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A Synovitis in Turkeys Produced by Salmonella Thompson1,2
Research Notes A SYNOVITIS IN TURKEYS PRODUCED BY THOMPSON12
SALMONELLA
W. C. CHAPLIN AND C. M. HAMILTON State College of Washington, Western Washington Experiment Station, Puyallup (Received for publication August 13, 1957)
1 Washington Agricultural Experiment Stations, Pullman. Project No. 159. 2 This study was supported by a grant from Medical and Biological Research (Initiative 171) funds.
Exudate was collected from the hock swellings with a sterile syringe from two of the more severely crippled birds on the 14th day after inoculation. The exudate was placed on nutrient agar slants for 24 hours. Colonies were then placed on Kligler's Iron Agar slants. The organism recovered readily agglutinated Salmonella Diagnostic Serum Group Ci. Plates inoculated by streaking and flooding did not reveal any contaminants, indicating the exudate contained S. thompson in pure culture. Pure cultures of S. thompson were also isolated from keel abcesses which were present on some birds. Twenty six days after inoculation, the first bird died. S. thompson was recovered from the body organs and hocks. Postmortem examination and culture of the other birds as they died resulted in the recovery of S. thompson from body organs, hocks, and keel abcesses. All birds were extremely emaciated at time of death. Death of the last bird occurred two months and two days after inoculation. Higgins et at. (1944) noted inflammation of the hocks of turkeys from which they isolated Salmonella enteritidis. Salmonella pullorum has been isolated from the joints of chicks by Durant and McDougle (1938) and Beaudette (1936) and from joints of pigeons by Brunnett (1930). A synovitis in turkeys clinically similar to that ascribed to intravenous staphylococcal inoculation can also be produced by intravenous injection of Salmonella thompson.
1380
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at D H Hill Library - Acquis S on April 21, 2015
A synovitis has been observed following intravenous inoculation of turkeys with Salmonella thompson. Clinically the condition was similar to that described by Hinshaw and McNeil (1952) which resulted from intravenous inoculation of Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus. Broad Breasted Bronze turkeys 24 weeks of age, from a flock that had recovered from a natural infection of Salmonella thompson in the brooder house, were under observation on another study when the condition developed. Each of five turkeys had been given 4.0 ml. and each of five turkeys had been given 2.0 ml. amounts of a 24 hour broth culture of S. thompson intravenously. All birds appeared normal at the time of inoculation. The birds were observed twice daily during the experiment. All turkeys exhibited identical symptoms, regardless of amount of inoculum given. The initial stage of the infection was a septicemia. Five days after inoculation, two birds were observed to have a swelling in the region of the hock joint. By the 22nd day after inoculation all the turkeys had developed a swelling in the region of the tibio-metatarsal joint. This condition made it extremely difficult for the birds to move about. Some of the turkeys were observed with an enlargement of the keel bursae.
RESEARCH NOTES
1381
Vet. Med. 27:357.
REFERENCES Beaudette, F. R., 1936. Arthritis in a chick caused by Salmonella pullorum. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. 42:89-91. Brunnett, E. L., 1930. Paratyphoid infection of pigeons. Cornell Vet. 20: 169-176. Durant, A. J., and H. C. McDougle, 1938. Pullorum disease infection of the leg joints in baby chicks.
Higgins, W. A., J. B. Christianson and C. H. Schroeder, 1944. A Salmonella enlertiidis infection associated with leg deformity in turkeys. Poultry Sd. 23: 340-341. Hinshaw, W. R., and E. McNeil, 1952. Staphylococcosis (Synovitis) in turkeys. Poultry Sci. 31: 320-327.
HISTIDINE REQUIREMENT OF THE GROWING CHICK
(Received for publication August 15, 1957)
The histidine requirement of the chick was estimated by the National Research Council (N.R.C.) (1954) to be 0.15% of the ration. In a recent publication (Almquist, 1956) the requirement of the growing chick for this amino acid is given as 0.3%. Tests in our laboratory employing
completely synthetic diets also indicate that the requirement for histidine is in the neighborhood of 0.3% of the diet. Three experiments were carried out with the synthetic diet shown in Table 1. The amino acid mixture contained all the essential components at the specified
TABLE 1.—Composition of diet
DL-Serine 0.900 L-Proline 0.700 Carbohydrate = equal mixture of "Cerelose" dextrose and dextrin. 3 Salts Mixture I I I : CaCOs 400.0 gms. CaHP0 4 -2H 2 0 1,400.0 gms. MgS0 4 100.0 gms. MnS04H20 15.0 gms. Ferric ammonium citrate 15.0 gms. KI 0.5 gms. KBr 0.5 gms. CuS0 4 -5H 2 0 0.5 gms. ZnCl 2 0.5 gms. (NH^MoTO-H^EkO 0.5 gms. CoCl 2 ;6H 2 0 0.5 gms. 4 Vitamin Mix supplies per 100 grams of diet: Thiamine HC1 1.0 mgs. Riboflavin 1.0 mgs. Pyridoxine HC1 1.0 mgs. D Ca Pantothenate 3.0 mgs. Niacin 7.5 mgs. PABA 10.0 mgs. Inositol 100.0 mgs. Folic Acid 0.5 mgs. Biotin 0.04 mgs. Vitamin B ]2 0.003 mgs. Adenosine 1.5 mgs. Ascorbic Acid 50.0 mgs. Menadione 0.5 mgs. a-Tocopherol acetate 3.0 mgs. Vitamin A 1,000 U.S.P. units Vitamin D 8 100I.C.U. units
Amino Acids1 Carbohydrate 2 Salts I I I 3 Vitamin Mix 4 Methyl linoleate (60%) NaHCOs-KHCOs (equal parts) Cellulose Choline Total 1
Amino Acids: L-Arginine • HC1 L-Cystine Glycine L-Histidine-HC1H 2 0 DL-Isoleucine L-Leucine L-Lysine • HC1 DL-Methionine DL-Phenylalanine DL-Threonine L-Tryptophan L-Tyrosine DL-Valine L-Glutamic Acid DL-Norleucine Hydroxy-L-Proline DL-a:-Alanine L-Aspartic Acid
2
21.83% 51.07 5.00 2.00 3.50 1.30 15.00 0.30 100.00%
1.450 0.350 1.000 0.205 1.200 1.400 1.125 0.450 1.800 1.200 0.200 0.700 1.600 4.350 0.100 0.100 1.000 2.000
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at D H Hill Library - Acquis S on April 21, 2015
HANS R. ROSENBERG, J. T. BALDINI AND C. I. TOLLEFSON Stine Laboratory, Grasselli Chemicals Department, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co., Inc., Newark, Delaware
SALMONELLA
W. C. CHAPLIN AND C. M. HAMILTON State College of Washington, Western Washington Experiment Station, Puyallup (Received for publication August 13, 1957)
1 Washington Agricultural Experiment Stations, Pullman. Project No. 159. 2 This study was supported by a grant from Medical and Biological Research (Initiative 171) funds.
Exudate was collected from the hock swellings with a sterile syringe from two of the more severely crippled birds on the 14th day after inoculation. The exudate was placed on nutrient agar slants for 24 hours. Colonies were then placed on Kligler's Iron Agar slants. The organism recovered readily agglutinated Salmonella Diagnostic Serum Group Ci. Plates inoculated by streaking and flooding did not reveal any contaminants, indicating the exudate contained S. thompson in pure culture. Pure cultures of S. thompson were also isolated from keel abcesses which were present on some birds. Twenty six days after inoculation, the first bird died. S. thompson was recovered from the body organs and hocks. Postmortem examination and culture of the other birds as they died resulted in the recovery of S. thompson from body organs, hocks, and keel abcesses. All birds were extremely emaciated at time of death. Death of the last bird occurred two months and two days after inoculation. Higgins et at. (1944) noted inflammation of the hocks of turkeys from which they isolated Salmonella enteritidis. Salmonella pullorum has been isolated from the joints of chicks by Durant and McDougle (1938) and Beaudette (1936) and from joints of pigeons by Brunnett (1930). A synovitis in turkeys clinically similar to that ascribed to intravenous staphylococcal inoculation can also be produced by intravenous injection of Salmonella thompson.
1380
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at D H Hill Library - Acquis S on April 21, 2015
A synovitis has been observed following intravenous inoculation of turkeys with Salmonella thompson. Clinically the condition was similar to that described by Hinshaw and McNeil (1952) which resulted from intravenous inoculation of Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus. Broad Breasted Bronze turkeys 24 weeks of age, from a flock that had recovered from a natural infection of Salmonella thompson in the brooder house, were under observation on another study when the condition developed. Each of five turkeys had been given 4.0 ml. and each of five turkeys had been given 2.0 ml. amounts of a 24 hour broth culture of S. thompson intravenously. All birds appeared normal at the time of inoculation. The birds were observed twice daily during the experiment. All turkeys exhibited identical symptoms, regardless of amount of inoculum given. The initial stage of the infection was a septicemia. Five days after inoculation, two birds were observed to have a swelling in the region of the hock joint. By the 22nd day after inoculation all the turkeys had developed a swelling in the region of the tibio-metatarsal joint. This condition made it extremely difficult for the birds to move about. Some of the turkeys were observed with an enlargement of the keel bursae.
RESEARCH NOTES
1381
Vet. Med. 27:357.
REFERENCES Beaudette, F. R., 1936. Arthritis in a chick caused by Salmonella pullorum. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. 42:89-91. Brunnett, E. L., 1930. Paratyphoid infection of pigeons. Cornell Vet. 20: 169-176. Durant, A. J., and H. C. McDougle, 1938. Pullorum disease infection of the leg joints in baby chicks.
Higgins, W. A., J. B. Christianson and C. H. Schroeder, 1944. A Salmonella enlertiidis infection associated with leg deformity in turkeys. Poultry Sd. 23: 340-341. Hinshaw, W. R., and E. McNeil, 1952. Staphylococcosis (Synovitis) in turkeys. Poultry Sci. 31: 320-327.
HISTIDINE REQUIREMENT OF THE GROWING CHICK
(Received for publication August 15, 1957)
The histidine requirement of the chick was estimated by the National Research Council (N.R.C.) (1954) to be 0.15% of the ration. In a recent publication (Almquist, 1956) the requirement of the growing chick for this amino acid is given as 0.3%. Tests in our laboratory employing
completely synthetic diets also indicate that the requirement for histidine is in the neighborhood of 0.3% of the diet. Three experiments were carried out with the synthetic diet shown in Table 1. The amino acid mixture contained all the essential components at the specified
TABLE 1.—Composition of diet
DL-Serine 0.900 L-Proline 0.700 Carbohydrate = equal mixture of "Cerelose" dextrose and dextrin. 3 Salts Mixture I I I : CaCOs 400.0 gms. CaHP0 4 -2H 2 0 1,400.0 gms. MgS0 4 100.0 gms. MnS04H20 15.0 gms. Ferric ammonium citrate 15.0 gms. KI 0.5 gms. KBr 0.5 gms. CuS0 4 -5H 2 0 0.5 gms. ZnCl 2 0.5 gms. (NH^MoTO-H^EkO 0.5 gms. CoCl 2 ;6H 2 0 0.5 gms. 4 Vitamin Mix supplies per 100 grams of diet: Thiamine HC1 1.0 mgs. Riboflavin 1.0 mgs. Pyridoxine HC1 1.0 mgs. D Ca Pantothenate 3.0 mgs. Niacin 7.5 mgs. PABA 10.0 mgs. Inositol 100.0 mgs. Folic Acid 0.5 mgs. Biotin 0.04 mgs. Vitamin B ]2 0.003 mgs. Adenosine 1.5 mgs. Ascorbic Acid 50.0 mgs. Menadione 0.5 mgs. a-Tocopherol acetate 3.0 mgs. Vitamin A 1,000 U.S.P. units Vitamin D 8 100I.C.U. units
Amino Acids1 Carbohydrate 2 Salts I I I 3 Vitamin Mix 4 Methyl linoleate (60%) NaHCOs-KHCOs (equal parts) Cellulose Choline Total 1
Amino Acids: L-Arginine • HC1 L-Cystine Glycine L-Histidine-HC1H 2 0 DL-Isoleucine L-Leucine L-Lysine • HC1 DL-Methionine DL-Phenylalanine DL-Threonine L-Tryptophan L-Tyrosine DL-Valine L-Glutamic Acid DL-Norleucine Hydroxy-L-Proline DL-a:-Alanine L-Aspartic Acid
2
21.83% 51.07 5.00 2.00 3.50 1.30 15.00 0.30 100.00%
1.450 0.350 1.000 0.205 1.200 1.400 1.125 0.450 1.800 1.200 0.200 0.700 1.600 4.350 0.100 0.100 1.000 2.000
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at D H Hill Library - Acquis S on April 21, 2015
HANS R. ROSENBERG, J. T. BALDINI AND C. I. TOLLEFSON Stine Laboratory, Grasselli Chemicals Department, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co., Inc., Newark, Delaware