1966, pp. 243. [5] 4th All-Union Scientific Conference Relaxation Phenomena in Solids, 1965, Voronezh. Published in: Relaxation Phenomena in Solids. Ed. by V.S. Postnikov, Moskva, Metallurgiâ, 1968, pp. 694. [6] 1st All-Union Scientific Conference on Interaction between Dislocations and Impurities in Metals and Alloys, Tula, 1968. Published in: Interaction between Dislocations and Impurities in Metals and Alloys. Ed. by M.A. Krishtal, Tula, Tula Politechn. Institute, 1969, pp. 314. [7] All-Union Workshop on Internal Friction, 1968, Batumi. Published in: Internal Friction in Metallic Materials. Eds. F.N. Tavadze, V.S. Postnikov, L.K. Gordienko, Moskva, Nauka, 1970, pp. 208.

[8] All-Union Workshop on Mechanisms of Internal Friction in Semiconductor and Metallic Materials, 1970, Sukhumi. Published in: Mechanisms of Internal Friction in Semiconductor and Metallic Materials. Eds. V.S. Postnikov and L.K. Gordienko, Moskva, Nauka, 1972, pp. 179. [9] International Symposium on Analytical Applications of Internal Friction Technique, 1971, Tbilisi. Published in: Analytical Applications of Internal Friction. Eds. F.N. Tavadze, V.S. Postnikov and L.K. Gordienko, Moskva, Nauka, 1973, pp. 196. [10] 5th All-Union Scientific Conference on Mechanisms of Relaxation Phenomena in Solids, 1972, Moskva. Published in: Mechanisms of Relaxation Phenomena in Solids. Eds. V.S. Postnikov and L.K. Gordienko, Moskva, Nauka, 1972, pp. 295. [11] 6th All-Union Scientific Conference on Mechanisms of Relaxation Phenomena in Solids, 1973, Kaunas. Published in: Mechanisms of Relaxation Phenomena in Solids. Eds. V.S. Postnikov and Ya.P. Baushis, Kaunas, KPI, 1974, pp. 364. [12] 2nd All-Union Scientific Conference on Interaction between Dislocations and Impurities in Metals and Alloys, 1973, Tula. Published in: Interaction between Dislocations and Impurities in Metals and Alloys. Ed. by S.A. Golovin, Tula, TPI, 1974, pp. 200. [13] All-Union Workshop on Mechanisms of Internal Friction in Solids, 1974, Batumi. Published in: Mechanisms of Internal Friction in Solids, Eds. F.N. Tavadze, V.S. Postnikov and L.K. Gordienko, Moskva, Nauka, 1976, pp. 176. [14] 3rd All-Union Scientific Conference on Interaction between Dislocations and Impurities in Metals and Alloys, 1976, Tula. Published in: Interaction of Defects and Properties of Metals, Eds. V.I. Sarrak and S.A. Golovin, Tula, TPI, 1976, pp. 190. [15] All-Union Workshop on Mechanisms of Internal Friction in Solids. 1976, Sukhumi. Published in: Internal Friction in Metals, Semiconductors, Dielectrics and Ferromagnetics, Eds. F.N. Tavadze, V.S. Postnikov and L.K. Gordienko, Moskva, Nauka, 1978, pp. 235. [16] 4th All-Union Scientific Conference on Interactions between Dislocations and Impurities in Metals and Alloys, 1979, Tula. Published in: Interaction of Defects of Crystalline Lattice and Properties of Metals. Ed. S.A. Golovin, Tula, TPI, 1979, pp. 192; 1980, pp. 152; 1981, pp. 148. [17] 5th All-Union Scientific Conference on Interaction between Dislocations and Impurities in Metals and Alloys, 1982, Tula. Published in: Interaction of Defects of Crystalline Lattice and Properties of Metals. Ed. S.A. Golovin, Tula, TPI, 1982, pp. 176; 1983, pp. 186. [18] 7th All-Union Conference on Mechanisms of Relaxation Phenomena in Solids, 1980, Voronezh. Published in: Contemporary Problems in Physics of Relaxation Phenomena. Eds. I.V. Zolotukhin and S.A. Gridnev, Voronezh, VPI, 1981, pp. 111. [19] 6th All-Union Scientific Conference on Interaction between Dislocations and Impurities in Metals and Alloys, 1985, Tula. Published in: Interaction of Defects of Crystalline Lattice and Properties of Metals. Ed. S.A. Golovin, Tula, TPI, 1985, pp. 174; 1986, pp. 168. [20] 7th All-Union Scientific Conference on Interaction between Dislocations and Impurities in Metals and Alloys, 1988, Tula. Published in: The Role of Defects in the Formation of Alloy Structure. Internal Friction and Dislocation Structure of

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Metals. Ed. S.A. Golovin, Tula, TPI, 1989, pp. 176; 1990, pp. 204. 8th All-Union Scientific Conference on Interaction between Dislocations and Impurities in Metals and Alloys, 1991, Tula. Published in: Influence of Dislocation Structure on Properties of Metals. Defects of the Crystalline Lattice and Properties of Metals, Ed. S.A. Golovin, 1991. Seminar on Relaxation Phenomena in Solids, 1993, Voronezh. Published in: Bulletin of Russian Academy of Sciences, Physics Series, 57 (11), 1993. International Seminar on Relaxation Phenomena in Solids, 1995, Voronezh, Russia. Published in: Bulletin of Russian Academy of Sciences, Physics Series, 60 (9), 1996 and 61 (2), 1997. Eds. B.M. Darinsky and I.L. Bataronov, Voronezh, VGTU, 1996, Part 1 and 2. IIAPS: 9—9th International Conference on Imperfections Interaction and Anelasticity Phenomena in Solids, 1997, Tula, Russia. Published in: Izvestiâ Rossijskoj Akademii Nauk, Seriâ Fiziˇceskaâ, 62 (7) (1998). RPS: 20—20th International Conference on Relaxation Phenomena in Solids, October 19–22, 1999, Voronezh, Russia. Published in: Izvestiâ Rossijskoj Akademii Nauk, Seriâ Fiziˇceskaâ, 64 (9) (2000). IIAPS: 10—10th International Conference on Imperfections Interaction and Anelasticity Phenomena in Solids, 13–15 November 2001, Tula, Russia. Published in: Metals Science and Thermal Treatment of Metals, No. 6 (2002), pp. 48 and in: Interaction of Defects and Anelasticity in Solids, Series Materials Science, No. 3, Tula, TSU. Ed. by S.A. Golovin (2002), pp. 228. ICSRS: 1—1st International Scientific—Practical Conference on Structural Relaxation in Solids, May 13–15, 2003, Vinnitsa, Ukraine. Published in: Functional Materials, 11 (2) (2004). Available on-line: http://www.isc.kharkov.com/journal/ RPS: 21—21st International Conference on Relaxation Phenomena in Solids, October 5–8, 2004, Voronezh, Russia. Published in: Sol. St. Phen. 115 (2006). Mechanical Spectroscopy III. Eds. B.M. Darinskii and L.B. Magalas. Published partly in: Izvestiâ Rossijskoj Akademii Nauk, Seriâ Fiziˇceskaâ, Nauka, 69 (8) (2005) 1161–1240. ICSRS: 2—2nd International Scientific—Practical Conference on Structural Relaxation in Solids, May 23–25, 2006, Vennitsa, Ukraine. Published in: Functional Materials, 13 (2006). Available on-line: http://www.isc.kharkov.com/journal/

6. National and international conferences on internal friction and mechanical spectroscopy—the People’s Republic of China [1] 1st Chinese National Conference on Internal Friction. October 14–16, 1983, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei, P.R. China. Conference Proceedings were not published. [2] 2nd Chinese National Conference on Internal Friction. September 13–17, 1988, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei, P.R. China. Published in: Internal Friction and Ultrasonic Attenuation, Eds. T.S. Kê and L.D. Zhang, Nuclear Power Publication, June 1989.

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[3] 9th International Conference on Internal Friction and Ultrasonic Attenuation in Solids (ICIFUAS: 9). July 17–20, 1989, Beijing, P.R. China. Published in: Proc. of the 9th International Conference on Internal Friction and Ultrasonic Attenuation in Solids, Ed. T.S. Kê (Ge Tingsui), International Academic Publishers, A Pergamon-CNPIEC Joint Venture, Pergamon Press, 1990. [4] 3rd Chinese National Conference on Internal Friction. November 17–20, 1991, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P.R. China. Published in: Internal Friction and Ultrasonic Attenuation, Eds. Y.N. Wang, H.M. Seng and J.S. Zhu, Nuclear Power Publication, October 1992. [5] 4th Chinese National Conference on Internal Friction. November 28 to December 1, 1994, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China. Published in: Internal Friction and Ultrasonic Attenuation, Eds. J.X. Zhang and Y.S. Huang, Zhongshan University Publication, July 1996. [6] 5th Chinese National Conference on Internal Friction. September 25–28, 1997, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei, P.R. China. Published in: Internal Friction and Ultrasonic Attenuation. Eds. Z.G. Zhu and Q.F. Fang, Nuclear Power Publication, January 1998. [7] 6th Chinese National Conference on Internal Friction. October 9–12, 2000, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China. Published in: Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni, Suppl. (A), 40 (2001). [8] 7th Chinese National Conference on Internal Friction. October 11–14, 2003, Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei, P.R. China. Published in: Acta Metallurgica Sinica, 39 (11) (2003). [9] 8th Chinese National Conference on Internal Friction and Mechanical Spectroscopy. October 19–22, 2006, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P.R. China. Published in: Progress in Physics, 26, Joint Issues of Nos. 3 and 4 (2006). [10] 9th Chinese National Conference on Internal Friction and Mechanical Spectroscopy. To be organized: May 11–14, 2009, Shanghai, P.R. of China.

7. National and international conferences on internal friction and mechanical spectroscopy—Poland [1] RENIOM: 76—1st Polish Conference on Anelastic Relaxations and Magnetic After Effects in Solids. January 27–28, 1976, Katowice, Poland. Conference Proceedings were not published. [2] RENIOM: 78—2nd Polish Conference on Anelastic Relaxations and Magnetic After Effects in Solids. January 26–27, 1978, Katowice, Poland. ˙ ´ Published in: Relaksacje niespre˛ zyste i opóznienia magnetyczne w ciałach stałych, Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu ´ askiego ˛ Sl w Katowicach, Poland, Ed. by J. Ilczuk vol. 269, 1979. [3] RENIOM: 80—3rd Polish Conference on Anelastic Relaxations and Magnetic After Effects in Solids. January 29–31, 1980, Katowice, Poland. ˙ ´ Published in: Relaksacje niespre˛ zyste i opóznienia magnetyczne w ciałach stałych, Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu

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[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

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´ askiego ˛ Sl w Katowicach, Poland, Eds. J. Ilczuk and J.W. ´ vol. 413, 1981. Moron, RENIOM: 82—4th Polish Conference on Anelastic Relaxations and Magnetic After Effects in Solids. January 28–30, 1982, Katowice, Poland. Published in: Zjawiska anelastyczne i migracyjne ´ opóznienia magnetyczne w ciałach stałych, Prace Naukowe ´ askiego ˛ Uniwersytetu Sl w Katowicach, Poland, Eds. J. Ilczuk ´ vol. 615, 1984. and J.W. Moron, RENIOM: 84—5th Polish Conference on Anelastic Relaxations and Magnetic After Effects in Solids. January 24–25, 1984, Katowice, Poland. ˛ ´ Published in: Tarcie wewnetrzne i opóznienia magnetyczne ´ askiego ˛ w ciałach stałych, Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Sl w ´ vol. 738, Katowicach, Poland, Eds. J. Ilczuk and J.W. Moron, 1985. International Summer School on Internal Friction in Solids. June 14–17, 1984, Kraków, Poland. Published in: Internal Friction in Solids, Eds. S. Gorczyca and L.B. Magalas, Wydawnictwo AGH, Kraków, Poland, 1984. ECIFUAS: 6—6th European Conference on Internal Friction and Ultrasonic Attenuation in Solids including High TC Superconductors. September 4–7, 1991, Kraków, Poland. Published in: Mater. Sci. Forum 119–121 (1993) 3–733. Eds. L.B. Magalas and S. Gorczyca. MS: 1—The First International School on Mechanical Spectroscopy–MS-1. A Satellite Symposium to the ECIFUAS-6 Conference. ˙ September 8–14, 1991, Kraków, Raba Nizna, Poland. Published in: Mater. Sci. Forum 119–121 (1993) 735–850. Eds. L.B. Magalas and S. Gorczyca. Published also in: Mechanical Spectroscopy, Ed. by L.B. Magalas, Wydawnictwo AGH, Kraków, Poland, 1991. MS: 2—The Second International Conference on Mechanical Spectroscopy. December 3–8, 2000, Kraków, Poland. Published in: Mechanical Spectroscopy II, Sol. St. Phen. 89 (2003) 1–369. Ed. by L.B. Magalas.

8. Forthcoming conferences on internal friction, mechanical spectroscopy, anelasticity, relaxation phenomena in solids, and structural relaxations in solids [1] ICR 2008. The XVth International Congress on Rheology, August 3–8, 2008, Monterey, CA, USA. [2] IDMRCS: 6—6th International Discussion Meeting on Relaxations in Complex Systems, August 30–September 5, 2009, Rome, Italy. [3] 9th Chinese National Conference on Internal Friction and Mechanical Spectroscopy, May 11–14, 2009, Shanghai, P.R. of China. [4] ICIFMS: 16—16th International Conference on Internal Friction and Mechanical Spectroscopy, 2011, Lausanne, Switzerland.

[3] C. Zener, After Dinner Comments at 8th International Conference on Internal Friction, in: Proc. of the Eighth International Conference on Internal Friction and Ultrasonic Attenuation in Solids, Ed. by A.V. Granato, G. Mozurkewich and C.A. Wert. J. de Phys. 46, C10 (1985) 1–4. [4] T.S. Kê, Medalist of ICIFUAS-9, in: Proc. of the 9th International Conference on Internal Friction and Ultrasonic Attenuation in Solids, Ed. by T.S. Kê (Ge Tingsui), International Academic Publishers, A Pergamon-CNPIEC Joint Venture, Pergamon Press, 1990, pp. 627–635. [5] A.S. Nowick, Medalist of ICIFUAS-9, in: Proc. of the 9th International Conference on Internal Friction and Ultrasonic Attenuation in Solids, Ed. by T.S. Kê (Ge Tingsui), International Academic Publishers, A Pergamon-CNPIEC Joint Venture, Pergamon Press, 1990, pp. 637–640. [6] L.B. Magalas, Introduction to Mechanical Spectroscopy, Lectures Presented at Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institut de Génie Atomique, Lausanne, Switzerland, 1990. [7] B.S. Berry, Retrospective on relaxation research, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 55 (1994) 1479–1483. [8] See also Proc. Special Symposium in honor of Professor Arthur S. Nowick, Lehigh University, June 1994, Special Issue of J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 55 (12) (1994) 1375–1534. [9] C. Wert, Remembrances of Clarence Zener, J. Alloy Compd., 211–212 (1994) 1–3. [10] A.S. Nowick, Early work on dislocations and point defects at low and intermediate frequencies, J. Alloy Compd. 211-212 (1994) 4–6. [11] T.S. Kê (Ge Tingsui), Development of the torsion pendulum and early research on grain boundary relaxation and the cold-work internal friction peak, J. Alloy Compd., 211–212 (1994) 7–15. [12] P.G. Bordoni, Dislocation relaxation, J. Alloy Compd., 211–212 (1994) 16–19. [13] C. Elbaum, Ultrasonic studies of condensed matter in the 1950s and beyond, J. Alloy Compd., 211–212 (1994) 20–26. [14] L.B. Magalas, On the interaction of dislocations with interstitial atoms in BCC metals using mechanical spectroscopy: the cold work (CW) peak, the Snoek-Köster (SK) peak, and the SnoekKê-Köster (SKK) Peak. Dedicated to the Memory of Professor Ting-Sui Kê, Acta Metall. Sin. 39 (2003) 1145–1152. [15] A.V. Granato, Some memories of Kurt Lücke, Mater. Sci. Eng. A: Struct. 370 (2004) 2–5. [16] Zhengang Zhu, Remembrance of Professor Kê, Mater. Sci. Eng. A: Struct. 370 (2004) 6–8. [17] M. Koiwa, A note on Dr. J.L. Snoek, Mater. Sci. Eng. A: Struct. 370 (2004) 9–11. [18] R. Gibala, Charles Allen Wert (1919–2003), Mater. Sci. Eng. A: Struct. 442 (2006) 3–4. [19] R. Cantelli, The roots and the future of mechanical spectroscopy, Mater. Sci. Eng. A: Struct. 442 (2006) 5–20. [20] M. Koiwa, A historical review of internal friction studies, Progress in Physics, 26 (3 and 4) (2006) 251–256. [21] L.B. Magalas, Mechanical spectroscopy and internal friction—comprehensive collection of works. A review, Progress in Physics, 26 (3 and 4) (2006) 258–275.

10. Conclusions 9. Retrospective papers on internal friction and ultrasonic attenuation in solids [1] C. Zener, Elasticity and Anelasticity of Metals, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 1948. [2] I. Malecki, Physical Foundations of Technical Acoustics, Perga´ mon Press, Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN—Polish Scientific Publishers, Warszawa, Poland, 1969.

A list of basic monographs on internal friction, mechanical spectroscopy, ultrasonic attenuation, mechanical damping and other closely related fields is given. A carefully prepared and exhaustive list of international and national conferences is also reported. The proceedings from these meetings provide a complete source of key references in English, Russian, Polish, Chinese and French. A selected list of retrospective papers illustrates the evolution of

L.B. Magalas / Materials Science and Engineering A 521–522 (2009) 405–415

internal friction as a powerful experimental technique. The interesting evolution of mechanical spectroscopy from internal friction and ultrasonic attenuation in solids is clearly demonstrated. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education under grant No. 11.11.110.656. I have benefited greatly from discussions with many colleagues; important information was provided by G.M. Ashmarin, D.N. Beshers, M.S. Blanter, B.M. Darinskii, J. Deputat, S. Etienne, Q.F. Fang, G. Fantozzi, S.A. Golovin, A.V. Granato, J. Ilczuk, V. Khonik, M. Koiwa, Q.P. Kong, A.S. Nowick, P. Pal-Val, Z. Trojanovà and J.S. Zhu.

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