- Email: [email protected]
Ditrichum austrogeorgicum: a synonym of D. hyalinum (Musci, Ditrichaceae)
Cryptogamie, Bryol., 1999, 20 (4): 247-253 0 1999 AdaclEditions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS. Tous droits reserves
Ditrichum
austrogeorgicum: a synonym (Musci, Ditrichaceae)
247
of D. hyalinum
Ryszard OCHYRA Laboratory of Bryology, Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Lubicz 46, P&31-512 Krakow, Poland; fax: (48 12) 421-97-90; [email protected] (Received 14 October 1998, accepted 26 July 1999)
- Ditrichum austrogeorgicum (Card.) Seppelt,a speciesoriginally describedin 1906 from SouthGeorgiaasPseudodistichium austrogeorgicum Card.,is consideredto be conspecific with Ditrichum hyalinum (Mitt.) 0. Kuntze. The latter had been first describedin 1859as LeptotrichumhyalinumMitt. from materialcollectedon the FalklandIslandsandHermiteIsland nearCapeHorn,but it hadbeenfirst recognizedasa separate taxon, Didymodonlongifolius(Brid.) Hook. f. & Wils. var. tenuifoliusHook. f. & Wils., in 1847.Pseudodistichium austrogeorgicum f. brevifoliumCard.andP. austrogeorgicum var. longifolium Broth. in Card.& Broth. arereducedto synonymywith,Ditrichum hyalinum. Somedetailsof the type materialof the last are illustrated. 0 1999Adac/ Editionsscientifiques et medicalesElsevierSAS Abstract
Bryopsida I Musci I Ditrichaceae I Ditichum I South bryogeography I taxonomy I Tierra de1 Fuego / typification
America
I South
Georgia
I
INTRODUCTION
Suspicions are always aroused,especially in exotic areasthat are botanically poorly known, when a common and sometimesabundant moss speciesis discovered relatively late. Quite often it proves that in fact the given specieshad been described earlier but its namewas soonforgotten and subsequentlyone of its younger synonymous namescontinued to be in common use until the earliest one could be resurrected from oblivion. Typical examples in southern South America are the replacement of Platyneurum laticostatum (Card.) Broth. by P praealtum (Mitt.) Ochyra & Bedn-Ochyra (Ochyra & Bednarek-Ochyra, 1997), Holodontium inerme (Mitt.) Broth. by H. strictum (Hook. f. & Wils.) Ochyra (Ochyra, 1993), Dicranoloma nigricaule (Angstr.) Par. by D. chilense (De Not.) Ochyra & Matteri (Ochyra & Matteri, 1996) and Wamstorja austrostraminea (Mull. Hal.) Ochyra by W! laculosa (Mull. Hal.) Ochyra & Matteri (Ochyra & Matteri, 1997). One more example is provided in the present account incorporating Ditrichum austrogeorgicum into the previously describedD. hyalinum.
248
R. Ochyra LEPTOTRICHUM
HYALINUM
Ditrichum hyalinum (Mitt.) 0. Kuntze was first described by Mitten (1859) as Leptotrichum hyalinum Mitt. from material collected by J. D. Hooker on the Falkland Islands and on Hermite Island near Cape Horn during the Antarctic Expedition of 1839-1843 on the ships Terror and Erebus, under the command of Captain James C. Ross. The mosses from southern South America and Kerguelen Islands were described in Flora antarctica by Wilson and Hooker (1847) who were the first to recognize this species as a separate taxon. They described the plants collected on the Falkland Islands as one of four varieties within Didymodon longifolius (Brid.) Wils. & Hook. f., namely var. tenuifolius Wils. & Hook. f., and this taxon is cited by Mitten (1859) in the protologue of Leptotrichum hyalinum. It is worth noting that Wijk et al. (1962, 1969) and Greene (1986) provided the incorrect author citation, “Hook. f. & Wils.“, for these varieties because the treatment of the mosses in the Flora antarctica was completed by W. Wilson and J. D. Hooker and the whole opus was edited by the latter author (Stafleu & Cowan, 1979). Thus, “Wils. & Hook. f. in Hook. f.” is the correct author citation for this and other new names proposed in this work, unless otherwise stated. The only difference between the protologues of var. tenuifolius and Leptotrichum hyalinum is that for the former taxon only the collection from the Falkland Islands is cited, whereas Mitten (1859) added also the specimens from Hermite Island for the latter. Ten years later Mitten (1869) himself transferred Leptotrichum hyalinum to Cynontodium Hedw. and, interestingly, he cited only the specimen from Hermite Island, thereby neglecting the collection from the Falkland Islands. The species was subsequently mechanically listed in the major compendia or local treatments of mosses by Jager and Sauerbeck (1873) Mtiller (1885), Paris (1904), Cardot (1908), Brotherus (1924) and Ktihnemann (1938). Kuntze (1891), for strictly nomenclatural reasons, transferred it to Ditrichum Hampe, a replacement of the nomenclaturally illegitimate Leptotrichum Hampe. During the present study the relevant type collections of Leptotrichum hyalinum were located in the Mitten herbarium in NY and in the Hooker and Wilson herbaria at BM. The specimens from the Falkland Islands bear No. 204 and are identical in NY and BM. On the other hand, the specimen from Hermite Island, bearing No. 133b, in NY-Mitten clearly represents Leptotrichum hyalinum, whereas that in BM-Hooker consists of Chorisodontium dicranellatum (Dust%) Roiv. in fine fruiting condition. It is thus obvious that the Hermite Island collection was a mixture of different species which were externally quite similar; indeed some southern South American species of Chorisodontium are reminiscent of species of the Ditrichaceae (Hyvonen, 1991). The type material of Ditrichum hyalinum (Figs l-l 1) is of a moss growing in low dense tufts. It is characterized by its leaves consisting of distinctly sheathing bases, abruptly tapering to erect and strict subulae. These are almost unaltered when dry, 1.5-2 times as long as the vaginate bases and are acute and denticulate at the tips. The leaf shoulder cells are generally irregular in outline, mostly isodiametric to shortly rectangular, about 0.5-2 times as long as wide, becoming thin-walled, narrower and linear at the proximal margins of the sheathing base and forming wide hyaline borders. The costa is 100-120 pm wide, strongly flattened and occupies most of the subula. In cross-section it consists of a median row of large guide cells and two stereid bands. The stem in transverse section comprises a distinct central strand and bistratose cortex of smaller, thicker-walled and brown cells. Although Mitten (1859) wrote that the capsules are oval-cylindrical, no mature sporophytes have been seen on any of the syntype specimens, either in NY or BM, and these specimens bear only young setae with immature capsules.
Ditrichum
austrogeorgicum:
a synonym of
D. hyalinum
(Musci, Ditsichaceae)
249
Figs l-11. Ditrichum hyalinum (Mitt.) 0. Kuntze. l-3: Leaves.4: Leaf apex.5: Cellsat the leaf shoulders. 6: Laminalcellsin the mid-sheath. 7: Basalleafcells.S-10: Cross-sections of theleaves. 11: Cross-section of the stem.All drawnfrom Hooker 204 (NY, lectotype). Scalebars: a: 1 mm (l-3); b: 100 pm (4-11). DITRICHUM
AUSTROGEORGICUM
The gametophyte characters of Ditrichum hyalinum perfectly match those of D. austrogeorgicum (Card.) Seppelt, especially its populations from the Falkland Islands known as var. longifolium Broth. in Card. & Broth. which are characterized by their extremely long subulateleaves (Cardot & Brotherus, 1923). This specieswas described
250
R. Ochyra
for the first time from South Georgia as Pseudodistichium austrogeorgicum Card. (Cardot, 1905, 1908), but Seppelt (1980) provided evidence that Pseudodistichium Card. cannot be maintained as a separate genus and merged it with Ditrichum, making the appropriate nomenclatural change for this species name. Ochyra and Lewis-Smith (1998) described in detail the variability of D. austrogeorgicum and showed that the length of the subula varies according to the climatic conditions. Because it is impossible to find any discernible differences between the type and non-type specimens of both D. hyalinum and D. austrogeorgicum, they must be considered conspecific, the former having priority. Ditrichum hyalinum (Mitt.) 0. Kuntze Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 835. 1891. - Leptotrichum hyalinum Mitt., J. Linn. Sot. Bot. 4: 67. 1859. - Didymodon longifolius (Brid.) Wils. & Hook. f. in Hook. f. var. tenuifolius Wils. & Hook. f. in Hook. f., Fl. Antarct. 2: 408. 1847. - Cynontodium hyalinum (Mitt.) Mitt., J. Linn. Sot. Bot. 12: 43. 1869. - Type: On the ground on the hills, Hermite Island, Cape Horn, and in the Falkland Islands, Dr J. D. Hooker [Lectotype (nov.): “No. 204. Didymodon longifolius Brid. ? var. 2. Falkland Islands 50. Antarct. Exp. 1839-1843. J.D.H.” - BM-Hook !, BM-Wils !; isolectotype: NY-Mitt ! Syntype: “No. 133b. Didymodon on ground on the hills Hermite Island, Cape Horn Antarct. Exp. 1839-1843. J.D.H.” - NY-Mitt !, PC !]. Pseudodistichium austrogeorgicum Card., Rev. Bryol. 32: 45. 1905. - Ditrichum austrogeorgicum (Card.) Seppelt, J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 51: 142. 1982. - Type: GCorgie du Sud [Lectotype @de Ochyra & Lewis-Smith, 1998: 42): S !; isolectotype: PC !], syn. Itov. Pseudodistichium austrogeorgicum Card f. brevifolium Card., Wiss. Ergebn. Schwed. Siidpolar-Exp. 1901-1903 4(8): 209. 1908 [“-folia”]. - Type: [Georgie du Sud] West-fjord (Skottsberg, no 288) [Lectotype (fide Ochyra & Lewis-Smith, 1998: 42): S !; isolectotype: PC !I, syn. nav. Pseudodistichium austrogeorgicum Card. var. longifolium Broth. in Card. & Broth., Kongl. Svenska Vetenskapsakad. Handl. 63(10): 18. 1923, - Ditrichum austrogeorgicum (Card.) Seppelt var. longifolium (Broth. in Card. & Broth.) Ochyra & Matteri, Fragm. Florist. Geobot. 41: 1007. 1996. - Pseudodistichium falklandicum Card. in Card. & Broth., Kongl. Svenska Vetenskapsakad. Handl. 63( 10): 18. 1923, nom. nud. in syn. - Type: W. Falkland, Roy Cove, ad rupes litoreas; Mt. Maria [Lectotype @de Ochyra & Matteri, 1996: 1007): S !; isolectotype: H-BR !], syn. nav.
GEOGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
OF DZTRZCHUM
HYALZNUM
Until the early 1940s only three additional collections of Ditrichum hyalinum had been made by Bescherelle (1889) from Hermite Island and by DusCn (1903, 1905) from southern and western Patagonia. In 1939-1941 G. H. Schwabe collected this species at two stations in AisCn Province (Herzog, 1954) and Seki (1974) provided five additional gatherings from the same area, whereas Dixon (1960) recorded it from Tristan da Cunha. In addition, Deguchi (199 1) reported D. hyalinum from Osomo and Llanquihue Provinces in Chile. Unfortunately, examination of all voucher collections of the four last reports revealed that they in fact belong either within D. conicum (Mont.) Mitt. or D. gemmiferum Ochyra & Lewis-Smith (see below). The records of the latter species are of particular interest because they represent a nice range extension in South America of this recently described species (Ochyra & Lewis-Smith, 1998) which has so far been recorded only from a single station in Prov. Aistn.
Ditrichum
austrogeorgicum:
a synonym of D. hyalinum (Musci, Ditrichaceae)
251
Ochyra and Lewis-Smith (1998) reviewed the geographical distribution of hyalinum and found it to be an amphipacific temperatespecies. It is relatively frequent in the northern maritime Antarctic, rare on South Georgia and occasionally found on Campbell Island in the New Zealand sector.In southernSouth America the speciesis frequent on Tierra de1Fuego (Roivainen & Bartram, 1937) and on the Falkland Islands (Matteri, 1986) and its northernmost locality was found at lat. 52% in Patagonia, unfortunately, without specific locality data. As stated above, the records of this species in the Valdivian region of Chile are basedon misidentification. South American specimensof Ditrichum hyalinum seen- CHILE. MAGALLANES. Brunswick Peninsula: Punta Arenas, 330-660 m, 19.X11.1967,Engel I962 (H). Islu Grande de Tierra de1Fuego: Hotel Boqueron, 2.11.1929, Roivainen 191 (H); Puerto Yartou, Pica Nariz, 10.111.1929, Roivainen s.n. (H); Estancia Sara, 1.11.1929,Roivainen s.n. (H); Lago Deseado, 5.1.1929, Roivainen s.n. (H); Estancia La Marina, 10.1.1929, Roivainen s.n. (H); Rio Grande, 28.1.1896,Duserz 164 (S) & 165 (PC). Hermite Island: since loco, Hooker Z33b (NY, PC - syntype of L. hyalinum). ARGENTINA. SANTA CRUZ: Rio Chico, 1897, Hatcher s.n. (S). TERRITORIO NACI~NAL DE LA TIERRA DEL FUEGO: ZsZaGrande de Tierra del Fuego: Ushuaia, Montes Martiales, 21.X11.1969, Roivainen 1265 (H); same locality, Baliza, 100 m, 19.X11.1969, Roivainen 1210 (H). FALKLAND ISLANDS. East Falkland: No detailed data, Hooker 204 (BM, NY - lectotype of L. hyalinum); Port Stanley, Rumboll 32765 (BA); Port Darwin, Engel 2690 (BA, F). WestFalkland: Roy Cove, Halle 291 (PC - syntype of Pseudodistichium austrogeorgicum var. Zongifolium); Mt. Maria, 18.X11.1907, Skottsberg 290 (H, S - lectotype of Pseudodistichium austrogeorgicum var. longifolium). Without specific locality: Patagonia, volcanic country, lat. 52”S, 1920, Hamilton 588 (BM). Specimens of Ditrichum conicum seen (originally misnamedasD. hyalinum) - CHILE. OSORNO: Pto. Puyuhuapi, Muggelbach, Schwabe 36/b (JE, PC) and Pto. Magdalena, Schwabe 20 & 20/h (JE, KRAM). k0 AIS~~N: Rio Exploradores, Seki 733d (HIRO), Ventisquero Circa, Seki 6OOb, 686 & 688a (HIRO) and Rio Soler, Seki 1587 (HIRO). TRISTAN DA CUNHA. Crater, 2000 m, Christophersen & Meyland 734 Ditrichum
@W.
Specimens of D&chum
gemmiferum seen (originally
misnamed as
D. hyalinum) - CHILE. OSORNO: east end of Lago Puyehue, Deguchi 31245 (HIRO). LLANQUIHUE: between Ensenada and Rio Rallin, Deguchi 25147 (HIRO) and 2030 km N of Lenca and ca 25 km SE of Puerto Montt, Deguchi 25307 (HIRO).
Acknowledgements.I am grateful to the Curators at BA, BM, F, H, HIRO, JE, NY, PC and S for lending me the specimens cited in this paper. Special thanks are due to Celina M. Matteri for specimens from the Falkland Islands as well as to Dr P M. Selkirk and other anonymous referee for critical comment on the manuscript. I am grateful to my wife, Dr Halina Bednarek-Ochyra, for her illustrations, to Mr Arthur Copping, Diss, UK, for checking the English.
REFERENCES BESCHERELLE I?,., 1889 - Mousses. In: Mission scientijque du Cap Horn 1882-1883. 5. Botanique. Paris, Gauthier-Villars et fils, pp. 253-312 + pls l-6. BROTHERUS V. F., 1924 - Ditrichaceae. In: A. ENGLER & K. PRANTL (eds.), Die Natiirlichen Pjlanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten inbesondere den NutzpJEanzen. 10. Musci (Luubmoose). Leipzig, Wilhelm Engelmann, pp. 156-166. CARDOT J., 1905 - Notice preliminaire sur les mousses recueillies par 1’ExpCdition antarctique suedoise. Deux genres nouveaux de mousses acrocarpes. Revue Bzyologique 32: 4547.
252
R. Ochyra
J., 1908 - La flore bryologique des terres magellaniques, de la Georgie du Sud et de 1’Antarctide In: Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Siidpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903 unter Leitung von Dr Otto Nordenskjold. 4(8). Stockholm, Lithographisches Institut des Generalstabs. nn. l-298 + nls. l-l 1. CARDOT J. & BROTHERUS V. F., 1923-I Botanische Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Expedition nach Patagonien und dem Feuerlande 1907-1909. X. Les mousses. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handligar 63(10): l-74 + pls. 14. DEGUCHI H., 1991 -A list of moss collection made during the expeditions to Chile in 1981 and 1987 (1). Bulletin of the National Science Museum Tokyo, Ser B 17(l): 15-34. DIXON H. N., 1960 - Mosses of Tristan da Cunha. In: Results of the Norwegian Scient@ Expedition to Tristan da Cunha 1937-1938.48. Oslo, Kommissjon hos H. Aschehoug & Co. (W. Nygaard), pp. l-49. DLJSEN P., 1903 - Patagonian and Fuegian mosses. In: W. B. SCOTT (ed.), Reports of the Princeton University expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899. 8(l). Botany, Stuttgart, Schweitzerbart’sche Verlagshandlung (E. Nlgele), pp. 63-125 + pls. vii-xi. DUSEN P., 1905 - BeitrLge zur Bryologie der Magellanlander, von Westpatagonien und Siidchile. 2. Arkiv fiir Botanik 4( 1): 145 + pls. l-1 1. GREENE D. M., 1986 - A conspectus of the mosses of Antarctica, South Georgia, the Falkland Islands and southern South America. Cambridge, British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council. 3 14 p. HERZOG TH., 1954 - Zur Bryophytenflora Chiles. Revue Bryologique et Lichenologique 23: 27-99. HYVGNEN J., 1991 - Chorisodontium (Dicranaceae, Musci) in southern South America. Annales Botanici Fennici 28: 247-258. JAGER A. & SAUERBECK F., 1873 - Genera et species muscorum systematicae disposita seu adumbratio florae muscorum totius orbis terrarum. Berichte iiber die Thatigkeit der St. Gallischen Naturwissenschaflichen Gesellschaft 187 l-72: 3099490. KUHNEMANN O., 1938 - Catalog0 de 10s musgos argentinos. Lilloa 2: 37-183. KUNTZE O., 1891 - Cryptogamae cellulares Musci. In: Revisio generum plantarum vascularium omnium atque cellularium multarum secundum leges nomenclaturae internationales cum enumeratione plantarum exoticarum in itinere mundi collectarum. 2. Leipzig, Arthur Felix; London, Dulau & Co.; Milano, U. Hoepli; New York, Gust. E. Schechert; Paris, Charles Klicksieck, pp. 829-840. MATTER1 C. M., 1986 - Los Musci (Bryophyta) de las Islas Malvinas, su habitat y distribution. Nova Hedwigia 43: 159-l 89. MITTEN W., 1859 - Descriptions of some new species of Musci from New Zealand and other parts of the Southern Hemisphere, together with an enumeration of the species collected in Tasmania by William Archer, Esq.: arranged upon the plan proposed in the ‘Musci Indiae Orientalis’. The Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society Botany 4: 64-100. MITTEN W., 1869 Musci au&o-americani. Enumeratio muscorum omnium austroamericanorum auctori hucusque cognitorum. The Journal of the Linnean Society Botany 12: l-659. MULLER C., 1885 - Bryologia fuegiana. Flora 68: 391429. OCHYRA R., 1993 - Antipodal mosses: I. A revision of the genus Holodontium (Seligeriaceae). Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica 38: 75-98. OCHYRA R. & MATIERI C. M., 1996 - Nomenclatural changes in South American and sub-Antarctic mosses. Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica 41: 1005-1010. OCHYRA R. & BEDNAREK-OCHYRA R., 1997 - The type specimen of Leptotrichum praealtum (Musci, Ditrichaceae). Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica 42: 567-570. OCHYRA R. & MATTERI C. M., 1997 - An earlier name for Wamstorjia austro-straminea (Musci, Amblystegiaceae). Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica 42: 179-182. OCHYRA R. & LEWIS-SMITH R. I., 1998 - Antarctic species in the genus Ditrichum (Ditrichaceae, Bryopsida), with a description of D. gemmiferum sp. nov. Annales Botanici Fennici 35: 33-53.
CARDOT
Ditrichum
austrogeorgicum:
a synonym of D. hyalinum (Musci, Ditrichaceae)
253
PARIS E. G., 1904 - Index bryologicus sive enumeratio muscorum ad diem ultimam anni 1900 cognitorum adjunctis synonymia distributioneque geographica locupletissimis. Ed. 2. 2(1-6). Paris, Librairie scientifique A. Hermann. 375 p. ROIVAINEN R. & BARTRAM E. B., 1937 - Bryological investigations in Tierra de1 Fuego. 1. Sphagnaceae-Dicranaceae. Annales Botanici Societatis Zoologicae-Botanicae Fennicue Vanamo 9(2): i-x + l-58. SEKI T., 1974 - A moss flora of Provincia de Aisen, Chile. Results of the Second Scientific Expedition to Patagonia by Hokkaido and Hiroshima Universities, 1967. Journal of Science of the Hiroshima University Series B, Div. 2 (Botany) 15: 9-101 + pls. i-iv. SEPPELT R. D., 1980 [“1981”] -The taxonomic status of Pseudodistichium Card. (Ditrichaceae). Lindbergia 6: 126-128. STAFLEU F. A. & COWAN R. S., 1979 - Taxonomic literature. A selective guide to botanical publications and collections with dates, commentaries and types. Volume II: H-L. Utrecht, Bohm, Scheltema & Holkema and The Hague, dr. W. Junk b.v., Publishers. xviii + 991 p. WIJK R. VAN DER, MARGADANT W. D. & FLORSCHUTZ P. A., 1962 - Index muscorum. 2 (D-Hypno). Utrecht, Kemink en Zoon N.V. 535 p. WIJK R. VAN DER, MARGADANT W. D. & FLORSCHUTZ F! A., 1969 - Index muscorum. 5 (T-Z, Appendix). Utrecht, Kemink en Zoon N.V. xii + 922 p. WILSON W. & HOOKER J. D., 1847 - Musci. In: J. D. HOOKER (ed.), The botany. The Antarctic voyage of H. M. discovery ships Erebus and Terror, in the years 1839-1843 under the command of Sir Captain James Ross. I. Flora Antarctica. Part II. Botany of Fuegia, the Falklands, Kerguelen’s Land, etc., London, Reeve Brothers, pp. 395423.
Ditrichum
austrogeorgicum: a synonym (Musci, Ditrichaceae)
247
of D. hyalinum
Ryszard OCHYRA Laboratory of Bryology, Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Lubicz 46, P&31-512 Krakow, Poland; fax: (48 12) 421-97-90; [email protected] (Received 14 October 1998, accepted 26 July 1999)
- Ditrichum austrogeorgicum (Card.) Seppelt,a speciesoriginally describedin 1906 from SouthGeorgiaasPseudodistichium austrogeorgicum Card.,is consideredto be conspecific with Ditrichum hyalinum (Mitt.) 0. Kuntze. The latter had been first describedin 1859as LeptotrichumhyalinumMitt. from materialcollectedon the FalklandIslandsandHermiteIsland nearCapeHorn,but it hadbeenfirst recognizedasa separate taxon, Didymodonlongifolius(Brid.) Hook. f. & Wils. var. tenuifoliusHook. f. & Wils., in 1847.Pseudodistichium austrogeorgicum f. brevifoliumCard.andP. austrogeorgicum var. longifolium Broth. in Card.& Broth. arereducedto synonymywith,Ditrichum hyalinum. Somedetailsof the type materialof the last are illustrated. 0 1999Adac/ Editionsscientifiques et medicalesElsevierSAS Abstract
Bryopsida I Musci I Ditrichaceae I Ditichum I South bryogeography I taxonomy I Tierra de1 Fuego / typification
America
I South
Georgia
I
INTRODUCTION
Suspicions are always aroused,especially in exotic areasthat are botanically poorly known, when a common and sometimesabundant moss speciesis discovered relatively late. Quite often it proves that in fact the given specieshad been described earlier but its namewas soonforgotten and subsequentlyone of its younger synonymous namescontinued to be in common use until the earliest one could be resurrected from oblivion. Typical examples in southern South America are the replacement of Platyneurum laticostatum (Card.) Broth. by P praealtum (Mitt.) Ochyra & Bedn-Ochyra (Ochyra & Bednarek-Ochyra, 1997), Holodontium inerme (Mitt.) Broth. by H. strictum (Hook. f. & Wils.) Ochyra (Ochyra, 1993), Dicranoloma nigricaule (Angstr.) Par. by D. chilense (De Not.) Ochyra & Matteri (Ochyra & Matteri, 1996) and Wamstorja austrostraminea (Mull. Hal.) Ochyra by W! laculosa (Mull. Hal.) Ochyra & Matteri (Ochyra & Matteri, 1997). One more example is provided in the present account incorporating Ditrichum austrogeorgicum into the previously describedD. hyalinum.
248
R. Ochyra LEPTOTRICHUM
HYALINUM
Ditrichum hyalinum (Mitt.) 0. Kuntze was first described by Mitten (1859) as Leptotrichum hyalinum Mitt. from material collected by J. D. Hooker on the Falkland Islands and on Hermite Island near Cape Horn during the Antarctic Expedition of 1839-1843 on the ships Terror and Erebus, under the command of Captain James C. Ross. The mosses from southern South America and Kerguelen Islands were described in Flora antarctica by Wilson and Hooker (1847) who were the first to recognize this species as a separate taxon. They described the plants collected on the Falkland Islands as one of four varieties within Didymodon longifolius (Brid.) Wils. & Hook. f., namely var. tenuifolius Wils. & Hook. f., and this taxon is cited by Mitten (1859) in the protologue of Leptotrichum hyalinum. It is worth noting that Wijk et al. (1962, 1969) and Greene (1986) provided the incorrect author citation, “Hook. f. & Wils.“, for these varieties because the treatment of the mosses in the Flora antarctica was completed by W. Wilson and J. D. Hooker and the whole opus was edited by the latter author (Stafleu & Cowan, 1979). Thus, “Wils. & Hook. f. in Hook. f.” is the correct author citation for this and other new names proposed in this work, unless otherwise stated. The only difference between the protologues of var. tenuifolius and Leptotrichum hyalinum is that for the former taxon only the collection from the Falkland Islands is cited, whereas Mitten (1859) added also the specimens from Hermite Island for the latter. Ten years later Mitten (1869) himself transferred Leptotrichum hyalinum to Cynontodium Hedw. and, interestingly, he cited only the specimen from Hermite Island, thereby neglecting the collection from the Falkland Islands. The species was subsequently mechanically listed in the major compendia or local treatments of mosses by Jager and Sauerbeck (1873) Mtiller (1885), Paris (1904), Cardot (1908), Brotherus (1924) and Ktihnemann (1938). Kuntze (1891), for strictly nomenclatural reasons, transferred it to Ditrichum Hampe, a replacement of the nomenclaturally illegitimate Leptotrichum Hampe. During the present study the relevant type collections of Leptotrichum hyalinum were located in the Mitten herbarium in NY and in the Hooker and Wilson herbaria at BM. The specimens from the Falkland Islands bear No. 204 and are identical in NY and BM. On the other hand, the specimen from Hermite Island, bearing No. 133b, in NY-Mitten clearly represents Leptotrichum hyalinum, whereas that in BM-Hooker consists of Chorisodontium dicranellatum (Dust%) Roiv. in fine fruiting condition. It is thus obvious that the Hermite Island collection was a mixture of different species which were externally quite similar; indeed some southern South American species of Chorisodontium are reminiscent of species of the Ditrichaceae (Hyvonen, 1991). The type material of Ditrichum hyalinum (Figs l-l 1) is of a moss growing in low dense tufts. It is characterized by its leaves consisting of distinctly sheathing bases, abruptly tapering to erect and strict subulae. These are almost unaltered when dry, 1.5-2 times as long as the vaginate bases and are acute and denticulate at the tips. The leaf shoulder cells are generally irregular in outline, mostly isodiametric to shortly rectangular, about 0.5-2 times as long as wide, becoming thin-walled, narrower and linear at the proximal margins of the sheathing base and forming wide hyaline borders. The costa is 100-120 pm wide, strongly flattened and occupies most of the subula. In cross-section it consists of a median row of large guide cells and two stereid bands. The stem in transverse section comprises a distinct central strand and bistratose cortex of smaller, thicker-walled and brown cells. Although Mitten (1859) wrote that the capsules are oval-cylindrical, no mature sporophytes have been seen on any of the syntype specimens, either in NY or BM, and these specimens bear only young setae with immature capsules.
Ditrichum
austrogeorgicum:
a synonym of
D. hyalinum
(Musci, Ditsichaceae)
249
Figs l-11. Ditrichum hyalinum (Mitt.) 0. Kuntze. l-3: Leaves.4: Leaf apex.5: Cellsat the leaf shoulders. 6: Laminalcellsin the mid-sheath. 7: Basalleafcells.S-10: Cross-sections of theleaves. 11: Cross-section of the stem.All drawnfrom Hooker 204 (NY, lectotype). Scalebars: a: 1 mm (l-3); b: 100 pm (4-11). DITRICHUM
AUSTROGEORGICUM
The gametophyte characters of Ditrichum hyalinum perfectly match those of D. austrogeorgicum (Card.) Seppelt, especially its populations from the Falkland Islands known as var. longifolium Broth. in Card. & Broth. which are characterized by their extremely long subulateleaves (Cardot & Brotherus, 1923). This specieswas described
250
R. Ochyra
for the first time from South Georgia as Pseudodistichium austrogeorgicum Card. (Cardot, 1905, 1908), but Seppelt (1980) provided evidence that Pseudodistichium Card. cannot be maintained as a separate genus and merged it with Ditrichum, making the appropriate nomenclatural change for this species name. Ochyra and Lewis-Smith (1998) described in detail the variability of D. austrogeorgicum and showed that the length of the subula varies according to the climatic conditions. Because it is impossible to find any discernible differences between the type and non-type specimens of both D. hyalinum and D. austrogeorgicum, they must be considered conspecific, the former having priority. Ditrichum hyalinum (Mitt.) 0. Kuntze Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 835. 1891. - Leptotrichum hyalinum Mitt., J. Linn. Sot. Bot. 4: 67. 1859. - Didymodon longifolius (Brid.) Wils. & Hook. f. in Hook. f. var. tenuifolius Wils. & Hook. f. in Hook. f., Fl. Antarct. 2: 408. 1847. - Cynontodium hyalinum (Mitt.) Mitt., J. Linn. Sot. Bot. 12: 43. 1869. - Type: On the ground on the hills, Hermite Island, Cape Horn, and in the Falkland Islands, Dr J. D. Hooker [Lectotype (nov.): “No. 204. Didymodon longifolius Brid. ? var. 2. Falkland Islands 50. Antarct. Exp. 1839-1843. J.D.H.” - BM-Hook !, BM-Wils !; isolectotype: NY-Mitt ! Syntype: “No. 133b. Didymodon on ground on the hills Hermite Island, Cape Horn Antarct. Exp. 1839-1843. J.D.H.” - NY-Mitt !, PC !]. Pseudodistichium austrogeorgicum Card., Rev. Bryol. 32: 45. 1905. - Ditrichum austrogeorgicum (Card.) Seppelt, J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 51: 142. 1982. - Type: GCorgie du Sud [Lectotype @de Ochyra & Lewis-Smith, 1998: 42): S !; isolectotype: PC !], syn. Itov. Pseudodistichium austrogeorgicum Card f. brevifolium Card., Wiss. Ergebn. Schwed. Siidpolar-Exp. 1901-1903 4(8): 209. 1908 [“-folia”]. - Type: [Georgie du Sud] West-fjord (Skottsberg, no 288) [Lectotype (fide Ochyra & Lewis-Smith, 1998: 42): S !; isolectotype: PC !I, syn. nav. Pseudodistichium austrogeorgicum Card. var. longifolium Broth. in Card. & Broth., Kongl. Svenska Vetenskapsakad. Handl. 63(10): 18. 1923, - Ditrichum austrogeorgicum (Card.) Seppelt var. longifolium (Broth. in Card. & Broth.) Ochyra & Matteri, Fragm. Florist. Geobot. 41: 1007. 1996. - Pseudodistichium falklandicum Card. in Card. & Broth., Kongl. Svenska Vetenskapsakad. Handl. 63( 10): 18. 1923, nom. nud. in syn. - Type: W. Falkland, Roy Cove, ad rupes litoreas; Mt. Maria [Lectotype @de Ochyra & Matteri, 1996: 1007): S !; isolectotype: H-BR !], syn. nav.
GEOGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
OF DZTRZCHUM
HYALZNUM
Until the early 1940s only three additional collections of Ditrichum hyalinum had been made by Bescherelle (1889) from Hermite Island and by DusCn (1903, 1905) from southern and western Patagonia. In 1939-1941 G. H. Schwabe collected this species at two stations in AisCn Province (Herzog, 1954) and Seki (1974) provided five additional gatherings from the same area, whereas Dixon (1960) recorded it from Tristan da Cunha. In addition, Deguchi (199 1) reported D. hyalinum from Osomo and Llanquihue Provinces in Chile. Unfortunately, examination of all voucher collections of the four last reports revealed that they in fact belong either within D. conicum (Mont.) Mitt. or D. gemmiferum Ochyra & Lewis-Smith (see below). The records of the latter species are of particular interest because they represent a nice range extension in South America of this recently described species (Ochyra & Lewis-Smith, 1998) which has so far been recorded only from a single station in Prov. Aistn.
Ditrichum
austrogeorgicum:
a synonym of D. hyalinum (Musci, Ditrichaceae)
251
Ochyra and Lewis-Smith (1998) reviewed the geographical distribution of hyalinum and found it to be an amphipacific temperatespecies. It is relatively frequent in the northern maritime Antarctic, rare on South Georgia and occasionally found on Campbell Island in the New Zealand sector.In southernSouth America the speciesis frequent on Tierra de1Fuego (Roivainen & Bartram, 1937) and on the Falkland Islands (Matteri, 1986) and its northernmost locality was found at lat. 52% in Patagonia, unfortunately, without specific locality data. As stated above, the records of this species in the Valdivian region of Chile are basedon misidentification. South American specimensof Ditrichum hyalinum seen- CHILE. MAGALLANES. Brunswick Peninsula: Punta Arenas, 330-660 m, 19.X11.1967,Engel I962 (H). Islu Grande de Tierra de1Fuego: Hotel Boqueron, 2.11.1929, Roivainen 191 (H); Puerto Yartou, Pica Nariz, 10.111.1929, Roivainen s.n. (H); Estancia Sara, 1.11.1929,Roivainen s.n. (H); Lago Deseado, 5.1.1929, Roivainen s.n. (H); Estancia La Marina, 10.1.1929, Roivainen s.n. (H); Rio Grande, 28.1.1896,Duserz 164 (S) & 165 (PC). Hermite Island: since loco, Hooker Z33b (NY, PC - syntype of L. hyalinum). ARGENTINA. SANTA CRUZ: Rio Chico, 1897, Hatcher s.n. (S). TERRITORIO NACI~NAL DE LA TIERRA DEL FUEGO: ZsZaGrande de Tierra del Fuego: Ushuaia, Montes Martiales, 21.X11.1969, Roivainen 1265 (H); same locality, Baliza, 100 m, 19.X11.1969, Roivainen 1210 (H). FALKLAND ISLANDS. East Falkland: No detailed data, Hooker 204 (BM, NY - lectotype of L. hyalinum); Port Stanley, Rumboll 32765 (BA); Port Darwin, Engel 2690 (BA, F). WestFalkland: Roy Cove, Halle 291 (PC - syntype of Pseudodistichium austrogeorgicum var. Zongifolium); Mt. Maria, 18.X11.1907, Skottsberg 290 (H, S - lectotype of Pseudodistichium austrogeorgicum var. longifolium). Without specific locality: Patagonia, volcanic country, lat. 52”S, 1920, Hamilton 588 (BM). Specimens of Ditrichum conicum seen (originally misnamedasD. hyalinum) - CHILE. OSORNO: Pto. Puyuhuapi, Muggelbach, Schwabe 36/b (JE, PC) and Pto. Magdalena, Schwabe 20 & 20/h (JE, KRAM). k0 AIS~~N: Rio Exploradores, Seki 733d (HIRO), Ventisquero Circa, Seki 6OOb, 686 & 688a (HIRO) and Rio Soler, Seki 1587 (HIRO). TRISTAN DA CUNHA. Crater, 2000 m, Christophersen & Meyland 734 Ditrichum
@W.
Specimens of D&chum
gemmiferum seen (originally
misnamed as
D. hyalinum) - CHILE. OSORNO: east end of Lago Puyehue, Deguchi 31245 (HIRO). LLANQUIHUE: between Ensenada and Rio Rallin, Deguchi 25147 (HIRO) and 2030 km N of Lenca and ca 25 km SE of Puerto Montt, Deguchi 25307 (HIRO).
Acknowledgements.I am grateful to the Curators at BA, BM, F, H, HIRO, JE, NY, PC and S for lending me the specimens cited in this paper. Special thanks are due to Celina M. Matteri for specimens from the Falkland Islands as well as to Dr P M. Selkirk and other anonymous referee for critical comment on the manuscript. I am grateful to my wife, Dr Halina Bednarek-Ochyra, for her illustrations, to Mr Arthur Copping, Diss, UK, for checking the English.
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R. Ochyra
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CARDOT
Ditrichum
austrogeorgicum:
a synonym of D. hyalinum (Musci, Ditrichaceae)
253
PARIS E. G., 1904 - Index bryologicus sive enumeratio muscorum ad diem ultimam anni 1900 cognitorum adjunctis synonymia distributioneque geographica locupletissimis. Ed. 2. 2(1-6). Paris, Librairie scientifique A. Hermann. 375 p. ROIVAINEN R. & BARTRAM E. B., 1937 - Bryological investigations in Tierra de1 Fuego. 1. Sphagnaceae-Dicranaceae. Annales Botanici Societatis Zoologicae-Botanicae Fennicue Vanamo 9(2): i-x + l-58. SEKI T., 1974 - A moss flora of Provincia de Aisen, Chile. Results of the Second Scientific Expedition to Patagonia by Hokkaido and Hiroshima Universities, 1967. Journal of Science of the Hiroshima University Series B, Div. 2 (Botany) 15: 9-101 + pls. i-iv. SEPPELT R. D., 1980 [“1981”] -The taxonomic status of Pseudodistichium Card. (Ditrichaceae). Lindbergia 6: 126-128. STAFLEU F. A. & COWAN R. S., 1979 - Taxonomic literature. A selective guide to botanical publications and collections with dates, commentaries and types. Volume II: H-L. Utrecht, Bohm, Scheltema & Holkema and The Hague, dr. W. Junk b.v., Publishers. xviii + 991 p. WIJK R. VAN DER, MARGADANT W. D. & FLORSCHUTZ P. A., 1962 - Index muscorum. 2 (D-Hypno). Utrecht, Kemink en Zoon N.V. 535 p. WIJK R. VAN DER, MARGADANT W. D. & FLORSCHUTZ F! A., 1969 - Index muscorum. 5 (T-Z, Appendix). Utrecht, Kemink en Zoon N.V. xii + 922 p. WILSON W. & HOOKER J. D., 1847 - Musci. In: J. D. HOOKER (ed.), The botany. The Antarctic voyage of H. M. discovery ships Erebus and Terror, in the years 1839-1843 under the command of Sir Captain James Ross. I. Flora Antarctica. Part II. Botany of Fuegia, the Falklands, Kerguelen’s Land, etc., London, Reeve Brothers, pp. 395423.