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Kulturlandschaftswandel durch raumwirksame Staatstätigkelt. Abhandlungen des 1. Geographischen instituts der Freien Universität Berlin
99
Geofotum 13173
land colonization, pp 157-237) offers mainly a description of the various land development schemes and tells more of the basic principles than of the problems and results of their impiementation. However, it is very much to be appreciated that SENFTLEBEN has provided a survey which helps to understand and to evaiuate what is going on in the fiiid of land deveiopment in MaMysia - a country which is generahy better known for its investments and its success in industrIai development. An importarrt findin of SENFTLEBEN is (p. 130) that structural improvement of old established land is nearly as expansive as colonization on newly opened forest land which, in adbitbn, cre@es new job& Momover, structural improvement cannot be achieved without chartgin the existing property structure and without coiikiing with indigenous property and tenency laws and inheritance r&es. Therefore, prospe& for structurai impmvement on the old tiBshed sector of free egrkuRural h&dings are very dim. Econixnic progress may be a&dew ed &y extension of lrr@sion md by replanting of overaged trees. Trarnposb of rke land to double cropping by arranging for irrigation is given great attmtkn. ?his implies, however, large government investments which can onfy be paid off by the minimal contributbns of farmers in 100 of 200 years (p. 1%). In tho state of Malacca atl trees have been replanted; in the State of Pahang only one fifth; on tho averego for WestMaiaysia about one-half or on0 milikm afxes. Appraising the limitations of improvhtg tho aid establii iand, the Government of Ma&s& has focussad its efforts on new land colonization. ‘Xabor and unutitized land constitute two of Maiaysias most abundant resources” quotes SENFTLEBEN (p. 157) from the midterm review of the First Malaysia Plan, 1966-70. SENFTLEBEN reports in this context that out of a total of 32.6 mill. acres of WestMaiaysia about 6 mill. acres are agriculturally used and 10 milt. acres are considered suitaM for agriculture. If 16 mill. acres cwid be cuitivati, about one half of the total iand area wouM be used ~ri~ui~~ily. That share seem3 to be extreme iy high even if one takes into regard that much of it is not used as arable land but is under tree crops. From 1957 (Independence) to 1970 about 1.22 mill. acres were opened for settling 174,000 families by a multitude of dispersed and piecomeai projects. The future development tends in the direction of comprehensive regional schemes, Finally, it may be stated that SENFTLEBEN has succeeded in furnishing a valuable “manual”. it may be hoped that at a later stage, he or another competent i~lv~u~ will describe what couid be impi~ent~,
and will evaluate the imp8ct of that land deveiopmont on tho cultural landscape of Malaysia and on the economic and social well-bring of its multi-ethnic populatbn in its regional distribution. A drawback of SENFTLEBENL speciaftzed study on land devebpment is that he hardly touches on the imp&cations of a muiti-ethnic society and of specific geographic environmerits. lnformatbn on this background Is furnished in the study of KOHNE on EthnZc, social
5nd
rciwzwnic
structure5
in M5ia@a.
KOHNE’s emphasis is on the ethmck+ cultural predetermined “endo-conditioning” of distinguishable social groupings. Howavor, he considers in addition the environmental “exo-conditkning” (oithor in its natural state or previousiy manipulated or transformed by social groupings) because he implies that confrontation of ‘“endozonditioning” with “ex* conditioning” causes the transformation of a given spa&ii unit into a scene of new envirmnmontai chamcteristics. In the case of Malaysia, KOHNE believes that he can focus hi study on the “endo_condRimning” because he finds in his chapter II on “exo-conditbn= ing” (p. 28 through 84) that Maiaysia’r grog. raphicaLs&~e in generai is of remarkabie uniformity, especiaiiy in its untiring vohemence to regain an ecoio8ical baiance. This observation allows KOHNE to postulate that ax&sting diffonnt rqbnal structures are the result of different impact of ti man’s activi. ties. KOHNE may be right with his assumption of uniform physbgnphic basis in a macro-approach takiw Malaysiaas the unit. It is h&My disputable, however, whether his lrnrmptkm
M
be ap~tkd
w
smalk
uoak
A short summary of KOHNE’s deliberations on the histork: background (chapter III, p. 86 throyh 145), on tho great immigration (chapter IV, p. 146 through 174), and on the socbconomic forniatbnr (chapter V, p. 176 through 276) wouid produce maroly what is already #rmmonptace. Indeed, the value of KOHNE’s study lies in the detailed presentation which makes KOHNE’s study a “compendium” as much as the study of SENFTLEBEN is a ‘*manuaY with a we&h of information. The contrast between tho Malay trad&onJ system and the Chinese way of handling em vironmental facts an be most clearly seen in the rapktiy grow@ urban sphere. KOHNE’r conclusions relate mainly to that sphere, therefore, and he observes that the evidence of the disappurance Of tho contrast is still minimal. He concludes that thore is little hope for multi-n&i integration into a modern industrialized society as long as the “administrators’~dBtributor$ town” is not supplanted by the “producers’ town’*. If one feels that KOHNE’s study is too general and needs to be complemented by
studies on indiviiuai landscapes, he can find a most illuminating example in the study of KOCHLER on Pemqg, KOCHLER describes the physiographic environment, the change of the cuiturai landscape and the ethno. social structure of this isiand off the west Malayan coast. This case study shows that tha behaviour of the various human group. ings and its impact on the cuitumi iuwhcapa is Uetmmtmodnet only by economic contiderations but also by ethortcial attitudes. Tho iandscape of Penang in its urban sector woiwd as a product Of Chinese, indian and British forces, in Its rurai sector as a synthesis af Maiayan and Chinese forces. The davelopment of Penangwas considerablyinfiuanced by its specific iocatbn which caused the British to make it a base and a free h&or. The aspect of ioatbn may render it difficult to apply without reservation the valuabk fbtdtngs of KOCHLER’s study to other cultunt bdsupes
of
K. HO~~ANN,
Whsbadut
Mtiaytir.
BQESLER, Klwr-Achim (1969): Kuitur. iandschaftswandel durch raumwirksamo Staatstgtigkelt. Abhandium da 1. Gwb graphinhen lnrrituu der Freien UniversitYt Berlin, Band 12.245 S., 23 Tab., 37 Fig., 10 Photos. Berlin: Diotrich Roimer Veriag. DM 60,00. Quest&tansare repeatedly asked about the effect of official measurs pstkwlufy in respect of the checking of growth in con. 8ested areas and the stimulation of develop mont in dopressed areas. it is this questbn which BQESLER has chosen as the subject of his study. Wholly in line with the Germrconcept of geography, as developed particularly by BQBEK and HARTKE, the author limits himseif mainly to the changes observable In the @r&cape, the changes being those which result from a constantly changiq R~rn~~~ff~ (i.e. the vahre which is accorded to the e~~n~t), The aim of his study is to investigate to what extent off iciai measures contributed to the chan8es which occurred between 1949 and 1963 in the landscape of a number of ,,Mitteigebirge” in the German Federal R~u public. The ,,Mittoigebirge” are particularly suitmi to such an investigation because they largely boiong to the officially designated depressed areas, which have been the subject of the rionai stimulation policy since 195 1. The author chose for his research a sample of seven areas, situated in the OberpfBlzer WaM, Sayerischor Wald, Black Forest, Hunsr&k and Eifei. The data were derived panty
Geoforum
100
from the literature, reports and records, while an analysis was also made of public expenditure. In additbn, a survey was made of nearly all industrial concerns and of a 1 $6 sample of farms. Before discussing the resuits of his investigation, BOESLER describes the genesis of each of the seven areas. He does this in a long chapter which sketches the economic development since the Middle Ages and its effects on the landscape. Political geographical circumstances also receive much attention in this historical account. The author has succeeded in giving a clear pkture of the differences in rqlonal policy of the various political units. After Trading this interesting chapter one comes to realise how much the prevailing economic systems and the way they are tranrlated into regional political measures help to determine the spatial structure. It appears, for example, that, after the buildiq of the railways, the interest of the Government in Bavaria and Prussia for the development of the countryside greatly diminished. The investments in the infrastructure give a proof of this. The ,,Mittelgebirge” in Bavaria and Prussia consequently became areas of emigration after the middle of the 19th century. The Government of B&en, on the other hand, pursued an active regknal development policy from the middle of the 19th century, as a result of which there developed in the study area in the Black Forest a high value precision instrument and electrotechnical
in the traditional industrial regions was by far the most important reason (Die Szundortwohi der IndustHebrtriebr in der BRD, Bundesministerium f. Arbeit und Soaialordnung, 4 58&e, Bonn, 1961-68). One may dso question, in the qualitative description of the effects on the landscape, to what extent these effects are the result of official measures, but as far as agriculture is concerned the author makes it appear plausible that the changes he has noted would not have happened without official help.
industry, which gave this area a lasting advantage.
CLARK, Colin (1970): The Economics of Irrigation. 2nd edition. 155 pp., 35 tables, 8 fii. Oxford: Pergamon Pmss. t 2.50.
After 1950 there was a turn to the good in the study areas. The results of the investlgation into the effects of government measures during the period 1949-63 are pMWd in four parts. Detailed attention is paid to the changes in industrial structure and in agriculture. Short sectbns are devoted to tourism and infrastructure. The chapter is provided with many tables and clear sketch maps, indicating the changes in the Iandscape. In a concluding summary BOESLER also tries to determine the effects of official measures on the structure of the study areas in quantitative terms. He uses for this purpose the shift and share method, in which the growth of the gross per capita product of the study areas is compared with that of the German Federal Republic as a whole. Although the author does state that the total net shift cannot be attributed wholly to state activities, it seems that he greatly overestimates the effect of government measures. It appears, for example, from an investigation of the locational decisions of industrial concerns who moved to development areas in the German Federal Republic that only a fraction of them were influenced by inducement measures. Lack of employment
Although the writer has not wholly succeeded in demonstrating to what extent the developments which have occured in the German ,,MlttelgeWge” since 1950 are the result of government measures, the study is nevertheless a very stimulating contribution to a modem political geography. Geographers from abroad will regret, however, that BOESLER has expressly limited himself to the landscape aepects of geographical reality. Johan G. BORCHERT,
Utrecht
In the preface to this second edition, the author says that the book is addressed to “all those who have any responsibility for spending money on irrigation.” That means mainly economists and agriculturists, but it is also addressed to those who help to form political and business opinion. Among this latter group we may count geographers, who teach about irrigation in schools, at universities, and elsewhere. Until recently, geographers have only dealt with irrigation In a rather uncritical way. They have discussed where irrigation was used, the plants cultivated through irrigation, and the implements and techniques of irrigation. Only in a few cases have they dealt with the economy of irrigation, but now this must be a duty for the geographer, and he has the possibility to do it with this book and perhaps others that may follow. It is said that the book is written for economists, but most present-day geographers have studied so much economics and statistics that they easily can read this book and use it in their work. Really the main theme of the book is economics of irrigation sensu stricto, but as water
13/73
is stored also in order to cover other subjects (industrial supplies, hydroelectric power, househokis, etc.), and as this may have economic consequences for the irrigation scheme, the book also contains chapters on these items. For the same reason the author has very interesting chapters on the global diarfbutlon of water resources and on the desalination of water, which is of growing importance. All circumstances concerning the economy of irrigation are dealt with and evaluated, and it b surprishtg to see the many and different things that are involved. For many geographers it may be amazing to read a passage as the following from the preface (p. IX): “Not all irrigation is uneconomic. Irrigation from wells has proved economic for a number of crops, so long as the well is not too deep, and so long as power pumping is possibk - the lifting of water by man or bullock labour is uneconomic even under Indian COnditianS, except from very shallow wells. Small dams, if carefully designed, usually prove economic, but the economic results from large dams, which can supply water and generate powar (and also generate extreme poiitical emotion) are extremely variable. Some are abundantly justifiable economically, others equally clearly not.” In proving thk, you follow the author with the greatest interest, but the many valuable tables do not make the book easily readable. When you have read it, you have to refer back to many items. Fortunately this is easily accomplished because the book has a very explicit index. It must also be mentioned that this work has a list of 225 references up to 1968. For geographers working on irrigation problems, this book undoubtedly is indispensable, but as a perhaps outmoded geographer I may say that the author of this book is only emphasizing the economic aspects of irrigation, and no doubt there are many other aspects. Steen BCCHER,
Copenhagen
SPATE,O. H. K., A. T. A. LEARMONTH and 5. H. FARMER (1972): India, Pakistan and Ceylon - The Regions. 455 pp., figs., tables. London: Methuen P Co. f 2.50. SPATE, 0. H. K. and A. T. A. LEARMONTH (1972): India and Pakistan - Land, People and Economy. 439 pp., figs. tables. London: Methuen & Co. f 2.50.
Geofotum 13173
land colonization, pp 157-237) offers mainly a description of the various land development schemes and tells more of the basic principles than of the problems and results of their impiementation. However, it is very much to be appreciated that SENFTLEBEN has provided a survey which helps to understand and to evaiuate what is going on in the fiiid of land deveiopment in MaMysia - a country which is generahy better known for its investments and its success in industrIai development. An importarrt findin of SENFTLEBEN is (p. 130) that structural improvement of old established land is nearly as expansive as colonization on newly opened forest land which, in adbitbn, cre@es new job& Momover, structural improvement cannot be achieved without chartgin the existing property structure and without coiikiing with indigenous property and tenency laws and inheritance r&es. Therefore, prospe& for structurai impmvement on the old tiBshed sector of free egrkuRural h&dings are very dim. Econixnic progress may be a&dew ed &y extension of lrr@sion md by replanting of overaged trees. Trarnposb of rke land to double cropping by arranging for irrigation is given great attmtkn. ?his implies, however, large government investments which can onfy be paid off by the minimal contributbns of farmers in 100 of 200 years (p. 1%). In tho state of Malacca atl trees have been replanted; in the State of Pahang only one fifth; on tho averego for WestMaiaysia about one-half or on0 milikm afxes. Appraising the limitations of improvhtg tho aid establii iand, the Government of Ma&s& has focussad its efforts on new land colonization. ‘Xabor and unutitized land constitute two of Maiaysias most abundant resources” quotes SENFTLEBEN (p. 157) from the midterm review of the First Malaysia Plan, 1966-70. SENFTLEBEN reports in this context that out of a total of 32.6 mill. acres of WestMaiaysia about 6 mill. acres are agriculturally used and 10 milt. acres are considered suitaM for agriculture. If 16 mill. acres cwid be cuitivati, about one half of the total iand area wouM be used ~ri~ui~~ily. That share seem3 to be extreme iy high even if one takes into regard that much of it is not used as arable land but is under tree crops. From 1957 (Independence) to 1970 about 1.22 mill. acres were opened for settling 174,000 families by a multitude of dispersed and piecomeai projects. The future development tends in the direction of comprehensive regional schemes, Finally, it may be stated that SENFTLEBEN has succeeded in furnishing a valuable “manual”. it may be hoped that at a later stage, he or another competent i~lv~u~ will describe what couid be impi~ent~,
and will evaluate the imp8ct of that land deveiopmont on tho cultural landscape of Malaysia and on the economic and social well-bring of its multi-ethnic populatbn in its regional distribution. A drawback of SENFTLEBENL speciaftzed study on land devebpment is that he hardly touches on the imp&cations of a muiti-ethnic society and of specific geographic environmerits. lnformatbn on this background Is furnished in the study of KOHNE on EthnZc, social
5nd
rciwzwnic
structure5
in M5ia@a.
KOHNE’s emphasis is on the ethmck+ cultural predetermined “endo-conditioning” of distinguishable social groupings. Howavor, he considers in addition the environmental “exo-conditkning” (oithor in its natural state or previousiy manipulated or transformed by social groupings) because he implies that confrontation of ‘“endozonditioning” with “ex* conditioning” causes the transformation of a given spa&ii unit into a scene of new envirmnmontai chamcteristics. In the case of Malaysia, KOHNE believes that he can focus hi study on the “endo_condRimning” because he finds in his chapter II on “exo-conditbn= ing” (p. 28 through 84) that Maiaysia’r grog. raphicaLs&~e in generai is of remarkabie uniformity, especiaiiy in its untiring vohemence to regain an ecoio8ical baiance. This observation allows KOHNE to postulate that ax&sting diffonnt rqbnal structures are the result of different impact of ti man’s activi. ties. KOHNE may be right with his assumption of uniform physbgnphic basis in a macro-approach takiw Malaysiaas the unit. It is h&My disputable, however, whether his lrnrmptkm
M
be ap~tkd
w
smalk
uoak
A short summary of KOHNE’s deliberations on the histork: background (chapter III, p. 86 throyh 145), on tho great immigration (chapter IV, p. 146 through 174), and on the socbconomic forniatbnr (chapter V, p. 176 through 276) wouid produce maroly what is already #rmmonptace. Indeed, the value of KOHNE’s study lies in the detailed presentation which makes KOHNE’s study a “compendium” as much as the study of SENFTLEBEN is a ‘*manuaY with a we&h of information. The contrast between tho Malay trad&onJ system and the Chinese way of handling em vironmental facts an be most clearly seen in the rapktiy grow@ urban sphere. KOHNE’r conclusions relate mainly to that sphere, therefore, and he observes that the evidence of the disappurance Of tho contrast is still minimal. He concludes that thore is little hope for multi-n&i integration into a modern industrialized society as long as the “administrators’~dBtributor$ town” is not supplanted by the “producers’ town’*. If one feels that KOHNE’s study is too general and needs to be complemented by
studies on indiviiuai landscapes, he can find a most illuminating example in the study of KOCHLER on Pemqg, KOCHLER describes the physiographic environment, the change of the cuiturai landscape and the ethno. social structure of this isiand off the west Malayan coast. This case study shows that tha behaviour of the various human group. ings and its impact on the cuitumi iuwhcapa is Uetmmtmodnet only by economic contiderations but also by ethortcial attitudes. Tho iandscape of Penang in its urban sector woiwd as a product Of Chinese, indian and British forces, in Its rurai sector as a synthesis af Maiayan and Chinese forces. The davelopment of Penangwas considerablyinfiuanced by its specific iocatbn which caused the British to make it a base and a free h&or. The aspect of ioatbn may render it difficult to apply without reservation the valuabk fbtdtngs of KOCHLER’s study to other cultunt bdsupes
of
K. HO~~ANN,
Whsbadut
Mtiaytir.
BQESLER, Klwr-Achim (1969): Kuitur. iandschaftswandel durch raumwirksamo Staatstgtigkelt. Abhandium da 1. Gwb graphinhen lnrrituu der Freien UniversitYt Berlin, Band 12.245 S., 23 Tab., 37 Fig., 10 Photos. Berlin: Diotrich Roimer Veriag. DM 60,00. Quest&tansare repeatedly asked about the effect of official measurs pstkwlufy in respect of the checking of growth in con. 8ested areas and the stimulation of develop mont in dopressed areas. it is this questbn which BQESLER has chosen as the subject of his study. Wholly in line with the Germrconcept of geography, as developed particularly by BQBEK and HARTKE, the author limits himseif mainly to the changes observable In the @r&cape, the changes being those which result from a constantly changiq R~rn~~~ff~ (i.e. the vahre which is accorded to the e~~n~t), The aim of his study is to investigate to what extent off iciai measures contributed to the chan8es which occurred between 1949 and 1963 in the landscape of a number of ,,Mitteigebirge” in the German Federal R~u public. The ,,Mittoigebirge” are particularly suitmi to such an investigation because they largely boiong to the officially designated depressed areas, which have been the subject of the rionai stimulation policy since 195 1. The author chose for his research a sample of seven areas, situated in the OberpfBlzer WaM, Sayerischor Wald, Black Forest, Hunsr&k and Eifei. The data were derived panty
Geoforum
100
from the literature, reports and records, while an analysis was also made of public expenditure. In additbn, a survey was made of nearly all industrial concerns and of a 1 $6 sample of farms. Before discussing the resuits of his investigation, BOESLER describes the genesis of each of the seven areas. He does this in a long chapter which sketches the economic development since the Middle Ages and its effects on the landscape. Political geographical circumstances also receive much attention in this historical account. The author has succeeded in giving a clear pkture of the differences in rqlonal policy of the various political units. After Trading this interesting chapter one comes to realise how much the prevailing economic systems and the way they are tranrlated into regional political measures help to determine the spatial structure. It appears, for example, that, after the buildiq of the railways, the interest of the Government in Bavaria and Prussia for the development of the countryside greatly diminished. The investments in the infrastructure give a proof of this. The ,,Mittelgebirge” in Bavaria and Prussia consequently became areas of emigration after the middle of the 19th century. The Government of B&en, on the other hand, pursued an active regknal development policy from the middle of the 19th century, as a result of which there developed in the study area in the Black Forest a high value precision instrument and electrotechnical
in the traditional industrial regions was by far the most important reason (Die Szundortwohi der IndustHebrtriebr in der BRD, Bundesministerium f. Arbeit und Soaialordnung, 4 58&e, Bonn, 1961-68). One may dso question, in the qualitative description of the effects on the landscape, to what extent these effects are the result of official measures, but as far as agriculture is concerned the author makes it appear plausible that the changes he has noted would not have happened without official help.
industry, which gave this area a lasting advantage.
CLARK, Colin (1970): The Economics of Irrigation. 2nd edition. 155 pp., 35 tables, 8 fii. Oxford: Pergamon Pmss. t 2.50.
After 1950 there was a turn to the good in the study areas. The results of the investlgation into the effects of government measures during the period 1949-63 are pMWd in four parts. Detailed attention is paid to the changes in industrial structure and in agriculture. Short sectbns are devoted to tourism and infrastructure. The chapter is provided with many tables and clear sketch maps, indicating the changes in the Iandscape. In a concluding summary BOESLER also tries to determine the effects of official measures on the structure of the study areas in quantitative terms. He uses for this purpose the shift and share method, in which the growth of the gross per capita product of the study areas is compared with that of the German Federal Republic as a whole. Although the author does state that the total net shift cannot be attributed wholly to state activities, it seems that he greatly overestimates the effect of government measures. It appears, for example, from an investigation of the locational decisions of industrial concerns who moved to development areas in the German Federal Republic that only a fraction of them were influenced by inducement measures. Lack of employment
Although the writer has not wholly succeeded in demonstrating to what extent the developments which have occured in the German ,,MlttelgeWge” since 1950 are the result of government measures, the study is nevertheless a very stimulating contribution to a modem political geography. Geographers from abroad will regret, however, that BOESLER has expressly limited himself to the landscape aepects of geographical reality. Johan G. BORCHERT,
Utrecht
In the preface to this second edition, the author says that the book is addressed to “all those who have any responsibility for spending money on irrigation.” That means mainly economists and agriculturists, but it is also addressed to those who help to form political and business opinion. Among this latter group we may count geographers, who teach about irrigation in schools, at universities, and elsewhere. Until recently, geographers have only dealt with irrigation In a rather uncritical way. They have discussed where irrigation was used, the plants cultivated through irrigation, and the implements and techniques of irrigation. Only in a few cases have they dealt with the economy of irrigation, but now this must be a duty for the geographer, and he has the possibility to do it with this book and perhaps others that may follow. It is said that the book is written for economists, but most present-day geographers have studied so much economics and statistics that they easily can read this book and use it in their work. Really the main theme of the book is economics of irrigation sensu stricto, but as water
13/73
is stored also in order to cover other subjects (industrial supplies, hydroelectric power, househokis, etc.), and as this may have economic consequences for the irrigation scheme, the book also contains chapters on these items. For the same reason the author has very interesting chapters on the global diarfbutlon of water resources and on the desalination of water, which is of growing importance. All circumstances concerning the economy of irrigation are dealt with and evaluated, and it b surprishtg to see the many and different things that are involved. For many geographers it may be amazing to read a passage as the following from the preface (p. IX): “Not all irrigation is uneconomic. Irrigation from wells has proved economic for a number of crops, so long as the well is not too deep, and so long as power pumping is possibk - the lifting of water by man or bullock labour is uneconomic even under Indian COnditianS, except from very shallow wells. Small dams, if carefully designed, usually prove economic, but the economic results from large dams, which can supply water and generate powar (and also generate extreme poiitical emotion) are extremely variable. Some are abundantly justifiable economically, others equally clearly not.” In proving thk, you follow the author with the greatest interest, but the many valuable tables do not make the book easily readable. When you have read it, you have to refer back to many items. Fortunately this is easily accomplished because the book has a very explicit index. It must also be mentioned that this work has a list of 225 references up to 1968. For geographers working on irrigation problems, this book undoubtedly is indispensable, but as a perhaps outmoded geographer I may say that the author of this book is only emphasizing the economic aspects of irrigation, and no doubt there are many other aspects. Steen BCCHER,
Copenhagen
SPATE,O. H. K., A. T. A. LEARMONTH and 5. H. FARMER (1972): India, Pakistan and Ceylon - The Regions. 455 pp., figs., tables. London: Methuen P Co. f 2.50. SPATE, 0. H. K. and A. T. A. LEARMONTH (1972): India and Pakistan - Land, People and Economy. 439 pp., figs. tables. London: Methuen & Co. f 2.50.