The Dairy Industrial Fellowship Research Program

THE DAIRY INDUSTRIAL FELLOWSHIP

RESEARCH PROGRAM

G. M. TROUT, WILLIAM WHITE, M. J. MACK, P. A. DOWNS AND E. L. FOUTS Committee on the Judging of Dairy l~roduets, A.D.S.A.

This article is a report of the D a i r y Industrial Fellowship Research Program, sponsored jointly by the Dairy Industries Supply Association and the American Dairy Science Association. This report 1, offers a p e r m a n e n t record of the program and 2, gives to the dairy industry an account of the research undertaken and completed under the scholarship grants. The program was formulated in 1929. At that time Professor R. B. Stoltz and other members of the D a i r y Products J u d g i n g Committee of the American Dairy Science Association met with Messrs. Schantz, Everett, Breece and other representatives of the D a i r y Industries S u p p l y Association, Inc. to discuss the possibility of a joint program, sponsored by the two organizations, for f u r t h e r i n g the student d a i r y products judging program. F r o m this and subsequent meetings there evolved the plan of holding the National D a i r y Products J u d g i n g Contest as a p a r t of the D a i r y Industries Exposition, under the joint sponsorship of the American D a i r y Science Association and the D a i r y Industries S u p p l y Association, Inc. The Dairy Industries Supply Association has furnished the financial aid and material assistance necessary for conducting the judging contest itself, and, in addition, has awarded annually, from 1930 to 1937 inclusive, six fellowship grants to six team members or alternates. F o r 1938 the number of grants was reduced from six to three. The fellowships originally carried a stipend of $750.00, which in 1934 was reduced to $600.00. The number and value of the fellowship grants are given in Table 1. TABLE 1 Fellowship grants of the Dairy Industries Supply Association, Inc., 1930-19.38

Year

Number of grants

1930

............................................................

1931

...........................................................

1932

............................................................

1933

............................................................

1934

............................................................

1935

............................................................

1936

...........................................................

1937

............................................................

1938

............................................................

Total

...................................................

51

Value of each

Total

$750.00 750.00 750.00 750.00 600.00 600.00 600.00 600.00 600.00

$4,500.00 4.500.00 4,500.00 4,500.00 3,600.00 3,600.00 3,600.00 3,600.00 1,800.00 $34,200.00

These fellowships have made it possible each year for six students to continue their studies in dairying in the graduate school of another college Received for publication March 10, 1939. 767

768

G.M.

TROUT, ET AL.

for a 12-month period. The I n d u s t r i a l Fellow was thus required to matriculate in the graduate school as a candidate for the degree of Master of Science which necessitated the pursuit of subjects of a major and of a minor nature to dairying and the completion of a research problem closely allied to the d a i r y industry. Up to 1934 the Industrial Fellowships were awarded to qualified students who had the highest standing in the j u d g i n g of all d a i r y products. Qualification consisted in scholastic standing and in senior r a n k i n g at the college, thus enabling the Fellow to begin graduate work the following academic year. Since 1934, the awards have been made to the six leading colleges in the judging of all products. The Fellows were then selected from the members of the winning teams and alternates by the heads of the departments with the counsel of various staff members. The Fellows were permitted to choose the school in which to undertake graduate work from a list of schools represented in the current d a i r y products j u d g i n g contest; the r a n k i n g individual having first choice and so on. The problem subject, d r a w n u p by the d e p a r t m e n t of d a i r y i n g in which the graduate study was undertaken, was submitted to committees representing the American D a i r y Science Association and the D a i r y Industries S u p p l y Association, Tables 2 and 3, for comment and approval. At the TABLE

2

Dairy products judging contest committees, 1926-1939, American Dairy Science Association

1926--27 R. B. Stoltz, Ch. William White M. Mortensen G. D. Turnbow H. W. Gregory

1927-32 1~. B. Stoltz, Ch. William White l=[. W. Gregory G. D. Turnbow P. A. Downs

1932-34 R.B. Stoltz, Ch. William White H.W. Gregory P.A. Downs H.A. Bendixen

1934~36 H. W. Gregory, Ch. William White P. A. Downs P. S. Lucas R. B. Stoltz

1936-37 H. W. Gregory, Ch. William White R. B. Stoltz P. A. Downs R. W. Smith, Jr.

1937-38 H.W. Gregory, Ch. William White P.A. Downs M.J. Mack G.M. Trout

1938-39 G. M. Trout, Ch. William White P. A. Downs M. J. Mack E. L. Fours termination of the graduate period a full report of the research undertaken, suitable for publication in the various trade or scientific journals, was required. The acceptance of this report terminated the agreement between the college admitting the Fellow and the donors of the fellowship grant.

769

DAIRY INDUSTRIAL FELLOWSHIP

TABLE 3

Contest and fellowship committees, 1930-1930.

Dairy Industries Supply Association, Inc.

1930 K. W. Schantz, Ch., K. W. Schantz Co. Loomis Burrell, Cherry-Burrell Corp. E. W. Chandler, The Creamery Package Mfg. Co. Prof. H. F. Judkins, Representing International Assn. of Ice Cream Manufacturers Dr. C. I. Corbin, Representing International Association of Milk Dealers Dr. N. W. Hepburn, Representing American B u t t e r I n s t i t u t e Roberts Everett, Executive Vice President, Dairy Industries Supply Association, Inc. 1931 K. W. Sehantz, Ch. Loomis Burrell G. E. Wallis, The Creamery Package Mfg. Co. Prof. H. F. Judkins Dr. C. I. Corbin Dr. N. W. H e p b u r n Roberts Everett 1933

1932 K. W. Schantz, Ch. Loomis Burrell G. E. Wallis Prof. H. F. Judkins Dr. C. I. Corbin Dr. N. W. H e p b u r n Roberts Everett

K. W. Schantz, Ch. Loomis Burrell G. E. Wallis Prof. H. F. Judkins Dr. C. L Corbin Dr. N. W. H e p b u r n Roberts Everett

1934 Loomis Burrell, Ch. G. E. Wa]lis W. H. Breen, York Ice Machinery Corp. Prof. H. ~. J u d k i n s Dr. C. I. Corbin Dr. N. W. Hepburn Roberts Everett

1935 G. W. Putnam, Ch. The Creamery Package Mfg. Co. Loomis Burrell W. H. Breen Dr. C. I. Corbin Prof If. F. Judkins Dr. C. W. Larson, Representing American Butter Institute Roberts Everett

1936 G. W. Putnam, Ch. Loomis Burrell W. It. Breen Dr. C. I. Corbin Prof. H. F. Judkins Dr. C. W. Larson Roberts Everett

1937 L. B. Esmond, Ch., Northville Laboratories G. E. P u t n a m Loomis Burrell G. F. Kroha, The P f a u d l e r Co. T. J. Newbill, National Dairy & Food Bureau J a r v i s Williams, Jr., S t a n d a r d Cap & Seal Corporation Dr. Iq. W. H e p b u r n Dr. C. I. Corbin Prof. H. ~. Judkins Roberts Everett

1938 Dr. L. A. Rogers, Ch., Chief, Division of Dairy Research Labs., Bureau of Dairy Industry, U. S. Dept. Agr., Washington, D. C. Dr. C. I. Corbin Dr. N. W. H e p b u r n Prof. H. F. Judkins L. B. Esmond Henry Rosenstein, Thomas W. Dunn Company Norman Thomas, Sr., Joe Lowe Corporation Roberts Everett

770

G. ]~. T R O U T ~

E T AL.

WINNERS OF FELLOWSHIPS

The colleges winning the industrial fellowships, the names of the Fellows, and the institutions to which they were assigned for research are presented in Table 4. TABLE 4

Colleges winning Dairy Industries Supply Association Fellowships and recipients of the awards 1930-1938 inclusive No.

College

] 2

University of Arkansas Connecticut State College

3

Cornell University

4

University of Illinois

5

Iowa State College

6

Kansas State College

7

Massachusetts State College

8

Michigan State College

9

University of Minnesota

10

Mississippi State College

11

University of Nebraska

12

Ohio State University

13 14 15

Ontario Agricultural College Purdue University South Dakota State College

16

University of Tennessee

17

University of Vermont

Name of Fellow Riven, Charles F. Gibson, G . L . Kosikowsky, F r a n k V. Tomlinson, Albert S. Brereton, J o h n G. Ludington, Yarnum D. Ross, O . E . Corbett, W . J . Ause, D . H . Brown, Howard W. Ford, Mark Wilson, Charles A. Germann, Ralph F. Itostetler, P. Chilson, H. Byers, E . L . Sbepard, Sidney MacCurdy, Robert D. Dowd, L . R . ttaradine, C . E . Babel, F r e d J. Openlander, H . F . Sorensen, C . M . Josephson, Donald Freeman, Robert Rivers, Philip Naylor, Brooks Quinn, J . D . Whitfield, B . H . Long, J o h n H. Carithers, R . L . White, H . W . Harris, William C. Kelley, M a r t i n F. Meredith, P . W . Warner, James Larson, Richard A. Brocksehmidt, J . H . Homberger, R . E . Charles, Donald A. Slatter, Walter L. Smith, H i r a m P. Adams, Joseph Roahen, Dan C. Goodwillie, D . B . Cantley, R . W . Spicer, Delmar Henry, Dave Flake, J . C . Robert, M. William Leech, H.

Year 1934 1932 1938 1936 1937 1938 1930 1933 1931 1934 !935 1938 1930 1933 1933 1934 1932 1937 1930 1931 1934 1936 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1930 1931 1932 1933 1935 1937 1930 1932 1935 1936 1931 1931 1932 1934 1935 1936 1937 1930 1932 1934 1937 1935 1936 1931

DAIRY INDUSTRIAL FELLOWSHIP

771

H e r e i t w i l l be n o t e d t h a t of the 17 colleges w i n n i n g one or m o r e fellowships, Ohio l e a d s t h e l i s t w i t h seven, closely f o l l o w e d b y M i s s i s s i p p i w i t h six, a n d M i n n e s o t a w i t h five. Iowa, K a n s a s , M i c h i g a n a n d N e b r a s k a h a v e each w o n f o u r fellowships. I t s h o u l d be m e n t i o n e d h e r e t h a t some t e a m s a n d i n d i v i d u a l s f r o m s e v e r a l schools, i n c l u d i n g those a b o v e m e n t i o n e d , h a d sufficient h i g h s t a n d i n g i n j u d g i n g to m e r i t c o n s i d e r a t i o n , b u t w e r e n o t qualified. H e n c e , i n T a b l e 4 a r e l i s t e d o n l y t h e schools which, a n d i n d i v i d u a l s who, w e r e f i n a l l y a w a r d e d t h e g r a n t s . ASSIGNMENT OF FELLOWS Choice of schools i n w h i c h to p u r s u e g r a d u a t e w o r k was m a d e i n t h e o r d e r of t h e r e s p e c t i v e s t a n d i n g s of t h e w i n n i n g t e a m s , o r i n d i v i d u a l s , T a b l e 5. No two F e l l o w s w e r e p e r m i t t e d to p u r s u e g r a d u a t e w o r k a t t h e TABLE 5 Winners o f Dairy Industries Snpply Association Fellowships and the colleges to which they were assigned for research

Name

From

Individual~ placing

Assigned to

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Ross, O.E. Goodwillie, D.B. Quinn, J . D . Germann, Ralph 1~. Dowd, L.R. Kelley, Martin IV.

1930 Illinois Ontario Mississippi Kansas ~¢iichigan Nebraska

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 6th 8th

Iowa Michigan Ohio Pennsylvania Purdue Wisconsin

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Ause, D . H . ttomberger~ R.E. Haradine, C . E . Whitfield, B . H . Leach, H. Brockschmidt, J. It.

1931 Iowa Ohio Michigan Mississippi Vermont Ohio

1st 3rd 4th 5th 9th 10th

Minnesota California Illinois Nebraska Kansas Massachusetts

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Long, John H. Meredith, P.W. Cantley, R . W . Gibson, G.L. Shepard, Sidney Charles, Donald A.

1932 Mississippi Nebraska Purdue Connecticut Massachusetts Ohio

1st 2nd 3rd 5th 10th llth

Michigan Ohio Cornell Illinois Iowa Wisconsin

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Corbett, W . J . Hostetler, P. Chilson, H. Carithers, R . L . Sorensen, C.M. Spicer, Delmar

1933 Illinois Kansas Kansas Mississippi Minnesota South Dakota

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th

Wisconsin Iowa Cornell Minnesota Purdue Ohio

same institution the same year; nor could a Fellow continue work at the same i n s t i t u t i o n f r o m w h i c h he g r a d u a t e d . Consequently, the research u n d e r these g r a n t s h a s b e e n c a r r i e d o u t i n a w i d e s e l e c t i o n of colleges, a

772

G.M. TROUT, ET AL. TABLE 5 (Continued) Name

From

Team* placing

Assigned to

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Slatter, Walter L. Josephson, Donald Byers, E . L . Babel, Fred J. Brown, Howard W. Niven, Charles F.

1934 Ohio Minnesota Kansas Michigan Iowa Arkansas

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th

Iowa Pennsylvania Wisconsin Purdue Illinois Cornell

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

White, H.W. Flake, J.C. Smith, Hiram P. Ford, Mark Freeman, Robert Warner, James N.

1935 Mississippi Tennessee Ohio Iowa Minnesota Nebraska

1st 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th

Ohio Purdue Illinois Cornell Connecticut Iowa

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Adams, Joseph Tomlinson, Albert Larson, Richard Rivers, Philip Roberts, M. William Openlander, H . F .

1936 Ohio Cornell Nebraska Minnesota Tennessee Michigan

1st 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th

Purdue Wisconsin Michigan Pennsylvania Minnesota Ohio

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Roahen, Dan C. Harris, William C. MacCurdy, Robert D. Naylor, Brooks Brereton, John G. Henry, Dave

1937 Ohio Mississippi Massachusetts Minnesota Cornell S. Dakota

1st 2nd 3rd 5th 6th 7th

Wisconsin Iowa Michigan Cornell Minnesota Ohio

1938 Cornell Iowa Connecticut

1st 2nd 3rd

(To be assigned)

1. Ludington, Varnum D. 2. Wilson, Charles Ashley 3. Kosikowsky~ Frank V.

* The fellowships were awarded from 1930 to 1933 inclusive, to eligible individuals on the basis of their proficiency in judging; since then, to members of the leading teams. t o t a l of 14, as s h o w n i n T a b l e 6. A t o t a l of 20 d i f f e r e n t schools have benefited one or more y e a r s b y these g r a n t s . A n u m b e r of schools have w o n a fellowship a n d h a v e been a s s i g n e d a F e l l o w f r o m a n o t h e r i n s t i t u t i o n the same year, t h u s two-fold benefits were received. T h r e e state colleges or u n i v e r s i t i e s , n a m e l y , Iowa, Ohio, a n d W i s c o n s i n , have each b e e n a s s i g n e d six Fellows. C o r n e l l a n d P u r d u e each h a v e been a s s i g n e d five, while I l l i n o i s , M i c h i g a n a n d M i n n e s o t a each have b e e n a s s i g n e d f o u r . P e n n s y l v a n i a has b e e n a s s i g n e d three, while C a l i f o r n i a , C o n n e c t i c u t , K a n s a s , M a s s a c h u s e t t s a n d N e b r a s k a each have b e e n a s s i g n e d one Fellow. The t h r e e D a i r y I n d u s t r i a l Fellows of 1938 r e m a i n to be assigned for research. N i n e colleges or u n i v e r s i t i e s , Cornell, Iowa, I l l i n o i s , M i c h i g a n , M i n n e s o t a , Ohio, P e n n s y l v a n i a , P u r d u e a n d W i s c o n s i n , h a v e t h u s d i r e c t e d 89.58 p e r c e n t of the r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t s u n d e r the D a i r y I n d u s t r i a l F e l l o w ships.

773

DAIRY INDUSTRIAL FELLOWSHIP TABLE 6 No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Fellowships won by team or individuals f

College University of Arkansas ................... University of California .................. Connecticut State .................................... Cornell University .................................. Iowa State .................................................... University of Illinois ........................ Kansas State ............................................ Massachusetts State ........................... Michigan State ...................................... University of Minnesota .................. Mississippi State .................................... University of Nebraska .................. Ohio State University ........................ Ontario Agricultural ........................ Pennsylvania State ............................. Purdue University ................................ South Dakota State ............................. University of Tennessee .................. University of Vermont ..................... University of Wisconsin .................. Total fellowships ........................ Total schools .....................................

No. 1 0 2 3 4 2 4 2 4 5 6 4 7 1 0 1 2 2 1 0 51 17

Fellows assigned fo~ g r a d u a t e work

% 1.96 0.00 3.92 5.88 7.84 3.92 7.84 3.92 7.84 9.80 11.76 7.84 13.73 1.96 0.00 1.96 3.92 3.92 1.96 0.00 99.97

2/o. 0 1 l 5 6 4 1 1 4 4 O 1 6 0 3 5 0 0 O 6 48 14

% 0.00 2.08 2.08 10.42 12.50 8.33 2.08 2.08 8.33 8.33 0.00 2.08 12.50 0.00 6.25 10.42 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.50 99.98

t Fellowships were awarded to eligible individuals 1930-1933 inclusive, then to ranking teams. Fellows 1938 to be assigned. PROBLEM ASSIGNMENT To classify the research problems assigned and undertaken by the Industrial Fellows has been difficult because of the very nature of some of the problems. In many cases the problem applied to several products. An attempt was made, however, to classify them on the basis of some dairy product, realizing that other classifications, such as tests, methods of manuf a c t u r i n g , d i s t r i b u t i o n , b a c t e r i o l o g y a n d so o n m i g h t h a v e b e e n u s e d . T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n is s h o w n i n T a b l e 7. A c c o r d i n g t o t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n e m p l o y e d , the research undertaken has dealt with some phase of butter, buttermilk, cheese, condensed milk, milk or ice cream. Thirty-one and three-tenths p e r c e n t o f t h e p r o j e c t s h a v e b e e n c l o s e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h m i l k ; 31.2 w i t h ice c r e a m ; 16.6 w i t h b u t t e r ; 10.4 w i t h c h e e s e ; a n d 4 . 2 p e r c e n t e a c h w i t h buttermilk and with condensed milk. The specific title of the project problems may be noted from the list of publications

i n T a b l e 8.

PUBLICATIONS

The manuscripts, summarizing the results of one y e a r ' s research on the specific problems, have been published entire or in p a r t in one of several trade or scientific journals. These are listed in Table 8 b y years, giving the names of the author or authors, title a n d where published. Recently a p l a n

774

G. ~I. TROUT, ET AL. TABLE 7

Distmbutionofresearchproblemsofassociation Fellowsbyyears, 2930toi937inclus~e Product* Butter ................................... Buttermilk ........................ Cheese .................................... Condensed milk ............ Milk ......................................... Ice cream ............................ Total ...........................

1930

1931

1932

1

1

1 2 2 6

1 3 1 6

1933

1 1 2 2 6

1934

1935

1936

1937

Total

%

1

1 1

2

2

8 2 5 2 16 15 48

16.6 4.2 10.4 4.2 33.3 31.2 99.9

2

1

3 1 6

1 3 6

1 2 2 6

1 3 6

2 1 6

* Some projects may have applied to one or more products, for example, (1) the use of dry milk of different manufacture in ice cream or (2) the resazurln test in determining the quality of milk and ice cream. For the sake of clarity the problem was tabulated as far as possible with the product chiefly concerned in the research. has been effected whereby the article may first be submitted for publication to a scientific journal, afterwards journal publication.

rewritten

The manuscripts

in popularized form for trade

r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h e f i r s t five y e a r s o f

study have been published in the trade journals.

The abstracting service of

the various scientific journals has made available much of this material to t h e r e s e a r c h field. TABLE 8

Publications and research projects of the Dairy Industries Supply Association Fellows, by years, 1930 to present date 1930 1. Ross O. E. Why Does a Tallowy Flavor Develop in Strawberry Ice Cream? Ice Cream Trade Journal, July, 1933. 2. GOODWILLIE,D. B., AND TROUT, G.M. Factors Other than Bacteria That Influence the Body and Flavor of Granuled Buttermilk. The Milk Dealer, February and March, 1933. 3. QUINN, J. D., AND BURGWALD, L. H. High Short Holding and Low Long Holding Pasteurization of Milk. Milk Plant Monthly, February, 1933. 4. BRADLEY~* H. H., AND DAHLE~ C.D. How Freezing and Hardening Affects the Texture of Ice Cream. The Ice Cream Trade Journal, November, 1933. • Completed work begun by Ralph Germann, Fellow, 1930. 5. DOWD,L . R . Some Factors Affecting the Efficiency of Pasteurization of Milk. Ameri. can Creamery and Poultry Produce Review, January, 1935. 6. KELLY, MARTIN F., AND PRICE, WALTER Y. A Study of the Manufacture of Cottage Cheese. National Butter and Cheese Journal, February, 1933. 1931 1. AUSE, O. H., AND MACY, H. The Relation of Oospora Lactis to the Keeping Quality of Butter. American Creamery and Poultry Produce Review, December, 1934. 2. ITOI~IBERGER, R. E., AND COLE, W . C . Factors Affecting Lactose Crystallization as Related to Sandy Ice Cream. The Ice Cream Review, November, 1933. 3. HARADINE, C. E. Inversion of Sucrose in the Manufacture of Sweetened Condensed Milk, and its Effect upon Color of Finished Product. National Butter and Cheese Journal, October, 1933. 4. WHITFIELD, BENJAMIN I-I., DAVIS, H. P., AND DOWNS, P. A. The Effect of Milk upon Metals and Metals upon Milk. The Milk Dealer, November and December, 1934, and January, 1935. 5. LEACH, I~. J.~ AND ~/~ARTIN, W . H . The Effect of a Surface Cooler on Flavor, Cream Line and Evaporation Loss. American Creamery and Poultry Produce Review, November, 1933. 0. BROCKSCHMIDT,J. t{., MACK, M. J., AND FRANDSEN, J. It. How to Make High Butter~ fat Ice Cream; A Study of the Factors Involved in Making the Richer Type of Product. Ice Cream Field, December, 1933, and January, 1934.

DAIRY INDUSTRIAIJ FELLOWSHIP

775

1932 1. LONG, W. JOHN, HUFFMA~', C. F., AND DUNCAN, C . W . A Study of the Vitamin D Requirements of Calves When N a t u r a l Milk Furnished the Sole Source of the Antirachitie Factor. Milk P l a n t Monthly, July, 1936. 2. MEREDITH, PERRY W.~ AND STOLTZ, R . B . Bottled Concentrated Milk, A Lower Priced Fresh Milk for the Consumer. The Milk Dealer, February, 1935. 3. CANTLEV, RORE~T W. Comparison of Skimmed Milk Powder Media with S t a n d a r d N u t r i e n t Agar for Bacterial Counts on Milk. Ice Cream Field, May and June, 1935. 4. GIBSON, G.L. Sandiness: Its Causes and Prevention. Ice Cream Field, May and June, 1935. 5. SHEPARD, SIDNEY, AND OLSON, H. C. The Relationship Between Changes in the Number of Bacteria and in the Scores of B u t t e r Held at 32 ° F. National B u t t e r and Cheese Journal, September, 1935. 6. CHARLES, D. A., AI'~D SO:MC3/[ER,H. H. Causes and Practical Methods for Control of Sedimentation in Homogenized Milk. Milk P l a n t Monthly, April, 1935. 1933 I. COEBETT, W. J., FRAZIER, W. J., AND PRICE, W . V . A Gas Defect of Cream Cheese. The Milk Dealer, December, 1935. 2. HOSTETLER, PlVS H. Effects of Preservatives on Results of F a t Test Studies. Confectionery and Ice Cream World, August, 1936. 3. CHILSON, WILLIAM H. A Study of the Oxidized Flavors of Market Milk. Milk P l a n t Month]y, November and December, 1935. 4. CARITHERS, ROBERT L., AND CO~[BS, W . B . Drum vs. Spray Process Dry Milk in Ice Cream. The Ice Cream Review, March, 1936. 5. SORENSON, C. M. Studies on Milk Mold Oospora Laetis. American Creamery and Poultry Produce Review, February, 1936. 6. SPICER, W. DELMAE, AND BURGWALD, L. ]7[. Use of Hydrogen Ion Determination on Young Cheese in Predicting Acid Development in Cheddar Cheese During Storage. National B u t t e r and Cheese Journal, November, 1935. 1934 1. SLATTER, WALTER L. Changes in the Acetylmethylcarbinol Plus Diacetyl Content of Butter. National Butter and Cheese Journal, October and November, 1936. 2. DAHLE, C. D., AND JOSEPttSON, D . V . The Importance of the F a t Globule Membrane in the Freezing of Ice Cream. The Ice Cream Review, J a n u a r y , 1937. 3. BYERS, E. L., AND PRICE, ,WALTER V. Influence of Salt on the Composition and Quality of Brick Cheese. National B u t t e r and Cheese Journal, July, 1937. 4. BABEL, F. J. Significance of Laboratory Tests in the Control of Ice Cream. The Ice Cream Trade Journal, September, 1936. 5. BROWN, W . H . This Matter of Mix. Ice Cream Field, July and August, 1937. 6. SHERI~IAN, J . M., AND NIVENS, CHARLES F. The Hemolytic Streptococci of Milk. J o u r n a l of Infectious Diseases, March and April, 1938. ]935 ]. WHITE, H . W . Factors Affecting the Quality of Churned Buttermilk. Unpublished. 2. FLAKE, J . C . Some Causes for the Deterioration in 10 Days at 15.5 ° C. of Salted Butter Made from Sour Cream. Flake, J. C., and Parfitt, E . H . JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE, September, 1938. 3. SMITH, ]=[IRAqi P. Variations in Color, Flavor, and Body Types of Ice Cream as Affecting Consumer Preference. Confectionery and Ice Cream World, February, 1938. 4. KNAYSI, GEORGE, AND FORD, MARK. A Method of Counting Viable Bacteria in Milk by Means of Microscope. JOURNAL oF DAIRY SCIENCE, March, 1938. 5. FREE~AN, ROBERT. Sonic Vibration as a Means of P r e p a r i n g Ice Cream Mixes. Unpublished. 6. WARNER, JA:~ES N. The Use of Resazurin in Deternfining the Sanitary Qualities of Milk and Ice Cream. Dairy World, February, 1938. 1936 1. ADAMS, JOSEPH, AND PARFITT, E . H . Some Factors Influencing the Amount of Mold Mycelia in Butter. JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE, May, 1939.

776

O.M. TROUT, ET AL.

2. TOMLINS0N, ALBERT S. Enzymes in the Development of Oxidized Flavor in Milk. Unpublished. 3. LAWSON,RIeHAm) A. Relationship of Hydrometer Readings to the Composition and Some Physical Properties of Pan Condensed Ice Cream Mixes. Unpublished. 4. RlWaS, PHILIP. Factors Affecting the Stability and Properties of Ice Cream Mix with Special Reference to Those Frozen in the Continuous Freezer. Unpublished. 5. ROBERTS,WILLIAMM. Experiments with High Temperature Pasteurization of Cream for Buttermaking. Unpublished. 6. OPENIJANDER,HERI~AN. The Use of Plain Frozen Condensed Milk in Ice Cream. Unpublished. INFLUENCE OF GRADUATE TRAINING ON VOCATION OF FELLOWS A s t u d y was m a d e i n the s p r i n g of 1938 of the v o c a t i o n s of the i n d u s t r i a l F e l l o w s a n d of the o t h e r t e a m m e m b e r s a n d a l t e r n a t e s to a s c e r t a i n the i n f l u e n c e of f u r t h e r d a i r y t r a i n i n g u p o n the v o c a t i o n of the s t u d e n t . The p e r c e n t a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n of the v o c a t i o n s i n w h i c h the t e a m members, a l t e r n a t e s a n d Fellows, f r o m the 29 colleges c o m p e t i n g i n the n a t i o n a l d a i r y p r o d u c t s j u d g i n g c o n t e s t f r o m 1930 to 1937 inclusive, were e n g a g e d at the t i m e the s t u d y was made, is p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 9. I n a s m u c h as six of the F e l l o w s a t t h a t t i m e were y e t classified as u n d e r g r a d u a t e a n d t h a t six other F e l l o w s were e n g a g e d i n research s t u d i e s t o w a r d s t h e m a s t e r ' s degree, a t o t a l of 12, o u t of the t o t a l n u m b e r of 48, it was difficult to classify t h e i r v o c a t i o n o t h e r t h a n as u n d e r g r a d u a t e a n d research. T h e p e r c e n t a g e of F e l l o w s g r a d u a t e d a n d e n g a g e d i n the p r o f e s s i o n of t h e i r t r a i n i n g is s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r , 45.8 p e r cent c o m p a r e d to 38.97 p e r cent, t h a n those n o t h a v i n g h a d the o p p o r t u n i t y f o r f u r t h e r s t u d y . This h i g h y i e l d speaks well f o r the v a l u e of the I n d u s t r i a l F e l l o w s h i p s i n f u r t h e r i n g t h e t r a i n i n g of m e n f o r the i n d u s t r y . TABLE 9 P e r c e n t a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f all dairy products j u d g i n g team m e m b e r s and alternates f r o m 1930 to 1937, inclusive, according to their present occu ~ations

Occupation 1. Dairy plant (mgr., supt., res., lab., etc.) ........ 2. Inspection and extension (federal, state, or city inspection, Co. Agt., 4-H Club agent, D.H.I.A., etc.) .................................................................... 3. Owner of plant (wholly or in part) .................. 4. Teaching and research ~ or assisting (college and U.S.D.A.) ..................................................... 5. Undergraduate ........................................................................ 6. Dairy farming ...................................................................... 7. ¥ocational education, high school ...................... 8. Miscellaneous (unknown, insurance, automobile, etc.) ....................................................................... Total ................................................................................

All team members and alternates

Association Fellows No.

%

No.

%

22

45.8

191

38.97

4.2 2.1

54 16

11.02 3.26

1~

35.4 12.5

7O 57 15 21

14.29 11.63 3.06 4.28

48

100.0

66 490

13.46 99.97

i I

Including the six 1936 Fellows, who were engaged on their assigned problem when the data were compiled.

DAIRY INDUSTRIAL FELLOWSHIP

777

From this table it may be noted that approximately 39.0 per cent of all contestants and alternates, nearly 500, are plant owners, plant managers, superintendents, or commercial researchers. About 14.0 per cent are employed by colleges and the United States Department of Agriculture as teachers and researchers. VALUE OF RESEARCH TO THE INDUSTRY When the 1938 Dairy Industrial Fellows will have completed their graduate problem at the close of the academic year of 1939-1940, 51 selected men will have received graduate training in dairying and will have completed 51 dairy research projects. These men have profited personally from the opportunities afforded them through the Dairy Industrial Fellowships to continue their studies and to broaden their acquaintances. Likewise, the fund of scientific dairy information has materially increased while the concepts concerning dairy problems have been enlarged. Yet, the personal and specific benefits derived are insignificant in comparison to the inestimable value of the joint Dairy Industrial Research Program to the colleges, to the American Dairy Science Association, to the Dairy Industries Supply Association and to the dairy industry itself. Now in its ninth year, the program, as a part of the jointly sponsored students' National Dairy Products Judging Contest, has played a major role in dairy education, first, in furnishing incentives to the undergraduate and second, in making possible furt her dairy training to a selected group of dairy students.